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DESIGN, DRAWING & IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY

10 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

projection is defined as an image of an object thrown forward on to a plane by means of straight

lines called visual rays projecting lines/projectors. The figure formed by joining various points
thus obtained on the plane is termed as projection of the object.

2. METHODS OF PROJECTION

(a) Pictorial Projections: The projection in which the description of the object is
completelyunderstood in one view is known as Pictorial Projection. It has advantage of
conveying an immediate impression of the shape of the object, but not its true sizes. Its types
are:
(i) Axonornetric Projection: In this projection, only one view showing all the three dimensions
of an object is drawn on a plane of projection. The orientation of object is kept in such a way
that its three mutually perpendicular edges will remain inclined to the plane of projection. It is
further classified into three types: (1 )isometric (2) Dimetric and (3) Trimetric.
(ii) Oblique Projection: Oblique means slanting. In this, projectors are not perpendicular to the
plane of projection. The front face of the object is plaãed parallel to the plane of projection and
hence front face is shown in its true size and shape.
(iii) Perspective Projection: In perspective projection, the projecting lines or visual rays
converge at a point. Hence it Is also termed as convergent projection. Perspective projections
are not used by engineers for manufacturing,
(b) Orthographic Projection: In Orthographic projection, an object is represented by two or
three views on the mutually perpendicular projection planes.
Isometric projection: It is a pictorial projection in which three dimensions of a solid are not
only shown in one view, but also their dimensions can be measured from it. In this type of
projection, object is inclined and tilted in such a way that all its mutually perpendicular planes
are equally inclined to the observer.
Difference between Isometric View and Isometric Projection
Isometric View: Drawn to actual scale. When lines are drawn parallel to isometric axes, the
true lengths are laid off.

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Isometric Projection: Drawn to isometric scale.

When lines are drawn parallel to isometric axes, the lengths are foreshortened to 0.816 times
the actual lengths.

3. PLANES OF PROJECTION

The planes on which various projections are drawn are called planes of projections. There are
two planes used for orthographic projections and are known as reference planes. These two
planes are at right angle to each other

• Vertical Plane ( V.P.) : The plane, which is in vertical direction, is known as Vertical Plane.
• Horizontal Plane (H.P) :The plane, which is in horizontal direction, is known as horizontal
Plane.
• Profile Plane (P.P.) : Sometimes some features of an object lie on its left or right side. Top
and front views will not be sufficient to show these features in their true shape. In such
cases, the object is projected either on a left or right side plane, known.as profile plane
(P.P.) and the view projected on it is known as profile view or side view.
• Auxiliary Plane: The plane, which is placed at any angle to the reference plane, is known as
Auxiliary Plane.
• .Auxiliary Vertical Plane : The plane, which is placed at right angle to the H.P. and inclined
to V.P at specific angle, is known as Auxiliary Vertical Plane.
• Auxiliary Inclined Plane : The plane, which is placed at right angle to the V.P. and inclined
to H.P. at specific angle, is known as Auxiliary, Inclined Plane.
• Auxiliary View : Projection on an Auxiliary plane is called auxiliary view.

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• Ground Line: The line of intersection oftwo reference planes of projections (the V.P. and
the H.P.) is called Ground Line or Reference Line.
• Front View or Elevation: The projection of the object on the vertical plane is called front view
or elevation.
• . Top View or Plan: The projection of the object on the horizontal plane is called top view or
simply plan.
• Side View or Side Elevation or Profile View: The projection of the object on the Auxiliary
Vertical Plane or profile plane is called Side View or Elevation.
• Four quadrants: When the planes of projections are extended beyond their line of
intersection, they form four quadrants or dihedral angles. These quadrants are numbered
as I, II, III and IV in counter clockwise direction.

4. TYPES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

(a) First Angle Projection: In this projection, the object lies in front of V.P. and above H.P. i.e.,
is placed In the first quadrant. Front View is drawn on the vertical plane. Top View is drawn on
horizontal plane and Side View is drawn on the auxiliary vertical plane. In the first angle
projection, views are placed as follows with respect to the front view.
• The top view is placed below the front view.
• Bottom view is placed above the front view.
• Left side view is placed at right side of the front view.
• Right side view is placed at ‘left side of the front view.
• Back view is placed left or right side of the front view

(b) Third Angie Projection: In this projection, the object lies on the backside of V.P. and below
the H.P i.e., in the third quadrant. Front View is drawn on the vertical plane below the reference

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line, Top View is drawn on horizontal plane and side view is drawn on the auxiliary vertical
plane. In the third angle projection, views are placed as follows with respect to the front view.
• The Top View is placed above the Front View.
• Bottom View is placed below the Front View.
• Left Side View is placed at left side of the Front View.
• Right Side View is placed at right side of the Front View.
• Back View is placed left or right side of the Front View as per convenience.

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