ME8792 POWER PLANT

ENGINEERING
Dr.V.Tamil Selvi , Prof.& Head ,
RMDEEE
Ms.Aileen Sonia Dhas , AP/RMDEEE
 UNIT IV
POWER FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY
• Hydro Electric Power Plants
Classification
Typical Layout and associated components
including Turbines.

• Principle, Construction and working of

» Wind
» Tidal
» Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV)
» Solar Thermal
» Geo Thermal
» Biogas
» Fuel Cell power systems.
HYDROELECTRIC
POWER
 Hydro electric power
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to
electricity generated by hydropower; the
production of electrical power through the use of
the gravitational force of falling or flowing water
• https://youtu.be/JC-2HIUQBjo
• https://youtu.be/Uhjhufhg3Xk
• https://youtu.be/q8HmRLCgDAI
 Classification Of Hydro-Electric
Power Plants
1.Classification According To The Availability Of
head
–Low head power plant
–Medium head power plant
–High head power plant
2.Classification according to the nature of load
 Base load plant
 Peak load plant
3. Classification according to the quantity of water
available
 Run-off river plant without pondage
Run-of-the-river power plants may have no water storage at
all or a limited amount of storage, in which case the storage reservoir is
referred to as pondage. A plant without pondage is subject to
seasonal riverflows, thus the plant will operate as an intermittent energy
source.

 Run-off river plant with pondage

This type of plant is used to increase the capacity of
pond.The pond is used as a storage water of hydro electric power
plant.Increased the pond size means more water is available in the
plant,so such type of hydro electric power plant is used fluctuating load
period depending on the size of pondage..
Such type of plant is suitable for both base load or peak load
period.During high flow period,this plant is suitable for base load and lean
flow period it may be used to supply peak loads only.
During high flood period,one thing should keep in mind that
flood should not raise tail-race water level.Such types of power plant save
conservation of coal.
 Pumped storage plants/Reservoir Powerplants
Most hydroelectric power plant in
the world is reservoir power plant.
In this type of plant, water is stored
behind the dam (and water is available
throughout the second reservoir constructed
near the water outflow from turbine)year
even in dry season. This type of power plant is
very efficient and it is used both base and
peak load period as per requirement.most
importantly,it can also take a part of load
curve in grid system.
Conventional (dams)

• Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy

of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator

• The power extracted from the water depends on the volume

and on the difference in height between the source and the
water's outflow .This height difference is called the head.

• The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to

the head

• A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water to the turbine

Run-of-the-river

• Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with

small or no reservoir capacity, so that the water coming
from upstream must be used for generation at that
moment, or must be allowed to bypass the dam.

12
Layout of Hydroelectric Power Plant
 Working of
• Dam: controls the flow of water and creates a reservoir
of water above for energy use when needed
• Penstock: pipe channeling water from the dam to the
turbines
• Turbines: large blades attached to a cylinder that move
when the water pushes against it
• Generator: parts connected to the turbines that create
the electricity by moving large magnets
• Inductor: changes the form of electricity to one that
can be used
• Transmission Lines: transport energy to places that
need it
 Components of hydro-electric Power
Plant
 Water Reservoir
 Dam
 Spillway- are structures constructed toprovide safe release offlood
waters froma dam toa downstream.
 Trash rack- water from dam or from canal is provided with trash
rack to prevent the entry of debris which might damage the wicket
gates and turbine runners orchoke up the nozzles of the impulse
turbine
 Forebay- serves as temporary regulating reservoir which is used to
store water when the load on the plant is reduced.
 Water Tunnel- carries water from the reservoir to surge tank.
 Canals- a water channel required to the ater to the powerhouse
 Penstock
 Pipeline laid between surge tank and prime mover is known as
penstick
 Surge Tank
 Small reservoir in which the water levelraises or falls to reduce the
pressure c\variation so that the steady flowof water is supplied
toallloads.
 Water Turbine
 Water through the penstock ,enters into the turbine through the inlet
valve.
 Draft tube
 Connected at the outlet of the waterturbine
 Tail race
 Water channel or cut and cover conduit.
 Powerhouse
 Turbine,generator,control panels,transformers,auxilliary equipments,etc
are kept.
• Classification based on the power developed
by the plant
– Large hydro (>100MW)
– Medium-hydro(15-100MW)
– Smallhydro(1-14 MW)
– Mini-hydro (> 100kW)
– Micro-hydra(5kW upto 100kW)
– Pico-hydro(few hundred watts upto 5kW)
spillway
Surge tank
Low Head Hydroelectrical Generators
Low head:
Propellor type
Turbines

Power =
Change in Potential
Energy per Unit time

= weight*
Vertical drop/time

Energy =
Power*time
Moderate Head Hydro
Head: height difference
Between water level in
Reservoir and water
Level entering turbine

Head= height in potential

Energy equation

Penstock: tube water flows

Through
High Head Hydro
• A micro-hydro facility in Vietnam

27
Pico hydroelectricity in Mondulkiri, Cambodia
28
Francis turbine

Turbine used for moderate

Head hydroelectrical power
statiosn
 Water Flow in a Francis Turbine
Left: relative to turbine blades Right: true water path
Reaction turbines

• Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes

pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its
energy
• They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or
suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow
• Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for
reaction turbines.
Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in
low (<30m/98 ft) and medium (30-300m/98–984 ft)head
applications. In reaction turbine pressure drop occurs in both
fixed and moving blades.

