KALINGA IAS MOCK TEST 3 MODEL ANSWER
1. Write a Brief note on Mineral resources of Odisha?
Odisha, a state situated on the eastern coast of India, is renowned for its rich and diverse
mineral resources. The state has emerged as a major player in the country's mineral landscape,
contributing significantly to India's mineral production. Some key mineral resources found in
Odisha include:
1. Iron Ore: Odisha is particularly known for its vast reserves of iron ore, making it one of the
leading producers of iron ore in India. The Keonjhar and Sundergarh districts are particularly rich
in high-grade iron ore deposits. Badampahad in Mayurbhanj, Keunjar, Jajpur, and Sundergarh is
famous for iron-orereserve
2. Bauxite: The state is a significant producer of bauxite, a crucial raw material for the production
of aluminum. Bauxite deposits are found in various regions, including Koraput and Kalahandi.
Jajpur, Keonjhar, Dhenkanal ,Bolangir,
3. Coal: Odisha has substantial coal reserves, with major coalfields located in the Talcher and Ib
Valley regions. Coal mining plays a crucial role in supporting the energy needs of both the state
and the nation.
4. Chromite: Odisha is a major producer of chromite, a key ingredient in the production of
stainless steel. Chromite deposits are concentrated in the Sukinda Valley. Orissa is first in India
for- chromite ore.
5. Manganese: The state is rich in manganese ore, with significant deposits located in the
Keonjhar, Sundergarh, and Koraput districts. Manganese is essential for the production of steel
and ferroalloys. Orissa is first in the country for the production of manganese ore.
6. Limestone: Odisha possesses abundant limestone deposits, primarily found in the districts of
Sundargarh, Nuapada, and Cuttack. Limestone is a crucial raw material for the cement industry.
7. Graphite: The state has notable graphite deposits in the Rayagada district. Graphite is used in
various industrial applications, including in the production of electrodes and lubricants.
8. Gemstones: Odisha is known for its gemstone deposits, including varieties of garnet and
sapphire.
The mining and processing of these minerals have contributed significantly to the economic
development of Odisha. However, the exploitation of mineral resources also raises environmental and
socio-economic challenges, necessitating a balanced approach to sustainable mining practices and
responsible resource management.
Q2: Write a Brief note on Disaster management and Planning Perspective to mitigate cyclone and
flood in Odisha?
Odisha, located on the eastern coast of India, is prone to cyclones and floods due to its geographical
location. Over the years, the state has developed a comprehensive disaster management and planning
perspective to mitigate the impact of cyclones and floods. Here are some key aspects of disaster
management in Odisha:
1. Early Warning Systems: Odisha has invested significantly in early warning systems to provide
timely and accurate information about approaching cyclones. The Indian Meteorological
Department (IMD) works in collaboration with the Odisha State Disaster Management Authority
(OSDMA) to issue advance warnings. The state has also set up a network of cyclone shelters and
evacuation routes to ensure the timely movement of people from vulnerable areas.
2. Cyclone Shelters and Evacuation Planning: The state has constructed numerous cyclone
shelters along the coastline to provide safe havens for residents during cyclones. These shelters
are equipped with basic amenities and are strategically located to facilitate quick and efficient
evacuation. Evacuation plans are meticulously developed, and drills are conducted to ensure the
preparedness of communities.
3. Community Awareness and Training: One of the critical aspects of disaster management in
Odisha is community involvement. Regular awareness programs and training sessions are
conducted to educate communities about the risks associated with cyclones and floods. This
includes teaching them how to respond to warnings, the importance of evacuation, and basic
first aid.
4. Infrastructure Development: Infrastructure development plays a vital role in mitigating the
impact of cyclones and floods. The construction of robust embankments, check dams, and other
flood control structures helps in reducing the vulnerability of low-lying areas. Additionally, the
development of resilient housing infrastructure is emphasized to withstand the impact of
cyclones.
5. Coordination Mechanism: The state has established a well-coordinated disaster management
mechanism, involving various stakeholders such as government agencies, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), and the community. This coordination ensures a swift and effective
response during and after a disaster.
6. Post-Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation: Odisha has a well-defined plan for post-disaster relief
and rehabilitation. Quick deployment of rescue and relief teams, provision of medical aid,
distribution of food and essential supplies, and the restoration of essential services are some of
the key components of the post-disaster strategy.
 7. Policy and Legislative Framework: Odisha has enacted specific policies and legislation related to
disaster management, providing a legal framework for planning and response activities. These
policies ensure a systematic approach to disaster management and empower authorities to take  Source:
necessary actions. o It rises from a place near Sihawa, near Raipur in the state of Chhattisgarh to the south
of Amarkantak.

 Major Tributaries:

o The Seonath, the Hasdeo, the Mand and the Ib joins Mahanadi from left whereas the
Ong, the Tel and the Jonk joins it from right.

 Mahanadi River Dispute:

o The Central Government constituted Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal in 2018.

 Major Dams/Projects on Mahanadi:

o Hirakud Dam: This is the longest dam of India.

o Ravishankar Sagar, Dudhawa Reservoir, Sondur Reservoir, Hasdeo Bango and Tandula
are other major projects.

 Urban Centres :

o Three important urban centres in the basin are Raipur, Durg and Cuttack.

 Industries:

o Mahanadi basin, because of its rich mineral resource and adequate power resource, has
The success off Odisha's disaster management approach has been evident in its ability to minimize a favourable industrial climate.
casualties and damage during cyclones. Continuous improvement, regular drills, and adaptation to
 Iron and Steel plant at Bhilai
changing scenarios are crucial elements of the state's ongoing efforts to enhance
enhance its disaster resilience.
 Aluminium factories at Hirakud and Korba

 Paper mill near Cuttack

 Cement factory at Sundargarh.

Q3: Explain the Salient feature of Mahanadi river system and its impact on agriculture of Odisha?
o The Mahanadi River system is the third largest of peninsular
after Godavari and Krishna, and the largest river of Odisha state.
o The catchment area of the river
ri extends to Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha,
Jharkhand and Maharashtra.
o Its basin is bounded by the Central India hills on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the
south and east and by the Maikala range in the west.
o Other industries based primarily on agricultural produce are sugar and textile mills.
India
o Mining of coal, iron and manganese are other industrial activities.
 Irrigation Potential:
o The Mahanadi River and its tributaries form an extensive network of water bodies that
are harnessed for irrigation purposes. The construction of dams and reservoirs, notably
the Hirakud Dam, has significantly enhanced the irrigation potential in the Mahanadi
 basin. This irrigation infrastructure supports multiple cropping seasons, improving the region. Reliable power supply enhances agricultural productivity by supporting
agricultural productivity. activities such as irrigation and agro-processing.

