KALINGA IAS MOCK TEST 2 MODEL ANSWER iii.

Lingraj Temple
 Great patronage of Saivism
1. Q. Discuss the salient feature rule of somavamsi Gajpati (10)  Also patronized Vaishnavism & Saktism.
The Somavamsis also known as panduvamsis, ruled over Odisha from the
Military Achievements
middle of 9th century AD to 12th Century AD.
 Udayana was the founder a) Brave warrior
 They untied Kingdoms of Kalinga, Utkala Kongoda & Kosala b) Defeat Kalachuri & Bhanja by Yajati
c) Annexed Bhawan Kingdom.
Important Rulers
d) Achieve titles like.
 Janmejaya (882-922 AD) i. “Parmeswara”
 Yayati I (922-955 AD) ii. “Paramabhattanaka
 Bhimaratha (955-980 AD) iii. “Trikalingadhipati”
 Janmejaya II (1065-1055 AD)
Conclusion: - The 200 year region of Samavas from a glorious epoch in
 Puranjay I (1085-1100 AD)
history of Odisha.
 Kannadeva (1100-1100 AD) ( Last Ruler )
2. Q. Discuss the salient feature rule of Bhauma Karas ? (10)
Administration of Somavamsi
Introduction: - In first half of 8th Century AD, a dynaity caused
 Strong & able administration Bhauma- Kara established its rule over the coastal belt of Odisha.
 Ruled over Balasore, Cuttack, Puri, Keonjhar, Dhenkanal, Band, Origin
Kandhamal & Ganjam. Founder- Kshemankardeva
 Shifted their capital to Yayatinagar (Jajpur) Capital- Guhadevapataka (Jajpur)
 Kingdom divided into- Important Rules
i. Mandals iv. Khanda  Shantikaradev (820-835 AD)
ii. Bhuktis v. Grama  Sivakaradeva I (136-783 AD)
iii. Bhoga  Sivakaradeva- II (800-820 AD)
Art, architecture & cultural achievements  Subhakardev-I (780-800 AD)

 Temples  Last Ruler- Subhakaradev (905-910 AD)

i. Mukteswar Temple Female Rulers

ii. Rajarani Temple
  Dandi Mahadevi
 Gouri Mahadevi
Q.3 Write a brief note on contribution of Sarala Devi in Indian freedom Struggle
 Dhar Mahadev
Sarala Devi's contribution to freedom struggle in immense Born in 1904 in Cuttack,
 Vakula Mahadevi she joined the freedom movement by inspiration of Gandhiji and Encouragement of her
 Tribhuvana Mahadevi I (845-850 AD) husband, Bhagirathi Mahapatra.

Key Contributions
Administration
1. Spread Non Cooperation Movement in Odisha
 Monarchial form of Government.
- Took to fasting
 Follow law of primogeniture
- Collected money for Tilak Swaraj fund
 Associated with not of officers, like- Mahasamanata, Rajaputra,
- Distributed spinning wheels in villages
Uparika, Visayapatic , Ayuktaka, Mahasandhi Vighraha etc.
2. Important role in Civil Disobedience Movement
Religion
- preponed salt in Inchudi with women

 Patron of Buddhism, Saivism, Vaishnavism & Saktism . - palibandha Ganjam

 Buddhist art & architecture reached its perfection. - Imprisoned during preaching against Britain, 1st odia lady to be arrested

Culture 3. led no tax campaign in Odisha

- popular Swadeshi Movement in Odisha

 Great builder & patrons of arts capital was centre of culture &
4. Persuaded Gandhiji in Karachi Session.
learning
- for formation of Separate Odisha Province
Economy
5. Gandhi selected her as the women Leaders to start the Quit India Movement in
 Manufacturing of cloth Industry Odisha

 Commercial relation with cyclone, China & South- East Asia. 6. Undertook Gandhian constructive works

- Uplift of women and Harijan

Military Conquests
- Adoption of Swadeshi
 Conquered entire Kalinga Region from river Varshdhara to Godavari.
7: Sec of utkal sahitya samaj

