FTW Socio emotional

learning 2
Ayushi Bartwal
Syllabus
Module 1 : introduction to Groups and teams
● Understanding group dynamics: definition, stages of group formation : Tuckman Model
● types of groups : different categories of formal and informal group types , team vs group
● Importance of teamwork and collaboration in achieving goals
● Benefits and challenges of working in a team, group synergy
● case studies
Module 2 : conflict resolution skills
● Conflict definition , common sources of conflict in a team and ways to manage them, functional and
dysfunctional conflicts
● Understanding personal conflict resolution strategies through the Thomas Kilmann questionnaire:
Collaborative competitive , compromising, accommodating and avoiding approaches
● Case study and self assessment questionnaire
Syllabus continued
Module 3 : diversity and inclusion on groups and organizations
● understanding diversity and inclusion : definition and types of diversity and inclusion
● Challenges to diversity and inclusion : stereotypes, prejudice , discrimination and biases
● Benefits of diversity and inclusion in personal and professional settings
● How to create an environment of respect , appreciation and belongingness for all members of a group or
organization
● Case study and games
Module 4 : Handling difficult situations
● Dealing with difficult situations in a group setting
● Dealing with difficult people
● Self care practices\techniques for handling difficult situations : role of forgiveness and mindfulness
● Case study and role plays
Assesment

Marks division
Attendance : 10
Lab file : 30
Presentation 30
Video 30
Video 20 marks
Instructions :
- Make groups of 4 or maximum 5 students
- Undertake any activity which would lead to any sort of social betterment. Eg- feeding of
strays, cleanliness drive , book donation, teaching underprivileged kids,etc
- The length of the movie should be dependent on the number of student sin a group ie, 4
group members- 4 minutes; 5 group members- 5 minutes
- The task should be undertaken for a minimum 0f 5 days
- The video should highlight the aim and objective of the activity along the learning that
you have gathered for the same.
- The same should also be written in the lab file in the end which will be checked.
- Date of submission
EMT- June 3
DT- June 6
BBA - June 5
Presentation - 30 marks
Instructions

- Group will be divided in random

- The topics should be from the course syllabus
- Slides -20 minimum
- Presentation 10 minutes minimum
2. Goals
2.Choosing: Groups that make decisions about issues that
have correct solutions (Type 3: intellective tasks) or
Circumplex model of group task questions that can be answered in many ways (Type 4:
division decision- making tasks).

1. Generating: Groups that concoct

3.Negotiating: Groups that must resolve differ- ences of
the strategies they will use to
accomplish their goals (Type 1: opinion among members regarding their goals or decisions
planning tasks) or to create (Type 5: cognitive conflict tasks) or resolve competitive
altogether new ideas and
disputes among members (Type 6: mixed-motive tasks).
approaches to their problems (Type
2: creativity tasks).