 Hirakud Dam:

o The Hirakud Dam, one of the longest dams in the world, is a key feature of the
Mahanadi River system. Completed in 1953, the dam serves as a multipurpose project
providing irrigation, hydropower generation, and flood control. The controlled release
of water from the dam ensures a regulated water supply for agriculture downstream.

 Delta Formation:

o The Mahanadi River forms a fertile delta before it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The
deltaic region is characterized by alluvial soil, which is highly conducive to agriculture.
Farmers in the Mahanadi delta cultivate a variety of crops, including rice, pulses,
oilseeds, and vegetables.

 Multiple Cropping Seasons:

o The availability of water from the Mahanadi River facilitates multiple cropping seasons
in the region. Farmers can cultivate crops during the Kharif (monsoon) and Rabi (winter)
seasons, leading to increased agricultural output and income.

 Cultivation of Rice:

o The Mahanadi basin, particularly the deltaic plains, is known for the cultivation of rice.
The availability of water for paddy cultivation has made Odisha a significant contributor
to India's rice production. Both high-yielding and traditional varieties of rice are grown
in the region.

 Flood Control:

o The Mahanadi River system, equipped with dams and reservoirs, contributes to flood
control in the state. The controlled release of water during the monsoon season helps
prevent widespread flooding, protecting agricultural fields and settlements.
 Economic Livelihood:
o Agriculture, supported by the Mahanadi River, forms the backbone of the economy in
many parts of Odisha. The river's water is crucial for sustenance farming as well as
commercial agriculture, providing livelihoods to a significant portion of the population.
While the Mahanadi River system has immensely benefited agriculture in Odisha, it's important to note
that challenges such as water management, equitable distribution of water resources, and
environmental sustainability also need to be addressed to ensure the long-term viability of agriculture in
the region. Sustainable agricultural practices and integrated water resource management are essential
for optimizing the benefits derived from the Mahanadi River system.
Q4: Write a Brief Note on Environmental significance of Mangrove forest in Odisha?

 Hydropower Generation:
o While not directly related to agriculture, the hydropower generated by dams on the
Mahanadi River, including the Hirakud Dam, contributes to the overall development of
Mangrove forests in Odisha hold significant environmental importance due to their unique ecological
characteristics and the valuable ecosystem services they provide. Here are some key points highlighting
the environmental significance of mangrove forests in Odisha:
1. Biodiversity Hotspots:
  Mangrove ecosystems are known for their high biodiversity. They serve as crucial  Mangroves play a key role in stabilizing sediments along riverbanks and coastal areas,
habitats for a wide range of flora and fauna, including various species of fish, crabs, reducing the risk of soil erosion. This is particularly important in regions prone to
mollusks, and birds. These ecosystems contribute to the overall biodiversity of coastal cyclones, storm surges, and other natural disasters.
regions.
9. Adaptation to Climate Change:
2. Coastal Protection:
 Mangrove ecosystems contribute to climate change adaptation by providing resilience
 Mangrove forests act as a natural barrier, protecting coastal areas from erosion, storm to coastal communities. The protective functions of mangroves help buffer against the
surges, and extreme weather events. The dense network of roots and vegetation helps impacts of rising sea levels and extreme weather events.
stabilize the shoreline and reduce the impact of coastal erosion.
10. Tourism and Education:
3. Fisheries Support:
 Mangrove forests also have tourism and educational value. They attract nature
 Mangrove areas serve as important nurseries for many commercially valuable fish and enthusiasts, researchers, and tourists interested in exploring the unique biodiversity and
shellfish species. The intricate root systems provide a sheltered environment for ecological processes of mangrove ecosystems.
juvenile fish, contributing to the replenishment of coastal fisheries.
11. Government Initiatives Related to Mangrove Conservation:
4. Carbon Sequestration:
 MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes)
 Mangroves are highly effective in sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.  Sustainable Aquaculture In Mangrove Ecosystem (SAIME) initiative
The organic material that accumulates in mangrove soils over time stores large amounts
of carbon, helping mitigate the impacts of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas
concentrations.

5. Water Quality Improvement:

 The roots of mangrove trees filter pollutants from the water, contributing to improved
water quality in coastal areas. Mangroves play a crucial role in maintaining the health of
estuarine and marine ecosystems by trapping sediments and pollutants.

6. Habitat for Migratory Birds:

 Mangrove forests in Odisha provide vital habitats for numerous migratory bird species.
These areas serve as stopover points for birds traveling along international migratory
routes. The diversity of bird species contributes to the overall ecological richness of the
region.

7. Sustainable Resource Use:
 Local communities often depend on mangrove ecosystems for sustainable resource use.
Mangroves provide wood, honey, and other non-timber forest products, supporting the
livelihoods of coastal communities while promoting responsible resource management.
8. Erosion Control:
Preserving and sustainably managing mangrove forests in Odisha is essential for maintaining the
ecological balance of coastal ecosystems, ensuring the well-being of local communities, and addressing
broader environmental challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Conservation efforts and
community involvement are crucial to safeguarding the environmental significance of mangrove forests
in the region.
Q5: Evaluate the Impact of internal river linkage project on Indian agricultural system?

Potential Positive Impacts:

 1. Increased Irrigation Potential:
 River linking projects aim to transfer water from water-surplus regions to water-deficit
regions. This can potentially increase the irrigation potential in traditionally arid or semi-
arid areas, leading to expanded agricultural cultivation and improved crop yields.
2. Drought Mitigation:
 River linking can help mitigate the impact of droughts by ensuring a more reliable water
supply for agriculture. Transferring water from surplus to deficit areas can help farmers
cope with water scarcity during periods of low rainfall.
3. Improved Crop Diversity:
 Enhanced water availability can support the cultivation of a greater variety of crops,
including those that require more water. This can contribute to crop diversification and
increased resilience in the face of changing climate patterns.
4. Hydropower Generation:
 Some river linking projects may involve the construction of dams and reservoirs, which
can generate hydropower. A more reliable and distributed power supply can benefit
agricultural operations, particularly in remote areas.
 River linking projects often involve inter-state river disputes, legal challenges, and
complex governance issues. The resolution of these issues can be time-consuming and
may lead to delays in project implementation, affecting the anticipated benefits for
agriculture.
5. Unintended Consequences:
 Manipulating river systems can have unintended consequences, such as changes in
sediment transport, nutrient cycling, and water table levels. These changes may impact
soil fertility and the natural hydrological processes that are critical for sustainable
agriculture.
6. Cost Overruns:
 Large infrastructure projects like river linking can be prone to cost overruns, delays, and
logistical challenges. Economic uncertainties associated with project implementation
can impact the overall return on investment for the agricultural sector.
Ken-Betwa link project has been declared as National Project by the Government of India. Damanganga
– Pinjal Link Project, Par – Tapi – Narmada Link Project and Mahanadi – Godavari Link Projects have
been given a go ahead

Potential Negative Impacts:

1. Environmental Concerns:

 Large-scale river linking projects can have significant environmental impacts, including
habitat destruction, alteration of river ecosystems, and potential threats to biodiversity.
Such changes can affect the overall health of ecosystems and, in turn, impact
agriculture.

