GEAR…..

• Power transmission is the movement of energy

from its place of generation to a location where
it is applied to performing useful work

• A gear is a component within a transmission

device that transmits rotational force to another
gear or device
 HISTORY OF GEARS

Primitive gears
Primitive gears are shown in fig. were first used in door drive
Mechanism in temples and caves and water lifting machanism
2600B.C in India and elsewhere.
• German artist Albrecht Durer’s engravings show a vehicle designed for the
Emperor Maximilian I during 15th century. That vehicle was driven by worm
gears on all four wheels. This clearly shows that he knew the concept of
gearing which helped him in sketching them accurately.
 TYPES OF GEARS
1. According to the position of axes of the
shafts.
a. Parallel
1.Spur Gear
2.Helical Gear
3.Rack and Pinion
b. Intersecting
Bevel Gear
c. Non-intersecting and Non-parallel
worm and worm gears
 SPUR GEAR
• Teeth is parallel to axis
of rotation
• Transmit power from
one shaft to another
parallel shaft
• Used in Electric
screwdriver, washing
machine and clothes
dryer, etc.
External and Internal spur Gear…
 Helical Gear
• The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle
to the face of the gear
• This gradual engagement makes helical gears
operate much more smoothly and quietly than
spur gears
 Herringbone gears
• To avoid axial thrust, two
helical gears of opposite
hand can be mounted side
by side, to cancel resulting
thrust forces

• Herringbone gears are

mostly used on heavy
machinery.
 Rack and pinion
• Rack and pinion gears
are used to convert
rotation (From the
pinion) into linear
motion (of the rack)
 Bevel gears
• Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's
rotation needs to be changed
• They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90
degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other
angles as well
• The teeth on bevel gears can be straight or spiral
• marine applications, automobiles, printing presses,
cooling towers, power plants, steel plants, railway
track inspection machines, etc.
Straight and Spiral Bevel Gears
 WORM AND WORM GEAR
• Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are
needed. It is common for worm gears to have
reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater
• Many worm gears have an interesting property that
no other gear set has: the worm can easily turn the
gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm
• Worm gears are used widely in material handling
and transportation machinery, machine tools,
automobiles etc
WORM AND WORM GEAR
Gear Terminology
 Gear Terminology
• Pitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling cylinder
(cone, etc.) that the toothed gear may be considered to replace.
• Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface.
• Addendum circle: It is the circle passing through the tips of
teeth.
• Root (or dedendum) circle: It is the circle passing through
root of teeth.
• Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and
the addendum circle.
• Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and
the root circle.
• Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of one gear
and the addendum of the mating gear.
 Gear Terminology
• Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying outside
the pitch surface.
• Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside the
pitch surface.
• Circular thickness (also called the tooth thickness): The
thickness of the tooth measured on the pitch circle. It is the
length of an arc and not the length of a straight line.
• Tooth space: The width of the tooth space measured on the
pitch circle.
• Backlash: The difference between the circle thickness of one
gear and the tooth space of the mating gear.
• Circular pitch (Pc) : it is the distance measured along the
circumference of the pitch circle from a pint on one tooth to
the corresponding point on the adjacent tooth.

D
Pc
T
 Gear Terminology
• Diametral pitch (Pd): It is the number of teeth per unit length
of the pitch circle diameter in inches.

Where
N
Pd = diametral pitch Pd 
T
T = number of teeth
D = pitch diameter

• Module (m): Pitch diameter divided by number of teeth.

m = D/T
 VELOCITY RATIO OF GEAR DRIVE

d = Diameter of the wheel

N =Speed of the wheel
ω = Angular speed
2 T1 d1
velocity ratio (n) =  
1 T2 d 2
Gear Terminology
 Gear Terminology
• Path of contact:
The locus of the point of contact of two mating teeth from the
beginning of the engagement to the end of the engagement is
known as the path of contact . It is CD in the figure. The pitch
point P is always one point on the path of contact. It can be
subdivided as follows:
• Path of approach:
Portion of the path of contact from the beginning of the
engagement to the pitch point. i.e., length CP.
• Path of recess:
Portion of the path of contact from the pitch point to the end
of engagement, i.e., length PD.
 Gear Terminology
• Arc of contact:
The locus of a point on the pitch circle from the beginning to
the end of the engagement of two mating gear is known as
the arc of contact. In fig., APB or EPF is the arc of contact.
• Arc of Approach:
It is the portion of the arc of contact from the beginning of
the engagement to the pitch point. i.e. length AP or EP.
• Arc of recess:
The portion of the arc of contact from the pitch point to the
end of engagement is the arc of recess. i.e. PB or PF
 Gear Terminology
• Angle of action:(δ)
It is the angle turned by a gear from the beginning of
engagement to the end of engagement of a pair of teeth.
δ = α+β where,
The angle of approach(α) and angle of recess(β)
• Contact ratio:
It is the angle of action divided by the pitch angle.
i.e. Contact ratio = δ/ϒ = α+β/ϒ = arc of contact/circular pitch
As the angle of action is the angle subtended by arc of contact
and the pitch angle is the angle subtended by the circular
pitch at the center of the pitch circle.
 Law of Gearing
The law of gearing states the condition which must be
fulfilled by the gear tooth profiles to maintain a constant
angular velocity ratio between two gears.