4.Executing: Groups that do things, including taking part in

competitions (Type 7: contests/battles/competitive tasks) or
working together to create some product or carry out
collective actions (Type 8: Performances/psychomotor
tasks).
3. Interdependence
When people join groups they
soon discover that they are no
longer masters of their own fate.
This interdependence means
that members depend on one
another; their outcomes, actions,
thoughts, feelings, and
experiences are determined in
part by others in the group.
4. Structure
Group members are not connected to one another at
random, but in organized and predict- able
patternsGroup structure—the complex of roles,
norms, and intermember relations that organizes the
group. Roles, for example, specify the general
behaviors expected of people who occupy different
positions within the group. The roles of leader and
follower are fundamental ones in many groups, but
other roles— information seeker, information giver,
elaborator, procedural technician, encourager,
compromiser, harmonizer—may emerge in any group
(Benne & Sheats, 1948). Group members’ actions
and interactions are also shaped by their group’s
norms—consensual standards that describe what
behaviors should and should not be performed in a
given context.
5. Unity
Entitativity, according to Campbell, is
A group, viewed holistically, is a unified whole;
an entity formed when interpersonal forces substantially influenced by
bind the mem- bers together in a single unit
with boundaries that mark who is in the group
and who is outside of it. Groupness is also
related to entitativity. Even though an Common fate: Do the individuals experience the
aggregation of individuals may not be very
cohesive, those who observe the group—and same or interrelated outcomes?
even the members themselves—may believe
that the group is a single, unified entity. Similarity: Do the individuals perform similar
Entitativity, then, is how unified the group
behaviors or resemble one another?
appears to be to the perceiver; that is,
perceived unity rather than the group’s actual
unity.
Proximity: How close together are the indivi-
duals in the aggregation?
Types of groups
1. Primary groups :A small, long-term group, such as fam- ilies and friendship cliques, characterized
by face-to-face interaction, solidarity, and high levels of member- to-group interdependence and
identification; Charles Cooley believed such groups serve as the primary source of socialization for
members by shaping their attitudes, values, and social orientation.
2. Social groups : social groups. These groups are larger and more formally organized than primary
groups, and memberships tend to be shorter in duration and less emotionally involving. The
boundaries of such groups are more permeable, so members can leave old groups behind and join
new ones. These groups are, in general, more instrumental ones: they are likely to stress the
performance of tasks rather than enjoying relationships.
3. Collectives : Aggregations of individuals that form spontaneously, last only a brief period of time,
and have very permeable boundaries Audiences, bystanders,
crowds, mobs, waiting lines (queues
4. Categories : Aggregations of individuals who are similar to one another in some way, such as
gender, ethnicity, religion, or nationality.
Asian Americans, New Yorkers, physicians, U.S. citizens, women
Tuckman theory of group development
assumes that most groups move through the five stages summa- rized in Figure 1.5 (Tuckman,
1965; Tuckman & Jensen, 1977). In the forming phase, the group mem- bers become oriented
toward one another. In the storming phase, conflicts surface in the group as mem- bers vie for
status and the group sets its goals. These conflicts subside when the group becomes more
structured and standards emerge in the norming phase. In the performing phase, the group moves
beyond dis- agreement and organizational matters to concentrate on the work to be done. The
group continues to function at this stage until it reaches the adjourning stage, when it disbands.
Groups also tend to cycle repeatedly through some of these stages as group members strive to
maintain a balance between task- oriented actions and emotionally expressive beha- viors (Bales,
1965). A group, in a very real sense, is alive: It acquires energy and resources from its envi-
ronment, maintains its structure, and grows over time
Types of groups ( in an organisation )
Formal
- Formal groups are the ones that are created as per
official authority, so as to fulfill the desired objective.
- For example, a trade union will be a formal group.
- The members of formal groups behave according to
their mutual goals.
- It possesses a systematic structure, in hierarchical
form.
- In general, the employees of the organisation are
divided into groups, and a task is a hand over to each
group. In this way, the task of the group is
accomplished along with the fulfilment of
organisational goals.
Informal
- Informal groups emerge not from formal authorities
but rather from personal or social interactions.
- The members of these groups might or might not
have specific common goals.
- These groups generally emerge from feelings of
friendship or camaraderie.
- Nobody wants to live in isolation; people generally
create a circle around themselves so that they can
interact and share their feelings, opinions,
experiences, information, etc. These circles are
known as informal groups at the workplace. These
groups are formed on the basis of common likes,
dislikes, prejudices, contacts, language, interests,
attitudes of the members. It includes interest group
and friendship group. The communication is faster
in such groups, as they follow grapevine chain.
Formal groups and its types
1. Command Groups: These are formal groups that are determined by the organizational chart
and include employees who report directly to a specific supervisor.
2. Task Forces or Project Groups: These groups are formed to address specific tasks or projects
that are temporary in nature. Once the task is completed, the group dissolves.
3. Committees: Committees are formal groups formed to address specific ongoing issues or
tasks within an organization. They may have a more permanent structure compared to task
forces.
4. Functional Groups: These groups are formed based on the functional areas of the
organization, such as marketing, finance, or human resources.
5. Cross-Functional Teams: These are groups composed of individuals from different functional
areas working together to achieve a common goal or project.
6. Self-Managed Work Teams: These teams have the authority to make decisions regarding their
work processes and tasks without direct supervision.
Informal groups and types
1. Friendship Groups: These groups form based on personal relationships and common interests
among members. They often provide social support and a sense of belonging.
2. Interest Groups: Informal groups formed around shared interests, hobbies, or passions outside of
work or organizational goals.
3. Cliques: These are small, tightly knit groups within a larger organization or social setting that may
form based on shared characteristics or backgrounds.
4. Social Networks: Informal groups formed through social interactions and connections, often
facilitated by social media platforms or community gatherings.
5. Support Groups: Informal groups formed to provide emotional, practical, or informational support to
members facing similar challenges or experiences.
6. Gossip Networks: Informal groups that form around the sharing of rumors, news, or personal
information within a social or organizational context.
Group vs Team
- Group and Team are often used interchangeably. A group is a collection of individuals who come together for a common purpose or
shared interest, whereas A team is a more structured and cohesive form of a group. It is characterised by a higher degree of
interdependence, coordination, and collaboration among its members.

What is a Group?
- A group is a collection of individuals who come together for a common purpose or shared interest. The members of a group may
share certain characteristics, such as being part of the same organisation, having a common hobby, or being connected through a
specific context or goal. However, they may have individual goals and responsibilities that are not necessarily aligned with each
other. Group members may interact with each other, but their level of coordination and collaboration may vary.
- For example, a group of students working on a class project can be considered a group. While they have the common objective of
completing the project, individual students may have different ideas, work independently, and contribute to the project in their way
without significant interdependence.

What is a Team?
- A team is a more structured and cohesive form of a group. It is characterised by a higher degree of interdependence, coordination,
and collaboration among its members. Unlike a group, a team has a clear and defined purpose or mission, specific goals to achieve,
and a collective responsibility for reaching those goals. Team members often have complementary skills, expertise, or roles that
contribute to the overall performance and success of the team.
- For example, a software development team working on building a new application can be considered a team. Each team member has
a specific role, such as a programmer, designer, or tester, and they work together closely, relying on each other’s contributions to
create the final product. The team members’ efforts are coordinated, and they actively collaborate, communicate, and share
responsibilities to accomplish their shared goals.
Importance of teamwork and collaboration in achieving goals

Teamwork is essential to a company’s success, says John J. Murphy, author of Pulling Together:
10 Rules for High-Performance Teamwork. “Each individual has unique gifts, and talents and skills.
When we bring them to the table and share them for a common purpose, it can give companies a
real competitive advantage.”

Working together to apply collaboration skills and focus on teamwork training enables all members
of the department, team or crew to work together powerfully. By removing the silos, the output of
work becomes multi-faceted. Distributing the workload amongst resources or establishing how the
flow of work will unfold as a collective enables improved teamwork to make things run more
smoothly.
Reasons why teamwork and collaboration are important

Teamwork and collaboration are essential components of achieving goals in various contexts, including organizations, projects,
and communities. Here are some key reasons why teamwork and collaboration are important:

1. Leveraging Diverse Skills and Perspectives: Teams often comprise individuals with diverse skills, backgrounds, and
experiences. Collaboration allows team members to leverage these diverse perspectives to generate innovative solutions,
approach problems from different angles, and adapt to changing circumstances more effectively.

2. Division of Labor: When working in a team, tasks and responsibilities can be divided among members based on their
strengths and expertise. This division of labor ensures that each member can focus on their areas of proficiency, leading to
greater efficiency and productivity.

