GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. FAITH LUMANOG LESSON 2.2: STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
ANIMAL CELLS

Organ groups of skin, lungs, heart

tissues that muscle, brain
1.0 HEIRARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL
work together to
ORGANIZATION perform a
specialized
function

Level of Description Examples Organ groups of organs integumentary

Biological System that work system,
together to respiratory
Organizat
perform a system,
ion certain process circulatory
in the body system
Chemical atoms and types of
molecules that biomolecules or Organism formed by humans, grasses,
make up the molecules: different organ dogs, cats,
basic unit of life - carbohydrates systems that mushroom
- proteins create complex
- lipids or fats interactions with
- nucleic acids one another to
maintain
Organelle - distinct and mitochondria, balance or
specialized nucleus, Golgi homeostasis,
subcellular apparatus, and sustain life
structures that endoplasmic
contribute to the reticulum Population organisms that humans living in
cell’s belong to the the same house,
maintenance same species koalas living in an
and reproduction and live in the area of the forest
same area
-membrane-boun
d structures in Communit different humans, cats, and
eukaryotic cells y populations dogs living in the
living in the same house
Cell the smallest, skin cells, blood same area
basic, functional cells, muscle cells
unit of life or fibers, neurons Ecosystem includes all the humans, cats,
formed when communities dogs, and grasses
different atoms interacting with getting resources
and molecules one another and from nonliving
combine and with their things like soil,
function environment water, and
together sunlight
Tissue groups of cells types of animal Biosphere includes all the the entire surface
that work tissue: different kinds of of Earth where life
together to -epithelial tissue ecosystem thrives
perform a - connective
specialized tissue
function - muscle tissue
- nervous tissue

STEM 12 | SEMESTER 1 | QUARTER 1 | GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 PAGE 1

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. FAITH LUMANOG LESSON 2.2: STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
ANIMAL CELLS

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
2.0 TISSUES ● one layer
● elongated or column-shaped
● absorption and secretion; usually
2.1 EPITHELIAL TISSUES ciliated; cells have unequal length and
position of nucleus forming a false
layering of cells
● type of animal tissue that forms the ● ex. the lining of the respiratory tract
inner and outer lining of organs, the
covering in surfaces, and the primary
glandular tissue of the body

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS ● more than one layer
● one layer ● flat, scale-like
● flat, scale-like ● protection against abrasion or constant
● site of diffusion or exchange of exposure to friction
substances; secretion ● ex. the epidermis, lining of mouth,
● ex. air sacs or alveoli, capillary walls esophagus, and vagina

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
● one layer
● cube-shaped STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
● absorption and secretion ● more than one layer
● ex. glands and their ducts, ovaries, and ● cube- shaped
lining of kidney tubules ● protection and secretion
● ex. sweat glands, salivary glands, and
mammary glands

SIMPLE COLUMNAR
● one layer
● elongated or column-shaped STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
● absorption and secretion; contains ● more than one layer
goblet cells that secrete mucus ● elongated or column-shaped
● ex. walls of the gastro-intestinal tract ● protection and secretion
and body cavities ● ex. male urethra and ducts of some
glands

STEM 12 | SEMESTER 1 | QUARTER 1 | GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 PAGE 2

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. FAITH LUMANOG
2.2 CONNECTIVE TISSUES
● basic components of connective tissues
vary according to their type (left,
extracellular matrix; right, fibers and
fibroblast)
● connective tissues vary with the
composition of their extracellular
matrices and the types of cells they
consist of
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
BONE OR OSSEOUS TISSUE
● layers of a very hard matrix with calcium
salts and collagen fibers
● consists of bone cells called lacunae
● protection and support
● ex. skull and ribs
CARTILAGE
● more flexible matrix than bone
● cartilage cells called chondrocytes
● protection and support
● ex. hyaline cartilage, fibro cartilage,
elastic cartilage
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE/ DENSE
FIBROUS TISSUE
● Matrix is predominantly made up of
collagen fibers and has lesser cells
● a fibroblast or a fiber-forming cell
● for support
● ex. tendon and ligament
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
● contains more cells and lesser fibers
than dense connective tissue so it is
softer
● protection, insulation, storage, and
support
● ex. areolar tissue, adipose tissue or fat
tissue, reticular connective tissue
BLOOD
● Plasma
● Cellular components consist of blood
STEM 12 | SEMESTER 1 | QUARTER 1 | GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
LESSON 2.2: STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
ANIMAL CELLS
● with fibers that are only visible during
clotting because they are made up of
soluble proteins
● transport of substance, immune
response, and blood clotting
● ex. Blood and blood cells
2.3 MUSCLE TISSUES
● types of muscle tissues differ in their
general structure but more or less
perform the same function, i.e., to elicit
movement.
TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUES
SKELETAL MUSCLE
● attached to the skeleton or bones
● long, cylindrical, striated (with visible
stripes), and multinucleated (with more
than one nucleus)
● Voluntary muscle control
SMOOTH MUSCLE
● found in the walls of hollow organs such
as intestines, stomach, bladder, blood
vessels, and uterus
● made up of nonstriated, uninucleated,
and spindle-shaped (have pointed ends)
cells
● Involuntary muscle control
CARDIAC MUSCLE
● found in the heart
● uninucleated (one nucleus) and has
striations and intercalated disks
● involuntary muscle control
2.4 NERVOUS TISSUES
● Neuron, the basic unit of the nervous
system, consists of structures that can
conduct electrochemical signals as a
PAGE 3
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
S.Y. ‘23 - ‘24 | MS. FAITH LUMANOG LESSON 2.2: STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
ANIMAL CELLS

form of information OLIGODENROCYTES

● may be classified based from their ● located in the central nervous system
number of cellular processes ● responsible for the production of the
myelin sheath
TYPES OF NERVOUS TISSUES

ASTROCYTES
● located in the central nervous system
● star-shaped cells that support and
control the chemical environment
around the neurons
● star-shaped cells that support and SATELLITE CELLS
control the chemical environment ● located in the peripheral nervous
around the neurons system
● they surround the cell body of a neuron

MICROGLIAL CELLS
● located in the central nervous system SCHWANN CELLS
● ovoid cells in the CNS that can ● located in the peripheral nervous
transform into a phagocytic macrophage system
to clean neuronal debris and wastes ● they surround all the nerve fibers and
produce myelin sheath similar to the
oligodendrocytes

EPENDYMAL CELLS
● located in the central nervous system
● these are ciliated cells that line the
central cavities of the brain and the
spinal cord and form a fairly permeable
membrane between the cavities with
cerebrospinal fluid and the tissues of
CNS

STEM 12 | SEMESTER 1 | QUARTER 1 | GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 PAGE 4