IMPORTANT QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. Explain statically induced EMF?

Self-Induced EMF is that EMF which is induced in the conductor by changing in its own.
When current is changing the magnetic field is also changing around the coil and hence
Faraday’s law is applied here and EMF are induced in the coil to its self which called self-
induced EMF.

2. Define energy and Co-energy in electromechanical system.

The concept of co-energy can be applied to many conservative systems (inertial
mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.), which can be described by a linear relationship
between the input and stored energy. To calculate the attractive magnetic force acting
on the movable part we will introduce the quantity called co-energy. It is defined as
3. Draw and explain the magnetization curve of ferromagnetic material.

4. A conductor 80cm long moves at right angle to its length at a constant speed
of 30 m/s in a uniform magnetic field of flux density 1.2 T. Find the emf induced
when the conductor motion is normal to the field flux.

Gn: B= 1.2 T L=0.8m V= 30m/s ,

e= BLV Sinθ e= 1.2*0.8*30*sin90 , e=28.8V

5. What is the Hysteresis loss and how can this loss be minimized?
Hysteresis loss The magnetic field intensity [H] is increased from zero to maximum and
the energy is stored Now again the H is reduced to zero, dB is negative ,the energy is
given out by the magnetic field .The net energy lost due this in the form of heat and is
called as hysteresis loss. Eddy Current loss : When a magnetic core carries time –varying
flux,voltages are induced in all possible paths enclosing the flux.The result is the
production of circulating current in the core.These currents are known as eddy-current
and have power loss i2R associated with them called Eddy-Current loss.
 6. Mention the magnetic materials with example

Diamagnetic

Diamagnetic materials are the type of materials that are less magnetized in the presence of
an external magnetic field but in the opposite direction to that of the applied field. The
compounds in which the atomic structure has completely filled shells possess diamagnetic
behaviour.

The charges in these metals manage to partially shield the nucleus from the external field.
These materials offer small susceptibility with negative polarity.

Example: Noble gas and various metals and non-metals like silver, gold, argon, boron, etc.

Paramagnetic

These materials are weakly magnetized by the externally applied magnetic field but in the
same direction of the supplied field. Here the orientation of the magnetic moment is in the
same direction of the applied field. It exhibits permanent magnetic moment due to the motion
of electrons in its orbit and spin motion along the axis.

When the external field is provided then the magnetic moment is aligned in the direction of
the field. Thereby providing a large amount of magnetization. But the temperature variation
only allows partial alignment thus resulting in weak magnetization.

It exhibits positive susceptibility.

Example: Aluminium, Calcium, Potassium, Lithium, etc.

Ferromagnetic

It is referred to as a subgroup of paramagnetic materials. These materials possess a strong

magnetic field. Here each atom in the molecular structure exhibits a permanent magnetic
moment.

With the application of an external magnetic field, the magnetic moment gets aligned along
the direction of the field. Thereby giving rise to a natural magnetization.

Here the susceptibility is positive and quite large.

It exhibits hysteresis, which means even after the removal of the magnetic field,
magnetization is retained.

Example: Cobalt, Iron nickel and their alloys.

Ferrimagnetic

In these materials, there exists strong but negative interaction between the sub-lattices of
the structure thus there is an antiparallel arrangement.

7. What is magnetostriction and coercivity?

When ferromagnetic materials are subjected to magnetising mmf, these may undergo
small changes in their dimension, this phenomenon is known as magnetostiction.

8. What is core loss and eddy current loss? What is its significance in electric
machines?
When a magnetic material undergoes cyclic magnetization, two kinds of power losses
occur on it. Hysteresis and eddy current losses are called as core loss. It is important in
determining heating, temperature rise, rating & efficiency of transformers, machines
&other A.C run magnetic devices. Hysteresis losses can be reduced by selecting suitable
core having small area of B-H loop curve and eddy current losses can be reduced by
laminating the core.

9. What are quasi static fields?

All the electromechanical energy conversion devices are slow because of the inertia
associated with the moving parts. Thereforth field in the device is also slow in nature i.e
Quasistatic field. And there is no time lag between exciting current and the
establishment of magnetic flux

10. Distinguish between leakage flux and fringing flux.

Leakage flux:
The flux set up in the airpaths around the magnetic material is known as leakage flux.

Fringing flux:
In the air gap the magnetic flux fringes out into neighbouring air paths due to the
reluctance of air gap which causes a non-uniform flux density in the air gap of a
machine. This effect is called fringing effect.
1 i) A steel ring has a mean diameter of 20cm and cross
sectional area 0f 25 cm2 and a radial air gap of 0.8 m.
when excited by a current of 1A through a coil of 1000
turns wound on the ring core, it produces a air gap flux of 1
mWb Neglect the leakage flux. Calculate Relative
permeability of steel and total reluctance of magnetic
circuit.
ii) Explain Hysteresis and Eddy current losses in Electrical
machines along with the causes.
2 i) (i)Explain the losses in magnetic materials

ii) The field winding of the electromagnets is wound with 800turns

and has a resistance of 40Ω when exciting voltage is 230V,
magnetic flux around the coil is 0.004. Calculate self-inductance
and energy in magnetic field.
3 i Derive the expression for self and mutual inductance of the coil.