3.Enhanced Problem-Solving: Collaborative environments foster open communication and brainstorming, enabling teams to
identify and address challenges more effectively. By pooling their collective knowledge and skills, team members can develop
comprehensive solutions that may not have been possible individually.
4.Increased Motivation and Engagement:Working as part of a team provides individuals with a sense of belonging and
accountability. Collaboration encourages active participation and engagement, as team members feel invested in the
success of the group and are motivated to contribute to achieving common goals.

5. Shared Resources and Support: Teamwork allows for the sharing of resources, information, and expertise among
members. This mutual support system enables individuals to overcome obstacles more easily and access the necessary
resources to accomplish tasks efficiently.

6. Risk Mitigation: By distributing tasks and responsibilities across multiple team members, organizations can reduce the
risk associated with dependency on individual employees. Collaboration ensures that knowledge and expertise are not
concentrated in one person, thereby mitigating the impact of potential setbacks or disruptions.

7. Fostering Innovation and Creativity: Collaboration encourages a culture of creativity and experimentation, where ideas
can be freely shared and explored. By encouraging open dialogue and constructive feedback, teams can generate
innovative solutions and explore new opportunities more effectively.

8. Building Trust and Relationships: Effective teamwork fosters trust and strengthens relationships among team members.
Through shared experiences, mutual support, and collaboration towards common goals, individuals develop a sense of
camaraderie and trust in each other's abilities.

Overall, teamwork and collaboration are fundamental principles that contribute to organizational success by harnessing the
collective intelligence, creativity, and efforts of individuals towards achieving common objectives
What makes for a great team?
1. Use Your Ears And Your Mouth
Instead of one person taking over the flow of conversation, everyone is granted the proverbial “conch.” Let each individual speak to be heard, while
others reply to understand instead of just replying. This applies to online meetings using video conferencing and meetings in real life. One tool that
can enhance this process is an AI scheduling assistant. This digitally advanced tool can manage meeting timings, set reminders and ensure there's
time allotted for everyone's input. Moreover, it can track the frequency of each member's contribution, creating an environment where everyone’s
voice is valued. When we use both our ears and mouth in tandem, instead of just one or the other, paired with patience and the desire to learn and
understand, we create a dynamic environment that fosters proper communication. Try establishing a few minutes for each person to speak so it
doesn’t take up too much time, but also allow for each individual to speak multiple times.
2. Get Facetime
Seeing the faces of colleagues in the office or while engaged in an online meeting with team members around the world makes collaboration feel
more real. When you get to connect with faces and make eye contact, it feels like you’re working with a person instead of the idea of one. A
collaboration tool like video conferencing that utilizes audio and video puts you in front of your team digitally, regardless of geographic location.
3. . Maintain Direct Dialogue
Side conversations directly held with colleagues that are off brief or discussed outside of the team can sometimes be seen as a waste of time. In
reality, they aren’t. These types of discussions can lead to some out of the box thinking that can be applied to the project down the road or lead to a
new idea or project now. Talking to people outside of your department shines a completely different light and offers a new perspective. It’s beneficial
to collaborate with people and ideas outside of your immediate circle.
4. Encourage Outside Inspiration
Bringing relevant information from the outside into the group dynamics will add shape and dimension to the task at hand. Interactions that are carried
out with different people, industries, and companies could lead to interesting results by way of diversification. After all, true collaboration and
creativity comes to life when we connect the dots between different elements and factors.
5. Make Communication #1
Tapping into someone’s value in a collaborative team means creating a structure that gives them the tools to be able to communicate their ideas,
points of view, and work effectively. To get the best out of everyone, push for superior communication that brings their work to life.
Group Synergy
A group that has the ability to outperform even its best individual member has acheived Synergy. This seems like a
simple idea, get everyone to work together and the group or team will outperform anyone else. It is actually
dependant on several other factors and proccesses before reaching this synergistic stage. First the group has
mange it's way through the different stages of developemnt; forming, storming, norming and performing. These
stages help the group develop the different roles withing the group and form the alignment on the task or goal of the
group. The group has accepted the member for who they are and what they bring to the table. When the group has
reached the performing stage the members are engaged and eager to work, roles and responsibilites are fluid while
still being adaptable as the dynamics change inside and outside of the group.

Synergy is reached when the following characteristics are acheived.

● Everyone in the group has positive attitudes.

● The group shows an increase in communication.
● Common goals for the group.
● Group members have common interests.
● There is a sense of friendship within the group.
● Group members have support from each other.

These factors help create a barrier to outside threats and increases the confidence and effectiveness of the group.
This group has achieved synergy and will outperform any other indivdual or group. Seemles perfromance and
delivering on its objectives are ways that someone on the outside can tell if a goup has reached synergy.
There are some things to watch out for that will prevent any group in achieving synergy and reaching that performing
stage. These characteristics can also be the demise of a potentially great group.

● Solving problems with simple decision making models such as averaging, will stifle any strides towards
synergy.
● Focusing on completing the task at hand and not finding a long-term solution will also prevent a group
from becoming cohesive and reaching synergy.
● Group shift, in which the group takes a riskier approach that would not be taken individually. This shift
increases the chance that the group will not find a solution that is sustainable.
● Group polarization, in which some of the members take a moderate stand and then they take a more
extreme stand as members join them.