2. Displacement of Communities:

 The construction of dams and canals for river linking projects may lead to the
displacement of local communities. Displaced communities often face challenges in
adapting to new environments and may experience disruptions in their agricultural
practices.

3. Water Quality Issues:

 Altering the natural flow of rivers and introducing water from different sources can lead
to changes in water quality. Poor water quality can have adverse effects on crops, soil
fertility, and the overall health of agricultural systems.

4. Legal and Political Challenges:

 ● When these winds encounter the orographic barrier, they change direc on and move in western
direction as seen in the map.

● Because of the direc on from which they enter the Bhojpur region, they are called Purvaiya or the
eastern winds.

Influence of the southwest monsoon on the cultural ethos of the Bhojpur Region

Agriculture and economy:

● Being the region mainly dependent on agriculture, the ‘Purvaiya’ brings much-needed rainfall to the
region, which is essential for crop cultivation. The cultivation of staple crops such as rice and wheat is
largely dependent on the monsoon rains.

● Farmers in the area have developed a thorough understanding of the Purvaiya and its pa erns, which
they use to guide their farming practices.

Cultural festivals:

● The arrival of the ‘Purvaiya’ and the onset of the monsoon season is celebrated with enthusiasm in the
region. It marks the beginning of various cultural festivals.

● Fes vals such as Chhat and Madhushravani Puja reflect the cultural significance of the arrival of
Purvaiya.

Traditional practices:

● Tradi onal prac ces and rituals related to rain dei es in the region are closely linked to agriculture
and the monsoon.
6. Why is the South-West
West Monsoon called ‘Purvaiya’ (easterly) in the Bhojpur Region? How has this
directional seasonal wind
d system influenced the cultural ethos of the region? ● Folk songs and dances, such as the Kajari and Bidesia, are performed during the monsoon, reflecting
the cultural connection to agriculture and the changing seasons.
The Southwest Monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings rain to the Indian subcontinent. It is
driven by a difference in temperature and pressure between the Indian Ocean and the Indian Cuisine:
subcontinent.. It blows from the southwest direction from June to September. It is also referred to as
‘Purvaiya’ or easterly in the Bhojpur region due to its unique local characteristics and influence on the ● The local cuisine in the Bhojpur region reflects the agricultural dependence on the monsoon. The
region’s climate and culture. popularity of dishes such as Ghugni, and Dahi chura increases during the monsoon season.