For the curved surfaces of the teeth of two gears are to remain
in contact, the relative motion between the surfaces along the
common normal n-n must be zero to avoid separation, or the
penetration of the two teeth into each other.
 Law of Gearing

Thus, if it is desired that the angular velocities of two gears

remain constant, the common normal at the point of contact of
the two teeth should always pass through a fixed point P which
divides the line of centres in the inverse ratio of angular
velocities of two gears.

As seen earlier, P is also the point of contact of two pitch circle

which divides the line of centres in the inverse ratio of the
angular velocities of the two circles and is the pitch point.
 Forms of Teeth
• Two curves of any shape that fulfil the law of gearing
can be used as the profile of teeth. In other words,
any arbitrary shape can be taken and applying the
law of gearing the shape of the other can be
determined. Such gears are said to have conjugate
teeth. However, it will be very difficult to
manufacture such gear and cost will be very high.
Moreover, on wearing , it will be very difficult to
replace them with the available gears. Thus, there
arise a need for standardize gear tooth
 Forms of Teeth

•A property of the hypocycloid is that at any instant, the line joining the
generating point with the point of contact is normal to the hypocycloid.
•A small portion of the epicycloid curve near the pitch circle is used for
the face of the tooth
•Very difficult to produce the accurate profile.
•Arc AD on pitch cicle = Arc CD on circle H
•Similarly, Arc PK on pitch cicle = Arc KJG on circle E or
Arc BK on pitch cicle = Arc KG on circle E
 Meshing of cycloidal teeth

• For proper meshing, it is necessary that the diameter of the circle

generating the face of the tooth is the same as the diameter of the circle
generating the flank of the tooth (on another gear).

• Of course the face and flank of a tooth can be generated by two circles
of different diameters. However, for interchangeability, the faces and flank
of both the teeth in the mesh are generated by the circles of the same
diameter.
 Meshing of cycloidal teeth
• In case of cycloidal teeth, the point of contact
of the two mating gears lie on the generating
circle. Thus, path of contact also lies on the
generating circle.

•Path of approach = Arc a1a2a3P

•Arc of approach = Arc b1b2b3P = Arc C1C2C3P
•But Arc a1a2a3P = Arc b1b2b3P = Arc C1C2C3P

•Therefore, the path of approach is equal to

the arc of approach. In the same way it can be
shown that path of contact will be equal to the
arc of contact.

• The pressure angle varies during the engagement of the tooth.

•Uniform rotary motion will be transmitted only as long as the pitch circle are tangent
to each other. If the center distance between the two pitch circle varies , the point P is
shifted and the speed of the driven gear would vary.
 Involute profile teeth

Ease in standardisation and manufacturing

Low production cost
One cutter is required to manufacture
The cutter is in the form of rack.
The cutter in this form can be made with high degree of accuracy as the
teeth of an involute rack are straight.
 Meshing of Involute profile teeth

• Pressure angle remains constant

•The usual pressure angles are 14.5, 20 and 25 degree.

•Velocity ratio of gears = PB/AP = BF/AE =constant

•The velocity ratio is inversely proportional to the pitch circle diameters as well as
the base circle diameters.
 Meshing of Involute profile teeth

• With the shift in the center of two gears changes the center distance.

• The common normal to the two involutes at the point of contact will be
the new common tangent to the base circle.

• Altering the center distance without destroying the correct tooth action is
an important property of the involute gears.
 Path of contact

CD = CP+PD = (CF-PF)+(DE-PE)

=
The path of approach can be found if the dimensions of the driven
wheel are known. Similarly, the path of recess is known from the
dimensions of the driving wheel.
 Arc of contact
Arc of contact is the distance Time to traverse the arc of approach is ta.
travelled by a point on either pitch
circle of the two wheels during the Arc of approach= PP’
period of contact of a pair of teeth. = tangential velocity of P’ x Time of approach

= ωa r x ta

= ωa (r cosφ) x ta/ cosφ

= (tangential velocity of H)x ta/ cosφ

=Arc HK/cosφ = (Arc FK- Arc FH )/cosφ

= FP-FC/ cosφ = CP/cosφ

Similarly, Arc of recess= PD/ cosφ

Arc of contact = CP/cosφ+ PD/ cosφ

Arc of contact = path of contact/ cosφ

Interference in Involute gears
• At any instant, the portion of the tooth profiles
which are in contact must be involutes so that
the line of action does not deviate.

•Mating of two non-conjugate teeth is known

as interference because the two teeth do not
slide properly.

• To avoid the interference, the limiting value

of the addendum of the wheel is GE where as
that of the pinion is HF and latter is clearly
greater than the former. Thus, if the addenda
of the wheel passes through the limiting point
E on the line of action before the addendum
circle of the pinion passes through the limiting
point F on the same line. Thus, addendum
radius of the wheel decides whether the
interference will occur or not.
Interference between Rack and Pinion
• Engagement of the rack tooth with the pinion
occurs at C. To avoid the interference , the
maximum addendum of the rack can be
increased in such a way that C coincides with
E. Thus, the addendum of the rack must be
less than GE.

• GE=PE sinØ = (rsinØ) sinØ =

•To avoid the interference,

•When ar =1, the minimum number of teeth to

avoid the interference is 17.1 or 18.
 Undercutting