CONCLUSION
Conclusion: - They were a powerful & influential dynasty & their 200 years
Sarala Devi will always be remembered fan popularising Gandhian ideals in Odisha
of rule helped to shape the culture & history of Odisha.
and her devotion for Indian freedom struggle .
 13th Dev 1947 - Sardar Patel, V.K. Menon reached Cuttack H.K
Mahatab play crucial role
4Q.Discuss role of Harekrushna Mahatab & Intogration of primary state
14th Dec, 1947 - Patel met roler of ‘B’ & ‘C’ Class states
in Odisha (10)
Evening - Met ‘A’ category states
Introduction: - Harekrushna Mahatab was the 1st CM of Odisha in st
1 January 1948 - Merger of princely state become effective
independent India. th
15 Jan 1949 - Mayurbhanj merged
Role in integration of primary status th
18 May 1948 - Saraikala & Kharsuon handed over to Bihar

6th April 1946 - Mahatab met members of cabinet minor & demanded
integration of princely states with province. Conclusion: - The emergence of greater Orissa was possible for the lifelong
struggle of H.K. Mahatab .

10th May, 1946 - Latter to an feudatory chiefs regarding integration & 5.Q Contribution of Maharaj Krishna Chandra Gajapati Dev to formation
mtutali cooperation
of separate province in Odisha ? (10)
They didn’t want to join provine
Introduction: - Maharaj Krishna Chandra Gajapati was one of the makers of
16th Oct 1946 - Mahatab met ruler of Sambalpur & talk about
one administration but failed . modern Odisha .
Approved Nawab of Bhopal, Chairman of Chamber of
K.C. Gajapati & Creation of Odisha Province
princess to solve problems but failed
1914 - Gave proposal for amalgation of all Odia speaking areas to from
Odisha province in 10th sevior of Utkal Union Conference
th
10 Aug 1947 - Tenants of Orrisa & Chhatisgarh Regional council
1927 - K.C.K Gajapati welcomed Simon commission
(from to direct programandal movement pass a
resolution) for integration of native states with Orissa 1930 - Simon commission recommended formation of a separate province
province Odisha
1931 - ‘O’ Donnel committee formed to examine case of Odisha province
15th Aug m 1947 - British gave freedom to native states to join GOI or
after 1st round table conference
remain independent
Political unrest start in princely state - Gajapati welcomed the committee .
- Committee gave report to Samuel Hoare
14 Nov-1947 - HK Mahatab took charge of Nilgiri with permission of
- Write paper published by British Parliament without
Patel
mentioning Paralakhemundi
 - Gajapati went London to convince dignitaries v. Sunsent Law
- Joint parliamentary committee formed to finalize the matter  Jagabandhu led tribals of Banapur & Ghumusar & Marched towards
of Odisha Khurda.
1933 - Hubback Committee formed to give shape to province of Odisha.  Reason was to fight against colonial power.
- Paralakhemundi was again absent  He had on army with 400 Kandhas.
1934 - K.C. Gajapati went to Shimla & convinced viceroy regarding  Kandhas were successful in revolutionary activities like-
inclusion of Parlakhemundi i. Govt. Building burnt
1935 - In Act. 289 of Got Act. 1935, Odisha given status of separate ii. Police Men Killed
province with inclusion of Parlakhemundi iii. Govt. treasury looted
1st - A separate Odisha province was formed.  Rebettion expand throughout state
April  Few paika were unable to defect the British counter.
1936  They Receded back to Jungel.
 A no of them captured, Tried & execut
 Jagabandhu was imprisoned in 1825 with a monthly allowance of Rs.200
Conclusion: - He played a major role n the creation of Odisha province
 Finally he was died in Jail in 1829 .
& was loved by people of Odisha & was twice PM of Odisha.
Conclusion: - This rebellion inspired other uprisings against British rule,
6. Q. Assess the role of Baxi Jagabandhu in the Paika rebellion. (10)
such as Sambalpur rebellion led by Surendsrs Sai.
Introduction:- Jagabandhu Bidyadhara Mohapatra Bramarbara Ray
Q: Brief Note on contribution of Rama Devi in Indian freedom Struggle
Mohapatra was the commander of forces of king of Khurda.
Rama Devi holds a special position among women freedom fighters of Odisha. Born in
1899 in Cuttack, she joined freedom struggle inspired by Gandhiji's speech on the bank of
Role of Baxi in Taika Rebellion
Kathajodi river in 1921