Reasons for name of South-West

West Monsoon as Purvaiya ‘Purvaiya’ is a crucial seasonal wind system that influences the region’s agricultural practices, economy,
cultural festivals, and way of life. The dependence on monsoon rains has shaped the cultural ethos of
● The Bhojpur region is located in eastern India and northern Bihar. The South--West monsoon is called the region, with deeply rooted traditions and celebrations.
Purvaiya’ (Easterly) in the Bhojpur region because of the direction from which winds enter.
‘Purvaiya’
Q7: Why is the world today confronted with a crisis of availability of and access to freshwater
● As South West monsoon winds are divided into Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal branch
and branch, the latter resources?
branch moves towards the Purvanchal Himalayas.
Answer: The demand for freshwater is far higher than the current availability of water in the very large
population of the world. According to the UN SDG 2022, about 2 billion people worldwide don’t have
access to safe drinking water today.
Reasons for the crisis of availability and access to freshwater resources:
● Climate Change: Changed weather and water patterns around the world, leading to the droughts in
some regions and floods in others, reduced water availability.
o For example: Rising sea levels and storm surges caused by intensifying tropical cyclones result in
saline intrusion in coastal areas, further diminishing freshwater resources.
● Growing Population: The world’s population, now at 7.5 billion, is projected to add 2.3 billion more
people by 2050, creates more water stressed conditions.
o For example: According to the United Nations World Water Development Report 2023,
around 80% of people living under water stress lived in Asia.
● Over exploitation of groundwater: It has reduced the level of groundwater due to rapid urban
agglomeration and industrial development and also leads to seawater intrusion into coastal districts,
damaging the quality of groundwater.
o For example: In 2050, India’s per capita water availability will only be 22% of the current level if the
present rate of groundwater depletion persists.
● Deforestation: Deforestation reduces water infiltration, and increases erosion, which raises sediment
levels and turbidity, leading to poorer water quality and higher drinking water treatment costs.
o For example: Over the past 50 years, 17% of Amazon rainforests have been lost due to deforestation,
causing the ecosystem to reach an irreversible tipping point.
● Pollution: Pollution makes water unfit for various uses and decreases the availability of freshwater.
o For example: Delhi generates approximately 76% of the total pollution load in the river Yamuna, which
turns the river into a ‘sewage drain’.
● Agriculture:
o Monoculture practices due to focus on input intensive crops (wheat, rice & sugarcane).
o Poor agro-ecological planning i.e. wrong set of crops being promoted in different regions e.g
sugarcane and rice in water-scarce areas.
o Virtual Water export: Skewed focus on water guzzling crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane etc. despite
water scarcity.
Way forward:
● Sustainable water management by improving water infrastructure, solar desalination, and smart
irrigation systems.
● Pollution control & better sewage treatment practices should be considered.
● Rainwater harves ng and recycling of wastewater will help reduce scarcity and ease pressures on
groundwater.
● AWARe (Action on Water Adaptation or Resilience) initiative at COP27: To foster inclusive
cooperation in addressing water-related challenges and climate change adaptation solutions.
 CHHATA Yojan of odisha
 Composite management index by NITI Aayog
 Atal Bhujal Yojana (ATAL JAL) is a Central Sector Scheme for facilitating sustainable ground
water management
 Jal Shakti Abhiyan aims to accelerate water conservation efforts across the country
Q8: Write a Brief Note On localization of Iron and Steel industry in Odisha
Odisha has emerged as a prominent hub for the iron and steel industry in India, with the localization of
numerous steel plants and associated industries. This localization is primarily attributed to the state's
rich mineral resources, strategic geographical location, and favorable industrial policies.
1. Abundance of Iron Ore:
 Odisha is endowed with vast deposits of high-quality iron ore, particularly in the Keonjhar and
Sundergarh districts. The availability of this raw material is a key factor driving the localization of
the iron and steel industry in the state.
2. Proximity to Coal Reserves:
 Apart from iron ore, Odisha is also rich in coal reserves, which are essential for the production of
steel. The proximity to coal mines in regions like Talcher ensures a stable and cost-effective
supply of coking coal for steel production.
3. Strategic Location:
  Odisha's strategic location on the eastern coast provides easy access to ports, facilitating the
import of raw materials and the export of finished steel products. The presence of major ports
like Paradip and Dhamra enhances the logistical efficiency of the iron and steel industry.
4. Government Policies and Support:
 The state government of Odisha has implemented favorable industrial policies to attract
investments in the iron and steel sector. Initiatives such as single-window clearances, incentives,
and infrastructure support have encouraged the establishment and expansion of steel plants.
EX: MAKE IN ODISHA
5. Large-Scale Steel Plants:
 Several large-scale steel plants have been set up in Odisha, contributing significantly to the
state's industrial landscape. Notable steel plants include Tata Steel in Kalinganagar, Jindal Steel
and Power in Angul, and Essar Steel in Paradip.
6. Integrated Steel Complexes:
 Some of the steel plants in Odisha are integrated complexes, incorporating the entire steel
production process from iron ore mining and beneficiation to steelmaking and downstream
processing. This integration enhances efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
7. Employment Generation:
 The localization of the iron and steel industry in Odisha has led to the creation of employment
opportunities for the local population. The industry provides jobs not only in the steel plants but
also in associated sectors such as mining, transportation, and services.
8. Infrastructure Development:
 The establishment of the iron and steel industry has contributed to the development of critical
infrastructure in the state. This includes the expansion of road networks, railways, and power
supply, further supporting industrial growth.
9. Economic Growth:
 The iron and steel industry's localization has played a pivotal role in contributing to the
economic growth of Odisha. It has become a significant revenue-generating sector for the state,
fostering economic development and industrial diversification.
In summary, the localization of the iron and steel industry in Odisha is driven by the abundance of raw
materials, supportive government policies, strategic location, and the establishment of major steel
plants. This concentration has not only propelled industrial growth but has also contributed to the
overall development of the state's economy.
9. Discuss the meaning of colour-coded weather warnings for cyclone prone areas given by India
Meteorological Department.
What is a colour-coded weather warning?
 These are issued by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) for explaining the severity of
the weather phenomena which has the potential to cause damage, widespread disruption or
danger to life.
 These alerts are also issued during floods, depending on the amount of water rising above
land/in a river as a result of torrential rainfall. Warnings are updated daily.
 The IMD uses 4 colour codes:
o Green (All is well): No advisory is issued.
o Yellow (Be Aware): Yellow indicates severely bad weather spanning several days. It also
suggests that the weather could change for the worse, disrupting day-to-day activities.
o Orange/Amber (Be prepared): The orange alert is issued as a warning of extremely bad
weather with the potential of disruption in commute with road and rail closures, and
interruption of power supply.
o Red (Take Action): When extremely bad weather conditions are certainly going to
disrupt travel and power and have significant risks to life, the red alert is issued.
India Meteorological Department
 It is the main agency responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and
seismology in India.
 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences.
 It operates hundreds of observation stations across India and Antarctica.
 Regional offices are in Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata, Nagpur, Guwahati and New Delhi.
 It is also one of the six Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres of the World Meteorological
Organisation.
 It has the responsibility for forecasting, naming and distributing warnings for tropical cyclones
in the Northern Indian Ocean region, including the Malacca Straits, the Bay of Bengal, the
Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.
Q10: How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather Consequences of Melting of Antarctic Glaciers
patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain
Rising Sea Level:
Many glaciers around the world have been rapidly melting. Human activities are at the root of this
 Antarctic ice sheets are the largest contributors to global sea-level rise. As a result of these rising
phenomenon. Specifically, since the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas sea levels, coastal erosion has also increased.

emissions have raised temperatures, even higher in the poles, and as a result, glaciers are rapidly Climate change:
melting, calving off into the sea and retreating on land.
 The warming of Antarctica Circumpolar Current can aggravate the effects of global warming.
When it comes to sea ice, 95% of the oldest and thickest ice in the Arctic is already gone.
As a result of sea-level rise, storm surges become more prevalent, with warm air and ocean
Scientists project that if emissions continue to rise unchecked, the Arctic could be ice-free in the
temperatures combining to increase the frequency of coastal storms.
summer as soon as the year 2040 as ocean and air temperatures continue to rise rapidly.
Loss of Species
Consequences of Melting of Arctic ice
 Species are also at risk. Many land and sea animals rely on glaciers as their natural habitats and
Affects Sea Level and Salinity: as they disappear so does the rich ecological life they shelter.

 The loss of ice and the warming waters will affect sea levels, salinity levels, and current and Disrupting Ocean Currents:
precipitation patterns.
 Melting of Antarctic glaciers will lead to slowing of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation,
Danger to Coastal Communities: disrupting gulf stream.It would also impact west wind drift.

 The global average sea level has risen by about 7-8 inches since 1900, and it’s getting worse. Conclusion
Rising seas endanger coastal cities and small island nations by exacerbating CoastalFlooding and
The solution to all of this is obvious. It is in humanity’s interest to treat the Arctic melting and glaciers as
storm surge.
a severe global issue and act accordingly. Climate change mitigation policies need to be implemented
Food Security: stringently. If CO2 emissions can be reduced over the next ten years then glaciers can still be
saved.More targeted measures may also be required.
 Polar vortexes increase heat waves, and the unpredictability of weather caused by ice loss is
already causing significant damage to crops on which global food systems depend.