ii Two coils A and B are wound on same iron core. There are 600
turns on A and 3600 turns on B. The current of 4A through coil.
A produces a flux of 500* 10-6 Wb in the core. If this current is
reversed in 0.02sec. Identify the average emf induced in coils A
and B.
4 i Describe the AC operation of magnetic circuits.

ii Describe the principle of a typical magnetic circuit. Also show

that the core reluctance may be neglected in practice.
5 i) Give the expression for energy density in the magnetic field.

ii) Describe Statically Induced EMF and Dynamically Induced EMF

6 (iii)The total core loss of a specimen of silicon steel is found to

be 1500Watt 50Hz. Keeping the flux density constant, the loss
becomes 3000W when the frequency is raised to
75Hz.Calculate separately the hysteresis and eddy current loss
at each of their frequencies
7 i) Derive the expression for self and mutual inductance of the coil.
ii) The total core loss of a specimen of silicon steel is found to
be 1500W at 50 Hz, keeping the flux density to be constant,
the loss become 3000W. When the frequency is raised to 75
Hz. Calculate the separately hysteresis loss and eddy current
losses at each frequency.
8 i) Explain AC operation of magnetic circuits and derive the energy
stored in magnetic field.
ii) Explain in detail about magnetic circuit.
9 For the magnetic circuit as shown below, Calculate the self and
mutual inductance Between the two coils. Assume core
permeability=1600

10 i Explain the Hysteresis loop that occurs in magnetic circuits in B-

H relationship (magnetization characteristics)
ii A iron bar of 30 cm long and 2 cm in diameter is bent into a
circular shape. It is then wound into with a wire of 600 turns.
Calculate the current require to produce a flux of 0.5mWb. If with
no air gap and with a air gap of 1mm and =4000.
Explain the core losses that occurs in magnetic circuits in detail.
1.A steel ring has a mean diameter of 20cm and cross sectional area 0f
25 cm2 and a radial air gap of 0.8 mm. when excited by a current of 1A
through a coil of 1000 turns wound on the ring core, it produces a air
gap flux of 1 mWb Neglect the leakage flux. Calculate Relative
permeability of steel and total reluctance of magnetic circuit.

Solution
A = 25 cm2
Lg=0.8mm
I=1A
N=1000 turns
Φ=1mWb
Mean diameter=20 cm
Length of air gap=πd – length of air gap =π(20*10-2) – (0.8*10-3) Li=0.6272m
Relative Permeability Of Steel=
Total Reluctance Of Magnetic Circuit=

1. Explain Hysteresis and Eddy current losses in Electrical

machines along with the causes.

Iron or Core losses

 These losses occur in the armature of a d.c. machine and

are due to the rotation of armature in the magnetic field

of the poles.
They are of two types i) Hysteresis loss ii) Eddy current loss.
Hysteresis loss
 Hysteresis loss occurs in the armature of the d.c. machine

since any given part of the armature is subjected to magnetic

field reversals as it passes under successive poles. shows an
armature rotating in two-pole machine. Consider a small
piece ab of the armature.
 When the piece ab is under N-pole, the magnetic lines pass

from a to b. Half are volition later, the same piece of iron is

under S-pole and magnetic lines pass from b to a In order to
reverse continuously the molecular magnets in the armature
core, some amount of power has to be spent which is called
hysteresis loss.

 It is given by Steinmetz

formula.

This formula is
Hysteresis loss,
Ph=B16maxfV watts
where
Bmax = Maximum
flux density in
armature f =
Frequency of
magnetic reversals
V = Volume of armature in m3
h = Steinmetz hysteresis co-efficient
 In order to reduce this loss in a d.c. machine, armature core

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is made of such materials which have a low value of
Steinmetz hysteresis co-efficient e.g., silicon steel Eddy

n
current loss
 In addition to the voltages induced in the armature conductors,
there are also
 voltages induced in the armature core. These voltages
produce circulating currents in the armature core.
 These are called eddy currents and power loss due to their

flow is called eddy current loss. The eddy current loss

appears as heat which raises the temperature of the machine
and lowers its efficiency.
 If a continuous solid iron core is used, the resistance to eddy

current path will be small due to large cross-sectional area

of the core. Consequently, the magnitude of eddy current
and hence eddy current loss will be large. The magnitude of
eddy current can be reduced by making core resistance as
high as practical.
 The core resistance can be greatly increased by constructing

the core of thin, round iron sheets called laminations. The

laminations are insulated from each other with a coating of
varnish.
 Thus laminating a core increases the core resistance which

decreases the eddy current loss.

Eddy current loss,
Pe = KeB2maxf2t2V watts
where,
Ke = Constant
Bmax = Maximum flux density in Wb/m2
f = Frequency of magnetic reversals in Hz
t =Thickness of lamination in
m

V = Volume of core in m3