 His family provided with Jogirs by Khurda king Contributions

 Major Fletcher’s new land revenue policy takes away this right. 1. Assisted in development of Alakashram
 This policy also after Zamindar & Ryot.
-where National School started
Other causes
2 . Success of Civil Disobedience Movement in Odisha at several places due to her
i. Salt Monopoly active participation
ii. Exploitation - Panadeep, Chatia Daria, Ersama etc
iii. Plights of Khurda people
3. Participated in harijan Pada yatra in Odisha
iv. New currency system
 - started Congress Organisation in Bhadrak on Gandhiji's advice .
4. Actively participated in Quit India Movement - led to her arrest
5. Active participant of various sessions INC
- Member of utkal Pradesh Congress Committee
- Participated in Bhoodan movement
6. devoted herself to Gandhian ideal
- khadi Work, uplift of women & harijans, Cleaning
7: Seva ghar , all india kasturaba foundation
CONCLUSION
Rama Devi resides in heart of millions of people fun hen sacrifice and contribution
to freedom struggle
Q8 :Laxman Nayak was a martyr of Freedom Movement. Justify
Laxman Nayak was indeed a prominent figure in the Indian freedom
movement and is considered a martyr for various reasons. Sentenced to death
on 29th march 1943.
1. Resistance against British oppression:
2. In pursuance of call ‘Do or die’ on 21 August 1942, a large-scale
procession was planned which was to culminate with the hoisting of the
tricolour flag on the top of the Maithili Police Station in Malkangiri.
3. The procession led by Laxman reached the police station where the
crowd staged a peaceful meeting. The Police however provoked them
with indiscriminate lathi charge and firing which led to the death of five
people and seventeen injuries. One forest guard G. Rameya was also
killed in the scuffle.
4. For that incident Laxman was held responsible and was arrested after
being framed by the police for provoking the murder of the forest
guard. Thus he was made the scapegoat for the entire incident. In the
station diary it was recorded that the intention of the meeting was to
assassinate the family of all government officials. In the trial Laxman was
found guilty and was sentenced to death by the Sessions Judge, V.
Ramanathan.
5. Advocating for tribal rights: Laxman Nayak was a strong advocate for
the rights and dignity of tribal communities. He stood up against the
encroachment on tribal lands, the exploitation of tribal labor, and the
cultural assimilation attempts by the British administration.
6. Sacrifice for the cause: Laxman was hanged on 29 March 1943, in
Berhampur jail. But on the eve of his death he left the message to his
fellow inmates that if moon and sun were the eternal truth in the sky, so
also Indian independence which would come soon. In conclusion, His
sacrifice and dedication to fighting against British colonialism and
advocating for tribal rights are significant reasons for justifying his status
as a freedom fighter and martyr.
10. Q.Discuss the various social reform movement in Odisha. (10)
Introduction: - The political movements also aroused many other
movements to change the rigid social structure & religious set up.
1. Satya Mahima Dharma
 Dharma of divine glory
 Religious tradition in Hinduism from Odisha
 Founder- Mahima Gosain
  It preached- Philanthropy Conclusion: - From the various social & religious movements, there emerged
st
 1 disciple- Govind Das man political movements that united Odia speaking people.
nd
 2 disciple- Bhim Bhoi
 Basic principle- Worship one deity “Alekha, Param Brahma”
2. Christian Missionaries
 Brought Socio- cultural change in Odisha 11.Q.The Ganga age in Odisha is a glorious age in History. Discuss ? (15 )
 Pioneer of westernization & Modernization
Eastern Gangas ruled over Odisha from 498 to 1435 AD.
 Establish 1st printing prem at Cuttack
 Establish orphanage  Founder- Kamaranava
 Rescued Meriah  Capital – Kalinganagar
 Work on Education Important Rulers
 Upliftment of women  1177-1147 AD-Chodaganga deva
 Abolition of Sati  1170-1190 AD- Rajaraya-II
 Widow Remarriage Act  1211-1238 AD- Anangabhimadeva-III
3. Brahmo Movement  1238-1264 AD- Narsimhadev-I
 Movement of Bengal organized to Sabolis child marriage &  1414-1435- AD- Bhanudeva-IV
introduction of widow remarriage
Administration
 Brahmo Samaj formed in 1828 by Raja Rammohan Ro
 Spreading Monotheism  Followed principle laid down in Niti & Sasriti text
 In 1869, Haranath Bhattacharya formed Utkal Brahama Samaj at  Concerning Trivarga
Cuttack. i. Dharma (Piety)
 Built Brahma Mandir at Cuttack ii. Artha( Material Prosperity)
 Leaders infuluced by Brahmo faith iii. Moksha(Salvation)
1. Fakir Mohan Senapati 4. Chaturbhuja
Powers of king
2. Madhusudan Rao Pattnayak
3. Pyari Mohan Acharya 5. Biswanath Kar - Appointment of ministers