Loss of Methane Store: 12. Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight the status of
natural hazard preparedness in these areas.
 Permafrost in the Arctic region (ground that is permanently frozen) stores large amounts of
methane, which is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.
Answer: India has a coastline of 7,517 km, including the mainland and island territories. This offers
As more quickly the arctic ice is lost, more rapidly permafrost will melt. This will result in a vicious cycle immense opportunities for livelihoods and economic development through the sustainable harnessing
that may result in a climate catastrophe. of coastal and marine resources.
Biodiversity Threat: Resource potentials of coastal regions
 The melting of the Arctic ice puts the Arctic region’s vibrant biodiversity under seriousthreat ● Food Resources:
especially in the mid-latitude.
o Fisheries: Coastal areas are rich in fisheries resources, providing a significant portion of the world’s
seafood supply that contribute to global protein intake. 25% of total production comes from Marine
fisheries (includes Coastal & Deep sea fishing).
● Energy Resources:
o Offshore oil and gas exploration in Krishna-Godavari and Mumbai High basins contribute
substantially to energy needs.
o India has also made advances in offshore wind energy, with a potential capacity of 70 GW.
o Coastal regions are also suitable for solar, tidal and wave energy projects.
» Khambhat coast is the largest tidal energy-producing area in India.
● Mineral Resources: India’s 2.37 million sq km (EEZ) has significant mineral potential including placers,
aggregates, phosphates and hydrocarbons.
● Trade: Multiple ports that handle over 95% of India’s external trade by volume and 70% by value.
o The Sagarmala project aims to double coastal shipping and port capacity by 2025. This can
reduce logistics costs and boost exports.
● Tourism: India’s beaches, backwaters, marine parks, coastal heritage etc. attract both domestic and
foreign tourists.
o As per the CII report, Coastal tourism contributed about 1.8% of India’s GDP.
o The coastal circuit under the Swadesh Darshan scheme focuses on developing theme-based
infrastructure in India’s coastal areas.
● Natural Barrier and Climate Regula on
o Soft Protection Structures like coastal green belts with mangroves, protects from coastal
erosion
o Coastal ecosystems act as carbon sinks, helping in climate regulation.
o Rich biodiversity and marine ecosystems, providing valuable ecological services: Coastal
ecosystems facilitate nutrient cycling, supporting marine food webs.
● Salt Production: India is the 3rd largest salt producer globally, after China and USA.
o Gujarat produces over 70% of India’s annual production of about 30 million tonnes.
o The coastline provides ideal conditions for salt farming which supports livelihoods.
However, coastal areas are also prone to natural hazards like cyclones, storms, floods and
erosion.
Status of Natural Hazard Preparedness
● Cyclones:
o Cyclones are a major natural hazard faced by India’s coastal areas, especially the east coast.
Around 10% of the world’s tropical cyclones occur in the northern Indian Ocean.
o Odisha and Andhra Pradesh are especially vulnerable. Major cyclone events like the Odisha
Super Cyclone (1999) and Cyclone Phailin (2013) caused severe damages.
o Advance cyclone warning systems are in place now with the IMD and INCOIS using technology
like Doppler radars, automated weather stations, cyclone detection radars etc.
o Odisha has developed detailed disaster management plans and shelters/evacuation systems
which greatly reduced casualties during Cyclone Fani (2019). Other states are also working on improving
preparedness.
● Floods:
o Coastal states like West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu etc. routinely face flood
disasters in the monsoon season due to low lying coastal terrain.
o Early warning systems for storm surges, real-time inundation models and community
preparedness efforts are still works in progress.
o Mangrove restoration and shelterbelt plantations are being promoted as bio-shields to
reduceimpact of surges and saline ingress.
● Coastal Erosion:
o Due to natural factors like wave action, sea level rise and human activities like ports, dams etc.
significant coastal erosion is happening in Puducherry, Kerala, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh etc.
o Steps like beach nourishment through sand bypassing, planting shelterbelt species like
casuarina etc. are being taken but a comprehensive shoreline management plan is still pending.
o There is a need to regulate activities like groundwater extraction and dam construction which
accelerate erosion.
● Tsunami Preparedness:
o After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, India has improved its tsunami warning systems and disaster
response.
» Example: The Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) in Hyderabad issues timely alerts
Thus, while the seas and coasts provide bountiful opportunities for sustaining India’s growth across
fisheries, ports, energy, tourism and livelihoods, the heightened risks from natural disasters and climate
change also underscore the need for ‘blue economy’ planning that balances economic utilisation with
conservation, community participation and disaster preparedness. Integrated coastal zone management
is imperative for India to leverage the full potential of its coasts in a sustainable manner
Q12: Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of Natural Vegetation in India.
Assess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rainforest regions of India. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer: A plant community that has grown naturally over time and without human intervention is
referred to as “natural vegetation.” India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity countries of the world.
With 6% of the world’s flowering plant species, India ranks tenth in the world and fourth in Asia in
terms of plant diversity.
Factors responsible for the diversity of Natural Vegetation in India
● Geographical extent and Topography:
o India’s vast geographical expanse encompasses a wide range of topographical features,
including mountains, plateaus, plains, and coastal areas. Each of these regions supports distinct types of
vegetation adapted to their specific environmental conditions.
 Topography influences climatic conditions, soil formation, runoff, erosion, and seed migration
all of which contribute to the distribution of vegetation.
Climatic variations:
 There is diversity in vegetation due to varied climatic conditions like different rainfall patterns,
temperature, and humidity, etc.
 India experiences a diverse range of climates, from the tropical climate in the south to the
alpine climate in the Himalayan region.
Monsoon Influence:
The seasonal monsoon winds bring heavy rainfall to various parts of India significantly impacting the
distribution and growth of vegetation.
o Because of the southwest monsoon rains, tropical evergreen forests grow rapidly on the
western slopes of the Western Ghats, but not on the eastern slopes
Soil composition:
Soil factors vary across locations, as different types of soil support different types of vegetation and
plants.
o For example: Thar Desert’s sandy soils support drought-tolerant plants, while the Ganga-
Brahmaputra plains’ alluvial fertile soils support a wide variety of crops.
Anthropological interventions:
 Over using the resources of a particular vegetation by humans can change its feature, hence
they play an important role in deciding the diversity of a region.
o For example, some less dense forests in India have been changed to grasslands due to
excessive grazing.
Biodiversity Hotspots:
India is home to several globally recognized biodiversity hotspots, including the Western Ghats and the
Eastern Himalayas. These regions are characterized by high species endemism and contribute
significantly to the overall diversity of natural vegetation.
Significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rainforest regions of India
● Rainforest conservation against the developmental aspects: Degradation, destruction and
fragmentation due to development needs, and conversion of land for agricultural/commercial purposes
are the major three threats that rainforests face today as in the case of amazon rainforests.
So, to safeguard the precious ecosystems and diverse wildlife therein, it is imperative that we
establish national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
● Biodiversity Conservation: Biodiversity in the rainforest regions is very high therefore, wildlife
sanctuaries in these regions provide a safe haven for endemic and endangered species, protecting them
from poaching, habitat loss, and other threats.
For example: Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam is home to various animals like the
Asian Elephants, and Bengal Tiger.
● Cultural preservation: Indigenous peoples residing in rainforests, shaped their civilizations and
cultures based on their living environment. Wildlife sanctuaries aid in the preservation of these
traditions.
Provide Local Economic benefits and Ecotourism: Many protected areas are hotspots for ecotourism,
bringing new revenue that directly benefits communities through employment in the protected area or
within an industry supporting tourism.

