SSC - ENGLISH

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTIONS

One words Denoting Persons
1 Agnostic one who is not sure about God’s existence
2 altruist a lover of mankind
3 amateur one who does a thing for pleasure and not as a profession
4 ambidexterous one who can use either hand with ease
5 anarchist one who is out to destroy all governments, peace and order
6 apostate a person who has changed his faith
7 arbitrator a person appointed by two parties to solve a dispute
8 ascetic one who leads an austere life
9 atheist a person who does not believe in God
10 Bankrupt one who is unable to pay his debts.
11 Bigot one who is filled with excessive enthusiasm in religious matters.
12 Bohemian an unconventional style of living
13 Cacographist one who is bad in spellings
14 cannibal one who feeds on human flesh
15 Carnivorous one who feeds on flesh
16 Chauvinist a person who is blindly devoted to an idea
17 Connoisscur a critical judge of any art and craft
18 Contemporaries persons living at the same time
19 Convalescent one who is recovering health after illness.
20 Coquette a girl /woman who flirts with men
21 Cosmopolitan a person who regards the whole world as his country
22 Cynosure one who is a centre of attraction
23 Cynic one who sneers at the beliefs of others
24 Debonair suave(polished and light hearted person)
25 Demagogue a leader who sways his followers by his oratory
26 Dilettante a dabbler (not serious) in art, science and literature
27 Effeminate a man who is womanish in his habits.
28 egoist a lover of oneself, of one’s advancement

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29 egotist one who often talks of his achievements
30 emigrant a person who leaves his country to settle in another country
31 epicure one who is for pleasure of eating and drinking.
32 fastidious one hard to please (very selective in his habits)
33 fatalist one who believes in fate
34 feminist one who works for the welfare of women
35 Fugitive one who runs away from justice
36 Gourmand a lover of good food
37 gourmet a connoisseur of food
38 Henpecked a husband ruled by his wife
39 Hedonist one who believes that sensual pleasure is the chief good.
40 Heretic one who acts against religion
41 Herbivorous one that lives on herbs
42 Honorary one who holds a post without any salary
43 Highbrow a person considering himself to be superior in culture and intellect
44 Hypochondriac who is over anxious about his health
45 Iconoclast one who is breaker of images and traditions
46 Illiterate one who does not know reading or writing
47 Immigrant a person who comes to a country from his own country for settling.
48 Impregnable that cannot be entered by force
49. Imposter one who pretends to be somebody else
50 Indefatigable one who does not tire easily
51 Introvert one who does not express himself freely
52 Insolvent a person who is unable to pay his debts
53 Itinerant one who jouneys from place to place
54 Invincible one too strong to be defeated
55 Invulnerable one that cannot be harmed / wounded
56 Libertine a person who leads an immoral life
57 Martyr one who dies for a noble cause
58 Mercenary one who does something for the sake of money(bad sense)
59 Misanthrope one who hates mankind
60 Misogamist one who hates the institution of marriage

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61 Misologist one who hates knowledge
62 Namesake a person having the same name as another
63 Narcissist lover of self
64 Novice one who is inexperienced in anything
65 Numismatist one who collects coins
66 Omnivorous one who eats everything
67 Optimist a person who looks at the bright side of thing
68 Orphan one who has lost one’s parents
69 Philanthropist one who loves mankind
70 Philogynist one who works for the welfare of women
71 Polyglot one who speaks many languages
72 Pacifist one who hates war, loves peace
73 Pessimist one who looks at the dark side of life
74 Philanderer one who amuses oneself by love making
75 Philistine one who does not care for art and literature
76 Posthumous a child born after the death of father
or a book published after the death of the author
or an award received after the death of the recepient
77 Philatelist one who collects stamps
78 Pedestrian one who goes on foot
79 Recluse one who lives in seclusion
80 Sadist a person who feels pleasure by hurting others
81 Samaritan one who helpts the needy and the helpless
82 Somnambulist a person who walks in sleep
83 Somniloquist a person who talks in sleep
84 Stoic a person who is indifferent to pain and pleasures of life
85 Swashbuckler a boastful fellow
86 Teetotaller one who does not take any intoxicating drugs
87 Termagant a noisy quarrelsome woman a shrew
88 Truant one who remains absent from duty withour permission
89 Toper/sot one who is a habitual drunkard
90 Uxorious one who extremely fond of one’s wife

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91 Veteran one who has a long experience of any occupation
92 Versatile one who adapts oneself readily to various situations
93 Virtuoso one who is brilliant performer on stage
94 Volunteer one who offers one’s services
95 Verbose a style face of difficult of words

One words Denoting General Objects.

1 Abdication voluntary giving up of throne in favour of someone
2 almanac an annual calendar with position of stars
3 Amphibian animal that live both on land and sea
4 Allegory a story that expresses ideas through symbols
5 Anomaly departure from common rule
6 Aquatic animals that live in water
7 Autobiography the life history of a person written by himself
8 Axiom a statement accepted as true without proof
9 Anonymous bearing no name
10 Belligerent one that is in a war-like mood
11 Biography the life history of a person (written by someother person)
12 Biopsy examination of living tissue
13 Blasphemy an act of speaking against religion
14 Chronology events presented in order of occurrence
15 Conscription compulsory enlistment for military exercise
16 Crusade a religious war
17 Drawn a game that results neither in victory nor in defeat
18 Eatable anything to be eaten
19 Edible fit to be eaten
20 Encyclopaedia a book that contains information on various subjects
21 Ephemeral lasting for a very short ti,e/a day
22 Epilogue a concluding speech/comment at the end of the play
23 Extempore a speech made without preparation
24 Fable a story relating to birds/animals with a moral in the end
25 Facsimile an exact copy of handwriting, printing that causes death

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26 fatal that causes death
27 Fauna the animals of a particular region
28 Flora the flowers of a particular region
29 Fragile that can be easily broken
30 Gregarious animals which live in a flock, used for human beings also
31 Illegible incapable of being practiced
32 Inaccessible a person/place that cannot be easily approached
33 Impracticable Incapable of being practiced
34 Inaudible a sound that cannot be heard
35 Incorrigible incapable of being corrected
36 Inrreparable incapable of being repaired
37 Indelible a mark that cannot be erased
38 Infallible one who is free from all mistakes and failures
39 Inedible not fit to eat
40 Inflammable liable to catch fire easily
41 Inevitable that cannot be avoided
42 Indispensable that cannot be dispensed with, removed
43 Interregnum a period of interval between two regimes and governments
44 Intelligible that can be understood
45 Lunar of the moon
46 Maiden a speech or an attempt made by a person for the first time
47 Mammal an animal that gives milk
48 Manuscript a matter written by hand
49 Nostalgia home sickness, memories of the past
50 Omnipresent one who is present everywhere
51 Omnipotent one who is all powerful
52 Omniscient one who knows all
53 Parable a short story with a moral
54 Parole pledge given by a prisoner for temporary release not to escape
55 Panacea a remedy for all ills
56 Pantheism the belief that God pervades nature
57 Pedantic a style meant to display one’s knowledge

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58 Plagiarism Literacy theft or passing off an author’s original work as one’s own
59 Platonic something spiritual
60 Portable that can be carried in hand
61 potable fit to drink
62 Plebiscite a decision made by public voting
63 Pseudonym an imaginary name assumed by an author
64 Quarantine an act of separation from a person to avoid infection
65 Quarduped an animal with four feet
66 Refrendum general vote of the public to decide a question
67 red-lapism official formality resulting in delay
68 Regalia dress with medals, ribbons worn at official ceremonies
69 Sacrilege violating the sanctity of religious places/objects
70 Sinecure a job with high salary but a little responsibility
71 Soliloquy a speech made when one is alone
72 Soporific a medicine that induces sleep
73 Souvenir a thing kept in memory of an event
74 Swan song the last literacy work of a writer/an artist
75 Solar of the sun
76 Transparent that can be seen through
77 Venial a slight fault that can be forgiven
78 Verbatium repetition of a speech or a writing word for word
79 Utopia an imaginary land with perfect social order
80 Zodiac a diagram showing the path of planets

One word Denoting places

1 Abattoir a place where animals are slaughtered for the market
2 Apiary a place where bees are kept
3 Aquarium a tank for fishes
4 Arena a place for wrestling
5 Arsenal a place for ammunition and weapons
6 Asylum a place for lunatics and political refugees
7 Aviary a place where birds are kept

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8 Archives a place where government records are kept
9 Burrow the dwelling place of an animal underground
10 Cache a place where ammunition is hidden
11 Cage a place for birds
12 Casino a place with gambling tables etc
13 Cemetery a graveyard where the dead are buried
14 Cloakroom a place for luggage at a railway station
15 Convent a residence for nuns
16 Creche a nursery where children of working parents are cared for while their
parents are at work
17 Crematorium a cremation ground where the last funeral rites are performed
18 Decanter an ornamental glass bottle for holding wine or other alcoholic drinks
19 Dormitory the sleeping rooms in a college or public institution
20 Drey a squirrel’s home
21 Elysium a paradise with perfect bliss
22 Gymnasium a place where atheletic exercises are performed
23 Granary a place for storing grain
24 Hangar a place for housing aeroplanes
25 Hive a place for bees
26 Hutch a wooden box with a front of wire for rabbits
27 Infirmary a home for old persons
28 Kennel a house of shelter for a dog
29 Lair/Den the resting place of a wild animal
30 Mint a place where money is coined
31 Menageric a place for wild animals and birds
32 Monastery a residence for monks or priests
33 Morgue a place where dead bodies are kept for identification
34 Mortuary a place where dead bodies are kept for post-mortem
35 Orchard a place where fruit trees are grown
36 Orphanage a place where orphans are housed
37 Pantry a place for provisions etc in the house
38 Portfolio a portable case for holding papers, drawing etc

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39 Reservoir a place where water is collected and stored
40 Resort a place frequented for reasons of pleasure or health
41 Stable a house of shelter for a horse
42 Sty a place where pigs are kept
43 Scullery a place where plates, dishes, pots and other cooking utensils are
washed up
44 Sheath, Scabbard a case in which the blade of a sword is kept
45 Sanatorium a place for the sick to recover health
46 Tannery a place where leather is tanned
47 wardrobe a place for clothes

One words Denoting Professions

1 Anchor a person who presents a radio/television programme
2 Anthropologist one who studies the evolution of mankind
3 Astronaut a person, who travels in spacecraft
4 Calligraphist a person who writes beautiful writing
5 Cartographer one who draws maps
6 Choreographer one who teaches art of dancing
7 Chauffeur one who drives a motor car
8 Compere one who introduces performing artistes on the stage programmes
9 Curator one who is incharge of a museum/ a cricket pitch
10 Florist one who deals in flowers
11 Invigilator one who supervises in the examination hall
12 Laxicographer one who compiles a dictionary
13 Radio Jockey one who presents a radio programme
14 Psephologist one who studies the pattern of voting in elections
15 Sculptor One who gives shape to stone
16 Usurer one who lends money at very high rates.

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One Words Denoting Kinds of Governments
1 Anarchy absence of Government
2 Aristocracy Government by the nobles/lords
3 Autocracy Government by one person
4 Autonomy the right of self-government
5 Bureaucracy Government run by officials
6 Democracy Government by the people
7 Gerontocracy Government by old men
8 Kekistocracy Government by the worst citizen
9 Neocracy Government by the inexperienced persons
10 Ochlocracy Government by mob
11 Oligarchy Government by a few persons
12 Panarchy Government run universally
13 Plutocracy Government by the rich
14 Secular Government not by the laws of religion
15 Monarchy Government by a King/Queen
16 Thearchy Government by the Gods
17 Theocracy Government by the laws of religion

One Words Denoting Killings/Deaths of Persons

1 Cemetery a gravery where the dead are buried
2 Cortege a funeral procession comprising a number of mourners
3 Cremation a place where the last funeral rites are performed
ground/Crematorium
4 Obituary an account in the newspaper about the funeral of the deceased
5 Elegy a poem of Lamentation on the death of someone loved and admired
6 Epitaph words inscribed on the grave/tomb in the memory of the one buried
7 Filicide murder of one’s children
8 Foeticide murder of foetus
9 Fratricide murder of one’s brother
10 Genocide murder of race

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11 Homicide murder of a man/woman
12 Infanticide murder of an infant
13 Matricide murder of one’s mother
14 Parricide murder of one’s parents
15 Patricide murder of one’s father
16 Regicide murder of king or queen
17 Suicide murder of oneself
18 Uxoricide murder of one’s wife
19 Sororicide murder of one’s sister
20 Mortuary a place where dead bodies are kept for postmortem
21 Morgue a place where bodies are kept for identification
22 Postmortem Medical Examination of a dead body

One Words Denoting Marriages

1 Adultery the practice of having extra-marital relations
2 Alimony an allowance paid to wife on divorce
3 Bigamy the Practice of having two wives or husbands at a time
4 Celibacy a state of abstention from marriage
5 Concubinage Live in relationship a man and a woman living without being married
6 Misogamist one who hates marriage
7 Matrimony a state of being married
8 Monogamy the practice of marrying one at a time
9 Polygamy the practice of marrying more than one wife at a time
10 Polyandry the practice of marrying more than one husband at a time
11 Spinister an older woman who is not married

One Words Denoting Time Periods

1 Annual happening once in a year
2 Biennial happening in two years
3 Triennial happening in three years
4 Quadrennial happening in four years

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5 Quinquennial happening in five years
6 Decennial happening in ten years
7 Semicentennial 50th anniversary
8 Centennial 100th anniversary
9 Sesquicentennial 150th anniversary
10 Bicentennial 200th anniversary
11 Trientennial 300th anniversary
12 Tetra centennial 400th anniversary
13 Pentacentennial 500th anniversary
14 Sexagenarian one who is in sixties
15 Septuagenarian one who is in seventies
16 Octagenarian one who is in eighties
17 Nonagenarian one who is in nineties
18 Centenarian one who is hundred yearls old
19 Century a period of hundred years
20 Millennium a period of 1000 years

One Words Denoting Phobias/Mental Disorders

1 Acrophobia high places
2 Aerophobia fear of air
3 Aglophobia of pain
4 Altiphobia of altitude
5 Anorexia fear of getting fat makes young girls stop eating
resulting in harmful effect
6 Agorophobia of public /place open
7 Androphobia of males
8 Autophobia of solitude
9 Bathophobia of depths
10 Biblophobia of books
11 Cacophobia of ugliness

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12 Catrophobia of doctors
13 Cellophobia extreme fear about beauty
14 Chronophobia of time
15 Cynophobia of dogs
16 Claustrophobia of being confined to small place
17 Dipsophobia of thirst
18 Dipsomania morbid compulsion to drink
19 Demonomania delusion of being under evil spirits
20 Entomophobia of insects
21 Ergophobia of work
22 Gamophobia of marriage
23 Genophobia of birth
24 Geraphobia of old age
25 Gnosiophobia of knowledge
26 Graphophobia of writing
27 Gynaephobia of women
28 Haemetophobia of bloods
29 Hedonophobia of pleasure
30 Hodophobia of travel
31 Hydrophobia of water
32 Kleptophobia of stealing/thieves
33 Kleptomania a compulsive desire to steal
34 Lipophobia of getting fat
35 Logophobia of study
36 Logomania mania for talking
37 Maieusiophobia of childbirth
38 Metrophobia of motherhood

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39 Menemophobia of old memories
40 Monophobia of loneliness, of being alone
41 Mysophobia of filth, contamination
42 Magalomania delusion about one’s greatness
43 Nyctophobia of darkness
44 Ophthalmophobia of eyes
45 Ochlophobia of crowd/mobs
46 Paedophobia of children
47 Pathophobia of disease/sickness
48 Peniophobia of poverty/money problem
49 Pharmacophobia of medicine
50 Phasmophobia of ghosts
51 Xeno phobia of foreigners
52 Pyrophobia of fire
53 Thanatophobia of death
54 Scelerophobia of burglars
55 Theophobia of God
56 Toxicophobia of poison
57 Triskaidekaphobia of number thirteen
58 Theomania a delusion that one is God

One Words Denoting young ones

S.NO ADULT YOUNG -ONE S.NO ADULT Young-One
1 Ass foal 2 Bird Nestling
3 Butterfly , moth caterpillar 4 cat kitten
5 Cock Cockerel 6 Cow Calf
7 Cow Heifer 8 Deer Fawn
9 Dog Puppy 10 Duck Duckling

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11 Eagle Eaglet 12 Elephant Calf
13 Fowl Chicken 14 Frog(toad) Tadpole
15 Goat Kid 16 Goose Gosling
17 Hare Leveret 18 Hen Pullet
19 Horse Foal, colt 20 Lion, Bear, Fox Cub
21 Mare Filly 22 Owl Owlet
23 Pig Piglet 24 Sheep Lamb
25 Stallion Colt or Foal 26 Swan Cygnet

One Words Denoting Distinctive Sounds

S.NO ANIMAL SOUND S.NO ANIMAL SOUND
1 Apcs Gibber 2 Arms clang
3 Asses Bray 4 A person in agony Moan
5 Babies Lisp 6 Bees Hum
7 Beetles Drone 8 Bells Jingle/Chime
9 Birds Chirp, warble 10 Brakes Screech
11 Cattle Low 12 Camels Grunt
13 Cats Mew 14 Chains Clank
15 Coins Jingle/tinkle 16 Corks Pop
17 Cocks Crow 18 Crows Crow, caw
19 Deer Bell 20 Dogs Bark
21 Doors Creak/bank 22 Doves Coo
23 Duck Quack 24 Elephants Trumpet
25 Fire Crackle 26 Flies Buzz
27 Frogs Croak 28 Glasses Tinkle
29 Goats Bleat 30 Guns Roar
31 Hens Cackle 32 Hoofs Clatter
33 Horses Neigh 34 Silk Rustle
35 Hyenas Laugh 36 Jackals Howl
37 Larks Sing, warble 38 Leaves Rustle
39 Lions Roar 40 Mice Squeak
41 Monkeys Gibber 42 Nightingales Sing, Warble

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43 Owls Hoot 44 Oxen/cow Low
45 Paper Crinkle 46 Parrots Talk
47 Pigeons Coo 48 Pigs Squeal
49 Ravens Croak 50 Rain Patter
51 Rivers Murmur 52 Serpents Hiss
53 Silk Rustle 54 Teeth Chatter
55 Tigers roar 56 Trees Sigh
57 Water Ripple 58 Whip Crack
59 Wind Whistle 60 Wings Flap

One Words Denoting Diminutives

S.NO WORD DIMINUTIVE S.NO WORD DIMINUTIVE
1 Ankle Anklet 2 Babe Baby
3 Ball Ballet, Bullet 4 Baron Baronet
5 Book Booklet 6 Brace Bracelet
7 Brook Brooklet 8 Car Chariot
9 Cask Casket 10 City Citadel
11 Cigar Cigarette 12 Corn Kernel
13 Crown Coronet 14 Dear Darling
15 Grain Granule 16 Hill Hillock
17 Home Hamlet 18 Ice Icicle
19 Isle Islet 20 Lady purse Reticule
21 Latch Latchet 22 Leaf Leaflet
23 Lock Locket 24 Nest Nestling
25 Nose Nozzle 26 Part Particle
27 Poet Poetaster 28 Pouch Pocket
29 Ring Ringlet 30 River Rivulet
31 Sack Satchel 32 Star Starlet,
Asterisk

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33 Statue Statuette 34 Stream Streamlet
35 Table Tablet 36 Top Tip
37 Tower Turret 38 Umbrella Parasol
39 Weak Weakling

One Words Denoting Science and Arts

1 Acoustics the study of sound
2 Aeronautics The science or art of flight
3 Aesthetics the philosophy of fine arts
4 Agronomy The science of soil management and the production of field crops
5 Alchemy chemistry in ancient times
6 Bibliography the study of history of a list of books on a subject
7 Anatomy the science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body
8 Anthropology the science that deals with the origin, physical and cultural development
of mankind
9 Arboriculture cultivation of trees and vegetables
10 Astrology the ancient art of predicting the course of human destinies with the help
of indications deduced from the position and movement of the heavenly
bodies
11 Bacteriology the study of bacteria
12 Botany the stydy of plants
13 Calligraphy the art of beautiful handwriting
14 Ceramics, pottery the art and technology of making objects from clay etc
15 Chronobiology the study of duration of life
16 Chronology the science of arranging time in periods and ascertaining the dates and
historical order of the past events
17 Chromatics the art of making fireworks
18 Cosmogony the science of the nature of heavenly bodies
19 Cosmosgraphy the science that describes and maps the main features of the universe
20 Cosmology the science of the nature, origin and history of the universe

