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Advanced ceramics are used in high technological areas and are made from specially
prepared raw materials using chemical processing techniques in a rigorously controlled
environment.
They exhibit high degree of industrial efficiency, through their carefully designed
microstructures (Si3N4) and dimensional precision.
Advanced ceramics are further classified into (i) structural and (ii) functional ceramics.
Structural ceramics are used in structures and machines such as steam, gas turbines, electric
motors and generators. They are subjected to thermal or thermo-mechanical load.
Functional ceramics are used in transistors, ceramic magnets, laser, piezoelectric cells.
Large elongated crystals in Si3N4 helps in crack deflection and fracture toughness improvement. 1
Difference between traditional and
advanced ceramics
Attributes Traditional ceramic Advanced ceramic Iso-static pressing
2
Difference between traditional and
advanced ceramics
Synthesis of
raw materials –
Powders
Advanced Traditional
ceramics ceramics
Consolidation
A – Element or chemical species with oxidation state 2+ ; B – Element with oxidation state 3+
5
Raw materials for ceramic processing
Production cost-breakup
Process step Cost
Raw materials 5-10
Powder preparation 15-20
Shaping 5-10
Consolidation 15-20
Finishing 15-20
Inspection, rejection 30-45
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Processing of ceramics-
Stage – 1 - Shaping
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Processing of ceramics
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Processing of ceramics
Ceramics may be shaped or processed by
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Die pressing
Uniaxial pressure applied to the powder placed in a die, between two rigid punches.
Die pressing is a simple method, easily applied, however, difficult to apply uniform pressure
on the particles of the ceramic body, being molded.
Die pressing is conducted at room temperature (cold pressing) or high temperatures (hot-
pressing. The pressure varies between 10,000 psi to 120,000 psi (69 MPa to 830 MPa).
Note: Hot pressing of silicon carbide is carried out at temperature about 2000ºC. 10
Isostatic pressing
Isostatic pressing increases the no of contact points between the particles,
facilitating the compaction process. In addition, this method minimizes frictional
resistance with the wall surfaces.
Advantages
• Produces body in complex shapes.
• Reduces variation in physical properties.