● Climate Change Mitigation: Tropical rainforests in wildlife sanctuaries are also important because
they sequester carbon dioxide, which is critical for world’s climate regulation, and mitigate greenhouse
gas emissions. The natural vegetation and wildlife sanctuaries have helped maintain the forest cover of
India and the rich biodiversity of the rainforest is incredibly important for the well-being of our planet.
India’s natural vegetation conservation is crucial for preserving biodiversity and ecosystem services,
requiring the reduction of deforestation, protection of protected areas, and promotion of sustainable
forest management practices.

Q13: Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining
coastal ecology.

 Reasons for the decline in mangroves:

o Commercialization of Coastal Areas: Aquaculture, coastal development, rice and palm

oil farming and industrial activities are rapidly replacing mangroves and the ecosystems
they support.
  According to UNESCO, mangroves are disappearing at three to five times faster
rate than overall losses of global forest cover in the face of infrastructure
development, urbanisation and agricultural land conversion.
o Shrimp Farms: The emergence of shrimp farms has caused at least 35% of the overall
loss of mangrove forests.
As Mangroves play an important role in maintaining and preserving the coastal ecosystem. There are
many threats from human activities which could upset the natural balance of the ecology and lead to its
depletion. Further, there is a need for strict enforcement of coastal regulatory measures, scientific
management practices and the involvement of local communities in conservation and management that
are essential for the conservation and sustainable management of valuable mangrove forests.

 The rise of shrimp farming is a response to the increasing appetite for shrimp in
the United States, Europe, Japan and China in recent decades.

o Temperature Related Issues: A fluctuation of ten degrees in a short period of time is

enough stress to damage the plant and freezing temperatures for even a few hours can
kill some mangrove species.

o Soil Related Issues: The soil where mangroves are rooted poses a challenge for plants as
it is severely lacking in oxygen.

 Most plants can easily take oxygen from gases trapped within the surrounding
soil, but for mangrove roots this is not an option as not only their roots
underground, they are also flooded with water up to two times a day.

o Excessive Human Intervention: During past changes in sea level, mangroves were able
to move further inland, but in many places human development is now a barrier that
limits how far a mangrove forest can migrate.

 Mangroves also frequently suffer from oil spills.

 Significance of mangroves:

o Ecological Stabilisation: Ecologically mangroves are important in maintaining and

building the soil, as a reservoir in the tertiary assimilation of waste.

 They provide protection against cyclones.

 They play a significant role in promoting land accretion, fixation of mud banks,
dissipation of winds, tidal and wave energy.

o Mangroves and Tides: The dense tangle of roots allows the trees to handle the daily rise
and fall of tides.

 Most mangroves get flooded at least twice per day.

o Coastal Stabilisation: Mangrove forests stabilize the coastline, reducing erosion from
storm surges, currents, waves, and tides.