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21 Cryogenics the science of dealing with the production control and the application of
very low temperatures.
22 Cypher the art of secret writings
23 Cytology the study of cells, especially their formation structure and functions
24 Dactylography the study of finger prints for the purpose of identification
25 Dactylology the technique of communication by signs made with the fingers. It is
generally used by the deal.
26 Demography the study of human population with the help if the records of the
number of births and deaths
27 Ecology the study of the relation of animals and plants to their surroundings,
animate and inanimate
28 Entomology the study of insects
29 Epigraphy the study of inscriptions
30 Ethnology the study of human races
31 Ethology the study of animal behavior
32 Etymology the study of origin and history of words
33 Eugenics the study of production of better offspring by the careful selection of
parents
34 Ergonomy the study of effect of environment on workers
35 Ganealogy the study of family ancestries and histories
36 Genetics the branch of biology dealing with the phenomenon of heredity and the
laws governing it
37 Geology the science that deals with the physical history of the earth
38 Gymnastics the art of performing acrobatics feats
39 Heliotherapy the sun cure
40 Histology the study of tissues
41 Horticulture the cultivation of flowers, fruits , vegetables and ornamental plants
42 Hydropathy the treatment of diseases by the internal and external use of water
43 Hagiology study of the lives of saints
44 Iconography teaching with the aid of pictures and models
45 Iconology the study of symbolic representations
46 Jurisprudence the science of law

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47 Lexicography the writing or compiling of dictionaries
48 Numismatics the study of coins and metals
49 Odontology the scientific study of the teeth
50 Ornithology the study of birds
51 Orthoepy the study of correct pronunciation
52 Pedagogy the art or method of teaching
53 Petrology the study of rocks/crust
54 Philately the collection and study of postage/revenue stamps etc.
55 Philology the study of written records, their authenticity etc
56 Phonetics the study of speech sounds and the production, transmission, reception
57 Physiognomy the study of human face
58 Paleography The study of ancient writings
59 Rhetoric the art of elegant speech or writing
60 Sericulture the raising of silk worms for the production of raw silk
61 Seismology The study of earthquakes and the phenomenon associated with it
62 Spelelogy The study of caves
63 Telepathy communication between minds by some means other than sensory
perception
64 Zoology the study of animal life

One Words Denoting Comparisons

1 As blind as a bat 2 As bitter as gall hemlock
3 As cheerful as a lark 4 As cunning, sly, wily as a fox
5 As fair as a rose 6 As fast as a hare, light, storm, eagle.
7 As firm as a rock 8 As flat as a board or a pancake.
9 As free as air 10 As freesh as a daisy or a rose
11 As grave as a judge. 12 As greedy as a dog or a wolf
13 As gentle as a lamb 14 As hard as a flint or a stone.
15 As harmless as a dove 16 As hungry as a horse or a hunter
17 As light as a fether 18 As merry as a cricket
19 As obstinate as a mule. 20 As pale as death or ghost

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21 As playful as a butterfly or a kitten or a 22 As proud as a peacock
squirrel
23 As slippery as an eel 24 As soft as butter
25 As silent as the dead or stars 26 As tricky as a monkey.
27 As true as steel 28 As wise as a serpent or Solomon
29 As yielding as wax 30 As agile as a cat, monkey
31 As far apart as the poles 32 As black as ebony/coal
33 As blithe as May 34 As boisterous as stormy sea winds
35 As bounteous as nature 36 As brief as time-as a dream
37 As brittle as glass 38 As candid as mirrors
39 As chaste as Minerva 40 As constant as the sun
41 As cool as cucumber 42 As cosy as the nest of bird
43 As dangerous as machine-guns 44 As deceptive as the mirage of the desert
45 As docile as a lamb 46 As fit as a fiddle
47 As fresh as dew, as a sea breeze, rose 48 As grim as death
49 As haggard as spectres, ghosts 50 As harsh as truth
51 As heavy as lead 52 As inconsistent as the moon as the waves
53 As industrious as an ant 54 As inevitable as death/fate
55 As mad as a hatter, as a March hare 56 As mean as a miser
57 As meek as a dove, mouse 58 As nervous as a mouse
59 As resistless as wind 60 As restless as ambition, as the sea
61 As secure as the grave 62 As slow as a snail
63 As solitary as a tomb 64 As talkative as a magpie
65 As transparent as glass 66 As treacherous as memory
67 As vain as a peacock 68 As vigilant as stars
69 As zig/zag as lightning 70 As uncertain as the weather
71 As white as snow 72 As hungry as church mouse
73 As dear as life. 74 As straight as an arrow
75 As impatient as a lover 76 As swift as an arrow
77 As old us hills 78 As cold as marble
79 As charp as razor 80 As busy as a bee

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One Words Denoting Groups (Peple, Animals, Birds and Things)
1 Agenda a list of business matters at a meeting
2 Alliance a state of relationship formed between states, powers, etc
3 Anthology a collection of poems
4 Attendance/Retinue A number of servants, persons present with a person in authority
5 Audience a number of people gathered to listen
6 Band a group of musicians, followers
7 Batch a group of pupils
8 Battery a group of heavy guns
9 Bale a large quantity of cotton tied in a bundle
10 Bench the office of judges or magistrates
11 Bevy a large group of girls/ladies
12 Block a group of houses or buildings bounded by four sides
13 Bouquet a bunch of flowers
14 Brood a family of youngones
15 Brace a pair of pigeons
16 Board decision making body of directors
17 Cache of arms, store house for hiding
18 Caravan a group of people travelling with their vehicles or animals
19 catalogue a list of books
20 Caucus of inner circle of members of government
21 Clique a small group of persons belonging to a body
22 Circle a group of friends
23 Claque a group of applauders i.e. paid to clap
24 Cloud of locusts
25 Cluster a group of islands
26 Code a systematic collection of laws
27 Colony/column a group of people of one race moving in the same direction
28 Constellation a series of stars
29 Chest of drawers
30 Congress a meeting of delegates
31 Convoy a group of trucks/lorries travelling together under protection

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32 Cortege a funeral procession
33 Course A series of lectures or lessons
34 Conference a meeting of preachers, delegates
35 Congregation a group of worshippers
36 Crew of sailors manning ships
37 Drove a flock of cattle(being driven)
38 Flight the action of flying of birds
39 (a)flotilla a small fleet of boats
(b)fleet of ships
40 Galaxy a system of millions of stars, beauties
41 Gallery a room that contains pictures and statues displayed for sale
42 Grove a small orchard of trees
43 Hamlet a group of houses in a village
44 Haul a number of fish(in a net) caught at one time
45 Heap a number of ruins, stones
46 Herd a large group of animals that live together
47 Hive (swarm) of bees
48 Host a large number of people, reasons, considerations
49 Horde of people, robbers
50 Jumple an untidy collection of things
51 Litter of young pigs, dogs at birth
52 Lock a section of hair
53 Order a society of knights, monks living under the same rule
54 Panel a small group of Inspectors, examiners for investigation
55 Poultry a fowls, ducks etc
56 Posse a group of policeman
57 Rosary a string of beads
58 School a group of thinkers or learned men sharing, similar ideas
59 Sea of troubles, difficulties, cares
60 Series a number of similar events, matches, lectures
61 Shoal a large number of fish swimming together
62 Sheaf of corn, wheat

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 63 String a sequence of similar items
64 Stream a continuous flow of people/visitors
65 Suite a set of followers, rooms, furniture
66 Suit a set of clothes made of same fabric
67 Syllabus the topics of studies
68 aSwarm of flies or locusts, bees, ants
69 Truss a framework of rafters, posts and bars
70 Syndicate a group of merchants
71 Team a group of players, horses, oxen
72 Throng a large crowd of people
73 Tissue of lies or crimes
74 Troupe a group of artists, dancers or acrobats
75 Torrent of abusive invectives of rain
76 Tuft of grass, hair
77 Union a political unit containing a number of states
78 Barrage of questions
79 Volley a number of arrows, stones, abuses
80 World of cares, troubles

Exercise
Directions : Out of the four alternatives, choose the one which can be substituted
for the given words/sentences
1. Medicine given to counteract poison.
A)Antibiotic B)Antiseptic C)Antidote D)Antifungal
2. One who hates marriage
A)Misanthrope B)Misogamist C)Misogynist D)Polygamist
3. Thawing snow
A)Sludge B)Slush C)Slosh D)Slash
4. One who specializes in the mathematics of insurance
A)A statistician B)An actuary C)An agent D)Aninrurant
5. Violation of the sanctity of the Church
A)Infringement B)Irreverence C)Sacrilege D)Transgression

22
6. Of one mind or opinion
A)Voluntary B)Referendum C)Homogenous D)Unanimous
7. One Who is always doubting
A)Sceptic B)Deist C)Rationalist D)Positivist
8. A collection of slaves
A)Coffle B)Crew C)Company D)Cortege
9. A professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army
A)Mercenary B)Liquidator C)Venal D)Hireling
10. Not likely to be easily pleased
A)Fastidious B)Infallible C)Fatalist D)Communist
11. The practice of having many wives
A)Bigamy B)Calligraphy C)Polygamy D)Polyandry
12. Take great pleasure
A)Revel B)Satisfied C)Uphold D)Overhaul
13. A strong dislike
A)Reciprocity B)Entreaty C)Animosity D)Malice
14. The Mahabharata is a long poem based on a noble theme
A)Summary B)Narration C)Story D)Epic
15. A person who abstains completely from alcoholic drinks.
A)Teetotaller B)Derelict C)Subjunctive D)Incriminatory
16. Person who files a suit
A)Charger B)Suitor C)Plaintiff D)Accuse
17. To free anything from germs
A)Cauterise B)Sterilise C)Antiseptic D)Antivirus
18. The depository where state records and documents are preserved
A)Museum B)Library C)Emporium D)Archieve
19. A place where birds are kept
A)Aviary B)House C)Aquarium D)Apiary
20. Incapable of making errors.
A)Infallible B)Incorrigible C)Impervious D)Inexplicable
21. Governed by a sense of duty
A)Conscious B)Sensible C)Intelligent D)Conscientious
22. An assembly of worshippers.

23
 A)Congregation B)Conflagration C)Configuration D)Confrontation
23. A person who lives by himself
A)Monk B)Recluse C)Extrovert D)Prophet
24. To reduce to nothing
A)Cull B)Lull C)Null D)Annul
25. An obviously true or hackneyed statement.
A)Truism B)Syllogism C)Iconic D)Imaginism
26. The act of producing beautiful handwriting using a brush or a special pen.
A)Hieroglyphics B)Calligraphy C)Stencilling D)Graphics
27. A person of obscure position who has gained wealth
A)Extravagant B)Promiscuous C)Parvenu D)Sumptuary
28. A study of sounds
A)Semantics B)Stylistics C)Linguistics D)Phonetics
29. Property inherited from one’s father or ancestors.
A)Alimony B)Patrimony C)Voluntary D)Armistice
30. To bite like a rat
A)Chew B)Cut C)Split D)Gnaw
31. A style in which a writer makes display of his knowledge
A)Ornate B)Pedantic C)Artificial D)Showy
32. One who performs daring gymnastic feats
A)Athelete B)Juggler C)Acrobat D)Conjuror
33. Rebellion against lawful authority
A)Mutiny B)Coup C)Revolution D)Dissidence
34. Soldiers who fight on horseback.
A)Infanty B)Artillery C)Cavalry D)Armoured
35. A man who wastes his money on luxury
A)Extempore B)Thrifty C)Extravagant D)Promiscuous
36. A person who is well known in an unfavourable way
A)Notorious B)Obscure C)Conspicuous D)Ethical
37. To write under a different name
A)Anonymous B)Biography C)Pseudonym D)Masquerade
38. Fluent and clear in speech
A)Emotional B)Enthusiastic C)Articulate D)Confident

24
39. Spoken or done without preparation
A)Verbose B)Extempore C)Amateur D)Verbatim
40. Unfair advantages for members of one’s own family
A)Optimism B)Plagiarism C)Nepotism D)Regionalism

Directions : Each of the items in this section has a sentence with a blank space and four words given after the
Sentence. Select whichever word you consider most appropriate for the blank space
1. An eccomplice is a partner in ___
a)business b)crime c)construction d)gambling
2. A person, who pretends to be what he is not is called an _____
a)imbiber b)impresario c)imitator d)imposter
3. His ____ nature would not let him leave his office before 5 pm
a)honest b)selfish c)unscrupulous d)conscientious
4. The committee’s appeal to the people for money _____little response
a)evoked b)provided c)provoked d)prevented
5. Too many skyscrapers ___ the view along the beach.
a)reveal b)construct c)make d)clear
6. Though he has several interim plans, his ____ aim is to become a billionaire
a)absolute b)determined c)only d)ultimate
7. An apartment building in which each apartment is owned separately by the people living in it, but also
Containing shared areas
a)condominium b)multiplex c)duplex d)caravan
8. A group of three powerful people
a)trio b)tritium c)trivet d)triumvirate
9. Operation of the body after death
a)Post-mortem b)obituary c)homage d)mortuary
10. Not allowing the passage of light
a)oblique b)opaque c)optique d)opulent
11. Science regarding principles of classification
a)taxidermy b)taxonomy c)toxicology d)classicology
12. A political leader appealing to popular desires and prejudices
a)dictator b)tyrant c)popularist d)demagogue
13. Enclosed in a small closed space

25
 A)Closophobia B)Clusterophobia c)Claustrophobia d)Litophobia
14. A person who thinks only about himself and not about other’s needs
a)egocentric b)egomaniacal c)egoistic d)egotistic
15. Something that cannot be explained
a)Inexplicable b)unthinkable c)impregnable d)mysterious
16. A written declaration made on oath in the presence of a magistrate.
a)document b)affidavit c)dossier d)voucher
17. A raised place on which offerings to a God are made.
A)Mound B)Rostrum C)Church D)Altar
18. A guide –post pointing out the way for a place
A)Last-post B)Finger –post C)Lamp –post D)Check –post
19. The art of preserving skin of animals, birds, fishes
a)topology b)taxonomy c)seismology d)taxidermy
20. Chanting of magic spells
a)narration b)recitation c)incartation d)utterance
21. A group of three books, films etc that have the same subject or characters.
a)trinity b)trilogy c)trio d)tripod
22. A study of the human race
a)anthropology b)archaeology c)ethnology d)etymology
23. An expert in the area of the fine or other arts.
a)neophyte b)amateur c)connoisseur d)enthusiast
24. Too much official formality
a)Bureaucracy b)Red-tapism c)diplomacy d)autocracy
25. Enclosure for birds
a)Pen b)nest c)lair d)aviary
26. That cannot be conquered
a)invincible b)invulnerable c)intangible d)inevitable
27. Hard to please
a)Loquacious b)stubbom c)fastidious d)Epicurean
28. A person eighty years of age.
a)septogenarian b)nanogenarian c)octogenarian d)sexagenarian
29. An inscription on a tomb
a)Espionage b)epilogue c)epitaph d)elegy

26
30. Felling inside you which tells you what is right and what is wrong
a)cleverness b)conscience c)consciousness d)fear
31. Release of a prisoner from jail on certain terms and condition
a)parole b)parley c)pardon d)acquittal
32. Loss of memory
a)ambrosia b)amnesia c)insomnia d)forgetting
33. To struggle helplessly
a)flounder b)founder c)fumble d)finger
34. Code of diplomatic etiquette and precedence
a)statesmanship b)diplomacy c)Hierarchy d)protocol
35. To renounce a high position of authority or control
a)abduct b)abandon c)abort d)abdicate
36. Not to be moved by entreaty
a)Rigorous b)Negligent c)Inexorable d)despotic
37. An object or portion serving as a sample
a)Specification b)spectre c)spectable d)specimen
38. The practice of submitting a proposal to popular vote.
a)Election b)reference c)popularity d)referendum

SSC – MTS ENGLISH

ARTICLE
 Article is an Adjective or determiner that makes a Noun definite or Indefinite.
 According to uses article can be divided into two parts.
(i) Indefinite Article - (A / An)
(ii) Definite Article - (the)

Indefinite Article :
Consonant sound - (A)
Vowel sound (a,e,i,o,u) - An

Uses:
1. Indefinite Article comes to denote an Indefinite or uncertain Singular Countable Noun.
Ex: A Boy is calling you outside the building.
2. Indefinite Article comes to introduce a Singular Countable Noun in Indefinite way.
Ex: I have a car it runs very well.
3. Many + a/an + S.C.N.+ S.V.
Ex: Many a student is labourious in Patna.
4. Indefinite Article comes to show a unit in the meaning of “Per”

27
 Ex: The banana is ten rupees per dozen.
The banana is ten rupees a dozen
5. Indefinite article comes before “Kind of / sort of / Type of “ To take about an Indefinite Kind.
Ex: Rabies is a kind of disease with dogs.
6. No. of gets Indefinite Article before itself to show large No. of Countable Nouns in the sense of
‘many’
Ex : A no. of students are present in my class.
7. Amount of gets Indefinite Article before itself to show a large quantity of an Uncountable Noun/
Something in the meaning of ‘much’
Ex : An amount of rice is remaining in the kitchen.
An amount of rice was boiled in the kitchen.
8. Great many/ Good many gets Indefinite Article before itself to show a large no. of Countable Nouns.
Ex: A great many students are present in the class.
9. Indefinite Article comes before Great deal of / Good deal of to show a large no. or Quantity of
Something in the meaning of many/ much.
Ex: A great deal of student are present in the class.
10. Indefinite article comes before lot of to show a large no. of or Quantity of something in the
Sense of many/much.
Ex: A lot of students are present in the class.
11. Indefinite Article comes before ‘few/little’ to show a small no. /Quantity of something.
Ex: A few students are absent today.
12. Indefinite article comes to introduce ones of occupation.
Ex: Ram is a singer and I am a dancer.
13. Indefinite article can be use before the name of a person also. If we don’t know anything about
Him or her except the name.
Ex: I meet a Raju in train late he told me that he was a student of science.
Ex : He thinks himself a Dhoni in long hair.
14. A/ AN +Adjective + S.C.N. comes to introduce the noun in Indefinite way.
Ex: This is a new car.
15. What / How /Such +A/An ….. is used to make an Exclamation/ Surprise.
Ex : What a good pen! It is,
What an Idea! Sir, Ji.
16. As/ So / Too / This /That + adjective + a/an ….! Comes to so surprise
Ex: Too bad a road! It is.
17. Some nouns get a/an in their Idiomatic sense.
A – Lie, word, bath, rest, noise, bed, journey, headache, hurry, phone call ……etc
Ex : Don’t tell a lie.
An – Attempt, Effort, Attention, Excuse, ……..etc
Ex : He made an effort to solve the question.
He made an attempt to do the work.

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Definite Article – The

1. Definite Article comes before a definite or certain Noun.

Ex : This pen is running very well.
The pen running is very well.
2. Definite Article comes to makes a Noun definite.
Ex: I know the doctor you are referring to.
3. Definite Article comes before Kind of / short of/ type of to show a definite kind.
Ex : I have never seen the kind of problem in my life.
4. A superlative from gets Definite Article before itself.
Ex : Ram is the smartest boy of my class.
5. A proper Adjective gets Definite Article before itself.
Ex : The American policy is not well.
6. An ordinal Adjective of number gets Definite Article before itself.
Ex: The third Umpire is very honest.
7. Definite Article comes before a Comparative form also to make a Comparison + selection in 1 : 2
Ex : Ram is the taller of Mohan and Sohan.
8. Definite article comes before a comparative form also to show a Reciprocal comparison
Ex : The faster you run, the quicker a reach.
The more he gets, the more he demands.
9. Former and Latter get Definite Article before themselves.
Ex : The former chapter was very easy.
10. If a study subject is possessed by any one gets Definite Article before itself.
Ex : The Physics of H.C.Verma are very difficult.
11. If a place name denotes a team gets Definite Article before itself.
Ex : The India are batting first in this match.
12. Definite Article comes before few/ little to make definite form of few/ little numberor Quantit.
Ex : The few students sitting in my class are very labourious.
The little rice in the kitchen is boiled.
13. Truth gets Definite Article before itself,
Ex: He always spaks the truth.
14. The + Adjective comes to show the entire community of the same Quality.
Ex : The poor are very labourious.
15. Definite articles comes before the Name of a Post.
Ex : The Manager, The P.M., The C.M, …. Etc
16. Number of gets definite article before itself to show a counting.
Ex : The number of students is increasing in my class.
17. Amount of gets Definite Article before itself to show a Quality.
Ex : The amount of rice is very low in the kitchen.
18. Definite Article comes before the Name of sides.
Ex : The East, The West, The North, The south, etc.
19. Definite Article comes before the Name of the part of Universe.
Ex : The Sun, The Moon, The sky,….. etc
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20. The Name of Historical event gets Definite Article before itself.
Ex : The Cargill war, The green revolution, etc.
21. Definite Article comes before the parts of government.
Ex : The Parliament, The judiciary, etc.
22. The Name of a Political party gets Definite article before itself.
Ex : The BJP, The UPA, The Congress, …..etc
23. Definite article comes before the Name of all kingdom family.
Ex: The Mughal , The maurya, The Aryan, …..etc
24. Definite Article comes before the Headline of a writing.
Ex : Write a note in the poverty.
25. Definite Articles comes before the repetition of a Noun in sentence.
Ex : I have a pen, when I saw the pen first time I knew that it would run well.
I have a car but now I want to sell the car.
26. A weather name + season get Definite Article before itself.
Ex : He will come in the winter season.
27. Definite Article comes before the Proper Name of an armed forces.
Ex : The Air force, The BSF, The CRPF, ….etc
28. Definite article comes before the Name of a Musical Instruments.
Ex : The Tabla, The Harmonium, The Drum…..etc
29. Definite article comes the name of a religion, caste or sub-caste.
Ex : The Hindu, The Muslim, The Rajput…..etc
30. Definite Article comes before a Title Name (without proper name)
Ex : The Tiwari is a good singer.
31. Definite Article comes before the Name of a person also if it comes with its Adjective.
Ex: The late Gandhiji the honourable Manmohan singh.

