CLASS: GRADE 10

TERM: THIRD
TERM
ICT BASED GADGETS
 OBJECTIVES
 Itemize ICT based gadget
 Operate ICT based gadgets
 POS, ATM, Smartwatch etc.
ICT GADGETS
 ICT GADGETS
Gadgets are tools or machines or instruments that help to do
something.

ICT gadgets or tools are information and communication

equipment. These include computer hardware (i.e. printer, PCs,
network storage/ network devices, scanner etc) technology for
broadcasting voice and sound images i.e. microphone, camera,
loudspeaker, telephone to cellular phone, MP3, MP4, iPod, etc.
the gadgets or devices used in ICT are too numerous and
inexhaustible. Some of these tools are:
 RADIO SET
A radio receiver (commonly also called a radio) is an
electronic device that receives radio waves and converts
the information carried by them to a useable form. It is
used with an antenna. The antenna intercepts radio waves
(electromagnetic waves) and converts them to tiny
alternating currents which are applied to the receiver, and
the receiver extracts the desired information.
 COMPUTER
is an electronic device for storing and processing data. It
is used for transmission of textual and graphical
information.� Computers come in various types. Some
common computer types are: Personal Computer (PCs),
laptops, Ipad.
 FAX MACHINE
stands for facsimile i.e. make an extra copy of something.
It is an electronic device that can send or receive pictures
and texts over a telephone line.
stands for facsimile i.e. make an extra copy of something.
It is an electronic device that can send or receive pictures
and texts over a telephone line.
 FAX MACHINE (FACSIMILE MACHINE)
This transmits texts and graphics messages from one
location to the other; it might be within the country or
outside a country with the use of series of number called
Fax number. It is a combination of a telephone and a
photocopier.
 TELEPHONE
A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device
that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation
when they are too far apart to be heard directly.
 CELL PHONE OR GSM
Cellular or cell phone generally referred to as GSM (Global
System for Mobile Communications, can be used as normal
telephone to make or receive calls and also send and
receive text messages. Latest GSM devices can be used to
take pictures, record and watch videos and accesses
email.
 COMPUTER
A computer is a programmable machine that inputs,
processes and outputs data. A computer system refers to
the computer and all its equipment.
 AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE (ATM)
Automated Teller Machine is also known as automated
banking machine (ABM) or cash machine is a computerized
telecommunication device that provides the client of
financial institution with access to financial transactions
in public space without the need for a cashier, human
clerk or a bank teller
 DISPENSING MACHINE
A dispensing machine is a machine that gives items to
customers automatically, after the customer inserts
currency or credit into the machine.
CLASS: GRADE 10
TERM: THIRD
TERM
BASIC COMPUTER OPERATION
 OBJECTIVES
• Explain booting
• Explain booting process
• Types of booting
• Differences between cold and
warm booting
• Running an application and
Shutting down process
 BOOTING
Booting is the process a computer takes to come up when
freshly switched on.

Booting can also be defined as the initial set of operations

that the computer performs when power is switched on.
 TYPES OF BOOTING

(1) Cold booting

Cold booting is also known as Hard booting.
This is the process of turning the computer
system ON by pressing the power of the
system unit and the monitor.
 TYPES OF BOOTING

(2) Warm booting

Warm booting is also known as Soft booting. This
is the process when the operating system alone is
restarted (without being switched off) after a
system crash or freeze. On PCs, warm booting is
done by pressing the Control, Alt, and Delete keys
simultaneously.
Both types of booting clear out (for the time
being) the bugs, bombs, memory conflicts, and
other idiosyncrasies (peculiarities) of the
operating system.
 Difference between Cold Booting and Warm
Booting
COLD (HARD) BOOTING WARM (SOFT) BOOTING

It involves short cut keys e.g

Use of power-switch is involved
(CTRL+ALT+DEL)