Conclusion
Q. 14 . Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats
Introduction:Landslides are the movement of mass of debris, earth or rock, sliding down under the
effect of gravity. Landslides are a common problem across the Himalayas and Western Ghats.
Causes of landslides in Himalayan region:
1. Himalayas come under very high seismic risk zone.
2. Himalayas are young, fragile mountains still growing, hence susceptible to natural landslides, the
sediments in the mountains are not consolidated, and are loose, tectonic activity, with the plate moving
up which causes instability.
3. Morphologically, Steep and sharp slope facilitate landslides in the Himalayas.
4. Anthropogenic activities include, jhum cultivation, deforestation etc., leading to landslides.
Ex: Almora, Pithoragarh, Rudraprayag etc.
Causes of landslides in Western Ghats:
1. Natural or Geological factors play a very little role here as the Western Ghats are one of the most
stable landmasses. Main factor is Anthropological.
2. Heavy mining activities in the western ghat region is a major factor leading to landslides.
3. Deforestation for settlements and mountain cutting for road construction.
4. Anthropogenic activities gave rise to anomalous slopes, and due to gravitational pull and rain, the
overlying material comes down.
5. Concentration of heavy rainfall in concentrated areas.
6. Windmill projects have led to huge fractures on the mountains,loosening structures.
. Ex: Ratnagiri, Satara,Idduki etc.
Conclusion:-
Landslides as a challenge has grown in the recent years, due to anthropogenic activities. In
this light,along with sustainable development policies, indigenous knowledge should be leveraged.
Construction in eco-sensitive zones need to be checked. Regarding Himalayas, guidelines of NDMA
on landslides need to be followed and regarding Western Ghats recommendations of Kasturi
Rangan/ Madhav Gadgil reports.
Q.15. How do ocean currents and water masses differ in their impact on marine life and coastal
environment? Give suitable examples.
Introduction:
● Ocean currents are continuous streams of water that flow in specific directions and paths.
● They can be cold or warm currents and exist on the ocean's surface or deep within it.
● Water masses refer to distinct bodies of water characterized by their temperature, salinity, and
density.
● Water masses, like the North Atlantic Deep Water found in the Norwegian Sea, differ from
ocean currents as they represent large volumes of water with consistent properties rather than
continuous flowing streams.
Significant of Ocean currents in marine ecosystem:-
● Nutrient Distribution:
* Ocean currents can transport nutrients across vast distances, influencing the distribution
and abundance of phytoplankton bases of the marine food chain.
* Like The Gulf Stream is a powerful ocean current that transports warm water from the Gulf
of Mexico to the North Atlantic.
● Migration Patterns:
* Marine species Like sea turtles, whales, and certain fish, follow ocean currents during their
annual migrations.
* E.g Leatherback sea turtles are known to follow ocean currents during their annual
migration from nesting beaches in the Caribbean to feeding grounds in the North Atlantic.
● Biodiversity:
* The convergence of different ocean currents can create areas of high biodiversity, as different
species are brought together in one place.
* E.g The mixing of warm and cold water currents creates a nutrient-rich environment that
supports a diverse range of marine life.
● Climate change:
Changes in ocean currents due to climate change can have significant impacts on marine life,
altering water temperatures, and affecting the distribution and survival of various species.
Significant impacts on coastal environment:-
● Erosion:
● Strong ocean currents can cause erosion along the coast, wearing away beaches and cliffs over
time.
 ● E.g The strong ocean currents along the coast of California have caused erosion in areas
such as Big Sur
● Beach nourishment:
* Conversely, ocean currents can also bring in sediment from offshore areas, providing
natural beach nourishment.
● Pollution transport:
* Ocean currents can transport pollutants, such as oil spills or plastic debris, to coastal
areas, potentially harming marine life and human health.
● Water quality:
* Changes in ocean currents can also affect water quality in coastal areas, altering salinity
levels and nutrient concentrations.
● Tourism and recreation:
* Ocean currents can influence the quality of surfing and other recreational activities,
making them more or less favorable depending on conditions.
Impact of water mass on the climate and marine life :-
1. The movement of water masses has profound effects on the marine environment.
* Downwelling, the sinking of surface waters to deeper depths, can provide a source
of food for deep-sea organisms.
* It can lead to oxygen depletion in deep waters, creating "dead zones" where marine
life struggles to survive.
* The downwelling of water can contribute to oceanic carbon storage, playing a role
in the global carbon cycle and climate change.
2. The upwelling of water, the rising of deep waters to the surface, has its own set of impacts.
* Upwelling stimulates the growth of phytoplankton, microscopic marine plants,
which form the basis of the marine food chain.
* This increased availability of phytoplankton can support a range of marine life,
from small zooplankton to large fish and marine mammals.
* Upwelling can influence the distribution and migration patterns of various marine
species, creating areas of high biodiversity and productivity.
Conclusion: * Ocean currents and water masses are both important components of the marine
environment. * Ocean currents can influence the distribution of nutrients, migration patterns, and
biodiversity of marine species.
16. Q . Assess the impact of global warming on the coral life system with examples.
Introduction:
Coral reefs are some of the most diverse and important ecosystems on the planet, providing
habitat for a quarter of all marine life. They are under threat from the effects of global warming,
including rising sea temperatures, ocean acidification, and increased frequency and severity of
storms.
Impact of global warming on the coral life system:-
● Coral Bleaching:
* Rising ocean temperatures cause coral bleaching, where corals expel the symbiotic
algae living in their tissues. This leads to a loss of color and can eventually result in the death of the
coral if it is bleached for prolonged periods.
* E.g The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is a well-known example of a coral site that
has been impacted by coral bleaching due to rising ocean temperatures.
● Ocean Acidification:
* Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere lead to increased absorption of
CO2 by the ocean, resulting in a decrease in pH and increased acidity.
* This can weaken coral skeletons, making them more vulnerable to damage from
storms and other environmental stressors.
● Coral Mortality:
* Coral bleaching and other impacts of global warming can lead to widespread coral
mortality, which can have significant impacts on the entire reef ecosystem.
* E.g The Caribbean has experienced widespread coral mortality due to bleaching,
disease, and other effects of climate change.
● Loss of Biodiversity:
* Coral reefs are home to a diverse array of marine life, and the loss of coral reefs due to
global warming can lead to a loss of biodiversity in the surrounding area.
● Economic Impacts:
* Coral reefs are also important for local economies, providing food and income for
millions of people around the world.
* The loss of coral reefs due to global warming can have significant economic
impacts on these communities.
Wayforward:
● The loss of coral reefs due to global warming can lead to a loss of biodiversity and have significant
economic impacts on communities that rely on them for food and income.
● Urgent action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect coral reefs from the
impacts of global warming.
Conclusion:-
Global warming impacts on coral life are significant and complex, threatening ecosystems and
millions who rely on them. Urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, better management,
and conservation efforts offer hope for the future of these vital ecosystems.
Q.17. Write a Brief note on Physiographic characteristics of Odisha?
Introduction :-
● Odisha is located in the eastern part of the Indian peninsula and the Bay of Bengal lies to
its East while Chhattisgarh shares its border in the west and north-west.
● The state also shares geographic boundaries with West Bengal in the north-east,
Jharkhand in the north, and Andhra Pradesh in the south.
Odisha can be divided into five major Physiographic regions:
1. Utkal plains or the coastal plains of the east:
● They are the sedimentary landforms of recent origin. A major part of this region is
formed by deltas of the six major rivers
● i.e. the Mahanadi, the Brahmani, the Budhabalanga, the Subarnarekha, the
Baitarani, and the Rushikulya.
2. The central plateaus:
● The plateaus are part of the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats.
● They have mostly eroded plateaus with elevations varying from 305 to 610 meters.
● There are two broad plateaus:
(i) the Panposh-Keonjhar-Pallahara plateau: -
● comprises the Upper Baitarani catchment basin in the northern part of the state
(ii) the Nabrangpur-Jeypore plateau:-
● comprises the Sabari basin in the southern part of the state.
3. The central mountainous and highlands region:
● The region mostly comprises the hills and mountains of the Eastern Ghats which rise
sharply in the east and slope gradually to the eroded plateaus in the west running from the
north-west to the south-west.
● It is the largest of the geographic regions and covers about three-fourths of the state.
● The Odisha highlands are also known as the Garhjat hills.
● This region is well marked by a number of watersheds. A number of river valleys of
varying width and flood plains dissect the Eastern Ghats in this region.
● The average height of this region is about 900 meters above the mean sea level. The
highest peak is Deomali.
4. The western rolling uplands:
● The western rolling uplands have heights varying from 153 metres to 305 metres.
● These are lower in elevation than the plateaus
5. The main flood plains:
● These flood plains are formed due to major rivers in the highlands, uplands, and plateaus.
● The height varies from 75 to 153m.
Q.18 . Explain the Major physiographic division of India?
Introduction :-
● India is one of the oldest and advanced civilizations.
● It spreads from the snow-capped Himalayas in the north to seaside coasts and Ghats in the south.
● It has the lush Brahmaputra river in the east, while Thar Desert in the west.
● The length lies is between 8°4′ and 37°6′ north Latitudes.
● The width is between 68°7′ East and 97°25′ East Longitudes.
● East-West extension of 2933 km and North-South extension of 3214 km.
CONSTITUTES AS MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF INDIA :- 4. Indian Desert:

India has six physiographic divisions: ● Despite an extreme climate, it provides development opportunities.
● It has various mines- as feldspar, phosphorite, gypsum and kaolin.
● Northern and ● These minerals are valuable from cement to fertilisers.
North-eastern Mountain
● Northern Plain
5. Coastal Plains:

● Peninsular Plateau
● These are the narrow coastal strips along the Western and Eastern Ghats.
● Indian Desert ● They act as crucial hinterlands for important ports.
● Coastal Plains ● They act as focal points for both domestic and foreign trade.
● Islands ● Variety of crops grown on the rich fertile soil.

6. Islands:

● India also has two islands sets: Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep.
● India is able to protect its distinct lands due to the island territories.
● Various pirate attacks are deterred by the presence of military troops.
● These islands increase the security of India’s marine assets.