31
Impulse turbines

• Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet pushes on the
turbine's curved blades which changes the direction of the flow
• The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the
turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a
distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy
• Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy)
is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine
• No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't
require a housing for operation
• Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines
• Impulse turbines are most often used in very high (>300m/984 ft) head
applications

32
Pelton Water Wheel
Used for high head applications:
(above 250 meters)
Are impulse turbines.

Francis and Propeller type turbine

Are reaction turbines.

Reaction turbines: run submerged.

Impulse turbines: run in normal air

Types of water turbines

Various types of water turbine runners. From left to

right: Pelton Wheel, two types of Francis Turbine
and Kaplan Turbine

34
WIND ENERGY RESOURCES
 Characteristics of Wind Energy
a. Do not pollute the atmosphere
b. Fuel provision and transport are not required
in wind-power systems
c. Is a renewable source of energy
d. Wind energy when produced on small sclae is
cheapbut it is competitive with
conventionalpower generating system when
produced on a large scale.
Principle of Wind Energy Conversion
 Types of Wind Energy System
Based on the force exerted on blades
• Lift type wind turbine
– A high speed turbine depends onlift forces tomove the blades
of the wind turbine. The linear speed of the blades is usually
several times higher than the wind speed. The torque oflift
force islow as compared to the drag type
• Drag type wind turbine
– Low speed turbines are slower than the wind. They are mainly
driven by the drag force. The torque at the rotor shaft is
relatively high.
Based on the axis of rotation of the rotor
– Horizontal – axis wind machines
– Vertical-axis wind machines
 Components of Wind Turbine
• Wind turbine
• Nascelle(gearbox,lowand high speed
shafts,generator controller and brake)
• Rotor i.e the assembly of blades
• Hub and shaft
• Transmission system
• Electric generator
• Yaw control system
• Storage
• Energy converters
• Tower to support the rotor system
 GENERATING WIND POWER

2
Attach a voltage probe

Attach a current probe

1

POWER = VOLTAGE x CURRENT

3
Types of vertical axis wind turbines
1. Darrieus rotor
2. Savonius rotor
3. Multiple blade rotor
4. Musgrove rotor
5. Evans rotor
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=imgres&cd=&cad=rja&
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 TIDAL ENERGY

TIDAL ENERGY
 Tidal Energy
– It is a form of hydropower that converts the energy
of tides into useful forms of power ,mainly
electricity.
– It is the only form of energy whose source is the
moon
• https://youtu.be/VkTRcTyDSyk
 Types of tidal energy Technologies

• Tidal barrages
• Tidal steam generators
• Dynamic tidal power

» (explanation in video)
 Components of Tidal Barrage Power
Plants
• Barrage or Dyke or Dam
• Sluice ways
• Embankments
• Power house
COMPONENTS OF TIDAL BARRAGE
POWER PLANTS
• Main Components are:
– Barrage or Dyke/Dam
– Sluice Ways
– Embankments
– Power House
 Modes of operation of Tidal Barrage
Power Plants
• Ebb generation
• Flood generation
• Two way genberation
• Pumping and turbinig
 Tidal Barrage

from http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/01-
02/RE_info/tidal1.htm
 Modes of Operation of Tidal
Barrage Power Plants
• Ebb generation
• Flood generation
• Two-way generation
1.Ebb generation
• Flood generation
 Modes of generation of tidal barrage
power
• Single basin arrangement
– Single ebb-cycle system
– Single tide-cycle system
– Double tide –cycle system

• Double basin arrangement

GEO THERMAL ENERGY
 GEO THERMAL ENERGY
• Utilize temperature of
the earth’s core.
• Direct use: District
Heating System
• Electricity generation
• Heat pump
 Direct District Heating System

• Use hot water from

springs or reservoirs near
the surface.
• Hot water near the
earth's surface can be
piped directly into
buildings and industries
for heat.
 Electricity Generation

• Dry Steam Power Plant: Uses the

superheated, pressurized steam (180°-
350°C)
 Electricity Generation

• Flash Steam Power Plant: use hot water

above 182°C (360°F) from geothermal
reservoirs.
 Electricity Generation

• Binary Cycle Power Plant:

– Insufficiently hot resource to efficiently
produce steam
– Too many chemical impurities to allow
flashing.
 Heat Pumps

• Utilizes constant
temperature of upper
10 feet of the Earth’s
surface.
• Similar to ordinary
heat pumps, but they
rely on more stable
source than air.
 BIO ENERGY
• Energy obtained from organic matter derived
from biological organisms (plants and animals)
is known as bio energy.
• Biomass energy may be transformed either by
chemical/biological process to produce
intermediate bio fuels such as methane,
producer gas, ethanol & charcoal etc.,
BIOMASS RESOURCES:
–Biomass from cultivated fields, crops &
forests
–Biomass from municipal waste, animal dung,
forest waste, agricultuiral waste
USE OF BIO MASS
for producing the process heat, electricity,
gaseous &solid fuels,liquid & chemicals
Factors affecting Digestion Process
1. pH Ocncentration
2. Total Oslid content
3. Seeding
4. Temperatuure
5. Loading rate
6. Type of feed
7. Pressure
8. Nutrients
10.Diameter to depth ratio
11.Mixing of content
12.Retention time/rate of feeding
13.Carbon to nitrogen ratio
14.Uniform feeding
FLOATING DOME TYPE