Classification of elements :-

The arrangement of elements into different

groups on the basis of the similarities in

their properties is called classification of

elements.
The classification of similar elements into
groups makes the study of elements easier.
There are about 118 different elements
known so far.
 Early attempts at classification of
elements :

• The earliest attempt to classify elements was

grouping the then known elements (about 30
elements) into two groups called metals and non
metals.
•The defect in this classification was that it had no
place for metalloids (elements which have
properties of both metals and non metals) which
were discovered later.
 Dobereiner’s Triads -

Dobereiner classified elements in the

increasing order of their atomic
masses into groups of three elements
called triads. In each triad the
atomic mass of the middle element was
approximately equal to the average
atomic mass of the other two elements.
 Dobereiner’s Triads
Triad Atomic mass Average atomic mass of Ist
and 3rd
element

Lithium Li 6.9
Sodium Na 23.0 22.95
Potassium K 39.0

Calcium Ca 40.1
Strontium Sr 87.6 88.7
Barium Ba 137.3

Chlorine CI 35.5
Bromine Br 79.9 81.2
Iodine I 126.9
 LIMITATION OF DOBERIENER’S
TRIAD

The defect in this classification was that all the

then known elements could not be correctly
arranged into triads.
 NEWLANDS’ LAW OF OCTAVES
John Newlands, an English scientist, arranged the known elements in the order of
increasing atomic masses and called it the ‘Law of Octaves’. It is known as
‘Newlands’ Law of Octaves’
Characteristics of Newlands’ Law of Octaves
Properties of every eighth element were similar to that of the first element similar to
musical notes.

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Da Ni
(do) (re) (mi) (fa) (so) (la) (ti)
H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P S
Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
Co and Ni Cu Zn Y In As Se
Br Rb Sr Ce and La Zr - -
 LIMITATIONS OF NEWLANDS’ LAW OF OCTAVES
1. The law was applicable to elements upto calcium
(Ca) only
2. It contained only 56 elements. Further it was assumed
by Newlands that only 56 elements existed in nature
and no more elements would be discovered in the
future.
3. The position of cobalt and nickel in the group of the
different elements could not be explained.
4. Placing iron far away from cobalt and nickel, which have
similar properties as iron, could also not be explained.
MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE

FATHER OF
PERIODIC
TABLE
 MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC LAW
“

 Mendeleev arranged elements in horizontal rows

(periods) and vertical columns (groups) of a table in
order of their increasing atomic weights in such a
way that the elements with similar properties
occupied the same vertical column or group .
 MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE IS BASED ON :-

• Mendeleev classified elements in the increasing order

of their atomic masses and similarities in their
properties.

• The formulae of the oxides and hydrides formed by the

elements was also the basis for the classification of
the elements.
 FEATURES OF MENDELEEV’S TABLE

• Mendeleev’s periodic table has 6 horizontal rows called periods and 8

vertical columns called groups.
• The groups 1 to 7 had two sub groups called A sub group and B sub
group. Group 8 had 3 rows of elements with each row with triad of
elements.
• Elements having similar properties were placed in the same groups.
There are some spaces left vacant in the table to accommodate the
elements to be discovered in future.
MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE:-
 MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE :-
• Elements were classified on a more fundamental basis of their atomic masses and
properties.
• Spaces were left vacant to accommodate the elements to be discovered in future and
named these elements as) ,Eka aluminium( Galium ) and Eka Boron(Scandium)
Eka silicon (Germanium)
• It could predict the properties of the elements which helped in the discovery
• of new elements.
• The noble gas elements discovered later could be placed in a separate group without
• disturbing the table.
Defects of Mendeleev’s periodic table :-
• Some elements are not arranged in the increasing
order of their atomic masses. Co(58.93 u) is placed
before Ni (58.71u), andTe(127.60 u) is placed
before I(126.90)etc.
• Position of hydrogen is not clear because it shows
properties similar to metals as well as non metals.
• No separate position of isotopes of elements is
assigned.
 DIFFERENT NAMES OF MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE

• MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

• LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE
• MOSELEY’S TABLE
• BOHR BURRY’S TABLE
Henry Moseley gave a new property of
elements, ‘atomic number’ and this
was adopted as the basis of Modern
Periodic Table’.

Modern Periodic Law: Properties of elements are

a periodic function of their atomic number
Position of elements in Modern Periodic Table:
 The modern periodic table consists of 18 groups and 7
periods

 Elements present in any one group have the same

number of valence electrons. Also, the number of
shells increases as we go down the group.

 Elements present in any one period, contain the same

number of shells. Also, with increase in atomic number
by one unit on moving from left to right, the valence shell
electron increases by one unit.

 Each period marks a new electronic shell getting filled.

 Modern periodic table :-

Periods : Elements of same period have same number of shell.

There are 7 periods of elements as follows :-

 First period has 2 elements H and He

 called very short period.

 Second period has 8 elements Li to Ne called short period.

 Third period has 8 elements Na to Ar called short period.

 Fourth period has 18 elements K to Kr called long period.

 Fifth period has 18 elements Rb to Xe called long period.

 Sixth period has 32 elements Cs to Rn
 called very long period.

 Seventh period has 32 elements from Fr

to atomic number 118 called very long
period.

 14 elements each of the sixth and

seventh periods are placed separately at
the bottom of the table.

 The 14 elements of the sixth period from Ce

to Lu are called Lanthanides.

 The 14 elements of the seventh

 period from Th to Lr are called
Actinides.
ii) Groups :- Elements present in same group have similar properties
because of similar outer most electronic configuration.

 Group 1 (I A ) elements are called alkali metals

because hydroxide of these elements are alkaline
in nature.

 Group 2 (II A) elements are called alkaline earth

metals because these are found in earth crust and
their hydroxides are also alkaline in nature.

 Group15(VA) elements are called pnicogens or

suffocating elements.
Group16(VA) elements are called chalcogenes
or ore forming elements.
Group 17 (VII A) elements are called
halogens or salt forming elements.

Group 18 (0 group) are called noble gases.These are

now not called as inert gas because one of the
noble gas (Xenon)is known to undergo compound
formation.
MERITS OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE:
DEMERITS OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE:
IUPAC NAMING OF
ELEMENTS:
IUPAC NAMES OF ELEMENTS:
IUPAC NAME IS MADE BY PUTTING
SUFFIX ‘ium’
For example: 101 is Unnilunium