6. Nanda Kishore Bal - Imposition of Tax

- Build Temple
- Declaration of war
- Grant land to Brahmins  Jagannath Temple (star- Yaati I) complete-
Anangabhimadva
Several Officials
 Sun temple at Konark
 Dauvarika  Later- Provines
 Purohita known as
 Yuvaraj  Desa- Desadhikani Literary
 Sandhivigrahika  Dandapata-
 Madala- Panji
 Senapati Dandahikari
 Ramacharita- Sandhyakaranandi
 Provincial  Mandala- Mandatika
 Chodagangadeva
administration  Visayas- Visaypati
 Gitagovinda- Jagamohan
 Visayas, Pan chali,  Khond
 Ekavli- Jagamohan
Bhoga  Nadu
 Odia language & grammer- Narasimhadeva
 Provines  Village
 Towns, Cities Forts – By Chodagangadeva

- Revenue System  Jajpur Kataka  Choudwar Katak

o Various Taxes  Amaravati Kataka  Saragagarh Katak
 Bheta
Inscriptions
 Voda
 Paika  Kenduli Plate  Kapilash Inscription
 Nagari Plate  Kamarnava copper plate
 Ohour
 Jagannath Temple inscription  Kanchipuram inscription
 Paridasa
 China Badami Plate
 Judisciary
Conclusion: - Four hundred years of glorious rule of Gangas is unique in
 Final arbiter- king
many senses in the history of medival Odisha.
 Law & order responsibility- Dandapasika
 Military 12. Q.Analyze cause of Kalinga War & its Significance. (15)
o Infantry & Cavatry
Introduction: - Kalinga War was a major event in the life of Ashoka that
o Elephant play major role- Hence Gajapati
occurred in 261 BC.
 Art & Architecture
Temples Causes of Kalinga War
 1. Political cause :- - Some historian argue
- Magadhan empire surrounded Kalinga in north, west & south - Asoka’s pacifism was not genuine
- Existence of Kalinga was a threat to Magadh. - He maintained a large Army
- Continued wage war
2. Economic cause:_ 2. Ashoka’s diplomacy :-
- Kalinga monopolized overseas in Indian ocean - Shrewed diplomat- always looking to protect his empire
- Gained vast wealth - He may used his interest in Buddhism as a way to gain support &
3. Commercial Cause make his empire more unified
- Kalinga was great rival of Magadha trade route from gangetic valley to 3. Ashoka’s realism :-
decan & further south paused through Kalinga. - He know war was necessary Sometimes
4. Religious Factor :- - Willing to use violence to achieve goal
- Before war Ashoka was saiva - But also believed in power of peace & companion
- In Kalinga Buddhism prevailed not Salves Ultimately it is up to each individual to decide whether they believe
- Ashoka decide to teach a lemon to Buddhist Ashoka’s change was genuine or not, because there is no clear
consensus among historians on this issue.
Result of Kalinga WAR
13. Q. Analyze cases of Paika Rebellion & its significance ? (15)
1. Change in Ashok’s Mind:- When British hanged Jay Rajguru in 1905 & confiscated Raja
 Become follower of Buddha Mukundadeva II, an armed reblession by Paikas led by Baxi Jagabandhu
 Adopt peaceful & benevolent rule started.
 Spread Buddhism Causes of Rebellion
2. Growth of Art, Architecture & Literature :-  Raja’s Expulsion & major fletcher’s entry
 Construction of setup (Sanchi), Monuments  Un sympathetic British rule
 Use poli language 1. Exploitation :-
3. Completion of Magadhan imperialism:-  Language barrier
 Kalinga became 5th province of Magadha  Exploitative clerk
 Ashoka changed from a conqueror to benevolent ruler.  Lack of fair judgment
 Communication Gap
Critical Analysis of Ashoka’s Change
2. Sunset Law
1. Ashoka’s Pacifism :-  Problmatic revenue policy affect
  It zamindar could’nt pay in time then lost land  Paika forced to leave military of king they adopt cultivation.
3. Salt Monopoly 5. Administration Structure :-
 Took away rights to make slat  Commissioner appointed
 Rise in price of salt  Vested with special power to implement reform measures
4. Plights of Khurda people :  Board of revenue, trade, provincial court of appeal circuit court
 Amlas smuggled out vast quantity of salt & make profit remained under his supervision.
5. New Currency system
Conclusion :- Paika rebellion was a political rebellion & involved people from
 Remove cowry as currency
all sections of society including Paiks, Pesants, common people, animal &
 Introduce sicea as new currency
Sarbarkara.
6. Condition of Khurda
 Hanging of Jayi Rajguru Q.14 ) Discuss the salient features of Montague-Chelmsford reform.