32. Definite Article comes before the Name of a Water containing place.
Ex : The Ganga, The swez, The Chilka……etc
33. Definite Articles comes before the proper name of a Travelling resource.
Ex : The Rajdhani Express, The Indian Airline, The Vikrant….. etc
34. Definite Article comes before the Proper Name of a Mountain Peak series.
Ex : The Himalaya, The Vindhyanchal, ….etc
35. Definite Article comes before the Name of an Island series.
Ex : The Andaman – Nicobar, The Newzekand, etc
36. Definite Article comes before the Name of Deserts.
Ex : The Sahara, The thar, …..etc
37. Definite Article comes before the Name of Epic/book/Magazine…..etc
Ex : The Ramayana, The Mahabharata, The Arabian…..etc
38. Definite Article comes before the proper name of a Printed Article.
Ex : The Hindu, The India Today, The Times of India …..etc
39. Definite Article comes before a Telecasting Program or Broadcasting program
Ex : The Dhoom, The Khani Ghar – Ghar – ki, The Nagraj, The Dhruv…..etc
40. Definite Article comes before the Name of an organization.

30
 Ex : The Red-cross society, The consumer Forum……etc
41. Definite articles comes before the Name of the Parts of Body.
Ex: The Nose, The Eye’s, The Hand…..etc
42. Definite articles comes before the Name of the Unique of the world.
Ex : The Tajmahal, The china wall, The Efill Tower…..etc
43. If a place Name shows its Internal world famous quality by name gets Definite Article before
Itself.
Ex : The Punjab, The USA, The UK, The scott-land, The Nether-land…..etc
44. Meal gets definite Article before itself.
Ex : I have taken the meal
45. Beginning and End gets Definite article before themselves
Ex : The beginning was very artistic.
The End.
Some Examples:
1. Ram is honest.
2. The Ram of the Ramayana was great.
3. Water is colourless.
4. The water of the river is very dirty.
5. Honesty is the best policy.
6.The Honesty of Gandhi is great.

No uses of Article

1. Generally a proper noun does not get article before itself.

Ex : India is a secular country.
2. Generally Article does not come before a Common Noun Plural Number.
Ex : Boys are honest.
3. Generally Article does not come before a Material Noun.
Ex: Water is colourless.
4. Generally an Abstract Noun does not get article before itself.
Ex : Honesty is the best policy.
5. Kind of, sort of and type of….etc stop taking Article if they come just after a “wh- word”
Ex : What kinds of problem have you?
6. If more post than one comes together for the same noun or pronoun don’t get Article except the
First –one.
Ex : Ram Is the Manager, Director and Financer of this company
7. If more superlative form or adjectives comes together for the same noun or pronoun don’t gets
Article except the first one.
Ex : Ram is the tallest, the smartest and the handsome boy of my class.
Ram is the tallest, smartest and handsome boy of my class.
8. Generally Article does not come before the name of a game.
Ex : Foot ball is a nice game.
9. Generally article does not come before the name of language.

31
 Ex : Hindi is a difficult language.
10. A title name stops taking Article if it comes with a proper Name .
Ex : Manoj Tiwari is a good singer.
11. A title name stops taking article if it comes after the word post/Rank.
Ex : The Post of Manager is very honourable.
12. A post name stops taking Article if it comes as the object of an appointing verb. (Select, elect,
Make, decide, appoint, ….etc)
Ex : He was elected Manager for this project.
He was appointed Manager for this project.
13. Article does not come before any one’s fake caste.
Ex : He has become Pandit in red clothing / Dhoti-kurta.
14. Generally society does not get Article before itself.
Ex : We are social animals and live in society.
15. Generally Article does not come before Dinner, Supper, Lunch and Break-fast.
Ex : I have taken lunch.
16. A noun that comes just after a Possessive, Demonstrative, Distributive Adjective stops taking
Article before itself.
Ex : My the car is running well.
My car is running well.
17. Generally a Noun that comes after a Preposition stops taking Article before itself.
Ex: He has come by car.
18. A common noun singular number stops taking article if it works as the adjective of a proper noun.
Ex : King Mahindra, Queen Elizabeth…..etc
19. The name of a Book stops taking article if it comes just after the name of its writer.
Ex : Balmiki’s Ramayana, Premchand, Goddan… etc
20. Generally Article does not come before Heaven, Paradise, and Hell …..etc
Ex : Everyone wants Heaven after death.
21. Generally Article does not come before the name of Weather.
Ex : He will come in winter.
22. Morning, Evening, Day, Night, Sunrise and Sunset don’t get Article before themselves in the come
In broad-sense.
Ex : Evening brings darkness.

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 Nonfinite verb
Infinitive
 An Infinitive is a Verb form that works as a Noun or Pronoun in Sentence
Ex:- To teach is an art.
According to uses Infinitive is divided into two forms.
(i) Full Infinitive - [To + V1]
(ii) Bare Infinitive – [V1]
 Rules & Uses
1) A full Infinitive can be used as the Subject of a Sentence
Ex:- To teach is an art.
Subject
2) A full Infinitive can be used as the Object of a Sentence also.
Ex:- I want to teach
Object
3) A Bare Infinitive can’t be used as the Subject of a Sentence.
4) A Bare Infinitive comes as the Object of a Sentence.
Ex:- (a) He made me laugh. (b) He made me a doctor.
Object Object
5) An Infinitive can’t be changed into Plural Form
Ex:- To teaches is an art. - (wrong)
To teach is an art. - (Right)
6) An Infinitive can’t get Article before itself.
Ex:- The to walk is an exercise. – (Wrong)
To walk is an exercise - (Right)
7) An Infinitive can’t be used just after a Possessive form.
Ex:- My to run is fast. – (wrong)
My running is fast. – (Right)
To run is fast. – (Wrong)
8) An Infinitive can’t be used just after a Preposition
Ex:- I have a pen for to write. – (wrong)
I have a pen for writing - (Right)
9) Noun + Full Infinitive, comes to show the use of Noun.
Ex:- I have a pen to write with.
10) An Ordinal Adjective of Number can get full Infinitive after itself.
Ex:- I am the third to come here.

11) A Superlative form can get full Infinitive after itself.

Ex:- You are the best to do this work.
12) An Indefinite Pronoun can get full Infinitive after itself.
Ex:- (a) There was nobody to help me.
(b) I have nothing to eat.
13) Can/Could/May/Might/Shall/Should/Will/Would/Must + Bare Infinitive.
Ex: I can to do this work. – (Wrong)
I can do this work - (Right)
14) Used/Ought + full Infinitive.
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 Ex:- I used play cricket. – (wrong)
I used to play cricket. – (Right)
15) Be form + able / about/likely + full Infinitive
Ex:- I am able to speak English. – (Right)
I was able to speak English - (Right)
I Shall become able to speak English - (Wrong)
I shall be able to speak English - (Right)
16) Is / was + nothing + but + full Infinitive.
Ex:- There is nothing but dance on the stage. – (wrong)
There is nothing but to dance on the stage. –(Right)
17) Do/Does + nothing + but + Bare Infinitive
Ex:- He does nothing but to play cricket. – (Wrong)
He does nothing but play cricket. – (Right)
18) Too+ Adjective + full Infinitive comes to show one’s inability.
Ex:- He is too weak to walk.
19) Adjective + enough + full Infinitive, comes to show one’s ability.
Ex:- Ram is smart enough to do this work.
20) Wh – word + full Infinitive comes to know the process for an action.
Ex:- He asked me were to go.
21) Allow/Order/Advise/Prohibit/Forbid …..etc + Objective Case + full Infinitive.
Ex:- He allowed me to go there.
22) Remember / Forget + full Infinitive, comes to indicate a future event.
Ex:- Don’t forget to bring my Notebook.
23) Full Infinite comes to show the target of an action.
Ex:- I am going to play cricket.
24) Not comes to qualify an Infinitive in Negative sense, no is not used for it.
Ex:- He advised me to go there. - (wrong)
He advised me not to go there - (Right)
25) Better/had better/had sooner + Bare Infinitive.
Ex:-You had better to die. – (wrong)
You had better die. – (right)
26) And/Or/like/as + Bare Infinitive
Ex:- You have to go and to dance there. – (Wrong)
You have to go and dance there - (Right)
27) A verb of Perception gets Bare Infinitive after itself.
Ex:- I saw him to dance on the stage. – (wrong)
I saw him dance on the stage. – (Right)
28) Please/Kindly/Don’t/Never + Bare Infinitive
Ex:- Please to help me in trouble. – (wrong)
Please help me in trouble. – (Right)
29) Adjective + Preposition + Object + Full Infinitive
Ex:- It is dangerous for you to go there.
30) Know, Explain,Discover, Disclose,Reveal …..etc. + Wh. – Words + full Infinitive.
Ex:- I know to solve the Question.
I Know how to to solve the Question.

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Gerund:
 A Gerund is a Verb form that words as a Noun or Pronoun in Sentence..
 Rules & Uses
1) A Gerund gets Sturcture of ‘V1+ing.
Ex:- Teaching is an art.
2) A Gerund can be used as the Subject or Object of a Sentence.
Ex:- Teaching is an art. I like your teaching.
Subject Object
3) A Gerund can be changed into Plural form.
Ex:- The Paintings of Salman Khan are very costly.
4) A Gerund can get Article before itself.
Ex:-The writing of Mohan is very clear.
5) A Gerund can be used just after a Possessive form.
Ex:- Your running is fast.
6) A Gerund can be used just after a Preposition.
Ex:- I have a pen for to write. – (Wrong)
I have a pen for writing. – (Right)
7) By + Gerund, comes to show the process for an Action.
Ex:- He earns money by working hard.
8) Without + Gerund, comes to ignore a process for an Action.
Ex:- He earns money without working hard.
9) Stop + Gerund, comes if the movement of a Nonliving thing stops.
Ex:- The fan stopped moving.
10) Not, Comes to qualify a Gerund in Negative sense, No is not used for it.
Ex:- He has advised me for no going there. – (Wrong)
He has advised me for not going there. – (Right)
11) Allow/Ordered / Advise / Suggest / Prohibit / Forbid …. Etc. + Possessive Case + Gerund.
Ex:- He allowed my going there - (Wrong)
He allowed me to go. – (Right)
12) Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund
Ex:- He keeps a pen for writing.
13) Seem/Loom/Appear/Tend/Happen + to be + Gerund
Ex:- He seems to be dancing on the stage.
14) Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
Ex:- This pen is good for writing.
15) When / While/before/after/since/along/due to/ owing to/ because of ….etc + Gerund
Ex:- He seems a song while to dance - (wrong)
He seems a song while dancing - (Right)

16) Subject + Auxiliary Verb + V3 + to Gerund.

Ex:- He is addicted to smoking.

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 Participle:
 Participle is a Verb form that works as Adjective in Sentence.
Ex:- (a) A broken Chair. (b) The burning Train.
According to uses Participle can be divided into two parts.
1. Present Participle
2. Past Participle
 Present Participle – If ‘V1 + ing’ works as Adjective in Sentence is called Present Participle
Ex:- (a) A running Boy. (b) The burning Train.
Note: It shows what condition is running with its noun.
 Past Participle – If V3 works as Adjective in Sentence is called Past Participle.
Ex:- (a) A broken Chair. (b) A tired Man
Note: It Shows what condition has happened with its Noun.
 Rules & Uses
1) Generally a Participle comes before a Noun.
2) Very, comes before a Present Participle to stress its fQuality.
Ex:- This is a very Interesting Topic.
3) Much comes before a Past Participle to stress its Quality.
Ex:- It was a much Interested Topic.
4) If present and Past both kinds of Participle come together Past Participle is written first and Present
Participle is later.
Ex:- I have drinking polluted water. – (wrong)
I have polluted drinking water. – (Right)
5) If other kinds of Adjectives come with participle are used before the Participle.
Ex:- I have a broken red chair. – (wrong)
I have a red broken chair. –(Right)
6) If an Adverb comes with Participle is used before the Participle.
Ex:- He is highly qualified Person.
7) Being …….+ S + Verb Being ….. is used to introduce a Person or thing with Quality.
Ex:- Being a student he is very laborious.
8) Noun/Pronoun+Being …..+ Verb.
Ex:- He being a student is very laborious.

36
 SSC – MTS ENGLISH
PARAJUMBLES
Given Below are four jumbled sentences. Out of the given options, pick the one that gives their
Correct order.

1. A. There he brought them up as his own children.

B. He took them away to his hut.
C. He found the two children and the basket.
D. One day an old man came to the jungle.

1. DCBA 2.BDAC 3.BACD 4.DBAC

2. A. This flight takes place on a hot summer day.

B. It has a pair of wings but bites them off after its wedding flight.
C. In the heat, the queen leaves the nest and goes out to meet a drumster up in the air.
D. The queen is the mother of the entire population of a colony.

1.ACBD 2. DBAC 3. BACD 4.CABD

3. A. We found both to be very quiet and subdued.

B. Later when we became good friends, they told us about their trogic loss.
C. The Mahras were newcomers to the neighbourhood
D. My wife and I called an them to ask if they need any help.

1. CDAB 2. BDAC 3. DBAC 4.ACDB

4. A. Her dace had the most extraordinary expression of horror and amusement.
B. My mother looked up in time too see me fall.
C. But I missed and went sprawling across the kitchen floor.
D. My hand reached out to grab the handle of the door that kitchen.

1. ABCD 2. DCBA 3. BDAC 4. CBDA

5. A. Mawsmai Cave is one of the most alluring thourist destinations near Cherrapunji in the northest
Indian state of Meghalaya.
B. Other sections of the cave are off the limits for tourists.
C. The cave is quite big, However, the tourists can visit it up to a distance of 150 metres only.
D. The limestone cave has spellbinding beauty and is that cave which is naturally illuminated to let the
Tourists cherish natural conditions.

1. ABCD 2. DBAC 3. DCAB 4. ADCB

37
6. A. The robber demanded all his valuables or threatened to kill him.
B. But he put up a brave front and challenged the robber.
C. A merchant was confronted by a highway robber.
D. The merchant was scared to death.

1. DABC 2. ADCB 3. BCAD 4. CADB

7. A. As time passed, he grew Jealous of his brother’s fine appearance and gentle manners and at last he
Wished to destroy him.
B. When Orlando’s father, sir Rowland de Boys, died, he left his youngest son to the care of his
Eldest brother oliver.
C. Oliver however proved an unworthy brother and neglected the boy.
D. It was oliver who persuaded his brother to wrestle with the jealous man who had killed so many
Others in days past; and it was brother’s neglect of him that made Orlando say that he wishes.

1. DCBA 2.CDBA 3.BCAD 4.ABCD

8. A. They made fruit mash for me.

B. They extracted 30 worms from my wounds on my legs and arms.
C. But I was unable to eat.
D. They washed me with salt water and bandaged my wounds at putting a lotion on them.

1. DBAC 2. ADBC 3. BDAC 4. BACD

9. A. Some Europeans demand that Europe slam its gates.

B. Today more and more humans are crossing more and more borders in search of a job.
C. Nowhere is it more apparent than in Europe.
D. But others call for opening the gates wider.

1. BCAD 2. BACD 3. ACBD 4. DCBA

10. A. When John was five years old, a circus came to the village
B. John saw the circus people and slipped out of the house.
C. After a long search, his father found him among the trained goats and dogs.
D. It put up its tents in front of the Town Hall.

1. BDAC 2. ABDC 3. BACD 4. ADBC

11. A. Jody reached out one hand and laid it on the soft neck of the fawn.
B. He moved forward on all fours until he was close to it.
C. He put his arms around its body.
D. The touch made him delirious.

1. ADBC 2. BACD 3. BDAC 4. ABDC

38
12. A. On the answer sheet, darken the circle of the correct answer against each question.
B. You must select the best answer for each question.
C. Every question is followed by four answer choices marksfound 4.
D. If you darken more than one circle, the answer will be choose wrong.

1. BACD 2. CBAD 3. DCBA

SSC – MTS ENGLISH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
What is Direct & Indirect Speech?

Direct Speech - Reporting the message of the speaker in exact words as spoken by him
Direct speech example – Rama said, ‘ I am busy now’.
Indirect Speech - Reporting the message of the speaker in our own words.
Indirect Speech example – Rama said that he was very busy then.

Direct and Indirect Speech Rules :

To change a sentence of direct speech into indirect speech there are various factors that are considered
Such as reporting verbs, modals, time, place, pronoun, tense, etc. We will take up app the factors
One by one.

Rule 1 – Direct to Indirect Speech Conversion – Reporting verb

1. When the reporting verb of direct speech is in past tense all the present tenses are changed to
Corresponding past tense in indirect speech.
Direct to Indirect speech example :
Direct : She said, “I am happy”.
Indirect : She said(that) she was happy.
2. In Indirect speech tenses do not change if the words used within the quotes (“ “) talk of a habitual
Action or universal truth.
Direct to Indirect speech example:
Direct : He said, “ We cannot live without air”.
Indirect : He said that we cannot live without air.
3. The tenses of direct speech do not change if the reporting verb is in future tense or present tense:
Direct to Indirect speech example:
Direct : She says / will say, “ She is going”
Indirect : She says /will say she is going.

Rule 2 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech conversion – Present Tense.

1. Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect.
Direct : “ I have been to Boston”, she told me.
Indirect : She told me that she had been to Boston.

2. Present Continuous Changes to Past Continuous.

Direct to Indirect speech example :
Direct : “ I am playing the guitar”, she explained.
Indirect : She explained that she was playing the guitar.
39
3. Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect
Direct to Indirect speech example :
Direct : He said, “she has finished her homework”.
Indirect : He said that she had finished her homework.
4. Simple Present Changes to Simple Past :
Direct to Indirect Speech Example :
Direct : “ I am unwell”., she said.
Indirect : She said that she was unwell.

Rule 3 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Past Tense and Future Tense

1. Simple Past changes to Past Perfect.

Direct to Indirect Speech example :
Direct : She said, “ Irvin arrived on Sunday”.
Indirect : She said that Irvin had arrived on Sunday.

2. Past Continuous changes to Past Perfect Continuous.

Direct to Indirect Speech example :
Direct : “We were playing basketball”, they told me.
Indirect : They told me that they had been playing basketball.

3. Future changes to Present Conditional

Direct to Indirect speech example :
Direct : She said, “ I will be in scotland tomorrow”.
Indirect : She said that she would be in Scotland the next day.

4. Future Continuous changes to Conditional Continuous:

Direct to Indirect speech example :
Direct : He said, “ I will be disposing the old computer next Tuesday”.
Indirect : He said that he would be disposing the old computer next Tuesday.

Rule 4 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Interrogative Sentences.

1. No Conjunction is used, if a sentence in direct speech begins with a question (what /where/when)
As the “question-word” itself acts as a joining clause.
Direct to Indirect speech example :
Direct : “Where do you live?”asked the boy .
Indirect : The boy enquired where I lived.

2. If a direct speech sentence begins with auxiliary verb /helping verb, the joining clause should be if
Or whether.
Direct to Indirect speech example :
Direct : She said, “ Will you come for the party?”
Indirect : She asked whether we would come for the party.

3. Reporting verbs such as “said/said to” changes to enquired, asked, or demanded.

Direct to Indirect speech example :
Direct : He said to me, “What are you wearing?”
Indirect : He asked me what I was wearing.

40
Rule 5 - Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Changes in Modals.

1. While changing direct speech to Indirect speech the modals used in the sentences changes like:
Can becomes could
May becomes might
Must becomes had to / would have to
Examples :
1. Direct : She said, “ She can dance.”
Indirect : She said that she could dance.
2. Direct : She said, “ I may buy a dress.”
Indirect: She said that she might but a dress.
3. Direct : Rama said, “ I must complete the assignment.”
Indirect : Rama said that he had to complete the assignment.

2. There are Modals that do not change like – could, would, Might, Ought to.
Direct Speech to Indirect speech examples :
Direct : She said, “ I should clean the house.”
Indirect : She said that she should clean the house.