In my career I have learned that I am the most effective when I am in a group that has reached synergy. This creates
a sense of harmony that my personality thrives on, and helps me feel comfortable contributing to. This also creates
a safe place to have constructive disagreements. In the end an effective group that has reached synergy works
almost effortlessly and are able to provide long term solutions.
Module 2: Conflict
Resolution
Subtopics under this division
Module 2 : conflict resolution skills
● Conflict definition , common sources of conflict in a team and ways to manage them, functional and
dysfunctional conflicts
● Understanding personal conflict resolution strategies through the Thomas Kilmann questionnaire:
Collaborative competitive , compromising, accommodating and avoiding approaches
● Case study and self assessment questionnaire
Conflict

A : competitive or opposing action of incompatibles : antagonistic state or action (as of divergent ideas,
interests, or persons)
a conflict of principles
B : mental struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, wishes, or external or internal
demands
His conscience was in conflict with his duty.
: the opposition of persons or forces that gives rise to the dramatic action in a drama or fiction

The conflict in the play is between the king and the archbishop.
 Types of conflicts
1. Task-based conflicts
Task-based conflicts occur in situations when team members rely on each other to complete a task or project. When one person on the team doesn’t
complete their part of the task, it can affect another team member’s ability to finish their part on time. For example, if an employee always turns in their
reports late, it causes the accountant to be late with their reports as well. To avoid these conflicts, make sure everyone on the team knows what they
should be doing in their position so tasks can be accomplished efficiently and on deadline.
2. Leadership conflicts
Some conflicts occur because of differences in leadership styles. Everyone has their own way of leading their team. Some leaders are directive, while
others are more open, inclusive and encourage collaboration with their team. To prevent leadership style conflicts, it’s important to recognize and
appreciate these differences throughout the team. If you’re in a management role, you should be aware of your own leadership style and how you interact
with your team. It may be necessary to make adjustments to your leadership style to accommodate the different needs and personalities of your team
members.

3. Work style conflicts

Just as there are differences in leadership styles, there are differences in work styles as well. Work style conflicts occur because team members have
different preferences on how to accomplish tasks. Some work quickly and move on to the next task as soon as possible, while others prefer to complete
tasks slowly and mindfully. Some people are self-starters who require little to no direction to finish a task, and others need guidance every step of the way.
The best way to avoid these types of conflicts is to recognize that everyone’s work style is different and find ways to collaborate to achieve the same goal
despite those differences.

4. Personality clashes
Personality clashes are some of the most common types of team conflicts. These types of conflicts are caused by differences in personality among team
members. You’re not always going to get along with or like every person you meet, whether they’re your coworker, supervisor or peer. It can be challenging
to work with someone whose personality disagrees with your own. However, it’s important to try to understand their differences and learn how to work
together peacefully and productively.
What is the Difference Between Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict?
Conflict is a natural and necessary part of life. It can arise in any relationship, whether it be with a spouse, co-worker,
friend, or family member. The way that conflict is handled can make or break the relationship. Conflict can be functional
or dysfunctional.

Functional conflict is when people have opposing goals that can be resolved without conflict. Dysfunctional conflict, by
contrast, is a type of conflict in which people can’t work together to achieve their common goals, often due to a lack of
resolution of differences.

What is Functional Conflict?

Functional conflict is a type of conflict that is characterized by the
parties’ efforts to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes. It is
typically characterized by parties working together to resolve the
conflict in a constructive way. It is different from dysfunctional
conflict, which is characterized by the parties’ attempts to resolve
the conflict in a way that harms or destroys the relationship.
Functional conflict is typically characterized by parties working
together to resolve the conflict in a constructive way. It is
different from dysfunctional conflict, which is characterized by the
parties’ attempts to resolve the conflict in a way that harms or
destroys the relationship.
What is Dysfunctional Conflict?
Dysfunctional conflict is a type of conflict that occurs when two
or more parties come to an agreement that is not beneficial to all
involved. This type of conflict can cause emotional harm, distress,
damage to relationships, and create a power struggle.
Dysfunctional conflict is a disagreement or conflict in which each
side of the argument is using or trying to use the other side to
achieve their own personal goal. Dysfunctional conflicts are often
destructive and can lead to tension, anger, and resentment.
Thomas Kilman Questionaire
Module 3 : Diversity and Inclusion in
Groups and Organizations
Syllabus

● Understanding diversity and inclusion : definition and types of diversity and inclusion
● Challenges to diversity and inclusion : stereotypes, prejudice , discrimination and biases
● Benefits of diversity and inclusion in personal and professional settings
● How to create an environment of respect , appreciation and belongingness for all members of
a group or organization
● Case study and games
Understanding diversity and inclusion : definition and types of diversity and inclusion

Diversity, equity, and inclusion are three closely linked values held by many organizations that are working to be supportive of
different groups of individuals, including people of different races, ethnicities, religions, abilities, genders, and sexual orientations.

Companies that are diverse, equitable, and inclusive are better able to respond to challenges, win top talent, and meet the needs
of different customer bases. With DEI in mind, companies are considering how to better support employees. Over the past few
years, many organizations have taken strides to build diversity, equity, and inclusion into their policies and hiring practices.

● Diversity refers to who is represented in the workforce. Some examples of diversity in workplaces include:
○ Gender diversity: What makes up the composition of men, women, and nonbinary people in a given population?
○ Age diversity: Are people in a group from mostly one generation, or is there a mix of ages?
○ Ethnic diversity: Do people in a group share common national or cultural traditions, or do they represent different
backgrounds?
○ Physical ability and neurodiversity: Are the perspectives of people with disabilities, whether apparent or not,
accounted for?
● These are a few of the most common examples, but what is considered diverse can range widely. Nobel Prize winner
Richard Thaler touches on this in an interview with McKinsey on debiasing the corporation. “There’s lots of talk about
diversity these days,” says Thaler. “We tend to think about that in terms of things like racial diversity and gender diversity
and ethnic diversity. Those things are all important. But it’s also important to have diversity in how people think.”
● Equity refers to fair treatment for all people, so that the norms, practices, and policies in place ensure
identity is not predictive of opportunities or workplace outcomes. Equity differs from equality in a subtle
but important way. While equality assumes that all people should be treated the same, equity takes into
consideration a person’s unique circumstances, adjusting treatment accordingly so that the end result is
equal. In an episode of the McKinsey Talks Talent podcast on the inclusive workplace, McKinsey senior
partner and talent expert Bill Schaninger offers a view on the implications of equity when sourcing talent:
“There’s a real difference between equal and equitable. Suppose we said, ‘All interns are created equal. We
pay them nothing.’ The people who can afford an entire summer without getting paid are likely already
coming from a position of privilege.”
● Inclusion refers to how the workforce experiences the workplace and the degree to which organizations
embrace all employees and enable them to make meaningful contributions. Companies that are intent on
recruiting a diverse workforce must also strive to develop a sufficiently inclusive culture, such that all
employees feel their voices will be heard—critical if organizations want to retain their talent and unlock the
power of their diverse workforce. In an episode of the McKinsey Talks Talent podcast on the inclusive
workplace, McKinsey partner and DEI expert Diana Ellsworth shared an example of how a lack of inclusion
can manifest in workplace culture: “The LGBTQ+ community is underrepresented in the workplace,
especially at more senior levels. As a result, many feel like an “only” at work and are more likely to
experience microaggressions; they might feel unable to talk openly and comfortably about themselves, for
example, or need constantly to correct assumptions about their personal lives.”
What other benefits can organizations realize from inclusion and diversity?