 Removal of Raja Mukundadeva-II INTRODUCTION

 Changes by Major Election Montague- Chelmsford Reform or the Government of India Act of 1919 was introduced in
1919 on recommendation of Secretary of State, Montague during tenure of viceroy
Results Paika Rebellion Chelmsford.

1. Administrative change :- Goal- gradual introduction of self-governing institutions in India in response to

India's help in World War 1.
 Odias employed in Govt. services entrusted with responsible wor
SALIENT FEATURES -
 Judges visit interior village
 Odia Amlas redressed the grievance of people  A separate Preamble with the objective

2. Judiciary change :- - Gradual development of responsible government in India.

 Court Language changed from person to Oriya. 2 .Central Legislature

 Odia Amala receive petition - separate Central and provincial subjects to make laws
3. Economic Change :-
- bicameralism for the fist time in center
 Salt price reduced
- ask questions and vote on 25% of Budget.
 More salt available
3. Central Executive
 Revenue burden of local Zamindar’s reduced
- Viceroy - chief executive authority having full control on reserved list
4. Political change:-
 Raja Mukundsadeva II allowed to move to Puri - 3 of 6 members of Viceroy's executive Council to be Indians

 Take charge of management of Jagannath Temple 4. Provincial Legislature

 - First time provinces to make own budget A range of factors across sectors and over years gave birth to this mutiny .

- Size further expanded 1. Economic Factors

- Can initiate legislation but with Governor's assent - Highly unpopular revenue settlement

- Unicameral • Permanent
5. Provincial Executive -
• Mahalwari
- provincial subjects divided into two parts. transferred and resented - Dyarchy
• Ryotwari
6. Elections -
- Heavy taxation on peasants
- for the first time direct elections in the country
- Indian artisans products discouraged
- separateelectoratesextended to Sikhs ,Indian Christians, Anglo Indians and
Europeans - British goods promoted

- Right to vote to women - One-way free trade Mercantile policy - high export tariff in Indian goods

- Limited Franchise on basis of property, tax on education . - Low import tariff or British goods.

7. Other Provisions :- - Land rights of zamindars forfeited.

2. Political factors
• - Post of High Commission for India in UK
- East India Company’s greedy policy of annexation
- To look after Indian trade in Europe
- British policies such as Effective Control
- Establishment of a Public Service Commission
- Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse
- Appointment of a statutory commission to report on working of this Act After 10
years . 3. Administrative Courses

CONCLUSION - Rampant corruption in Company's administration

The idea of Responsible government was a mirage. In Real British were not prepared to part - Alien character of British rule
with Indians played the policy of "carrot and stick ", the carrot being the reforms and stick,
the rawlatt Act. - A king of absentee sovereignty.

Q15 : What factor led to the sepoy mutiny of 1857? - annexation of Awadh in misgovernance case

4. Influence of Outside Events

INTRODUCTION
- British loss in Punjab Wars, Crimean wars etc
The revolt of 1857 on the Sepoy Mutiny was the Conscious beginning of the Indian
Independence struggle. It began on May 10, 1857 at Meerut, initiated by sepoys in Bengal - moral boost to Indian that British not too strong to be defeated.
Presidency against British officers.
5. Socio- Religious Causes
CAUSES
- Racial and superiority complex of Britishers
 - Activities of Christian Missionaries Provides a detailed account of career & achievement of Kharvela in a
- Socio- Religious reforms were resented highly chronological sequence.