Q.19. Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions and their impact on regional
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOGRAPHY OF INDIA :-
environment
1. Northern and North-eastern Mountain:
Introduction:
● It consists of Himalayan mountains and the Northeastern hills.
● The Himalayas act as a physical barrier for the Indian subcontinent
● Volcanic Eruptions are movement of Magma from the interiors to the surface and erupt as lava on
● Also acts as a climatic, drainage and cultural divide.
the surface.
● The Himalayas are present in many Asian nations.
● At convergent plate boundaries, the volcanic eruptions are acidic magma and at divergent, the
● The lowlands are renowned for their fertility due to alluvial soils.
volcanic eruptions are basic magma.
● The pacific ring of fire constitutes 65% of all volcanic eruptions in the world.
2. Northern Plains:
● The Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra made the Northern plains.
The global occurrence of volcanic eruptions ( Case study for 2021 years ) :-
● These rivers deposit alluvial deposits as fertile soil.
● It has level topography good for the construction of roads and railroads.
1. In January 2021, the Fuego volcano in Guatemala erupted, causing ashfall and lava flows
in nearby communities.
3. Peninsular Plateau:
● The peninsular plateau is the oldest structure of the Indian subcontinent.
2. In March 2021, the Merapi volcano in Indonesia erupted, causing ashfall and evacuations
● It has the central highlands in the north and the Deccan plateau in the south.
in nearby villages.
● The Plateau is abundant in minerals.

3. In April 2021, the Taal volcano in the Philippines erupted, causing ashfall and evacuations
in the surrounding area.

4. In addition, there were several eruptions of Kilauea volcano in Hawaii and ongoing
activity at the Sakurajima volcano in Japan.
The impact of these eruptions on the regional environment:-
1. Volcanoes have also caused global warming over millions of years during times in Earth’s
history when extreme amounts of volcanism occurred, releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
2. Volcanic eruptions are generally preceded by increased seismic activity.
3. Ashfall from the eruptions can cause damage to crops and infrastructure, and can also
disrupt air travel.
4. Lava flows can destroy homes and infrastructure, and can also lead to the formation of
new land.
5. Volcanic ash can also have a significant impact on human health, causing respiratory
issues and other problems.
6. In addition, volcanic eruptions can lead to changes in the local climate, such as increased
rainfall or cooler temperatures.
7. Volcanic ash reflects incoming solar radiation leading to a localised cooling effect in the
temperature. For example, Mt. Krakatau brought mini ice age.
8. The volcanic ashes are known to increase the soil productivity of the region.
9. Carbon dioxide and fluorine gas can get collected in volcanic ash, and can pollute the
regional environment, making it difficult for animals and humans to breathe.
10. Volcanic eruptions are also known to stimulate earthquakes in the region.
Conclusion :-
● Volcanoes area natural phenomenon. Most of theactive volcanoes are around the Pacific rim of
fire.
● Though, volcanoes cannot be avoided, steps can be taken to mitigate their effects.
Q.20. Write a Brief Note On Drainage system in Odisha?
● Odisha is drained by a number of rivers and their tributaries, which are clearly separated by
high ridges. Let us study the drainage system of Odisha.
The major rivers of Odisha are:
● Mahanadi:
* It is the longest and largest river in Odisha, flowing through a length of 857 km in the state.
* It originates in the Amarkantak hills of Chhattisgarh and flows through Odisha and Andhra
Pradesh before draining into the Bay of Bengal.
● Brahmani:
* It is the second largest river in Odisha, with a length of 799 km.
* It originates in the Birmitrapur hills of Jharkhand and flows through Odisha before draining
into the Bay of Bengal.
● Subarnarekha:
* It is the third largest river in Odisha, with a length of 532 km.
* It originates in the Ranchi district of Jharkhand and flows through Odisha and West
Bengal before draining into the Bay of Bengal.
● Baitarani:
* It is a 389 km long river that originates in the Simlipal hills of Mayurbhanj district, Odisha.
* It flows through Odisha and West Bengal before draining into the Bay of Bengal.
Rushikulya:
* It is a 148 km long river that originates in the Kandhamal district of Odisha.
* It flows through Odisha and Andhra Pradesh before draining into the Bay of Bengal.
Indravati River:
The Indravati River is a tributary of the Godavari River.
● It originates in the Eastern Ghats of Odisha, near the border with Chhattisgarh.
● It flows for a distance of about 292 kilometers, through Odisha and Chhattisgarh, before
joining the Godavari River.
● The Indravati River is an important source of water for irrigation and drinking in Odisha.
Vamsadhara River
 ● The Vamsadhara River is a river that flows through Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
● It originates in the Eastern Ghats of Odisha, near the border with Andhra Pradesh.
● It flows for a distance of about 254 kilometers, through Odisha and Andhra Pradesh,
before joining the Bay of Bengal.
● The Vamsadhara River is an important source of water for irrigation and drinking in Odisha
and Andhra Pradesh.
Nagavali River
● The Nagavali River is a river that flows through Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
● It originates in the Eastern Ghats of Odisha, near the border with Andhra Pradesh.
● It flows for a distance of about 240 kilometers, through Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, before
joining the Bay of Bengal.
● The Nagavali River is an important source of water for irrigation and drinking in Odisha and
Andhra Pradesh.
The drainage system in Odisha is characterized by a number of features, including:
Riverfront development:
● Riverfront development projects are being undertaken in a number of cities in Odisha.
● These projects aim to improve the aesthetics and functionality of the riverfronts, and
also to protect them from pollution.
Pollution control measures:
● The government is also taking a number of measures to control pollution in the rivers.
● This includes setting up sewage treatment plants and monitoring industrial effluents.
Conclusion :-
● The drainage system in Odisha is an important resource for the state’s people and economy.
● It is essential to protect and manage this resource sustainably in order to meet the needs of future
generations.

Parallel drainage pattern:

● Most of the rivers in Odisha flow in a parallel direction, from the southwest to the northeast.
● This is due to the presence of the Eastern Ghats mountain range, which runs parallel to the
coast.

Seasonal variation in river flow:

● The rivers in Odisha are rainfed, and their flow varies significantly throughout the year.
● During the monsoon season (June-September), the rivers are in spate, while during the dry
season (October-May), the rivers shrink considerably.

Presence of deltas:
● Most of the major rivers in Odisha form deltas at their mouths before draining into the Bay of
Bengal. The deltas are fertile and densely populated regions.
● The drainage system in Odisha is important for a number of reasons.
● It provides water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial purposes.
● It also plays an important role in transportation, navigation, and hydropower generation.

The government of Odisha is taking a number of measures to address the challenges faced by the
drainage system in the state. These measures include:

Construction of dams and reservoirs:

● Dams and reservoirs are being constructed to store water during the monsoon season and
release it during the dry season.
● This helps to mitigate the effects of both floods and droughts.