In addition to profitability, there are five key domains in which inclusion and diversity can significantly affect an organization’s
overall performance:

1. Winning talent: Organizations that monitor the demographic profile of their workforces are better able to retain top
performers while making sure that diverse talent isn’t lost.
2. Improving the quality of decision making: Diversity brings multiple perspectives to the table during times when enhanced
problem-solving skills and vision are needed.
3. Increasing customer insight and innovation: Diverse teams are typically more innovative and better at anticipating shifts.
4. Driving employee motivation and satisfaction: Research in Latin America showed that companies that are committed to
diversity are 75 percent more likely to report a pro-teamwork culture.
5. Improving a company’s global image and license to operate: Companies that can maintain or increase their focus on
inclusion and diversity during crises are poised to avoid consequences such as struggling to attract talent or losing
customers and government support.
How to create an environment of respect , appreciation and belongingness for all members of
a group or organization

1. Open and honest communication

For employees to feel like they belong, businesses should practice open communication. It can build your team’s trust and empower
them to share their opinions without being afraid. However, open communication doesn’t mean more team meetings or bonding
activities. It is a culture where people can express their thoughts freely without fearing repercussions.The key is to be radically candor
with your employees. Welcome employees' feedback and face them head-on instead of brushing the issue under the rug. Keep an eye on
the participation of your team in meetings. Encourage everyone to participate by asking questions and normalizing any differences in
opinions. A way to hold honest and open communication is top-down transparency. Share your company information like operation cost
or financial status across the team, which will create a sense of ownership among your employees.
2. Develop inclusive leadership

When push comes to shove, the success of instilling any company culture depends on the leaders in the workplace. How managers act can influence
the team's confidence and set workplace cultureModule 4 : Handling difficult situations. For example, are mistakes opportunities for learning or mistakes — this can
directly affect belonging among your staff. Employees who trust their managers and believe that they care about them as individuals will more likely
feel a sense of belonging. In contrast, leaders who don’t care about their staff's wellbeing will have a divided team with discouraged staff. That’s why
successful managers are inclusive leaders who always look to empower others. They understand why it’s essential to ask for input and encourage
employees to share their thoughts and ideas. As team members feel supported and appreciated, they are also better able to take advantage of critical
feedback and other learning opportunities. Overall, this will build a culture of belonging where each individual is contributive and always thriving to
produce great work.

3. Create a space for employees to be their authentic self

Do your employees feel entirely accepted as members of the workplace? Fostering belonging at work means creating an authentic workplace. Feeling
like you can be yourself at work will make you feel more accepted and confident, which will lead employees to be more open in speaking their minds
and making decisions. They will worry less about their relationships and focus at work. The key to creating this environment of belonging at work is
building trust and acceptance. That means communicating positive signals to your employees, like improving representation and removing
stereotypes and judgments. A quick test to see if your employees think they are in a safe workspace is to play some music and see if they will start
dancing,
4. Recognize efforts and accomplishments
Organizations that celebrate team efforts and accomplishments can make employees feel like part of the business. Employees spend
almost one-third of their life at work. Being rewarded for their contribution and effort can significantly boost their morale. Likewise, if
you implement a staff’s idea and see great results, make sure to acknowledge their contribution because this will motivate them and
inspire others to contribute. You can show recognition through an appreciation gift, award, or giving company perks and benefits like
flexible work scheduling or additional time off. Additionally, make sure promotions at the workplace are merit-based regardless of
cultural and social background. Knowing that your contribution is seen and that everyone has an equal path to success can help foster
belonging.

5. Improve team bonding

To belong is to fit in. That’s why it is crucial to give your team opportunities to get to know each other outside of the workplace.
Planning team-building activities like bowling night can give your employees a chance to bond outside of work and create a shared
experience.Feeling connected to those around you will fulfill your employees' core need to form and maintain strong, stable
interpersonal relationships. Being a valued team member will also help them stay motivated and become an ally that supports other
co-workers in need. When all your employees come together and work in sync, they will form a relationship that strengthens team
engagement and collaboration.

6. Create a shared vision in your organization

Our sense of belonging also stems from pride. Just like the story of the janitor who helped put a man on the moon — a grand vision can
connect your employees to your business.Establishing and communicating a shared vision for the organization will let your employees
know the significance of their work and contribution to society.This makes work meaningful and fulfills your employees’ sense of
purpose and belonging. Knowing that, make sure to establish a shared vision and regularly review your culture and values to make sure
you “walk the talk”.
Case studies
1. https://hbr.org/2022/05/case-study-what-does-diversity-mean-in-a-global
-organization
2. https://embracedifference.ert.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ERT_embrac
ing_difference_V26-1.pdf
3.
Module 4 : Handling difficult situations
● Dealing with difficult situations in a group setting
● Dealing with difficult people
● Self care practices\techniques for handling difficult situations :
role of forgiveness and mindfulness
● Case study and role plays
Financial literacy module 1
 Financial literacy what students need to know
Financial literacy, often termed financial wellness, encompasses understanding key concepts like interest rates, student loans, credit

scores, and budgeting, as well as grasping the broader intricacies of personal finances. A lack of clarity on these subjects can lead to
undesirable post-college outcomes, such as accruing excessive debt or defaulting on student loans.Given the escalating costs of

higher education, it’s more imperative than ever for college students to be well-informed about the expenses tied to their academic

pursuits. Financial decision-making—whether it’s investing, taking out loans, or creating a budget—can be daunting. Here are essential

financial literacy insights that every student should be equipped with.