• Abolition of sati Kharvela as a warrior & Ruler

• Widow remarriage act

 Known as formidable warrior.
• Religions Disabilities Act etc  Conquered regions including Mathura & Tamil country
6. Military Factors  Subdued Magadha.
- Restrictions on religious beliefs of conservative sepoys.  Explted Indo- Greeksk from Mathura.

- General Service Enlistment Act Cultural Patronage

- Cancellation of foreign allowance
 Care for his subject’s welfare
- Indian sepoys racially discriminated paid low
 Proficient in Music.
7. Other Factores
 Entertained subject with performance & feast
- Low position of Indian in Administration  Enlargedd irrigation canal
- Annexation of Awadh  Remitted Tax
- Biased Police and Judiciary.  Distribute wealth among Brahmans
-introduction of Rafel bullet which is told as made up of fat of cow and pig which is  Rebuilt Kaliganagari after cyclone
against both Hindu and Muslim religion  Construct gates, walls, buildings & Mahavijaya Prasodam’
CONCLUSION  Efficient administration
The Revolt of 1854 was not mere a product of Sepoys but accumulated guidance of people Trade & Commerce Flourished
of India against Company's administration of their dislike for the foreign regime  More prosperity
 Sisupalgarh excavation reveal trade importance
Q. 16 .Discuss the dynastic reign of Kharbela & his achievements &
 Pithuanda- port city
construction towards Odisha art & culture ? (15)
Kharvela’s faith & Tolerance
Kharvela’s time is considered a golden period in ancient Odisha history,
marked by prosperity & pride for Kalinga.  Devo Jain
 Brought back Kalinga Jina
Hatlgumpha Inscription
 Built caves for Jina Monks
 Display tolerance towards other religion.
Kharavela’s Legacy - merely advisory bodies

2. Separate Electorates for Muslims

 Chedi dynasty’s zenith under Kharvela
 Freed Kalinga - in the name of protecting Muslim minority

 Subdued Magadha - in real, divide Hindus and Muslims maintain British supremacy in India

 Defeated Decca - Led to growth of communalism

 Revive Jainism 3. Indirect elections, narrow franchises

 Brought prosperity, Religious, revivals & freedom 4. Position of Governor General remained unchanged
 Defeacted armises of Satavahans, Andhras.
- His veto power remained undiluted

Kalinga Prospered greatly under his rule & his time is considered a golden 5. No responsibility conceded on parliamentary forms
period in ancient Odisha history. - led to irresponsible criticism of the government

Q17: Critically Analyses Morley Minto Reforms? 6. No connection between a voter and his legislative representative

INTRODUCTION - Political participation and awareness - a distant dream

The Morley Minto reforms are the Indian Council Act of 1909 was passed by the British
Government in 1909 of placate the demands of Moderates and Muslims .
The idea was to give more power to locals in legislative affairs.
SALIENT FEATURES
• Size of legislative Councils increased - both centre and provinces.
7. Real purpose of the Act -
Confuse Moderates, Divide nationalist ranks, Check growth of unity among Indians
8. The reforms were shadow rather than substance
- The people demanded self-government but Receivedbenevolent despotism.
Nevertheless, the Minto-Morley Reforms had some merits.

• Indians in viceroy's Executive Council for the first time – Satyendra prasad Sinha . 1. association of \.

• Enlarged Legislative power at both levels pass resolution, ask questions and vote on 2. recognition to elective principles as the basis of the composition of legislative
Budget councils for the fast time.