It is done when the system is already

It is done when the system is ON
OFF

CPU stops working CPU continuous running

Memory and BIOS are reset Memory and BIOS are not reset

It is necessary when a program

The computer may not necessarily have
encounters an error from which it cannot
a program error before it is performed
recover
 BOOT SEQUENCE

After it is switched on, a computer's central

processing unit (CPU)has no software in its main
memory, so some process must load software into
memory before it can be executed. This may be
done by hardware or firmware in the CPU, or by a
separate processor in the computer system.
 BOOT SEQUENCE

After it is switched on, a computer's central

processing unit (CPU)has no software in its main
memory, so some process must load software into
memory before it can be executed. This may be
done by hardware or firmware in the CPU, or by a
separate processor in the computer system.
 1. WINDOWS DESKTOP
The Windows desktop is the primary user
interface for Microsoft's Windows operating
system. It is the screen area that appears after a
user logs into Windows, serving as a workspace
where users can interact with various applications
and files.
 COMPONENTS OF WINDOWS DESKTOP
a. Desktop Background (Wallpaper): The image
or color that fills the background of the desktop.
Users can customize this to display personal
photos, solid colors, or system-provided
wallpapers.
 COMPONENTS OF WINDOWS DESKTOP
a. Desktop Background (Wallpaper): The image
or color that fills the background of the desktop.
Users can customize this to display personal
photos, solid colors, or system-provided
wallpapers.
 FEATURES OF WINDOWS
ICONS: This represent the file, program,
webpage etc. It's located on the desktop.

TASKBAR: This is a place below the desk top that

enables Application active on the computer
system

Folder: This is a storage portion on the desktop to

store information created as choice.
 SHUTTING DOWN A COMPUTER
Shutting down (or powering down / powering off)
puts the computer through a process that shuts
down the computer completely. It will not come
back up again without someone powering it back
on.
Steps
 Close all application
 Click the Windows button
 Click the power option button
 Click Shutdown
CLASS: GRADE 10
TERM: THIRD
TERM
Computer Memory Unit
 OBJECTIVES
1. State two types of memory
2. Justify the importance of a
memory
3. Give examples of a primary
memory
2.
What is computer memory?
A memory is just like a human brain. It is
used to store data and instructions.
Computer memory is the storage space in
the computer, where data is to be
processed and instructions required for
processing are stored.
There are two main types of memory,
the are:

1. Primary/main memory

2. Secondary Memory (Storage)

 1.What is main memory?
Main memory also called primary memory holds only those
data and instructions on which the computer is currently
working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when
power is switched off. There are two types of primary
memory

I. Random Access Memory

II. Read Only Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal

memory of the CPU for storing data, program,
and program result. It is a read/write memory
which stores data while the machine is
working. As soon as the machine is switched
off, data is erased.
Characteristics of Random
Access Memory
i. These are semiconductor memories.
ii. It is known as the main memory.
iii. Usually volatile memory.
iv. Data is lost in case power is switched
off.
v. It is the working memory of the
computer.
vi. Faster than secondary memories.
vii. A computer cannot run without the
primary memory.
Types of Random Access Memory (RAM)
a. Static Random Access Memory (SRAM): Transistors are used
in this memory, and constant power flow is needed to keep
it alive. Data remains static in this memory, and hence no
refresh is needed at any point in time. It has a short
read/write cycle, is smaller in size, is more expensive than
dynamic RAM, and is faster in data retrieval and writes, and
hence it is deployed in special applications like cache
memory.

b. Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM): Capacitors are

used in this type, and it tends to lose energy gradually over a
period of time; hence the data is likely to be lost. A periodic
refresh is required to retain the data. It is a high-density
type, cheaper than SRAM but slower than it, larger in size,
and used in main memory mostly.
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory
from which we can only read but cannot write on
it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The
information is stored permanently in such
memories during manufacture. A ROM stores such
instructions that are required to start a computer.
This operation is referred to as BIOS to start up and
bootstrap to load OS. ROM chips are not only used
in the computer but also in other electronic items
like washing machine and microwave oven.
Types of Read Only Memory (ROM)
 a. MROM (MASKED READ ONLY MEMORY):

Definition: These were the very first

ROMs. A type of read-only memory
where the data is permanently written
during the manufacturing process.