Rule 6 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Pronoun

1. The first person in the direct speech changes as per the subject of the speech.
Direct speech to Indirect speech examples :
Direct : He said, “ I am in class Twelfth.”
Indirect : He says that he was in class Twelfth.

2. The second person of direct speech changes as per the object of reporting speech.
Direct speech to Indirect speech examples :
Direct : She says to them ,” You have done your work.”
Indirect : She tells them that they have done their work.

3. The third person of direct speech doesn’t change.

Direct speech to Indirect speech examples :
Direct : He says, “ She dances well”
Indirect : He says that she dances well.

Rule 7 - Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Request, Command, Wish, Exclamation

1. Indirect speech is supported by some verbs like requested, ordered , suggested and advised. Forbid –
Forbade is used for the negative sentences. Therefore, the imperative mood in direct speech
Changes into the Infinitive in Indirect speech.
Direct Speech to Indirect Speech examples:
Direct : She said to her, “ Please complete it”.
Indirect : She requested her to complete it.
Direct : Hamid said to Ramid, “Sit down.”
Indirect : Hamid ordered Ramid to sit down.

2. In Exclamatory sentences that express (grief, sorrow, happiness, applaud ) Interjections are removed

41
 And the sentence is changed to an assertive sentence.
Direct speech to Indirect Speech examples
Direct : She said, “ Alas! I am undone.”
Indirect : She exclaimed sadly that she was broke.

Rule 8 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Punctuations.

1. In direct speech the words actually spoken should be in (“ “ ) quotes and always begin with a
Capital letter.
Example : She said, “ I am the Best.”

2. Full stop, comma, exclamation or question mark, are placed inside the closing inverted commas.
Example : They asked, “ Can we sing with you?”

3. If direct speech comes after the information about who is speaking, comma is used to Introduce
The speech, placed before the first invented comma.
Direct speech example : He shouted, “ Shut up!”
Direct Speech example : “Thinking back,” he said, “ She didn’t expect to win.” (Comma is used to
Separate the two direct speeches and no capital letter to begin the second sentence?

Rule 9 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech conversion – Change of time

1. In direct speeches, the words that express nearness in time or place are changed to words that
Express distance in Indirect speech. Such as :
1. Now becomes then
2. Here becomes there
3. Ago becomes before
4. Thus becomes so
5. Today becomes that day
6. Tomorrow becomes the next day
7. This becomes that
8. Yesterday becomes the day before.
9. These becomes those
10. Hither becomes thither
11. Come becomes go
12. Hence becomes thence
13. Next week or month becomes following week/month

Direct speech to Indirect speech example :

Direct : He said, “ His girlfriend came yesterday.”
Indirect : He said that his girlfriend had come the day before.

2. The time expression does not change if the reporting verb is in present tense or future tense.

Rules for converting Indirect Speech into Direct Speech

The following rules should be followed while converting an Indirect speech to Direct Speech:
1. Use the reporting verb such as (say, said to) in its correct tense.
2. Put a comma before the statement and the first letter of the statement should be in capital letter.

42
3. Insert question mark, quotation marks, exclamation mark and full stop, based on the mood of the
Sentence.
4. Remove the conjunctions like (that, to, if or whether)wherever necessary.
5. Where the reporting verb is in past tense in Indirect, change it to present tense in the direct speech.
6. Change the past perfect tense either into present perfect tense or past tense as necessary.

Examples :

Indirect : She asked whether she was coming to the prom night.
Direct : She said to her, “ Are you coming to the prom night?”
Indirect : The girl said that she was happy with her result.
Direct : The girl said, “ I am happy with my result.”

Conjunction
Conjunction is a joining word it joints two words, Phrases or Sentences together.
Ex : Ram and Shyam are very labourious.
According to uses Conjunction can be divided into three parts.
1. Co – Ordinating Conunction
2. Sub – Ordinating Conjunction
3. Co – Relative Conjunction

Co – Ordinating Conjunction - A Conjnction that joints two same kinds of parts of speech or sentences
Is called Co – Ordinating Conjunction
Ex : And, Or, As well as, But, Yet …..etc
Ex : Ram and Ravan were great

Sub – Ordinating Conjunction – A conjunction that joints two different kinds of parts of Speech or
Sentences is called Sub – Ordinating Conjunction”.
Ex : That, if, whether, Unless, Until……etc
Ex : Ram said that he would buy a new car
Main clause Conjunction Sub – Ordinate clause

Co – Relative Conjunction – A conjunction that comes in pair to join two same kinds of Parts of speech
Or sentences is called Sub Ordinating conjunction.
Ex: Either…….or, Neither……nor, Not only…..But also……etc
Ex : He can neither sing nor dance
Conjunction V1 Conjunction V1

Uses of Conjunction
1. Since / Because

Since
It shows the reason for an action
It comes in the beginning of sentence
It get structure - Reason + Result
Ex: Since he was late he could not attend the
class
Because
It also shows the reason for an Action
It comes amid the sentence
It gets structure – Result + Reason
Ex : He could not attend the class because he
was late

43
2. When / While

When While

It comes to show condition for the Actions that It comes to show condition for the actions that
run in different run simulataneously
Ex : You will go, when he comes Ex: She was dancing, While I

3. But / Yet

But Yet

It comes to show opposition between two It comes to show opposition between two
Nouns, Pronouns, Adjective and Adverb verbs

Ex : Ram is dancer, But Sita is a Singer Ex: He earns much yet does not spend

4. As soon as
1. It comes in Affirmative sense.
2. It can be used with any kind of Tenses.
3.It gets Affirmative Structure after itself.

Ex : As soon as I reached there they called me on the stage

5. No sooner…..than

1. It comes in Negative sense.

2. It comes in only Past Tense
3. It gets Interrogative Structure after itself.

Ex : No sooner did I reach there than they called me on the stage.

6. If / Whether :

If Whether

As conjunction it comes to arise Question As Conjunction it also comes to arise Question

It arises a doubt full Question It can be used for any kind of Question.

44
 Ex : He asked me, if I go to Delhi. Ex : He asked me whether I do this work.

It comes to show conditions It comes to show dilemma

Ex : If he comes you will go Ex : I don’t know whether he will go or stay
today

7. As / Like :
As Like
It comes to show – It also comes to show
“Semblance + Connection” “Semblance + Connection”
As + Subjective case Like + Objective case
As + Subjective case + verb, finishes a sentence Like + Objective case can finish a sentence
Ex : He is speaking as I speak Ex : He is speaking like me
Note – As + Like, can be used. Note - Like + as, can’t be used
Ex : He is singing as like me.
8. Due to / In order to

Due to
It comes to show the reason for an Action.
Generally it comes amid the sentence
It gets a noun / Pronoun or Gerund after itself
Ex : He was chided due to coming late
Owing to coming late he was childed in the
class
In order to
It comes to show the target of an Action
It can be used either in the beginning of sentence
or amid the sentence.
It gets V1 after itself.
I am going to Delhi in order to get a Job.

And – It comes to joint two Parties having the same Importance.

Ex : Ram and Ravan were great.
As well as – It comes to Joint two parties having different Importance.
Ex : Ram as well as Ravan was great.
Or – It comes to select either of the given two options.
Ex : Do or die.

9. Unless / Until

Unless Untill
Its condition depends on another Action Its condition depends on the Period of an Action.
It comes in Negative Sense It also comes in Negative sense

Ex : You will not pass unless you study.

You will not go until he comes.

45
10. As long as / Till

As long as Till

Its condition depends on the period of an Its Action depends on a certain time
another action

You can stay here as long as I am here You can stay here till Monday

CASE
Case : Case shows the Position of a Noun or Pronoun is Sentence.
A noun or Pronoun can be used in three cases in a sentence.
In the form of subject - Subjective case
In the form of Object - Objective case
To make Possession - Possessive case

Rules and uses:

 Generally all the three cases of a pronoun are used in the self made form.

Subjective Posessive Objective

I My / Mine Me
We Our / Ours Us

 The subjective and the objective form of a Noun are used in the same structure.
Ex : (a) Mohan helped Sohan (b) Sohan helped Mohan
Subject Object Subject Object
 The possessive form of a Noun is made by using following two rules.
(a) With the help of (S)
(b) With the help of (of)

Note : In following conditions “of” comes with human being also.

(a) If ‘the + Adj.’ shows the entire community gets ‘of’ to make Possession not’s despite being human
Being.
Ex : The life of the Poor is very critical.
(b) To avoid the sequel of’s with human being.
Ex : The car of Mohan’s brother is running well.
(c) Two make relation of human being not Possession.
Ex : The statue of M.K.Gandhi is broken.
(d) To make a proper arrangement of Relative Pronoun.
Ex : I like the Performance of Dhoni, who is a great player.

46
Note : In following conditions “s” can be used with non-living thing also.

(a) To make Possession of a place name.

Ex : India’s economic condition is very well.
(b) If a non-living thing is naturally very-very large.
Ex : Sun’s rays, Ocean’s roar, Earth’s quake…..etc
(c)If a Neuter gender is exaggerated and used likem human being.
Ex : Death’s hand, Court’s order, Jungle’s rule…..etc
(d) If a non-living thing is used as a measurement.
Ex : One day’s Match, Ten day’s Leave, Five kilo’s Weight…..etc
(e) With some Idioms and Phrases
Ex : Wit’s end, Cat’s paw, Pen’s evil, At stone’s throw, Needle’s eye, Love’s labor’s lost.

 Subjective case + Verb.

Ex : Ram, Shyam and I play cricket in the morning.
 Verb + Objective case.
Ex : He helped Mohan, Sohan and me in trouble.
 Possessive Case + V1 + ing.
Ex : Your running is fast.
 Preposition + Objective Case.
Ex : He has given money for Mohan, Sohan and me.
 Let + Objective case.
Ex : Let Mohan, Sohan and me play cricket.
 It + is / was + Subjective case .
Ex : It is I who can do this work.
 If +S + were + Subjective case – (Imagination)
Ex : If he were I, he would not take this step.
 As ……..as + Subjective case / Positive Degree.
Ex : Ram is as smart as I.
 My, Our, Your, Their, His, Her…..etc is Possessive Adjectives that are used before a Noun to
Make possession.
Ex : My car is red
This is my car
 Mine, Ours, Yours, Theirs, Hers, etc are Possessive Pronouns that can be used as the Subject or
Object of a Sentence.
Ex : This pen is mine.
Mine is blue and yours is black.
 Comparison is made in the same cases :
(a)A subjective Case is compared to a Subjective form
Ex : He is taller than I.
(b)A possessive Case is compared to a Possessive form.
Ex : My car is better than yours.
(c)An objective case is compared to an Objective form.
Ex : My mother loves him more than me.
(d)A comparative form ending with “or” makes comparison Subjective case with Objective form
Ex: He is Senior to me.
47
 A compound Noun with Hyphen that’s any one part is Preposition gets ‘s’ with part that is after
The preposition.
Ex : His father’s-in-law’s car is running well.
 If two or more than two persons show their combined Possession over something use ‘s’ with
Only the last one.
Ex : Mukesh Ambani and Anil Ambani’s father was a great businessman,
 If two or more than two persons show their separate Possession over something use ‘s’ with
Each and every Noun.
Ex : Mukesh Ambani’s and Anil Ambani’s Companies are running well.
 Each other gets’s to make a Reciprocal Possession between two Parties.
Ex : Mohan and Sohan help each other’s family in trouble.
 One another get’s to make a Reciprical Possession among more than two parties.
Ex : Ram, Shyam, Mohan and Sohan help one another’s family in trouble.
 A Name + Post gets “s” with the Post.
Ex : ManMohan Singh the Prime Minister’s policy is not good.
 A post + Name gets “s” with the Name.
Ex : The Prime Minister ManMohan Singh’s policy is not well.
 An Indefinite Pronoun ending with “one /Body” +else, get “s” with the elase to make Possession.
Ex : This is some – body else’s mistake not mine.
 Your gets’s despite being in Possessive form if it comes before “sake”
Ex : I can do anything for yours sake.
 A plural Countable Noun ending with “s” gets to make Possession not ‘s/
Ex : Boy’s Hostel, Girl’s Hostel, Doctors’ meeting…..etc
 A plural form of Noun not ending with “s” gets ‘s to make Possession.
Ex : Men’s Parlor, Women’s College, Children’s Park…..etc
 A noun that’s last letter is Pronounced hissing ‘Sh’ gets to make Possession.
Ex : Ganesh’ Papa
 God , Honesty, Heaven , Mercy…..etc gets ‘s’ if they come before sake.
Ex : Please, don’t disturb me for God’s sake.
 Justice, Conscience, Goodness, Intelligence …..etc, get if they come before sake.
Ex: I can do anything for Justice’s sake.
 An Abbreviation gets ‘s with its last letter to make Possession.
Ex : M.P’s Election, U.P.A.’s meeting …….etc
 A Natural rule or event gets neither ‘s nor to make Possession.
Ex : Summer Vacation, Winter Season …..etc
 If gets ‘s to show Possession not ‘s .
Ex : The pen is lying on its place.

48
 Degree
 Degree is the measurement of a quality.
 A quality can be measured into three Degrees.
 Positive Degree
 Comparative Degree
 Superlative Degree
 Positive Degree : If a quality is shown in simple way is called in Positive Degree.
Ex : Ram is a smart Boy.
 Comparative Degree : If a quality makes comparison is called in Comparative Degree.
Ex : Ram is smarter than Shyam
 Superlative Degree: If a quality shows its highest or lowest quantity is called in Superlative Degree.
Ex : Ram is the smartest boy of my class.

Rules & Uses :

1. Generally a Positive form becomes Comparative, Adding “er” and Superlative adding “est” after itself.

Positive Comparative Superlative

smart smarter than the smartest
Young Younger than The youngest
Long Longer than the Longest

2. A positive form ending with “e” becomes Comparative adding “r” and Superlative adding “st”

Positve Comparative Superlative

Large Larger than The Largest
Fine Finer than The finest

3. A positive form ending with “y” and a vowel comes before the ‘y’ becomes Comparative adding “er”
And Superlative adding “est” after itself.

Positive Comparative Superlative

Grey Greyer than the Greyest
Gay Gayer than the Gayest

4. A positive form ending with “y” and a consonant comes before the “y” becomes comparative
Replacing “y” be “ier” and Superlative by “iest”

Positive Comparative Superlative

Dirty Dirtier than The dirtiest
heavy Heavier than The heaviest
busy Busier than the Busiest

5. A positive form that is very small in shape and gets ending with a consonant letter, that is stressed

49
 In pronunciation makes double of its last letter before changing Comparative and Superlative form.

Positive Comparative Superlative

Big Bigger than the Biggest
Thin Thinner than The thinnest
Fat Fatter than The fattest

6. A Positive form having more than two syllables changes its Degree with the help of more and most.

Positive Comparative Superlative

beautiful More beautiful than the most beautiful
Handsome more handsome than the most handsome
Intelligent More intelligent than the most intelligent
Stupid More student than the most stupid

7. Some Adjective changes their Degree in different ways.

Positive Comparative Superlative

Good better than the best
Bad worse than The worst
Well better than the best
Much More than the most
Many more than the most
Little less than the least
Far Farther than the farthest

8. A compound form of Adjective changes Degree of its real Adjective part.

Positive Comparative Superlative

Well - known Better known than the best – known
Bad - minded worse minded than the worst minded
Able - Bodied abler bodied than the able – bodied
Cruel - minded More cruel –minded than the most cruel – minded

9. Very comes before a Positive form to stress its quality.

Ex : Ram is very smart boy.
10. Enough comes after a Positive form to stress its quality.
Ex : Ram is smart enough to do this work.
11. Much / Far comes before a Comparative form to stress its quality.
Ex : Ram is much smarter than Shyam.
12. Among can be used after a Superlative form to show its criteria.
Ex: Ram is a smarter than Shyam.
50
13. Generally Preposition than comes after a Comparative form to make comparison.
Ex : Senior to, Junior to, Superior to, Inferior to……etc
Ram is senior to shyam.
My Problem is major than yours.
14. If we make Comparison + selection in “1:2” use preposition of after the Comparative form.
Ex : Ram is taller of Mohan and Sohan.

15. Prefer Preferable and elder get Preposition “to” in comparison.

Ex : I prefer Mumbai

SSC – MTS ENGLISH

SENTENCE IMPROVEMENT

1. Greyhounds do not make good watchdogs / but they are/ very gentle with children / No improvement

2. There was a heated discussion ____ two members of the club.

a)in b)between c)of d)among

3. Too close to call

a)Huddled together b)very close to heart
c)A very narrow margin d)winning a competition

4. Pallavi was relaxing / in the beach/ at this time yesterday/ No improvement

5. The travel agent / is making the assignments/ from my tripes/ No improvement

6. The ISRO team is working round the clock to ______ chandrayan -2.
a)Introduce b)steer c)Navigate d)launch

7. The diamond necklace is too ____ for me.

a)Insufficient b)extravagant c)austere d)luscious

8. The meeting will start/ when the manager / is arriving/ No improvement

9. After the match/ every player of the team / went back to its house/ No improvement

10. The Student asked the teacher if he can come in

a)could come b)will come c)can come d)no improvement

11. Megha is attending a teacher’s _____ in London

a)connection b)combination c)connotation d)convention

12. The recently announcement / about various government schemes / impacted the society positively/
No error

51
13. Manish has not been attending the class for last month
a)since last b)from last c)Throughout later d)no improvement

14. Surendra tries to ___- his opponents in all the matches.

a)Intimidate b)Impersonate c)Intimate d)Initiate

15. Sports other then cricket / should also be given / their due importance in India./ No error

16. My brother brought / a few rice while/ coming from the market/ no error.

17. When the little girl loses her doll, she began to cry
a)no improvement b)loss her doll c)lost her doll d)losing her doll

18. He is a descendant ____ the Mughal royalty

a)of b)in c)for d)to

19. Pallavi is / the cleverest / of the two sisters/ No error

20. Only me can solve the problem

a)only me could b)only I can c)me can only d)no improvement

21. He ____ done it.

a)should had not b)should have been c)should not had d)shouldn’t have

22. Either of the / two books /will met my requirement

23. Mr. Kansal has been living in Delhi since 10 years.

a)no improvement b)until c)for d)from

24. He made multiple attempts at securing a government job

a)through b)in c)for d)no improvement

25. The 91 year old lady/have been a fan / of cricket for decades / no error

26. She had a bandage _____ around her singer

a)covered b)bound c)wrapped d)twisted

27. It is danger to cross the road unmindfully

a)dangerous b)full of dangerous c)no improvement
28. It would take up / few of my time to explain/ to you the whole case/ No error
29. Your answer book will be ____ by a computer
30. He is addicted to alcohol and exerts a bad influence ____ his family
a)on b)for c)about d)in

52
 IDIOMS AND PHRASES
Idioms and Phrases form an important part of the English section of various competitive exams such as
SSC exams, RRB exams, Bank exams and other Government exams. Candidates can easily fetch a good
score in the English section if they are aware of important idioms and phrases, along with their
meanings.