3. avenues to Indians to ventilate grievances

• Separate electorates of Muslims first time
- Criticise executives
• Official majority in Central Legislative Council - Non official majority n Provincial
Council - make suggestion for better administration

CRITICAL ANALYSIS 4. Enlargement of legislatures furthered the demand of complete indianisation of

legislatures
The reforms afforded no answer to the Indian political problem only a face saving device

1. Reformed Councils - no real power

CONCLUSION
 Although the Morley -Minto reforms mask an important stage in the growth of
representative institutions, it is basically a subtle attempt of British Government to Create "
constitutional autocracy in India .
Q19: Discuss Praja Mandal Movements in Odisha
ANS: The Praja Mandal movement in Odisha was a significant socio-political movement that
emerged in the 1930s and continued into the 1940s. It was a part of the broader freedom struggle
against British colonial rule in India, and it aimed to address various social and economic issues faced
by the people of Odisha. Here is a discussion of the Praja Mandal movement in Odisha:
1. Background: The pre-independence period in India was marked by various social and
economic problems, including land revenue, the exploitation of peasants, and the
lack of representation of local issues in governance. These issues prompted the
formation of political movements like the Praja Mandal in different regions of India.
2. Leadership: The Praja Mandal movement in Odisha was led by prominent leaders
like Bhubananda das Biswanath Das, Harekrushna Mahatab, and Gopabandhu Das,
pc bhanjadev,saranga dhar das, Bhimsen bhoi. These leaders played a pivotal role in
mobilizing the masses and articulating their grievances.
3. Demands: The Praja Mandal movement in Odisha had several key demands, which
included:
a. Reduction in land revenue and relief from the oppressive revenue policies. Ex: magan,
bethi,Rasad
b. Protection of the rights of the tenants and the landless laborers.
c. Implementation of land reforms to redistribute land from landlords to tenants and
landless laborers.
d. Adequate representation of Odisha in the central and provincial legislatures.
e. Improvement of education and healthcare facilities in rural areas.
f. Eradication of untouchability and caste-based discrimination.
4. Area of Mobilization: Niligiri, odisha garjat people association, dhenkanal, talcher
5. The movement gained momentum as it managed to mobilize the masses, especially
the peasants, laborers, and the tribal population. The leaders used various means,
such as public meetings, publications, and non-violent protests, to rally support for
the movement.
6. Impact: The Praja Mandal movement in Odisha played a crucial role in raising
awareness about the socio-economic issues faced by the people of the region. It
also led to the formation of policies and reforms to address some of these issues. For
example, the movement's demands for land reform and reduction in land revenue
found partial success, as certain land reforms were introduced to benefit the
peasants.
7. Integration with the National Movement: The Praja Mandal movement in Odisha
was closely connected with the broader Indian freedom struggle. Leaders from the
Praja Mandal often collaborated with the Indian National Congress and other
nationalist movements to press for their demands and achieve political autonomy.
8. Post-Independence Period: After India gained independence in 1947, many leaders
of the Praja Mandal movement played key roles in the formation of the Odisha
state government. They continued their efforts to address the socio-economic issues
and bring about positive changes in the state.
In conclusion, the Praja Mandal movement in Odisha was a vital chapter in the struggle for
India's independence. It was instrumental in addressing the socio-economic challenges
faced by the people of Odisha and played a significant role in shaping the post-
independence governance and policies in the region. The movement remains an essential
part of Odisha's history and its contribution to the nation's freedom struggle.
Q.20 ) What is Drain of wealth Theory ? What when it Effects ?
The Drain of WealthTheory refers to the economic critique of Indian colonialism that was
advocated by Early nationalist. Dadabhai Naoroji was one its earliest propagators .
After the treaty of Allahabad (1765), the East India Company used the revenues out
of Indian territories to purchase Indian goods. These were exported out of India for which
India got no return. This was the beginning of drain of India's wealth .
CONSTITUENTS OF DRAIN OF WEALTH
• Civil and Military Charges
• Store purchases& Stationary bill in England
• Sale of Council bills
• Movement of Private Wealth
• By means bills of exchange
• Huge payments made her for foreign banking insurance and shipping
 • Remittances by the Company - salaries and pensions Company employees - The Drain of Wealth theory highlights the mercantile character of British Rule in
Dividends India that was totally exploitative. It shook the myth of British benevolence and laid strong
foundations for ensuring freedom Struggle.
paid to Company's stockholders.