Characteristics: Cannot be modified

after manufacturing; used for fixed
firmware.
B. PROM (PROGRAMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY):
 Definition:
A type of read-only memory that
can be programmed once after
manufacturing using a special device.

 Characteristics:
Can be written once and
read many times; used for custom
firmware.
C. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
Definition: A type of PROM that can be erased
by exposing it to ultraviolet light and then
reprogrammed

 Characteristics:
Can be erased and
reprogrammed multiple times; used for
development and updates.
D. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM)
Definition: A type of ROM that can be
electrically erased and reprogrammed.

 Characteristics:Can be erased and

reprogrammed in-circuit without needing
special equipment; used for storing small
amounts of data that need to be updated
frequently.
Characteristics of Read Only
Memory
i. Non-volatile in nature
ii. Cannot be accidentally changed
iii. Cheaper than RAMs
iv. Easy to test
v. More reliable than RAMs
vi. Static and do not require refreshing
vii. Contents are always known and can
be verified
1.
 1.What is a cache memory?
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory
which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between
the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those
parts of data and program which are most frequently used
by the CPU. Cache memory is usually located beside the
CPU.

Cache memory
CPU
 What are the advantages of cache
memory

I. Cache memory is faster than main memory.

II. It consumes less access time as compared to main
memory.
III. It stores the program that can be executed within a
short period of time.
IV. It stores data for temporary use.
What are the disadvantages of
cache memory

I. Cache memory has limited capacity.

II. It is very expensive.
CLASS: GRADE 10
TERM: THIRD
TERM
SECONDARY STORAGE
 SCONDARY STORAGE
Secondary storage device are many. Secondary storage can be
removable, internal, or external and they store and save data
permanently. They are known as non-volatile because data
and information inside them will remain even after the
computer is switched-off.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SCONDARY STORAGE

• Non-Volatile: Retains data even when the power is off.

• High Capacity: Typically offers larger storage capacity
compared to primary storage.
• Persistent Storage: Used for storing operating systems,
software, and user data for long-term use.
• Slower Access Time: Generally has slower read/write
speeds compared to primary storage.
 TYPES OF SCONDARY STORAGE
There are four categories of secondary storage devices, they
are

• Magnetic Storage devices

• Optical Storage devices
• Flash Memory/ Solid storage devices.
• Cloud Storage (Virtual/Online Storage)
 1. Magnetic Storage devices
Magnetic storage devices read and
stores data through magnetic
mechanism, the data is attracted to the
into the storage devices in form of
magnet. Examples of magnetic storage
devices are

Floppy diskette Hard drive Tape cassette/Tape drive

 2.Optical storage Devices
They use lasers and optical lights as its
method of reading and writing data. Examples
are
• CD/DVD ROMs
• Blu-ray disc
• CD-ROM disc
• CD-R and CD-RW disc.
• DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, and DVD+RW disc.

CD/DVD ROM DRIVE, in it we have the laser/optical light.

3. Flash Memory Devices/Solid State
Storage/Solid State Device

These are type of storage devices that store

and retrieve data electronically without any
moving part, and because they don’t have any
moving part they are durable and can perform
faster than other types of storage devices.
Examples are: USB flash drive, SD cards, Solid
State Drive,
4.Cloud storage

Cloud storage is to remotely store data into a remote

server, the computer that is keeping your data is
known as the remote server. In reality everything we
do online such as email, facebook, Whatsapp and
other things that require personal account and login
are likened to cloud storage, this is because all our
personal data and information are being saved in a
remote server (computer) that is being managed by a
trusted service provider. Examples are Google drive,
Microsoft One drive, icloud, Dropbox etc.