Idioms & Phrases Meanings

Rank and File Ordinary People

By fits and starts In short periods, not regularly

A wee bit A little

Out of the wood Free from difficulties and dangers

Under his thumb Under his control

At one’s wits end In a state where one does not know what to do

Between the devil and the

Between two dangers
deep sea
Burn the midnight oil Work or study hard

Call a spade a spade Speak frankly and directly

Come off with flying colors Be highly successful

Hoping against hope Without hope

Hit the nail on the head Do or say the exact thing

An axe to grind A personal interest in the matter

To get rid of Dispose of

At daggers drawn Bitterly hostile

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 To play ducks and drakes To act foolishly or inconsistently

To take the bull by the

To tackle a problem in a bold and direct fashion
horns
Rain cats and dogs Rain heavily

To move heaven and earth To make a supreme effort

No avail Without any result

Bark up the wrong tree Accuse or denounce the wrong person

Keep one at bay Keep one at a distance

Make a clean breast of it Confess – especially when a person has done a wrong thing

Have a card up one’s sleeve Have a secret plan in reserve

Like a cat on hot bricks Very nervous

Cat and dog life Life full of quarrels

Cock and bull story Made up story that one should not believe

Cry for the moon Ask for the impossible

The pros and cons The various aspects of a matter in detail

Be in a tight corner In a very difficult situation

Cross one’s t’s and dot Be precise, careful and one’s i’s exact

At arm’s length To keep at a distance

Out of the question Impossible

Out of the way Strange

Show a clean pair of heals Run away

Keep one’s fingers crossed The anxiety in which you hope that nothing will upset your plans

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 In the nick of time Just at the last moment

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 Sitting on the fence Hesitate between two decisions

Spread like wild fire Spread quickly

The gift of the gab Talent for speaking

By hook or by crook By fair or foul means

Feather one’s own nest Make money unfairly

Throw out of gear Disturb the work

Take to one’s heels Run away

Tooth and nail With all one’s power

Die in harness Die while in service

Take a leaf out of one’s

Imitate one
book
Leave no stone unturned Use all available means

A man of straw A man of no substance

Read between the lines Understand the hidden meaning

In cold blood Deliberately and without emotion

A thorn in the flesh A constant source of annoyance

Smell a rat Suspect something foul

Harp on the same string Dwell on the same subject

Bury the hatchet End the quarrel and make peace

Leave one in the lurch Desert one in difficulties; leave one in a helpless condition

Like a fish out of water In a strange situation

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 At one’s beck and call Under his control

To make both ends meet To live within one’s income

In hot water In trouble

Nip in the bud Destroy in the early stage

Stick to one’s guns Remain faithful to the cause

To eat humble pie To apologize humbly and to yield under humiliating circumstances

In high spirits Very happy

Put the cart before the

Put or do things in the wrong order
horse
To all names To abuse

On tenterhooks In a state of suspense and anxiety

Wash one’s dirty linen Discuss unpleasant in public-private matters before strangers

To bell the cat To face the risk

A hard nut to crack A difficult problem

Let the cat out of the bag Reveal a secret

A big gun An important person

Kill two birds with one stone To achieve two results with one effort

Take one to task Rebuke

Gain ground Become Popular

To blow one’s own To praise one’s own trumpet achievement

A bosom friend A very close friend

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 A brown study Dreaming

Turn a deaf ear Disregard / ignore what one says

A close shave Narrow escape

Turn over a new leaf Change for the better

Make up one’s mind Decide

In the long run Eventually; ultimately

Bring to light Disclose

Pay off old scores Take revenge

Hard and fast rules Strict rules

At the eleventh hour At the last moment

To cut a sorry figure To make a poor show

With a high hand Oppressively

Burn one’s fingers Get into trouble by interfering in other’s affairs

Laugh one’s head off Laugh heartily

Chew the cud Ponder over something

Play second fiddle Take an unimportant part

Above board Honest and open

Through thick and thin Under all conditions

Put a spoke in one’s wheel To upset one’s plans

At sixes and sevens In a disordered/disorganized manner, chaotic

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 At home Comfortable

Alpha and omega The beginning and the end

At sea Confused and lost

By leaps and bounds Rapidly

To burn one’s boats Go back on a decision

To beat about the bush Talk irrelevantly

To burn candle at both ends To waste lavishly

A bone of contention A source of quarrel

Add fuel to the fire To aggravate the situation

An acid test A critical test

At a snail’s pace Very slowly

A bolt from the blue Something unexpected

To build castles in the air Make imaginary schemes

Once in a blue moon Something that happens very rarely

Beating around the bush Avoiding the main topic

Cry over spilled milk Complaining about a loss or failure from the past

Chip on your shoulder When someone is upset about something that happened a while ago

Piece of cake Something that is easy to understand or do

Golden handshake A big sum of money given to a person when he/she leaves a company
or retires
Spill the beans To disclose a secret

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 Blessing in disguise Something good and useful that did not initially seem that way

Mean business Being Serious or Dedicated

Come hell or high water Possible obstacles in your path

Apple of one’s eye Being cherished

Bite off more than you can

Not able to complete a task due to lack of ability
chew
The best of both worlds The benefits of widely differing situations, enjoyed at the same time

Feeling a bit under the Feeling slightly ill

weather
Icing on the cake Something that turns good into great

Cost an arm and a leg Be very expensive

Jump the bandwagon To join a popular activity or trend

Ball is in your court When it is up to you to make the next decision or step

To be in the doldrums To be in low spirits

To sit on the fence To remain neutral

Break the ice To initiate a social conversation or interaction

Hear it on grapevine To hear rumors about something or someone

Can’t judge a book by its

Cannot judge something primarily on appearance
cover
It takes two to tango Actions or communications need more than one person

Black and blue Full of Bruises

Be on cloud nine Be very happy

Last straw The final problem in a series of problems

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 A bird’s eye view A view from a very high place that allows you to see a very large area

A litmus Test A method that helps to know if something is correct

At the drop of a hat Willingness to do something instantly

Afraid of one’s own shadow To become easily frightened

A house of cards A poor plan

Fool’s paradise False sense of happiness

Get a raw deal To not be treated as well as other people

Give cold shoulder To ignore

Hand to mouth Live on only basic necessities

Make a face To show dislike or disappointment through facial expressions

It’s Greek to me Something that is not understandable

To pour oil on troubled

To make peace
waters
Don’t put all your eggs in
Do not put all your resources in one basket (in one place or thing)
one basket
To put in a nutshell To say in a few words or to make something concise

Back out To withdraw from a promise or contract

Blow up To explode

Back Up To support and sustain

Back Upon To be relevant

Break Down Failure in something

Break off To end or discontinue

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 Break Up To disperse / dissolve

Bring up To rear

Call forth To provoke

Call out To shout

Call upon To order

Carry on To continue

Cast away To throw aside

Catch up with To overtake

Come off To take place

Cry Down To make little of

Cry out against To complain loudly against

Cut out Designed for

Drop in To Visit Casually

Drop out To fall

Fall back To Recede; To Retreat

Fall down From a higher position to a lower one

Fall off To Withdraw; To Drop Off

Fall under To come under

Get along To Prosper; To Progress; To Proceed

Get on with To Live Pleasantly Together; To Progress

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 Get into To be involved in

Give in To Surrender; To Yield

Give over Not to do any longer

Go after To Follow; To Pursue

Go Down To be accepted

Go without To remain without

Go by To follow

Hang about To Loiter near a place

Hang upon To depend upon

Hold out To Endure; To Refuse to yield; To continue; To offer

Hold to Abide By

Keep off To ward off

Keep up with To keep pace with

Knock out To win by hitting another one

Keep something at bay Keep something away

Let sleeping dogs lie Leave something alone if it might cause trouble

Open the floodgates Release something that was previously under control

Out of the blue Happen unexpectedly

Out on a limb Do something risky

Over the Top Totally excessive and not suitable for the occasion

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 Pen is mightier than the Words and communication have a greater effect than war
sword
Push one’s luck Trying to obtain more than what one has

Reap the harvest Benefit or suffer as a direct result of past actions

Roll up sleeves To get yourself prepared

See eye to eye To be in agreement with

Shot in the dark A complete guess

Sink your teeth into Do something with a lot of energy and enthusiasm

Take with a grain/pinch of

To doubt the accuracy of information
salt
Skating on thin ice Do or say something risky

Tight spot A difficult situation

Strike while the iron is hot To act at the right time

Take the plunge Venture into something of one’s interest despite the risks involved

Take a nosedive Rapid drop or decrease in value

Think the world of Admire someone very much

Stand in a good stead To be useful or be of good service to someone

Take a back seat Choose to be less important in a role

Wave a dead chicken Do something useless

Whale of a time Enjoy a lot

Wrap one’s brain around Concentrate on something to understand

Zero in on something Focus all attention on one thing

Above all Chiefly, Mainly

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 On Account of Due to

On no account Not for Any Reason

A Fidus Achates A faithful friend or a devoted follower

The Heel of Achilles A Weak Point

An Adonis A very handsome man

To assume airs To affect superiority

To stand aloof To keep to oneself and not mix with others

To lead to the altar To marry

An Ananias A Liar

An Apollo A Man with Perfect Physique

To Upset the Apple Cart To disturb the peace

Apple Pie Order In perfect order

Arcadian Life A blissful, happy, rural and simple life

To take up arms To fight or go to the war

To Grind To have some selfish objective in view

To break the back of
anything To perform the most difficult part

To backbite a person To speak disguise about someone

He has no backbone He has no will of his own

To cause bad blood To Cause Enmity

Bag and Baggage With all one's belongings

To keep the ball rolling To keep things going

Barmecide feast Imaginary Benefits

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 Bee-line The shortest distance between two places

Behind one's back Without one's Knowledge

Behind the scenes In Private

To hit below the belt To act unfairly in a contest

To bite the dust To be Defeated in Battle

A Wet Blanket A person who discourages enjoyment or enthusiasm

A blue Stocking A learned/educated or intellectual woman

At First Blush At first sight

One's bread and butter One's means of livelihood

To breathe one's last To Die

To make bricks without
straw To attempt to do something without proper materials

To kick the bucket To die

Good wine needs no bush There is no need to advertise something good

To burn the candle at both
ends To expend energy in two directions at the same time

If the cap fits, wear it If you think the remarks refer to you, then accept the criticism

Care killed the cat Don’t fret and worry yourself to death

To Catch one's eye To attract attention

To take the chair To preside a meeting

She is no chicken She is older than she says

To pick and choose To make a careful selection

To square the circle To attempt something impossible

Every cloud has a silver Adverse conditions do not last forever

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 lining

Close fisted Mean

Cut your cloth according to
Live within your income
your cloth
A cock and bull story A foolishly incredible story

To be cock sure To be perfectly sure or certain

To throw cold water upon
To discourage efforts
anything
Off color Not in the usual form

To commit to memory To learn by heart

Too many cooks spoil the
Where there are more workers than necessary
broth
Crocodile tears Hypocritical Tears

Cut and dried Readymade

Up to date Recent

Evil days A period of misfortune

Halcyon Days A time when there are peace and happiness in the land
To step into dead man's
To come into an inheritance
shoes

Go to the devil Be off

Devil's bones Dice

Devil’s Playthings Playing Cards

Give a dog a bad name and
Once a person loses his reputation
hang him
Every dog has his day Sooner or later, everyone has his share of good fortune

To throw dust in one's eyes To try to deceive someone or mislead someone

A white elephant A useless possession which is extremely expensive to keep

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 To set the Thames on fire
A burnt child dreads the fire
A fish out of water
Foul play
To jump from a frying pan
into fire
All that glitters are not gold
To die in harness
Make hay while the sun
shines
Lock, stock and barrel
A miss is as good as a mile
One swallow does not make
a summer
If wishes were horses,
beggars might ride
A nine days' wonder
Yellow press
A ball park figure
To balance the books
A cash cow
Devil's Advocate
Don't give up the day job
To cook the books
To get the sack
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To do something sensational or remarkable
One who has had a previous unpleasant experience is always scared
of situations where such experiences are likely to be repeated
Anyone in an awkward
Cheating
To come out of one trouble and get into a worse
Things are not always as attractive as they appear
To continue at one’s occupation until death
Take advantage of all opportunities
The whole of everything
Comes nowhere near it. If someone narrowly misses the target it
still is treated as a missed one or failure.
It is unreliable to base one's conclusions on only a single test or
incident
If wishing could make things happen, then even the most
destitute people would have everything they wanted
An event which relates a sensation for a time but is soon forgotten
Newspapers which publish sensational and unscrupulous stories
and exaggerate the news to attract readers.
A general financial figure
To make certain that the amount of money spent is not more
than the amount of money received.
A product or service that makes a lot of money for a company
To present a counter argument
You are not very good at something. You could not do it
professionally.
To modify financial statements
To be dismissed from your job
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 To be snowed under To be very busy
To work your fingers to the
To work really hard
bone / to sweat blood
Hear it on the grapevine To hear rumors

In the heat of the moment Overwhelmed by what is happening in the moment

Not a spark of decency No Manners

This expression is used when the person you have just been
Speak of the devil!
talking about arrives
Whole nine yards Everything. All of it
Your guess is as good as
To have no idea about anything
mine
Fishy Doubtful, Suspicious

First and foremost Extreme enthusiasm

Fire and fury Fearful penalties

Fire and brimstone A very tasty food or meal

Finding your feet/ Finger
To become more comfortable in whatever you are doing
licking good
Fabian policy Policy of delaying decisions

Excuse my French Please forgive me for cussing

Everything but the kitchen
Almost everything and anything has been included
sink
Break a leg A superstitious way to say ‘Good Luck’ without saying ‘Good Luck’

Barking up the wrong tree A mistake made in something you are trying to achieve

Bated breath In anxiety, expectancy

Beat a dead horse To force an issue that has already ended

Between Scylla and
Choice between two unpleasant alternatives
Charybdis

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 Not willing or wanting to change from your normal way of
Fixed in your ways
doing something
A penny saved is a penny
By not spending money, you are saving money (little by little)
earned
A picture paints a thousand
A visual presentation is far more descriptive than words
words

A piece of cake A task that can be accomplished very easily

To hold a brief for Be retained as counsel for, to argue for

Shot in the arm A boost or act of encouragement

To go at each other hammer To do something or perform some task with tremendous
and tongs fervor, determination
Step into someone's shoes Take someone's place

Back to drawing board
Bring / Ring The Curtain
Down
A slap on the wrist
Revising something from the beginning, typically after it has failed
To bring something to an end; to declare something to be at an end
A very mild punishment

Directions (1-10): In each of the following questions a statement has been given with highlighted
text. You are required to replace the text with correct Idioms or phrases given in the options.

1. A video call from my favourite film star on my birthday was a complete surprise.

1. A damp squib
2. Bolt from the blue
3. A field day
4. A mare’s nest

Answer: 2

2. The article on the world population published in today's journal is a duplicate of what was published
the other day.

1. On tenterhooks
2. An Ananias
3. Dead Ringer

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 4. A wee bit

Answer: 3

3. Even though he is a learned person, he talks nonsense when it comes to morality and integrity.

1. Talks through one's hat

2. Bark up the wrong tree
3. Like a cat on hot bricks
4. Show a clean pair of heels

Answer: 3

4. The world today is facing an unpleasant situation because of the pandemic disease.

1. Thrown out of gear

2. Harps on the same string
3. Like a fish out of water
4. A bitter spill

Answer: 4

5. Students have to face the risk in order to attain success in the Civil Services exams.

1. To bell the cat

2. To nip in the bud
3. To take one to task
4. A hard nut to crack

Answer: 1

6. Due to lack of professional knowledge, the tricks used in the marketing and branding of the new
product yielded no result.

1. Gained ground
2. No Avail
3. Throwing cold water on anything
4. Reaped the harvest

Answer: 2

7. Mary had a bad experience in relationship in the past, now, she is in a state of confusion whether
she should marry someone or not.

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 1. All at Sea
2. Wrapped one’s brain around
3. Playing ducks and drakes
4. At one’s beck and call
Answer: 1

8. Being an atheist, he differs strongly with his parents teachings on principles and the idea of the
almighty.

1. Call a spade a spade

2. Burn the midnight oil
3. At loggerheads
4. Keep one at bay

Answer: 3

9. She has to begin gaining experience if she wishes to join the media industry.

1. Cost an arm and a leg

2. Get one’s feet wet
3. Cross one’s T’s and dots
4. To sit on the fence

Answer: 2

10. A large crowd was anticipated for the art exhibition by the organisers, but it did not happen.

1. Break down
2. A house of cards
3. On the cards
4. Keep up with

Answer: 3

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72
 CLOZE TEST
100 Practice sets

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 PASSAGE - 1 PASSAGE - 2
“Even after 60 years of independence it is disgraceful that Smile, they say, and soon there will be miles and miles of
we are yet to put our infrastructure in___1___. There are two smiles. If we keep ___1___ourselves and do not mix with
types of infrastructure in the country. One is the basic others, we shall soon be left alone to ponder____2____the
infrastructure such as water supply, drainage, education misfortunes of life. Nobody likes to come across a___3___and
etc. The other is for comfort such as excellent roads, high self-centred person. People____4___gregarious and
speed trains etc. We have not ___2___ on either. What is the outgoing souls who are prepared to share their Joys and
problem? Is it lack of money or funds ? It may not ___3__ be sorrows____5____if they have the capacity to laugh
so. We simply do not know how to go about things. What we ___6___their problems and miseries. Laughter brings
have done is that we have ___4___ a number of layers of people____7___whereas keeping to oneself distances
decision making authorities and too ___5___ agencies and people. It has ____8____ been rightly said that laughter is the
regulations. We must get a number of ___6___ to get anything shortest distance between two persons. Once two persons
done. We need leadership not only in politics but also in _____9____ together, the circle of acquaintance and
administration. We need definition of our objectives such consequently friendship____10____, thus making the world a
as what we need, why we need, and when we need it. ___7___ happy place to live in.
important point is clarity of ideology. Lastly and most
importantly identification of a right person for the job is 1. (a) by (b) to
___8___. What we need is systematic change. Leadership and (c) with (d) into
2. (a) over (b) on
commitment make all the ___9___ in getting things done.
(c) at (d) upon
There has to be an appreciation that___10___in
3. (a) sad (b) serious
infrastructure delivers a force multiplier for the economy.”
(c) glum (d) selfish
4. (a) like (b) love
1. (a) organize (b) place
(c) hate (d) dislike
(c) vicinity (d) commitment
5. (a) disappear (b) vanish
2. (a) accomplished (b) attained
(c) increase (d) fade out
(c) delivered (d) qualified
6. (a) at (b) over
3. (a) quietly (b) inevitably
(c) away (d) on
(c) because (d) necessarily
7. (a) close (b) near
4. (a) created (b) resulte
(c) together (d) apart
(c) caused (d) invented
8. (a) hence (b) so
5. (a) great (b) abundant
(c) however (d) therefore
(c) many (d) much
9. (a) get (b) come
6. (a) hardships (b) attempt
(c) sit (d) are
(c) bribe (d) clearances
10. (a) widens (b) broadens
7. (a) Another (b) Different
(c) increases (d) grows
(c) Others (d) Moreover
8. (a) expected (b)dependent
(c) awaited (d) essential
9. (a) basics (b) similarity
(c) difference (d) rigidity
10. (a) building (b) investment
(c) developing (d) generating

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 CLOZE TEST
4. (a) faster (b) better
PASSAGE - 3
(c) landed (d) ascribed
Watermelons ____1____ to India by the 4th century AD.
5. (a) touch (b) expand
Sushruta, the great Indian physician ____2____ wrote
(c) encompass (d) cover
Sushruta Samhita mentions that watermelons were grown
6. (a) back (b) on
____3____ the banks of the river Indus they are also
(c) together (d) up
mentioned in ancient books. Sushruta calls it as Kalinda or 7. (a) policy (b) project
Kalinga (hence Kalingad in Marathi). It was _____4____to (c) machine (d) mechanism
China in the 10th or 11th century and now it is grown 8. (a) efficacy (b) justice
throughout the tropics. Wild watermelons are____5___ (c) fairness (d) existence
compared to cultivated ones; some of which weigh up to 25 9. (a) obvious (b) evident
kg. The heaviest fruit weighing 118 kg was produced at (c) known (d) reliable
Hope, Arkansas, USA the state to which President Clinton 10. (a) matter (b) thing
belongs. (c) proof (d) fact

1. (a) came (b) go

(c) arrived (d) grew (e) grow PASSAGE - 5
2. (a) did (b) when The skin's worst enemy is the sun. If you avoid ___1___ you
(b) certainly (d) who (e) whom can ____2___ to prolog the young and ___3___skin. The sun
3. (a) above (b) outside
___4___deprive the skin of ____5____ hastening the
(c) from (d) ahead (e) along
appearance of ____6___ line and wrinkles that ___7___ is all
4. (a) took (b) gave
about. It is ___8___responsible for many skin ___9____like
(c) taken (d) take (e) taking
5. (a) heavier (b) taller pigmentation, discoloration, freckles and ___10___ skin
(c) thinner (d) smaller (e) shorter cancer. So, protect the skin with a sunscreen and moisturize
it daily.