1. Refine your budgeting skillsWhile many adults grapple with budgeting, it’s especially challenging for college students. They often

operate with limited disposable income, relying on financial aid or part-time jobs to meet their needs. Thus, it’s crucial for college
students to hone their money management skills. This ensures they can cover essentials like bills, groceries, and educational costs. By
mastering budgeting and saving, students not only prevent overspending but also lay the foundation for prudent financial habits that will
benefit them long after graduation.
2. Efficiently handle your debt: Given the debt many college students accumulate to finance their education,

understanding debt management becomes pivotal. Financially savvy students grasp the nuances of their debt,

from discerning interest rates to understanding repayment timelines and the consequences of loan default.

Equipped with this knowledge, students can steer clear of debilitating debt pitfalls and establish a robust credit

record for their future endeavors.

3. Know your credit score: Understanding credit scores and reports can seem intricate. Begin by familiarizing

yourself with what a credit score represents and how it can facilitate achieving financial milestones, such as

securing an apartment lease or obtaining a car loan at favorable interest rates. Then, delve into common factors

that can adversely affect your score, empowering you to take corrective measures to enhance it.
4. Learn about student loan options

Let’s demystify the myths surrounding student loans. It’s essential for students to understand the various loan types, repayment
terms, and interest rates. While student loans can be crucial for advancing in life, borrowing more than necessary and spending

the extra money on non-essentials can undermine their primary educational intent. Before starting their academic journey,

students and their families should engage in thorough discussions about how to finance their education.

5. Automate bills for timely payments

Think of automating financial obligations as setting an airplane on autopilot. Though the plane mostly flies itself, the pilot
remains attentive for any unexpected situations. Similarly, in a student’s financial life, automation reduces the burden of manual
payments and minimizes errors. This ensures timely payments and helps evade late fees. However, while automation is handy,
regular account monitoring is essential to ensure there are sufficient funds for scheduled payments.
6. Learn to invest: Considering retirement and understanding investments are vital aspects of financial literacy. Proper

investment knowledge can set college students on a path to achieving their financial milestones. Whether the goal is

launching a business, setting aside retirement funds, or saving for a home down payment, knowing how to invest

wisely can be a game-changer.

7. Spot scams to lower the risk: Financial scams are rampant, and unsuspecting college students can easily fall prey

if they’re not financially astute. By recognizing the telltale signs of scams—like phishing attempts, identity theft, or

dubious investment schemes—students can better safeguard their finances.

8. Pay yourself first to boost savings: A pivotal part of cultivating financial literacy is understanding the importance

of savings. College students can use direct deposit to channel a portion of their paycheck automatically into a savings

account. By consistently directing even a modest sum into savings and resisting the urge to spend it, they can

accumulate a financial cushion over time.

Effective budgeting strategies
Track Your Expenses

Start by tracking your expenses for a month. Write down every purchase, no matter how small. This will give you a clear picture of where your money is going and help identify unnecessary

expenses that can be reduced or eliminated.

Set Financial Goals

Establish specific financial goals that you want to achieve. Whether it's saving for a vacation, paying off debt, or building an emergency fund, having clear goals will motivate you to stick to

your budget and save money.

Differentiate Between Needs and Wants

Distinguish between your needs and wants. Needs are essential for survival, such as food, housing, and transportation, while wants are things you desire but can live without. Prioritize your

needs and allocate your money accordingly, keeping wants under control.

Create a Realistic Budget

Based on your tracked expenses and financial goals, create a realistic budget. Allocate a specific amount of money for each category, such as groceries, utilities, transportation, and

entertainment. Ensure that your expenses do not exceed your income.

Use the 50/30/20 Rule

Allocate 50% of your income for essential expenses, 30% for discretionary spending, and 20% for savings and debt repayment. Adjust these percentages as per your financial goals and

priorities.
Automate Savings
Set up an automatic transfer from your checking account to a separate savings account each month. This way, you won't be tempted to spend the money, and it will

grow steadily over time.

Reduce Unnecessary Expenses

Identify areas where you can cut back on expenses. Review your subscriptions, eating out habits, and impulsive purchases. Consider alternatives like cooking at

home, canceling unused subscriptions, and buying affordable items to save money.

Compare Prices while Shopping

Before making a big purchase, compare prices from different sellers. Look for deals, discounts, or promotional offers. By doing your research, you can save money

and find the best value for your purchase.

Review and Adjust Your Budget

Regularly review your budget and track your progress. Make adjustments as necessary, especially when your financial situation or goals change. Budgeting is a

dynamic process, so be flexible and adapt your strategies accordingly.

Time value of money concept
The time value of money (TVM) is the concept that a sum of money is worth more now than the same sum will be
at a future date due to its earnings potential in the interim. The time value of money is a core principle of finance. A
sum of money in the hand has greater value than the same sum to be paid in the future. The time value of money is
also referred to as the present discounted value.

Inflation has a negative impact on the time value of money because your purchasing power decreases as prices
rise. Investors prefer to receive money today rather than the same amount of money in the
future because a sum of money, once invested, grows over time. For example, money
deposited into a savings account earns interest. Over time, the interest is added to the
principal, earning more interest. That's the power of compounding interest.