• Interest and profit on foreign Capital Investment

• Home charges - paying for secretary of state

EFFECTS OF DRAIN OF WEALTH INDIA Q: Grive an account of Swadeshi Movement
1. Impoverishment of all sections of society The Swadeshi Movement was one of the most successful movements of Pre-
Worst victims - Peasants - High land Revenue Gandhian era. It was formally proclaimed by Boycott Resolution passed on 7th August 1905
at Calcutta town hall .
- Land alienation
Major Cause - British decision to partition on religion & language Bengal in 16 oct
2. Drained India of its precious. capital 1905
- Could have been invested in agriculture and industries in India Other Causes -
- Major source of financing Industrial Revolution
• Economic Exploitation by British
3. Main cause of utter poverty India
• Indian University Commission Act 1904
- 30–40-million-pound sterling blowing out of India every year a per Naoroji
• Punjab 'Land Alienation Act1900
4. Caused 'moral drain '
• Calcutta Corporation Act 1899
- exclusion of Indians from position of trust and responsibility in their own land

5. Absence of protective tariffs • Diversion of funds to railways and police instead of education famine etc

- Crippled Indian industrialization and handicrafts industry Agitational methods

- excess of exports over imports, with no return • Initially passive resistance by Moderates

- one way the trade - Filing petition,

6. Corrosion of faith in British rule - Organising prayers

- Laid the seeds for subsequent nationalism to flower - Meeting Peaceful Strikes

- Laid base for mass movement demanding self-government - Spreading propaganda in pamphlets

- expose true nature of British colonialism - Hindu: Muslim tie threads

CONCLUSION • Later, the movement gained momentum

- more active form.of resistance -Extremist Programme

new forms of struggle extremist • Morley - Minto Reforms
1. Organised and relentless boycott of foreign goods
• Nationalism pine treated to masses
2. Public meetings and processions - for mass mobilization
• Mass participation with Boycott
3. Swaraj, national education
• Swaraj
4. Emphasis on "self - Reliance”
• Annulment of Bengal
5. Corps of Volunteers or Samitis

- Swadesh Bandhab Samiti • Muslim support the British in favor of Bengal partion

- Dacca Anushilan Samiti etc • Division bet moderate & extremist in surat session

6. Programme of Swadeshi in National Education, • Starting of communalism by giving separate electorate to Muslim
7. Traditional festivals. on melas to spread political messages CONCLUSION
- Tilak's Ganapati and Shivaji festivals The spirit of mass participation and nationalism. that the Swadeshi movement
aroused became a legacy for later national movements .
8. Establishment of Swadeshi enterprises
Q21: . Analyses the main provisions of Govt. of India Act 1935.
- Textile mills tangerines banks etc sprang up
INTRODUCTION
- promotion of Khadi & empower of woman
The Government of India Act of 1935 marked a second milestone towards a completely
- PC Ray's Bengal Chemicals
responsible government in India after Montague - Chelmsford Reforms. It was the longest
- Chidambaram Pillai navigation company and the most detailed act so far with 321 sections and 10 schedules.

9. Cultural Sphere SALIENT FEATURES

- Patriotic songs of Tagore( amara sonar bangala, and Bankim Chandra  Establishment of an all Indian federation consisting of province & princely state

- Painters like Nandalal Bose took to Indian styles of painting Instead - Division of powers - 3 lists - . Federal, Provincial, Concurrent list
Victorian naturalism. - Residuary powers to Viceroy
- J. Bose's research in Biology Make Indian proud. 2 .Adoption Dyarchy at Centre
IMPACT AND SIGNATURE - 3. Abolished Dyarchy in provinces

• Decline in foreign import - Introduced provincial autonomy independent administrative and financial powers.

• Emergence of Capitalist Class - found national moment later 4. Bicameralism in 6 out of 11 provinces

• Built "ATMA SHAKTI' 5. Separate electorates further extended to depressed classes, women, labourers etc.

6. Extended franchise
• Erosion of Colonial Ideals and institutions
 - voting right to about 10% of population

7. abolished the Council of India

Instead a team of advisors for the Secretary of State for India.

8. establishment of Reserve Bank of India

- to control central currency and credit of country

9. Establishment of federal public , Provincial and Joint Public Service Commission

10 . Establishment of a federal Court

Challenges

 Not adopted universal adult franchise

 No transfer of power to Indian

 Still veto power with governor

CONCLUSION

Thus it can be said that the Government of India Act of 1935 marks a point of no return in
the history of constitutional development in India. It also became the basic material of
Constitution of India.