PASSAGE - 4 1. (a) extra exposure to the sun (b) much

The world is celebrating the ___1___ of half a century by the (c) additional (d) excessive
multilateral trading _____2___ . Its achievements, in its first 2. (a) aid (b) help
avatar as GATT and now as the WTO, are undoubtedly (c) assist (d) make
____3___ . Growth in world trade has been much ____4____ 3. (a) handsomeness of the (b) luxury
than the growth in global output. As the global economy has (c) beauty (d) suppleness
changed, the trading system has been able to ____5___ more 4. (a)can (b) may
areas. And, perhaps most importantly, the WTO has not (c) shall (d) will
only put ____6___ a set of rules but has a dispute 5. (a) water (b) dampness
settlement____7____ that has proved its ability to implement (c) wetness (d) moisture
the rules. The____8____of the dispute settlement mechanism 6. (a) these (b) those
is____9____ from the ___10___ that nations that have had (c) some (d) certain
7. (a) agreement growing (b) increasing
decisions going against them belong to both the developed
(c) ageing (d) mellowing
and the developing world.
8. (a) also (b) besides
1. (a) turning (b) jubilee (c) even (d) possibly
9. (a) itches (b) illness
(c) jubilation (d) completion
2. (a) system (b) organism (c) questions (d) problems
10. (a) a certainly (b) even
(c) organ (d) mechanism
3. (a) significant (b) reprehensible (c) some (d) certain
(c) trash (d) clumsy

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 4. (a) upset (b) separate
PASSAGE - 6
(c) search (d) see
Can we see ___1___the earth is a globe? Yes, we can, when we
5. (a) across (b) about
watch a ship that sails out to sea. If we watch closely, we see
(c) from (d) on
that the ship begins ____2___. The bottom of the ship
6. (a) recognize (b) infer
disappears first, and then the ship seems to sink lower and
(c) reach (d) diminish
lower, ___3____ we can only see the top of the ship, and then 7. (a) extent (b) capacity
we see nothing at all. What is hiding the ship from us? It is (c) nearness (d) principle
the earth. Stick a pin most of the way into an orange, and 8. (a) for (b) its
____4____ turn the orange away from you. You will see the pin (c) about (d) itself
disappear, ____5___ a ship does on the earth. 9. (a) several (b) all
(c) one (d) each
1. (a) if (b) where 10. (a) mistake (b) tradition
(c) that (d) when (c) death (d) regeneration
2. (a) being disappeared
(b) to be disappeared
(c) to have disappeared PASSAGE - 8
(d) to disappear A Planning Commission by any other name will ___1____
3. (a) until (b) since
pretty much the same. The government has ____2___
(c) after (d) by the time
announced the successor body to the Planning
4. (a) reluctantly (b) accidentally
Commission, which had been decommissioned by the
(c) slowly (d) passionately
5. (a) the same (b) alike Prime Minister halfway____3____his first Independence Day
(c) just as (d) by the way address. It will be called NITI Aayog (meaning policy
institution) and is ____4____as a think tank that will service
both the Centre and the States. Much is made of the new
body promotion cooperative ____5____ as opposed to the
PASSAGE - 7 top-down approach of the _____6_____commission. This is
Belief systems are the framework upon which cultures and much of a muchness. The new body is ____7____ with, among
societies function. It is the bond that ____1____civilizations other things, designing planning at the ____8____ of the
together, and it I the small voice ___2____ each of us that village and monitoring and evaluation of implementation
urges us to be ____3____ to what we have been taught. We of schemes. Both sound decidedly top-down, rather than of
cannot ____4____ our spiritual teachings from our learning a call to states to ____9____ in unfettered autonomy. Nor is
nor can we separate our beliefs about who and what we are there anything _____10_____within this.
____5____ our values and our behaviours. We ask that
educational systems ___6____our right to religious freedom 1. (a) stink (b) smell
and our right to live in harmony. Tribal beliefs vary as does (c) have (d) call
the ___7____ to which a tribe embraces ____8____ its 2. (a) definitely (b) dubiously
traditional cultural beliefs. ___9____tribal group has distinct (c) completely (d) finally
3. (a) stopped (b) ended
and unique beliefs that are basic to that tribe's culture. Most
(c) through (d) over
tribes cling to the old teachings because they know that
4. (a) conceived (b) took
once gone, it means the ____10____ of their culture
(c) destroyed (d) followed
5. (a) goodwill (b) federation
1. (a) completes (b) holds
(c) effort (d) intimacy
(c) compels (d) breaks
6. (a) late (b) lost
2. (a) near (b) outside
(c) erstwhile (d) one-time
(c) around (d) inside
3. (a) true (b) upright 7. (a) helped (b) aided
(c) graceful (d) habitual (c) tasked (d) assisted

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 CLOZE TEST
8. (a) cost (b) part push this reform it had first ___7___. But that's not an excuse
(c) line (d) level for the Opposition to now ___8____ the Bill. The select
9. (a) trust (b) revel committeehas already ___9___ the amendments to the
(c) anguish (d) level insurance law. The Congress should support its passage,
10. (a) wrong (b) faulty more so because the NDA is only continuing with many
(c) right (d) mistake policies___10___ of the UPA.

PASSAGE - 9 1. (a) encourages (b) circumvents

After months of colder weather, the days get longer, the (c) hoodwinks (d) evades
buds ___1___ in the trees, birds sing, and the world ____2____ a 2. (a) method (b) procedure
green dress. Spring passes ____3____ summer. Everyone (c) inaction (d) process
knows that summer will not ____4____ . The power of all the 3. (a) presuming (b) aggressive
wisest men and women in the world cannot keep it for us. (c) pushing (d) hasty
The corn becomes ripe, the leaves turn brown and then 4. (a) stakes (b) goals
drop to the ground, ___5___ the world changes its green (c) roles (d) risks
dress for a dress of autumn colors. 5. (a) halt (b) stay
(c) wait (d) think
1. (a) fall off (b) take up 6. (a) for (b) with
(c) put off (d) come out (c) to (d) along
2. (a) looks after (b) puts on 7. (a) pressed (b) intended
(c) carries on (d) comes round (c) expected (d) proposed
3. (a) into (b) by 8. (a) intercept (b) precede
(c) from (d) on (c) block (d) foot
4. (a) forego (b) evaluate 9. (a) vetted (b) audited
(c) succumb (d) last (c) weighed (d) perused
5. (a) yet (b) therefore 10. (a) actions (b) drive
(c) and (d) whereas (c) initiatives (d) dynamism

PASSAGE - 10
The Ordinance to raise the foreign capital cap in insurance
from 26% to 49% is not the best way to do it, as it ____1___
the parliament___2___. Presumably, however, US President
Barack Obama's visit explains the government's tearing
hurry. New Delhi wants to show that it is resolute in ___3____
reform. However, it would be naive to expect that foreign
investors will rush to raise their ___4___ in India joint
ventures and infuse more funds in the sector that needs lots
of capital go grow. Investors want certainty in law. Foreign
partners will ____5____ and watch to see how things pan out
as an Ordinance is a stopgap arrangement. Eventually,
Parliament must approve the law.
The NDA does not have a majority in the RajyaSabha
and the Opposition must cooperate for the numbers to
stack up. It has been irresponsible, just as the BJP had been,
when it refused to cooperate___6___ the UPA government to
PASSAGE - 11
With Rahane batting ___1___ at the other end, Kohli
gradually regained his ___2___. By the time Johnson
returned for his next spell, the India vice-captain had
scored his third century of the tour. He and Rahane were
well on their way to post the first-ever fourth-wicket
double-hundred stand at the historic MCG. Johnson was
welcomed to the crease with three ___3___ pull shots, each
more ___4___ than the next. It was Johnson who was
____5____ now. Two balls later, Kohli did what he had been
doing for the rest of the day. He covered the line of a full
delivery and punched the ball down the ground. Kohli and
Rahane ran three. Johnson had ____6____ over a 100 runs
without a wicket.
Suddenly, India lost wickets in a heap. Rahane went
followed by MS Dhoni and R Ashwin. Another collapse
seemed _____7____. Kohli batted on to reach 169, his highest

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77
 Johnson in the last over of the day, with Haddin pulling 4. (a) back out (b) check out
off an acrobatic catch behind the stumps. The MCG (c) rely on (d) figure out
____8____. But not so much for Johnson's first wicket of 5. (a) to (b) for
(c) at (d) on
the Indian innings. Instead, every Indian and Australian
around the MCG was on his feet, ____9_____and cheering
Kohli as he walked ____10_____ like a gladiator who's just PASSAGE - 13
won another battle. The traditional method of managing credit risk is
____1___ diversification. Although ____2____ credit risk
1. (a) immodestly (b) imperiously through diversification is effective, institutions are often
(c) arrogantly (d) snobbishly constrained by ____3____ of diversification ____4____ on
2. (a) mien (b) arousal account of limited area of ____5____. During the last few
(c) excitement (d) composure
years, managing credit risk through selling assets by
3. (a) spanking (b) clobbering
way of securitization has ____6____ in popularity. The
(c) chastising (d) thumping
market for securitised assets has grown _____7_____ in
4. (a) irritating (b) vexing
the last few years and is expected to grow further in the
(c) scraping (d) rasping
_____8_____ years. This mode of credit risk mitigation is
5. (a) shattered (b) rattled
most _____9____ to loans with standardised payment
(c) clattered (d) vibrated
schedule and similar credit risk characteristics such as
6. (a) conceded (b) repudiated
housing loans, auto loans, credit card receivables, etc.
(c) refused (d) disputed
7. (a) expecting (b) nearby Further, shedding loans through securitisation might
(c) doubtful (d) imminent _____10_____ client relationship. In this context, credit
8. (a) disabled (b) smattered derivatives provide a new technique for managing credit risk.
(c) exploded (d) crunched
9. (a) applauding (b) partying 1. (a) at (b) for
(c) ranking (d) raving (c) onto (d) through
10. (a) in (b) off 2. (a) seeing (b) mitigating
(c) on (d) over (c) watching (d) affording
3. (a) lack (b) want
(c) void (d) scanty
PASSAGE - 12 4. (a) chance (b) luck
The postal service is the government agency ____1____ (c) fortune (d) opportunities
handles the mail. Its job is ____2____letters and packages 5. (a) work (b) dealing
to people and businesses all over the world. Its goal is to (c) operations (d) transaction
see that your mail gets to its destination ____3____ 6. (a) gained (b) profited
possible. People ____4____ the postal service to deliver (c) brought (d) valued
important letters and even valuables, ____5____ time and 7. (a) needlessly (b) gigantic
to the right person. (c) slowly (d) impressively
8. (a) past (b) golden
1. (a) the fact that (b) whether (c) futuristic (d) coming
(c) of which (d) that 9. (a) wanted (b) suited
2. (a) being delivered (b) to be delivered (c) desired (d) popular
(c) to deliver (d) having delivered 10. (a) burn (b) kill
3. (a) less quickly (b) too quickly (c) promote (d) damage
(c) so quickly that (d) as quickly as

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 CLOZE TEST
3. (a) therefore (b) however
PASSAGE - 14 (c) moreover (d) hence
In today's world a stable power supply is ____1____ a basic
4. (a) generated (b) to generate
necessity, almost a fundamental right. India's ____2_____
(c) generating (d) generate
power shortage is a _____3_____ block to its progress in
5. (a) decisively (b) exclusively
becoming an economic superpower. Toshiba wants to play
(c) especially (d) favourably
a _____4_____ role in raising India's power generation
capacity ____5____conventional fixed speed and _____6_____
storage hydro power plant. As contributions of renewable PASSAGE - 16
energy with _____7_____ like solar and wind power are likely By choosing Jean Tirole for the 2014 Noble prize in
to rise, ____8_____ excellent option is to ____9____Adjustable economics, the Noble Committee tips its hat at regulation of
Speed Pumped Storage schemes which can absorb and economic activity. Tirole has made fundamental ____1____ to
balance ____10____ in output and frequency. Let us turn the branch economics called Industrial Organization,
India from a power-deficient to a power-surplus country. which ____2____ insights into regulation, apart from other
things. ____3____ With degrees in engineering and
1. (a) allowed (b) considered mathematics before getting PhD in economics in 1981,
(c) pondered (d) neglected Tirole was eminently ___4____ to deploy game theory to
2. (a) sharp (b) heavy model the incentives of the government, the regulator and
(c) maximum (d) acute the regulated ____5___under different conditions of
3. (a) building (b) staggering information _____6____ to give a formal, unified basis for
(c) stammering (d) stumbling coherent regulation.
4. (a) absolute (b) firm Newspapers are spared charges of predatory pricing,
(c) decisive (d) negative thanks to Tirole's ____7_____ of platform businesses, a case
5. (a) over (b) through of what economists call two-sided markets. Low cover
(c) beyond (d) of prices-TV channels are often free, as are search engines and
6. (a) pumped (b) fixed social media platform go hand in hand with higher
(c) sent (d) supplied advertising _____8____. So a business case _____9_____
7. (a) result (b) storage sustained pricing below the cost of production, rather than
(c) places (d) sources _____10_____ desire to kill the competition. Along with long-
8. (a) next (b) other time collaborator Jean-Jacques Laffont, Tirole has used
(c) no (d) another formal analysis not only to validate intuitive judgments on
9. (a) reject (b) repudiate optimal regulation but also to institute counter-intuitive
(c) adopt (d) seize insights.
10. (a) fluctuation (b) changes
(c) variation (d) transformations 1. (a) regulation (b) contributions
(c) convention (d) substitution
2. (a) supply (b) comply
PASSAGE - 15
(c) furnish (d) yields
Petroleum, or crude oil, is one of the world's ____1____
3. (a) taking (b) having
natural resources. Plastics, synthetic fibres, and ____2____
(c) armed (d) strengthened
chemicals are produced from petroleum. It is also used to
4. (a) placed (b) kept
make lubricants and waxes. ____3____ , its most important
(c) famous (d) known
use is as a fuel for heating, for ____4____ electricity, and
5. (a) scheme (b) authority
____5____ for powering vehicles.
(c) entity (d) thing
6. (a) allotment (b) sharing
1. (a) as important (b) most important
(c) giving (d) assignment
(c) so importantly (d) less importantly
7. (a) summary (b) reading
2. (a) much (b) a lot
(c) analysis (d) abstract
(c) plenty (d) many

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 8. (a) revenue (b) tariff 7. (a) raise (b) clean
(c) dividends (d) reward (c) grow (d) wind
9. (a) influences (b) provokes 8. (a) foster (b) bring
(c) inspires (d) motivates (c) create (d) hold
10. (a) no (b) few 9. (a) comfort (b) distress
(c) some (d) any (c) pain (d) stress
10. (a) hardens (b) strict
(c) softens (d) tighten
PASSAGE - 17
RBI Governor Raghuram Rajan stresses the need for
____1____ growth in the country while keeping the PASSAGE - 18
____2____rate low. “ ____3____ has to be obtained in the It's nearly spring and it's time to grow plants. Of course, not
____4____ way. It is possible to grow too fast with substantial all plants are ____1____in season. This makes it very
stimulus, as we did in 2010 and 2011, only to pay the price _____2____. to pick the best plants to grow. The good news is
in higher inflation, higher deficits, and lower growth in that there are tons of choices. Do you know that plants can
2013 and 2014, “said Dr. Rajan. However, he said that „India grow in nearly every climate? It's true that some plants are
is not in the same situation today. “With the world being an picky but most are super _____3_____ and only require water,
inhospitable place, said Dr. Rajan, “we have to work hard to dirt and of course sun. This spring is the____4____time to
strengthen our current recovery and put it on a more start your own garden. There are three amazing plants that
sustainable footing. “For the RBI, however, he said that a work in every single climate. The first is spinach. Spinach is
key ____5____ is to keep inflation low so that “we get very easy to grow because it ____5____ water well and can
moderate nominal interest rates that satisfy not just the stand different levels of heat. The second is carrots. There
_____6_____ borrowers but also the silent savers.” The RBI are many types of carrots you can grow. Most carrots are
Governor also stressed the need to ____7_____ up the very quick to grow and also handle all types of climates as
banking system of distressed assets so that it is in a position well. The third is tomatoes. There are tons of different types
to fund growth again. To improve the environment of the of tomatoes. It's easy to find the perfect tomato for any
financial sector, Dr. Rajan, elaborated on four aspects; the location. Go plant some plants!
need to _____8_____ competition and innovation, create a
hospitable environment to those who don't belong to the 1. (a) actually (b) today
club, improve structures for dealing with _____9____ and (c) currently (d) actively
strengthening human capital.“We have to find ways to deal 2. (a) easy (b) fun
with the distress in the banking system,” said Dr. Rajan. (c) stressful (d) difficult
Regulatory forbearance, where RBI _____10____ its rules on 3. (a) flexible (b) picky
classifying bad loans, only makes it easy for banks to (c) divine (d) cranky
“extend and pretend” “It is not a solution”. 4. (a) worst (b) best
(c) perfect (d) better
1. (a) subsequent (b) sustainable 5. (a) losses (b) get rid of
(c) complete (d) more (c) removes (d) shakes
2. (a) base (b) lending
(c) inflation (d) tax
3. (a) development (b) agenda PASSAGE - 19
(c) literacy (d) growth Occupying a vantage position_____1____as the corridor
4. (a) right (b) wrong between the____2____part and the rest of the country, west
(c) moderate (d) limited Bengal has the unique distinction of stretching from the
5. (a) work (b) task snow-clad ____3____to the rolling wages of the_____4_____and
(c) element (d) point covering a lush green charming country in between.
6. (a) dumb (b) limited The_____5____department of the government of Bengal has
(c) vocal (d) extra taken the initiative to provide economical accommodation

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80
 CLOZE TEST
to the budget-conscious tourist traffic. Among the 2. (a) harmony (b) balance
_____6____resorts in_____7_____Darjeeling has been a (c) correspondence (d) agreement
favourite with inland as well as foreign tourist. Darjeeling 3. (a) stamping (b) eradicating
travel circuit includes dooras, a stretch of _____8_____ at the (c) terminating (d) absolving
foothills. The bay of Bengal looks like a crescent near 4. (a) maintainable (b) workable
coastal_____9____ sunderbans is the legendary forest land, (c) sustainable (d) supportable
the jungle where the royal Bengal____10_____roam. 5. (a) portion (b) fixing
(c) section (d) ingredients
1. (a) mentally (b) spiritually 6. (a) coexistent (b) interdepend
(c) socially (d) geographically (c) reliable (d) symbolic
2. (a) eastern (b) western 7. (a) impartial (b) undone
(c) northern (d) southern (c) unfinished (d) incomplete
3. (a) alps (b) rocky mountains 8. (a) awaken (b) realizing
(c) Himalayas (d) great dividing range (c) emerging (d) arising
4. (a) bay of Bengal (b) Arabian sea 9. (a) known (b) familiar
(c) strait of dover (d) cardigan sea (c) aware (d) acquainted
5. (a) civil aviation (b) health 10. (a) parcel (b) aspect
(c) telecommunication(d) tourism (c) characterization (d) view
6. (a) plateau (b) hill
PASSAGE - 21
(c) sea (d) dry
Starting a ____1____ data entry business is easier than trying
7. (a) Burma (b) Singapore
to work from job to job. Having a business means that
(c) India (d) China
people will come to your business whenever they need a
8. (a) forest (b) garden
service you ____2____. This also means that instead of having
(c) sea (d) hills
to always ____3____ for jobs on freelancing websites, you will
9. (a) west Bengal (b) Gujrat
be able to have clients come to you as needed. One
(c) Punjab (d) Maharastra
important thing to _____4_____ when starting a data entry
10. (a) Horses (b) elephants
business is that customer service is really important. It's
(c) lions (d) tigers
hard to get anywhere in the data entry field if you don't
provide your customers with all the services they need. It's
PASSAGE - 20 important that you take your time to really care for your
I am happy to see here the dignitaries representing their customers completely. Once you are ready to start your
great countries their presence among us is a symbol data entry business it's time to start building a great team.
of____1____in our efforts towards creating a sense of You want to have a team that can do a _____5_____ range of
brotherhood among man. Our primary objective is tasks so that your business can fill customer's needs. You
promoting love and _____2_____we have to work want to always test your team before giving them the task of
towards____3____fear and mistrust. It is an admitted that working with a client.
violence is not _____4_____in the present world, peace and 1. (a) complete (b) half complete
love are major_____5____of life. They____6____upon each (c) blank (d) intact
other. Each is_____7_____without the other. Peace cannot 2. (a) bid (b) advance
possibly be achieved without____8____in man, the subtle (c) refuse (d) offer
feelings of real love for his fellow human beings and this is 3. (a) assign (b) apply
not possible unless man becomes_____9_____of his own (c) after (d) appeal
place in the universe. Human self is a highly important 4. (a) forgive (b)remember
_____10_____of human nature. (c) discount (d) fail
5. (a) narrow (b) broad
1. (a) commonality (b)community (c) wide (d) open
(c) solidarity (d) sympathy