If it is not invested, the value of the money erodes over time. If you hide $1,000 in a
mattress for three years, you will lose the additional money it could have earned over
that time if invested. It will have even less buying power when you retrieve it because
inflation reduces its value.

As another example, say you have the option of receiving 10,000 now or 10,000 two
years from now. Despite the equal face value, 10,000 today has more value and utility
than it will two years from now due to the opportunity costs associated with the delay. In
other words, a delayed payment is a missed opportunity.
How can you invest your money in India
1. Direct Equity – Stocks
Direct equity stocks are one of the best investment options for aggressive investors. Investing in listed equity stocks of companies on the stock exchanges is known

as Direct Equity investment. You can get capital gains or dividend returns from the direct stock investments. Performance of stocks depends on factors such as

market position, company’s performance, etc.

This option is one of the most volatile investments and has a high risk-return ratio. One of the best investment options to generate inflation-adjusted wealth. Suitable

for a long-term horizon

You need to have a bank account and a Demat account to start investing in this. Also, if you want to invest and benefit from stock investments consistently, you

must have a high risk appetite. Understand the functioning of equity stocks and markets before you start investing.
2. Equity Mutual Funds 3. Equity Debt Funds
Equity mutual funds are primarily invested in equity stocks and related securities. These are one of
Debt mutual funds or bond funds are investment options to consider if you do not have a
the best investment options in India for small investors who want to benefit from equity market
high-risk appetite or want to avoid volatility. These are also a diversified portfolio of
growth. You can start investing in well-diversified portfolios of equity stocks with as little as Rs 500

through equity mutual funds. fixed-income securities.

These funds can invest anywhere between 70 to 95% of the fund value in equity stocks and related
instruments. Since these are equity-based, they offer a high risk-return ratio. Typically, there are
two types of equity mutual funds:
In Debt Funds, the amount is invested in fixed-income securities including government and
corporate bonds, debentures and other long-term fixed-income securities. Depending on the
type of securities held in the portfolio, funds can have a varied risk profile. You should check

Actively Managed Mutual Funds the ratings of the securities held by the fund to assess the risk before investing.

In these types of funds, the fund manager is actively involved. The expertise and

capability of the fund manager play an important role in the performance of this fund. Funds with top-rated securities or government bonds are suitable if you want the stability of
They choose the stocks that the fund will invest in based on research and analysis.
returns with less risk. Thus, you can consider debt funds when:
Active funds are considered riskier than passive investment options.

Passively Managed Mutual Funds

You are risk-averse
In this type of fund, the fund manager doesn’t play a major role. The fund is based on a
You want relatively fixed returns
particular index or market portfolio. For example, a fund that is built up of stocks of

NIFTY50, etc. The performance of the index determines the performance of this fund. Safety of the principal is a priority

Note that the risk of changing interest rates will still be present in all debt funds.
4. National Pension Scheme (NPS) 5. Public Provident Fund (PPF)
National Pension System is one of the government backed investment plan designed to help you PPF is one of the most popular and best investment options for people considering to put their

secure your retirement financially. It is regulated by Pension Fund Regulatory and Development money into safe investment options. The 15-year plan is the best investment plan to safely
Authority (PFRDA). achieve your long-term life goals. Originally, introduced as a safe retirement investment plan

for self-employed, the plan has been popular for long-term investors, because it provides:
This helps you to create a strong retirement corpus at your disposal. You can use the NPS

retirement account as a salaried or self-employed investor.

Tax Efficiency

You can claim a deduction under section 80C up to Rs. 1.5 lakhs. Also, the maturity
There are two types of NPS accounts
value is tax-free.

Tier-I (Retirement Account) Liquidity

Tier- II You can borrow from the accumulated corpus within the first 5 years of the account.

After 5 years partial withdrawals are allowed.

Risk-Return Mix
The primary difference between NPS and other provident fund investments is that NPS allows you

to build your corpus aggressively. It follows an auto-rebalancing method to maintain a portfolio with a Low-risk investment with a market-linked rate of interest, which is revised every

declining risk as you age. Additionally, you can avail of a deduction of up to Rs 2 lakhs for your year.

contribution. Investment Period

Minimum of 15 years, after that you can extend the account in batches of 5 years.
The risk-return on NPS investment will depend on the portfolio mix you choose and the length of

time you stay invested. Thus, this retirement investment option works well for both risk-averse and

aggressive investors.
6. Bank Fixed Deposit
Bank fixed deposit is another popular investment options in India that ensures the 7. Unit Linked Insurance Plans
safety of your money and provides stable returns. You can invest a lump sum A Unit Linked Insurance Plan (ULIP) can be considered as an
amount and it will offer a fixed rate of interest for a specific term. After your term is
investment option as it provides insurance along with an avenue
over, you will receive the principal with compound interest added over the term.

for investment. A part of the premium paid by the policyholder

Consider the following things while investing in a bank fixed deposit:
goes toward the life cover, and the other part goes towards the
Bank FD offers guaranteed returns. Thus, the principal amount is safe.
funds chosen by the policyholder. This life insurance plan offers
You cannot withdraw from your FD till it matures. By withdrawing before

the term, you can lose out on compound interest and incur penal charges. market-linked returns, and hence, an investor should weigh in
These are one of the most flexible investment options in India. The

investment term can be as low as 7 days and can go as long as 10 years.

both the pros and cons of the plan before investing in it.
The interest rate agreed upon at the start will continue throughout the term

in a Bank FD. Thus, the return on your deposit is fixed until the maturity.

You can either receive the interest or reinvest it.

Banks also allow you to auto-renew your FD upon maturity.

8. Real Estate Investment 9. RBI Bonds
Real estate is a good investment option in India. It is, however, usually a big-ticket RBI Bonds are one of the safest investment options in India. The Reserve Bank of

investment. The investment refers to buying properties such as homes, plots and India, i.e., RBI issues bonds to the public to raise money for the development of

land. This is one of the best investment options that can help you combat inflation. various government projects. These bonds have a specific term. After maturity,

Investing in this can give you a shot at both regular as well as capital gain income. money is returned along with the interest generated.

You can put the building you have purchased for rent and earn a secondary income. You can buy these bonds from any of the 12 national chains along with 4 private

This will ensure that you get monthly rent in form of returns. If your property has banks. To acknowledge your debt, RBI will issue you a certificate of holding. This

appreciated, then you can sell it for a higher price and can get a capital gain. certificate will act as proof upon maturity.

There is a famous saying that there are 3 things important in real estate and they These have a tenure of 7 years.

are, ‘location, location, location’. This is the predominant factor that decides the These can be cumulative where the interest is reinvested, and

success of your real estate investment. non-cumulative, where you can receive the interest as a regular income.

The current interest rate is 7.75%** per annum. This is as per the Floating
Having real estate at a good location may be expensive but can also get you a Rate Savings Bonds, 2020 (Taxable) scheme which started on July 01,
higher price for rent and has better chances of appreciation. 2020.
10. Gold
In India, Gold is often seen as a go-to investment option to keep a family’s legacy safe. But

rising costs and making charges have now made it almost impossible to buy gold as a family

heirloom.

Instead, investment options like Gold ETFs allow you to build gold purchasing power

gradually over time. These are commonly known as ‘paper gold’. It contains gold stocks and

investments. Unlike expensive gold, these can be brought according to your capacity from

the stock market.

Since this is an ETF, i.e., Exchange Traded Fund, this is managed passively. It mirrors the

physical gold price movement of the same quality. The higher the gold rates, the higher the

ETF’s NAV will grow.

Thus, if you invest a small sum regularly in SIP mode, you can accumulate more units at

lower prices.

Since traded on the stock exchanges, these are volatile and possess more risk.

These are liquid and you can enter and exit from them as per your preference.

Research well about the stocks before you decide to buy.

What is a bank ?
A bank is a financial institution that is authorized to receive deposits and offer loans to their customers including individuals, corporates, and groups. Additionally, they

provide financial services to regular public such as loans, wealth management, investment services, currency exchange, safe deposit boxes and more.

In the modern era, there are different types of banks that are essential to the smooth functioning of the economy. Let’s learn more about them in detail.

1. Commercial Banks: 2. Investment Banks:

They are also known as retail banks. These types of banks are These banks are essential to the functioning of big corporations, big

extremely important as they manage money for individuals and small enterprises, government, and other entities. These banks act as a

businesses. Apart from withdrawal and deposits, these banks are also financial intermediary and provide a variety of services for the

allowed to provide short term loans to individuals and small large industries. Some of the most reliable investment banks are JP

enterprises. Customers can perform most of the fundamental banking Morgan, Citigroup, Bank of America, Deutsche Bank, and

activities in these banks. The top commercial and retail banks of India Barclays.

are State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, and Axis Bank.
3. Postal Savings Banks:
6. Central Bank:
This is a reference to banks that are associated with national postal

system to provide the citizens with basic banking activities. Central banks are mostly apex banks in the banking industry. These

banks provide banking services to the government. It creates financial

4. Regional Rural Banks:
stability in the country, controls irregularity, designs monetary
Also referred to as RRBs are banks that are created to serve rural and policies, and it is responsible for the money supply in the country.
agricultural sectors with basic banking facilities. Reserve Bank of India is a classic example of central banks.

5. Co-operative Banks:

Co-operative Banks in India are registered under Co-operative

Societies Act, 1912. These banks operate at the urban and rural level

both. They were created to serve entrepreneurs, small businesses,

industries, and self-employed personnel, and more.

Banking services offered by banks
1.Payment and Remittance Services:
This is another important function of banks that enables us to transfer
funds from one account to another, from one city to another. Alongside,
modern banking systems allow us to make the direct online money
transfer, pay utility bills, collection of cheques, and more. With the
evolution of technology, payments can be made and collected from any
part of the world.
2. Overdraft:
Overdraft services allow account holders to withdraw more than what
their deposits allow. Though, interest is charged on the overdrawn
amount. This is one of the many ways banks lend money to their
customers.
3. Currency Exchange:
Imagine if there were no banks where you would acquire foreign currency for
travel or trading purposes. The banks provide foreign currency exchange
with local currency in an easy manner.
4. Consultancy:
Modern banks have a holistic approach and they aim to provide all kinds of
services to their customers that involve their financial situation. Modern
banks are hiring financial and legal experts to provide advice and solutions
about customers wealth, investment, and trading.
5. Online Banking:
9. Lockers:
In the digital world, every bank is striving to make space in online banking world.
Banks also offer safe deposit to their clients to store their valuables safely, at
With the help of the internet, banks allow their customers to perform banking
minimal fees.
activities through their official website. This allows the customer to access their

account 24/7 without having to visit a physical branch.

10. Money Transfer:
6. Mobile Banking: There are several ways banks offer to transfer money from one part of the world to

Similarly, banks are also providing mobile banking services wherein customers the other with the help of demand drafts, money orders, cheques, online banking,
can perform banking activities through their smartphone apps. and more.

7. Home Banking:
11. Investment Banking:
Home banking is another rising trend wherein banking transaction can be made
Many banks now offer financial services to their customers. They help them make
from home directly. These services require an internet connection or access to
the best of their wealth by offering several investment products.
online banking.

8. Credit and Debit Cards: 12.Wealth Management:

Most of the banks offer credit and debit cards to their customers that can be used Wealth management is one of the many investment services offered by banks. It

to purchase products and services, and even borrow or withdraw money. This is allows the customers to plan their finances to grow long-term wealth.
one of the most important steps towards a cashless society.