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 PASSAGE - 22 PASSAGE - 23
_____1_____ the number of Automated Teller Machines When she appeared on the screen without ____1___cosmetic
(ATMs) has gone up across the country over the last few sales declined. When she played a nun, convent enrolments
years, customer service levels at ATM centres leave a lot to ____2____ etters were delivered to her, address simply
be desired, according to the banking regulator. “Ingrid Bergman”. industrialist Howard hugs once
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), in a survey of ATMs, has _____3_____every available air ticket from new york to los
found several _____2_____ in services. These relate to angels to be sure she would accept a seat in his private
messages showing insufficient cash and non-availability of plane. An _____4_____ walked a sheep all the form Sweden to
contact details for lodging complaints at the ATM centres. Rome as a gift for her. One of the most ___5___women of her
Another area of service deficiency related to ATM times ____6____ was never anything but her supremely
identification numbers not being displayed at the centres, simple self. At the peak of her _____7____ Ingrid insisted on
causing ____3____ to customers, according to the survey, the taking screen tests and refused leads in favour of lesser but
contents of which were described to this paper by a senior more _____8____ roles. When the director told his
official at a public sector bank. Many a time customers do prospective star that they would have to change her name,
not know what to do when money from the account is cap her ____9____and plunk her eyebrows, Ingrid threatened
debited, but the cash is not ____4____ from ATMs. In such a to return to Sweden. And so the famous_____10_____look was
scenario, displaying clear ____5____ on what the customer born.
should do will be of great help. This is a ____6____ issue as
many bank customers use other-bank ATMs as well as 1. (a) shoes (b) hat
White Label ATMs (set up, owned and operated by non- (c) jacket (d) make-up
banks) to withdraw cash. Pointing out that customers 2. (a) increased (b) decreased
service at ATMs is not satisfactory, the RBI has urged banks (c) lessened (d) were same
to _____7____ the deficiencies that have been _____8_____ in 3. (a) brought (b) bought
the survey. In fact, the National Payments Corporation of (c) sold (d) boarded
India had advised its member banks to make a provision in 4. (a) accountant (b) administrator
the “Customer Complaint Form” _____9____ a request for the (c) accomplice (d) admire
CCTV images can be raised, if the customer so _____10_____ at 5. (a) none-descript (b) average
the time of submitting the complaint form. (c) self-effacing (d) glamorous
1. (a) Nevertheless (b) Still 6. (a) elizabethylore (b) sophialoren
(c) After (d) Though (c) marlynmonore (d) ingridbergman
2. (a) dearth (b) deficiencies 7. (a) freedom (b) kingdom
(c) failures (d) scarcity (c) thralldom (d) stardom
3. (a) disturbance (b) hindrance 8. (a) monotonous (b) human drum
(c) nuisance (d) inconvenience
(c) boring (d) challenging
4. (a) Handed out (b) allocated
9. (a) nose (b) cheeks
(c) dispensed (d) disbursed
(c) ears (d) teeth
5. (a) instructions (b) directions
10. (a) unnatural (b) artificial
(c) information (d) guidance
(c) natural (d) make-up
6. (a) trivial (b) cogent
(c) powerful (d) significant
7. (a) repair (b) rectify
(c) amend (d) redress
PASSAGE - 24
8. (a) strengthened (b) improved Poetry is the language of the ____1____ and the passions. It
(c) risen (d) flagged relates to whatever gives immediate ____2____ or pain to the
9. (a) herewith (b) then human mind. Poetry is the ____3____ language which the
(c) wherein (d) where hearth ____4____ with nature and itself. He who has ____5____
10. (a) desires (b) aspire for poetry cannot have much respect for ____6_____, or for
(c) need (d) urge anything else. Wherever there is a sense of ____7____ or

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82
 CLOZE TEST
power or _____8____ as in the motion of the sea, in the growth 5. (a) yet (b) so
of a _____9______ there is ______10___ in its birth. (c) then (d) but
6. (a) belongs (b) owns
1. (a) poor (b) proud (c) looks (d) connects
(c) imagination (d) workers 7. (a) going (b) went
2. (a) pleasure (b) relief (c) spent (d) left
(c) supply (d) trouble 8. (a) together (b) extra
3. (a) worldly (b) sad (c) other (d) additional
(c) everyday (d) universal 9. (a) sorted (b) think
4. (a) hold (b) demands (c) start (d) began
(c) controls (d) imagines 10. (a) horrible (b) afraid
5. (a) love (b) contempt (c) shock (d) stunning
(c) yearning (d) lived
6. (a) himself (b) word at large
(c) hall (d) stain PASSAGE - 26
7. (a) drowsiness (b) emptiness The____1____of India as an economic superpower is not
(c) beauty (d) death reflected in the _____2____ of life enjoyed by its 1.2 billion
8. (a) greed (b) harmony citizens, according to Human Development Index, which
_____3_____India very low among 182 countries. In our
(c) degradation (d) corruption
performance-oriented world, measurement issues have
9. (a) insect (b) diseases
taken on _____4_____ importance as what we measure affects
(c) country (d) flower
what we do. In fact the French President has established an
10. (a) novel (b) play
international Commission on the Measurement of
(c) poetry (d) burlesque Economic Performance and Social Progress, Owing to his
_____5____ and that of others with current state of statistical
PASSAGE - 25 information about the economy and society.
A man hired a donkey from a merchant. He ____1____ two The big question concerns _____6____ Gross Domestic
hundred rupees to him for ____2_____ the donkey for a day. It Product Provides a good measure of living standards. In
many cases, GDP statistics seem to ____7____ that the
was a very hot day and both men wanted to stand in the
economy is doing far better than most citizens feel it is.
donkey's shadow so they could stay ____3____. But there was
Moreover, the focus on GDP creates conflicts- while
_____4____ for only one of them. “Go away! I have hired this
political leaders are told to maximise it, citizens also
donkey for today so it is my shadow,” said the man. “You
demand that _____8____ , be paid to enhancing security,
hired the donkey”, said the owner, “____5____ not his shadow.
reducing air, water and noise pollution all of which actually
The shadow ____6____ to me.”
____9____GDP growth. Statistics are _____10_____ to
They _____7_____ on and on, the hirer saying one thing and
summarize what is going on in our complex society, it is
the owner saying the ____8____. They then _____9____to fight
therefore obvious threat we can't reduce everything to a
and while they were fighting one of them happened to hit
single number -GDP.
the donkey. It became so _____10____ that it ran away and
took its shadow with it!
1. (a) pursuit (b) perception
(c) conversion (d) title
1. (a) offer (b) paid
2. (a) quality (b) spirit
(c) contributed (d) saved
(c) span (d) joy
2. (a) presenting (b) borrowing
3. (a) scored (b) qualified
(c) going (d) expressing
(c) regard (d) ranked
3. (a) low (b) cool
4. (a) great (b) unduly
(c) shade (d) over
(c) trivial (d) considerably
4. (a) area (b) chance
(c) room (d) part

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 5. (a) confidence (b) belief
PASSAGE - 28
(c) dissatisfaction (d) compliance
One of the most brutal features of gender inequality takes
6. (a) unless (b) because
the form of physical violence against women. The ____1____
(c) against (d) whether
of such violence is remarkably high, not only in poorer and
7. (a) recommend (b) think
less developed economies but also in wealthy and modern
(c) point (d) suggest
societies. Indeed the _____2_____ of battering women even in
8. (a) respect (b) debt
the richest and most developed economies is _____3____
(c) attention (d) expense
high. Turning to India, it must be _____4____ first that the
9. (a) lower (b) attain
frequency of assaults on women is high in the country. To
(c) decline (d) shrunk
that ____5____ general recognition has to be added the
10. (a) difficult (b) interpret
special role of violence connected with particular ____6____
(c) reveal (d) intended
features, such as dowry and economic settlements. Even
though the numbers involved in violent deaths are____7____
PASSAGE - 27 by the larger numbers that _____8_____ from _____9_____ of
In summer people ____1____ to grill because the sun is high healthcare, the crude and brutal nature of this form of
and the days are much longer. Grill safety is an important gender inequality makes it a particularly severe _____10____
element to having a great grill party. There are many of the deprivation of women.
important _____2____ . to remember. The first is _____3_____ a
grill that is safe and will last at long time outdoors. Buying a 1. (a) expectations (b) counting
grill can be a challenging but it can also be fun. There are gas (c) incidence (d) acceptance
grills and charcoal grills as well. For safety, be sure to keep 2. (a) frequency (b) occurrence
all the grill supplies away from children if you get a charcoal (c) event (d) chance
or a gas grill. Gas grills _____4_____ cost more money over 3. (a) relatively (b) clearly
time since you need to buy more gas. The food made with a (c) surely (d) astonishingly
gas grill also has a different flavor. The good news is that 4. (a) accomplished (b) acknowledged
many modern grills work both with charcoal or gas! The (c) cleared (d) understand
second factor is to make sure you have cleaning supplies 5. (a) anxiety (b) terrible
and the right tools for your grill. You should have _____5_____ (c) surprise (d) power
tools that keep your hands and arms safe from getting 6. (a) national (b) visible
burnt. You should also have supplies that allow you to keep (c) social (d) personal
your grill clean after use. This summer, enjoy grilling with 7. (a) fewer (b) outshine
safety and fun. (c) lean (d) dwarfed
8. (a) perish (b) develop
1. (a) hate (b) enjoy (c) spoil (d) incline
(c) love (d) passionate 9. (a) omission (b) attention
2. (a) goodies (b) particular (c) care (d) effort
(c) influence (d) factors 10. (a) remark (b) indication
3. (a) getting (b) losing (c) happening (d) manifestation
(c) grab (d) get
4. (a) largely (b) normally
(c) never (d) exactly
5. (a) the common (b) silly
(c) the wrong (d) the right

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84
 CLOZE TEST
5. (a) appraisal (b) change
PASSAGE - 29
(c) monotony (d) suspension
To emancipate woman and make her the equal of man
6. (a) deal (b) hide
remains an impossibility so long as the woman is shut out
(c) cover (d) suspend
from socially productive labor and restricted to private
7. (a) mixed (b) complex
domestic labor. The emancipation of woman will only be
(c) easy (d) ecstatic
____1____ when she can take part in production on a large
8. (a) quoting (b) hierarchies
social _____2_____ and domestic work no longer claims
anything but an _____3_____ amount of her time. And only (c) charts (d) companies
now has that become possible through modern large scale 9. (a) game (b) appeal
____4____ which does not merely permit the _____5____ range (c) protests (d) buildings
but positively demands. 10. (a) managing (b) pacifying
(c) aggravating (d) soothing
1. (a) probable (b) easy
(c) possible (d) tuff
2. (a) measure (b) scale PASSAGE - 31
(c) proportion (d) measurement Jamshedji Tata is _____1_____ to be the path-finder of modern
3. (a) precise (b) insignificant industrial builders. He known as the grandfather of the
(c) unprecedented (d) significant Indian industry for his acumen and enthusiasm. Nobody
4. (a) enterprise (b) trade else could have____2____ of the new industries started by
(c) industry (d) business Jamshedji at that time when industrial _____3_____ and
5. (a) working (b) employment revolution was yet to come to India.
(c) absorption (d) used Jamshedji's father Nasarvanji Tata used to trade in jute with
China and Britain. He started _____4____ from India.
Jamshedji started a clothe mill in nagpur more than
hundred years ago. At that time almost all the ____5____used
PASSAGE - 30 to come from Lancashire in England. What Jamshedji
Everywhere you look these days the ___1___ in Human ____6____ was praiseworthy.
Resources and Employee Communication is ____2____ Jamshedji ____7____ very well that an industrial revolution
change within organizations. But most of these programs can only be brought in the country by setthing up iron and
_____3____ to achieve their objectives. During ____4____ steel industry. _____8____ he did not live to see the industry
economic times the focus is usually on providing coaching he had in mind, he had done all _____9_____ work. In fact, he
on understanding the emotions people go through during laid the ground work for it. He had planned the entire teel
____5____ helping employees ____6____ with the ___7___ city now known as Jashedpur, complete with streets, roads,
emotions of watching colleagues leave, communication schools, parks, playgrounds, temples, mosques, churches,
strategies that utilize management ____8____ to etc. His ____10____was fulfilled by his sons, Sir Dorabji Tata
communicate face to face with their teams on what is and Sir Ratan Tata, When they started the Tata Iron & Steel
happening next in organizational restructures and so on. Factory in 1907 just after three years of his death.
The reason why this ____9____ does not work is because the
focus is on ____10____ fear, not change. 1. (a) rewarded (b) agreed
(c) empowered (d) considered
1. (a) focal (b) focus 2. (a) absolved (b) thought
(c) focused (d) fortify (c) ventured (d) set
2. (a) adjusting (b) managing 3. (a) imports (b) acts
(c) adoring (d) cherishing (c) machinery (d) awakening
3. (a) succeed (b) plot 4. (a) export (b) industries
(c) fail (d) fix (c) import (d) trade
4. (a) flourishing (b) bad 5. (a) goods (b) imports
(c) repulsive (d) repent (c) cloth (d) machines

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 6. (a) did (b) dreamt 9. (a) must (b) should
(c) agreed (d) told (c) don't (d) did
7. (a) felt (b) advocated 10. (a) watch (b) try
(c) planned (d) knew (c) touch (d) locate
8. (a) because (b) although
(c) surprisingly (d) luckily
PASSAGE - 33
9. (a) insignificant (b) complete
____1____ forms of ____2____ and inequality persist even
(c) trivial (d) preliminary
today in many places. Subtle forms could not be understand
10. (a) need (b) task
____3____ being pursued ____4____ that is because I can not
(c) dream (d) industry
____5____ cruder forms of untouchability, let me therefore
practice more ____6____ and subtle kinds of discrimination.
It ____7___ work that way. There are ____8____ today which
PASSAGE 32 are available to the dalits as well as to others. Those are
The king of Rampur was not ____1____the following story ____9____ reasoning which does not inform a large number
proves that. Once he paid ____2_____to a town away from his of other _____10_____.
capital. The king's staff governing the town welcomed the
king. As per the king's desire, a _____3____ of the renowned 1. (a) finer (b) refined
people of the town was killed at night. The people ____4____ (c) clandestine (d) cruder
the king and bestowed their praise on him and all sat down 2. (a) hierarchy (b) distinction
to listen to _____5____. The king had to tell them. Suddenly (c) injustice (d) ranking
the lantern gave away. It became very dark. 'Light the 3. (a) though (b) as
lantern,! Ordered the king to his servant. Five minutes (c) nevertheless (d) by
passed. 4. (a) openly (b) consciously
The king shouted to know why there was _____6_____ in (c) flagrantly (d) intelligently
lighting the lantern. “my load, I am _____7_____ to lay my hand 5. (a) take (b) follow
on the match box it is so dark!” replied the servant. Fool! (c) commend (d) pursue
Screamed the king _____8_____ if that is the case why
6. (a) deadly (b) horrendous
_____9____ you light the candle first? You can certainly
(c) violent (d) devious
_____10_____ the match box with the help of the candle.
7. (a) does not (b) does
(c) invariably (d) often
1. (a) kind (b) cruel
8. (a) benefits (b) redresses
(c) generous (d) wise
(c) spaces (d) opportunities
2. (a) homage (b) visit
9. (a) marked (b) divided
(c) donation (d) fund
(c) governed (d) decided
3. (a) meeting (b) majority
10. (a) areas (b) models
(c) procession (d) surely
(c) avenues (d) spaces
4. (a) bowed (b) surrendered
(c) greeted (d) offered
5. (a) carefully (b) about
(c) which (d) what
6. (a) difficulty (b) time
(c) patience (d) delay
7. (a) unable (b) looking
(c) confident (d) ready
8. (a) loudly (b) angrily
(c) anxiously (d) happily

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86
 CLOZE TEST
PASSAGE - 34 PASSAGE - 35
The food we eat seems to have profound____1____ on our Harry potter is a series of seven fantasy novels written
health. Although science has made enormous ____2____in ____1____ British author J.K. Rowling. The books chronicle
making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry potter,
many food unfit to eat. Some research has shown that together _____2_____ Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger,
perhaps 80% of all human illnesses are related to diet and his friends from the Hogwarts school of Witchcraft and
40% of cancer is related to the diet as ____3____, especially Wizardry. The story _____3_____ around Harry's struggle
cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more prone to against the evil wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's
____4____certain illnesses because of the food that is parents in his quest to conquer, called “muggles” to his evil
characteristic in these cultures. ____5____food related to rule.
illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government Since the 1997 _____4____ of the first novel- Harry potter and
researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly the philosopher's stone, which was retitled Harry potter
used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, and the Sorcerer's stone in the United States, the books
caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in have ____5____ immense popularity, critical acclaim and
our food, and it becomes more difficult all the times to know commercial success worldwide.
which things on the packing labels of processed food are The series has sold ____6____ then 400 million copies and
helpful or harmful. The additives, which we eat, are not all has been translated into 67 languages, and the last four
so direct. Famers often give penicillin to beef or poultry, and books have consecutively ____7____ records as the fastest-
because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of selling books in history.
treated cows. Sometimes similar drugs are _____6_____ to Thus far, the first five books have been made into a series of
animals not for medicinal ___7___but for financial____8___. _____8_____ pictures by Warner Bros and have become one
The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order of the highest grossing film series of ____9____ time.
to ____9_____ a higher price on the market. Although the food The series, in ____10____, has also originated much tie-in
and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to merchandise, such as eight video games, an iPod, as the
control these procedures, the _____10____ continue. licensing of more than 400 additional Harry potter
products.
1. (a) effects (b) importance
(c) significance (d) motion 1. (a) for (b) by
2. (a) steps (b) jumps (c) in (d) about
(c) lapses (d) laps 2. (a) among (b) hidden
3. (a) such (b) so (c) with (d) concerning
(c) that (d) well 3. (a) situates (b) centers
4. (a) set (b) contract (c) concerns (d) mills
(c) attract (d) retract 4. (a) opening (b) published
5. (a) What (b) This (c) editorial (d) release
(c) Such (d) That 5. (a) gained (b) won
6. (a) doled out (b) administered (c) got (d) receive
(c) extended (d) cast 6. (a) fewer (b) more
7. (a) purposes (b) objects (c) over (d) close to
(c) incentives (d) points 7. (a) had (b) put
8. (a) reasons (b) clue (c) taken (d) set
(c) prompts (d) tenets 8. (a) motion (b) movie
9. (a) pass (b) conquer (c) films (d) moving
(c) seize (d) obtain 9. (a) the (b) every
10. (a) operations (b) practices (c) all (d) each
(c) questions (d) issues 10. (a) change (b) turn
(c) after (d) exchange

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87
 1. (a) declared (b) proclaim
PASSAGE - 36
(c) said (d) pronounced
Eclipses are powerful catalysts for emotional and spiritual
2. (a) strange (b) sober
growth. During a solar eclipse, the emotion-stirring light of
the moon momentary takes___1___over affairs on the earth. (c) sophisticated (d) solid
During a lunar eclipse, the ____2____ of the light of the sun 3. (a) on (b) at
momentarily dominate earthly ___3___ in both cases, the (c) by (d) with
earth's magnetic field temporally goes out of balance 4. (a) off (b) by
because the normal gravitational pull of the sun and moon (c) away (d) over
together is temporally ____4____ weather patterns are 5. (a) minces (b) eats
disturbed and clouds rain and windstorms are common (c) minds (d) shuffles
____5___ to the eclipse cycle, especially in the few days
____6____ an eclipse. After an eclipse is completed earthly
affairs ____7____ return to the way they were before in both PASSAGE - 38
subtle and ____8____ ways further more when the energetic An ____1____ of anything you eat or drink is bad for you. The
point of an eclipse is ____9____ in the future. The issues danger of drinking ____2____ in excessive amount is that it
triggered by earlier eclipses are ___10____. has many indirect effects that makes you ____3____ to a lot of
different diseases. Some form of ____4____ is common
1. (a) precedence (b) domination among people who drink heavily. Alcohol _____5____ the
(c) action (d) control appetite. It provides ____6____ that have no nutrient content.
2. (a) rays (b) light From a purely _____7_____ point of view one is better off
(c) irrational (d) rational drinking beer or ever wine, than one is drinking the hard
3. (a) life (b) affairs stuff. But even the ____8____ that have nutritious ingredients
(c) being (d) creature are not as ____9____ for you as the drinks that are without
4. (a) high (b) disturbed any alcohol. Drinking is something you should not do
(c) chocked (d) violent ____10____ the desired limit.
5. (a) phenomena (b) repercussions
(c) reactions (d) expression 1. (a) recess (b) process
6. (a) after (b) following (c) excess (d) confess
(c) during (d) preceding 2. (a) water (b) lemonade
7. (a) usually (b) often (c) milk (d) alcohol
(c) seldom (d) never 3. (a) substitute (b) subterfuge
8. (a) obvious (b) clandestine (c) susceptible (d) suffuse
(c) covert (d) overt 4. (a) malnutrition (b) maladjustment
9. (a) ignited (b) excited (c) malpractice (d) malabsorption
(c) enervated (d) revisited 5. (a) aggravates (b) increases
10. (a) depression (b) activated (c) dulls (d) produces
(c) marooned (d) accounted 6. (a) vitamins (b) proteins
(c) carbohydrates (d) calories
PASSAGE - 37 7. (a) social (b) spiritual
(c) mental (d) nutritional
It is not proper to damn a system without understanding it.
8. (a) meat (b) fish
The Indian bureaucracy may be as bad after all, as it is made
(c) chicken (d) drinks
out to be. Times without number, it has ____1____ that our
bureaucrat is a ____2____ creature who has the habit of 9. (a) unhealthy (b) healthy
sitting ____3____ the files and also happens to sleep ____4____ (c) bad (d) unusual
the remainders. What is worse is he ____5____ his own word. 10. (a) because (b) behind
(c) above (d) below

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PASSAGE - 39
Halloween is celebrated on the night October 31. The
world Halloween is a shortening of All Hallows' Evening
also ____1____ as Hallowe'en or All Hallows' Eve. Halloween
has its ____2____ in the ancient Celtic festival Samhain. The
festival of Samhain is a celebration at the end of the harvest
season. The Celtic people believed that on October 31, the
boundaries ____3____ the world of the living and the dead
became thinner and the deceased could visit the ____4____on
this special evening. In ancient times, the festival frequently
involved lighting bonfires. It was ____5____ that the fires
warded off evil spirits. People often worn animal masks or
scary costumers in an ____6____ to mimic the spirits, scare
them away or appease them. On this night, it was also
customary to leave cakes, fruits or nuts as a gift or offering
to the spirits. This tradition lead ____7____ what we know
today as “Trick or Treating”.
During Samhain, the Irish carved turnips and placed a
candle ____8____ of them to trick or scare off evil spirits.
When Irish ____9____ went to America, they quickly found
out that there weren't as many turnips there, and pumpkins
were bigger and better to carve scary____10___on!
CLOZE TEST
PASSAGE - 40
Chess is certainly one of the oldest games in the world, and
perhaps also the most widespread. No matter where are
you go, it is ____1___ that you will be able to find someone
living there who plays, or at least knows ____2____, chess, But
the ____3____of chess remain shrouded in mystery, and
various writers have ____4____ the invention of the game to
virtually every one of the great early civilizations.
A careful _____5____ at the competing claims, however,
reveals that India at around 550 A.D. may in fact be the
strongest _____6____. A Persian poem written in A.D.
declares that chess came to Persia from India, and before
550 A.D. there are no specific reference to the ____7____ in
any literature whatsoever.
In India, chess was called chaturanga, meaning "four parts."
The name ____8____ to the four army divisions which were
standard at the time: foot soldiers, cavalry, chariots, and
elephants. Such terminology confirms ____9____ all doubt
that chess was ____10___ an abstract representation of war
from the outset. Over the following centuries, like a true
conqueror, chess spread across the globe, becoming ever
more popular even as earthly empires rose and fell.

1. (a) called (b) know 1. (a) probably (b) surely

(c) renown (d) knew (c) likely (d) undoubtedly
2. (a) original (b) originated 2. (a) how (b) that
(c) origins (d) originally (c) of (d) about
3. (a) between (b) among 3. (a) beginners (b) initials
(c) close (d) surround (c) births (d) origins
4. (a) lives (b) dead 4. (a) attributed (b) claimed
(c) relations (d) living (c) explained (d) reported
5. (a) believes (b) thoughts 5. (a) study (b) examination
(c) believed (d) believe (c) look (d) consideration
6. (a) attempt (b) argument 6. (a) applicant (b) candidate
(c)exemption (d) idea (c) player (d) inventor
7. (a) in (b) to 7. (a) game (b) poem
(c) about (d) with (c) country (d) Persians
8. (a) outside (b) inside 8. (a) describes (b) refers
(c) into (d) with (c) responds (d) equals
9. (a) emigrants (b) migration 9. (a) above (b) without
(c) immigrates (d) immigrants (c) beyond (d) in
10. (a) facets (b) facades 10. (a) designed (b) thought
(c) faces (d) smile (c) considered (d) known

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 PASSAGE - 41 PASSAGE - 42
The estimated four million A Americans suffering from Almost everyone has heard of Las Vegas, Nevada. _____1____
Alzheimer's disease may someday get help from two novel as famous as the town is, few people know ____2____ at all
treatments: a nasal spray and a common ingredient of about the town's early history.
Indian food. Both seem to prevent the sticky accumulations The Las Vegas Valley was ____3____ in December 1829 by
of a brain protein that ultimately ____1____ to nerve Rafael Rivera, A Mexican scout who was looking for a new
degeneration and memory loss. trade route ____4___ Santa Fe and Los Angeles. The ____5____
Researchers have developed a vaccine to stop the damaging importance was immediately appreciated, and ____6___
protein, beta-amyloid, ____2____ piling up as plaque in the became one of the critical links in the "Old Spanish Trail,"
brain. The vaccine, ____3____sprayed into the nose, instructs which was used ____7____ by pioneers and traders until
the immune system to produce antibodies ____4____ attach 1849. In 1905 a railroad company founded the town of Las
to the rogue proteins and neutralize them. When the Vegas, ____8____ was used first as a kind of supply base for
researchers tested the vaccine on mice that had ____5____ railroad workers and then, from 1931-1935, as a place to
genetically altered to simulate the onset of Alzheimer's the ____9____ builders who were ___10____ on the nearby Hoover
rate of plaque formation ____6____ by 75 percent. Dam. Meanwhile, in 1930, the Nevada state legislature
It may be years before a nasal vaccine passes through passed a bill that made gambling legal in Nevada. In
clinical trials, ____7____ another study points to a more subsequent years, people began pouring into the state to
immediate, and appetizing, potential therapy. A second try their luck.
group of researchers found ____8___ diets rich in curcumin, a
compound in the curry spice turmeric, reduced the 1. (a) despite (b) just
accumulations of beta-amyloid protein in rat brains. Rats (c) but (d) now
____9____ with curcumin also performed ____10____ on 2. (a) that (b) if
memory- dependent maze tests than rats on normal diets. (c) it (d) anything
The finding may explain why in India, where foods are 3. (a) invented (b) discovered
loaded with turmeric, just 10 percent of people over 65 (c) conceived (d) built
contract Alzheimer's the lowest incidence of the disease 4. (a) between (b) for
worldwide. (c) over (d) from
5. (a) scout's (b) trade's
1. (a) lead (b) has (c) town's (d) valley's
(c) due (d) result 6. (a) he (b) it
2. (a) when (b) that (c) they (d) had
(c) which (d) from 7. (a) extremely (b) extensively
3. (a) which (b) was (c) expansively (d) excessively
(c) when (d) that 8. (a) but (b) where
4. (a) and (b) that (c) which (d) it
(c) to (d) or 9. (a) store (b) occupy
5. (a) to (b) undergone (c) house (d) reside
(c) them (d) been 10. (a) working (b) employing
6. (a) plunged (b) rose (c) building (d) living
(c) down (d) falling
7. (a) but (b) because
(c) while (d) so
8. (a) their (b) which
(c) when (d) that
9. (a) cured (b) treated
(c) healed (d) dealing
10. (a) well (b) worse
(c) better (d) less

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 CLOZE TEST
make a ______8____of themselves because the TV cameras are
PASSAGE - 43
there to give them 20 seconds of ____9____? of does a mentally
Goal setting is not an easy_____1____. It ____2____
lazy media stop at covering disruption and disorder
considerable___3___and dedication to sit down and work
because its sense of news is __10__ ?
your way through each step. It also takes a sincere belief in
the value of your goal and in your____4____to reach it. Goal
1. (a) enamoured (b) disenchanted
setting is a ____5____ exercise that activates the natural
(c) fascinated (d) oblivious
success system ______6___ you. It engages your inner power
2. (a) people (b) elections
and resourcefulness much like a car's transmission
(c) leader (d) latter
engages the____7___ when it is shifted out of neutral. A big
3. (a) shout (b) cow
challenging goal causes the creative juices in you to
(c) look (d) show
____8____. You'll find renewed energy; dedication and
4. (a) obviate (b) stall
enthusiasm as you head down the path you have ____9_____.
(c) hijack (d) disrupt
Remember, the size of your goal is determined by the
____10____ of your belief. 5. (a) meeting (b) house
(c) parliament (d) motion
6. (a) duty (b) morality
1. (a) practice (b) job
(c) fault (d) obligation
(c) exercise (d) work
7. (a) scene (b) house
2. (a) commands (b) reinforces
(c) ruckus (d) environment
(c) disregards (d) requires 8. (a) spectacle (b) show
3. (a) effort (b) attempt (c) scene (d) jeopardy
(c) will-power (d) desire 9. (a) coverage (b) telecast
4. (a) ability (b) efforts (c) broadcast (d) fame
(c) struggle (d) capacity 10. (a) spoiled (b) warped
5. (a) physical (b) bodily (c) unjust (d) accurate
(c) thinking (d) spiritual
6. (a) of (b) inside
(c) among (d) within
PASSAGE - 45
7. (a) brake (b) speed Despite the wealth of information campaigns telling people
(c) engine (d) gear about warning and its causes, most people yet to realize
how severe the problem is. Coming climate changes could
8. (a) blow (b) emerge
alter as ___1___ as one third of plant and animal habitats
(c) flow (d) activate
___2___ the end of the 22nd century. These changes could in
9. (a) chosen (b) got
___3___ cause widespread extinctions among plant and
(c) invented (d) marked
animal ___4___ around the globe.
10. (a) ability (b) size
Coastal and island are perhaps in the greatest danger
(c) scope (d) limits
___5___ they face the combined threats of warming oceans
and rising sea ___6___. As habitats change, many animals
PASSAGE - 44 will come ___7___ intense pressure to find more suitable
Whose fault is it if the citizens of this country are homes for themselves. Mass ___8___ of at least some animals
increasingly____1____with the performance of the men and are certainly to be expected, but the fact remains that many
women they elect to parliament and to the legislatures? And animals will simple not be able to move fast enough.
if they believe that the ____2____ don't do very much other Such dire predictions may sound alarmist, but they are
than ____3___ each other down and ____4____ proceedings based on the rather moderate estimate that the amount of
long enough to have the ____5____ adjourned, day after day? carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will double by 2100.
Is it the _____6____ of the reporters and TV cameras which Many scientists believe, however, that this figure is actually
report little else, or of the honourable members who create very ___9___, and they claim that a tripling is far more
the ___7____ in the first place? Do the latters stand up and realistic. If they are ____10____. the effects on nature will

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 1. (a) well (b) long 1. (a) and (b) something
(c) much (d) far (c) then (d) an
2. (a) at (b) by 2. (a) possess (b) construct
(c) until (d) since (c) obtain (d) require
3. (a) turn (b) result 3. (a) formation (b) format
(c) order (d)line (c) form (d) formula
4. (a) types (c) genres 4. (a) while (b) so
(b) categories (d) species (c) but (d) which
5. (a) although (b) since 5. (a) introduced (b) announced
(c) providing (d) therefore (c) revealed (d) discovered
6. (a) heights (b) altitudes 6. (a) aroma (b) aura
(c) levels (d) tides (c) ascent (d) appreciation
7. (a) from (b) under 7. (a) transported (b) transformed
(c) across (d) by (c) transferred (d) transmitted
8. (a) migrations (b) emigration 8. (a) ever (b) always
(c) immigration (d) extinctions (c) quite (d) so
9. (a) conservative (b) underscored 9. (a) business (b) chocolate
(c) overestimated (d) inaccurate (c) sense (d) news
10. (a) unfortunate (b) erroneous 10. (a) warming (b) marketing
(c) perceptive (d) correct (c) supply (d) demand

PASSAGE - 46 PASSAGE - 47
Somehow, more than two thousand years ago, ancient Adult tigers will meet socially only during courtship, when
humans in Mesoamerica" figured out the secret of cacao a male and female stay together for several days. After
beans. If you scoop them from the pod with their pulp, let successful mating, the tigress will ____1____ away the male to
them ferment and dry in the sun, then roast them over a ____2____ the cubs by herself. Cubs are born blind after a
gentle fire, ___1___ extraordinary happens. They become gestation period of ____3____ 96 and 104 days. ___4____ their
chocolaty. And if you then grind and press the beans, you eyes open after two weeks, they do not begin to ____5____
___2____ a rich, crumbly, chocolate-brown paste: chocolate well until the second month. At this stage, they are left
in its most pure and simple ___3___. The Mayas and Aztecs ___6____ to predators like jackals and hyenas ____7____ they
revered this chocolate, ___4___ they combined with water are left alone for long periods when the tigress is away
and spices to create tasty concoctions. Long after Spanish hunting, Infant mortality is ___8____ high; a tigress ____9____
explores ____5____ the beverage to Europe in the 16th raises more than one cub per litter successfully. She will
century, chocolate retained an____6___of aristocratic luxury. keep her ___10____ with her for almost two years, teaching
In the last two hundred years, an eye blink in chocolate's them everything necessary to perfect their survival skills.
history, the bean has been totally democratized. ___7___ At the end of this time, she will gently push them away so
from an elitist drink into familiar candy bars, cocoa that she is free to search out a new mate and begin the
powders, candies, and baked goods. Indeed, chocolate is breeding cycle anew.
becoming ___8___more popular worldwide, with new
markets opening up in Eastern Europe and Asia. But that's 1. (a) run (b) throw
both good ___9___ and bad. While farmers are producing (c) give (d) drive
record numbers of cacao beans, some experts believe that 2. (a) rear (b) lift
that's just not enough to keep pace with global ____10____. (c) grow (d) develop
What's worse is that cacao faces not only dwindling 3. (a) from (b) just
habitats but also the threat of devastating diseases. Has (c) between (d) roughly
chocolate become a victim of its own success? Is it in 4. (a) when (b) although
trouble?

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 CLOZE TEST
5. (a) walk (b) see 9. (a) congenial (b) careful
(c) eat (d) sleep (c) good (d) nicely
6. (a) averse (b) subject 10. (a) like (b) unlike
(c) vulnerable (d) inclined (c) alike (d) likely
7. (a) and (b) so
(c) however (d) as
8. (a) therefore (b) so
(c) not (d) too PASSAGE - 49
9. (a) seldom (b) that Warmer weather and abnormally mild winters may bode
(c) usually (d) only well for orange growers, but they also encourage the
10. (a) newborn (b) descendant proliferation of mosquitoes that carry diseases such as
(c) offspring (d) cub malaria and dengue fever. The incidence of infectious
diseases is already on the ____1____ in the United States, and
PASSAGE - 48 ____2____ are occurring in areas previously too cold for
____3___ to inhabit. In recent years, cases of Malaria have
Speech is great blessings but it can also be great ___1___ for
been ____4____ as far north as Michigan, New Jersey, and
while it helps us to make our intentions and ____2____
New York, and a recent study by the Center for Disease
known to our fellows, it can also if we use it carelessly, make
Control and Prevention ____5____ that the proliferation of
our attitude completely misunderstood. A ____3____ of the
disease-carrying mosquitoes ____6____ increase the
tongue, the use of unusual word, or of an ambiguous word,
percentage of the world's population at risk from malaria
and so on, may create an ___4___ where we had hoped to win
from 42 percent to 60 percent.
a friend. Again, different classes of people use different
In ___7___, lethal heat waves, such as the 1995 event that
____5___ and the ordinary speech of an educated may strike
___8___ over 700 people in Chicago alone, will be ___9___
an uneducated listener as ____6____.Unwittingly, we ___7___
deadly consequence of global warming. As temperatures
use a word which bears a different meaning to our listener
rise, major cities around the world could ___10____
from what it does to men of our own class ___8___ speech is
thousands of heat-related deaths annually.
not a gift to use lightly without thought, but one which
1. (a) go (b) way
demands ____9___ handling. Only a fool will express himself
(c) air (d) rise
___10___ to all kinds and conditions to men.
2. (a) outbursts (b) outcomes
(c) outbreaks (d) outgrowths
1. (a) boon (b) curse
3. (a) diseases (b) mosquitoes
(c) windfall (d) profit
(c) people (d) winters
2. (a) desires (b) guidelines
4. (a) observing (b) opened
(c) proofs (d) secrets
(c) reported (d) suffering
3. (a) nail (b) foray
5. (a) recommends (b) suggests
(c) slip (d) abuse
(c) believes (d) prefers
4. (a) enemies (b) amity
6. (a) to (b) that
(c) fraternity (d) enemy
(c) and (d) could
5. (a) vocabularies (b) lexicon
7. (a) addition (b) total
(c) speeches (d) diction
(c) conclusion (d) general
6. (a) glitzy (b) pompous
8. (a) terminated (b) killed
(c) genial (d) gregarious
(c) assassinated (d) executed
7. (a) ought to (b) need
9. (a) more (b) further
(c) may (d) dare
(c) another (d) increasingly
8. (a) thus (b) rather
10. (a) experience (b) develop
(c) although (d) though
(c) cause (d) produce

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 PASSAGE - 50 PASSAGE - 52
In 1893, Lokmanya tilak converted the ganpati festival into No one can escape the routine ____1____ of contemporary
a public ceremony. He campaigned ____1____ the wide life. The ____2____ produced by the struggle for survival,
circulation of his public celebration throughout ____3____demands and diminishing possibilities of ____4___
Maharastra. It was ____2____ this festival that he could advise not only is the individual corralled in by quotidian
public places to the nationalist movement. The desired schedules and ____5____but she/he is also assailed by the
publicity of this festival was further ____3____ by shivaji ___6____offast moving global events, the fear of accidents,
festival. It was inaugurated in honour of chhatrapati epidemics, breakdowns, terrorist strike. And artists, who
shivajji, the greatest Maratha king, in the ____4____ of several require a sense of ___7___and continuous attention to their
thousand people. In the activity the marathas were ___8____ more than most people. Are not ____9____to this
_____5____ and this helped a lot in mounting an attack on the pervasive _____10____.
British rule.
1. (a) schedule (b) oppressions
1. (a) towards (b) for (c) toil (d) hardships
(c) with (d) withstanding 2. (a) frustration (b) fatigue
2. (a) through (b) from (c) difficulties (d) stress
(c) before (d) indeed 3. (a) growing (b) increasing
3. (a) decided (b) display (c) multiplying (d) heightening
(c) generated (d) manifested 4. (a) success (b) luck
4. (a) protest (b) honour (c) completion (d) serenity
(c) service (d) presence 5. (a) deadlocks (b) routine
5. (a) absent (b) defeated (c) deadlines (d) workloads
(c) neglected (d) glorified 6. (a) chains (b) strings
(c) pace (d) pressure
7. (a) withdrawal (b) commitment
PASSAGE - 51 (c) possession (d) probity
Two children may have ____1____ IQ scores ___2___ they may 8. (a) goal (b) work
be poles ____3___ with regard to each and every aspect of (c) mission (d) craft
their behaviour. Parents fail to recognize this simple truth
9. (a) immune (b) indifferent
and _____4_____ to make unjustified ___5___ between
(c) reluctant (d) disposed
children.
10. (a) effect (b) danger
(c) influence (d) malady
1. (a) two (b) different
(c) one (d) identical
2. (a) since (b) yet PASSAGE - 53
(c) as (d) when Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished since
3. (a) ahead (b) about prehistoric times. When the first human beings realized
(c) apart (d) as that they could plant their own crops and breed their own
4. (a) continue (b) starts animals, they were acting as biotechnologists. From the
(c) beginning (d) opened moment they _____1____ that fruit juices fermented into
5. (a) similarities (b) differences wine, and that milk could be _____2____ into cheese or
(c) demands (d) comparisons yogurt, and that beer could be made ____3____ fermenting
solutions of malt and hops, they began to apply the ____4____
of biotechnology. So too did the first bakers when they
found that they could make a soft, spongy bread ____5____
that a firm, thin cracker... and the first animal breeders
when they realized that different physical trait could be

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 CLOZE TEST
either magnified or lost by ____6_____appropriate pairs of some species of frogs are actually increasing in numbers
animals. ____10____ than decreasing. This suggests that the frog crisis
What then is biotechnology in the modern would? The is not the result of a single planet-wide phenomenon.
_____7____ brings to mind many different things. Some think Instead, several factors have probably combined to
of developing new types of animals. Others ____8____ of contribute to the problem.
producing almost unlimited quantities of therapeutic
drugs. ____9____ others envision the _____10____ of growing 1. (a) words (b) times
crops that are more nutritious and naturally pest-resistant (c) ways (d) places
to feed a rapidly growing world population. The question 2. (a) evidence (b) indication
elicits almost as many responses as there are people to (c) problem (d) symptom
whom the question can be posed. 3. (a) happening (b) becoming
(c) going (d) turning
1. (a) claimed (b) heard 4. (a) concisely (b) approximately
(c) implied (d) discovered (c) inevitably (d) exactly
2. (a) transferred (b) exchanged 5. (a) far (b) tired
(c) converted (d) reformed (c) prevented (d) suffering
3. (a) into (b) by 6. (a) they (b) there
(c) from (d) of (c) included (d) missing
4. (a) technicalities (b) principles 7. (a) consider (b) look
(c) ideals (d) values (c) keep (d) take
5. (a) quicker (b) other 8. (a) not (b) nearly
(c) rather (d) more (c) and (d) above
6. (a) mixing (b) cloning 9. (a) comparing (b) comparison
(c) raising (d) mating (c) compared (d) comparable
7. (a) term (b) condition 10. (a) more (b) rather
(c) definition (d) expression (c) better (d) other
8. (a) wonder (b) dream
(c) fantasize (d) imagine
9. (a) still (b) the PASSAGE - 55
(c) even (d) while Ulcers are not exclusive to stress ridden males. Women and
10. (a) probability (b) capacity babies are also likely victims of the ____1____ affliction. The
(c) possibility (d) opportunity stomach is lined with cells which ____2____ potent acids and
pepsins that digest food. Food then promptly ____3____ the
acid. Whenever we feel hungry see or smell food, or become
anxious or angry, impulses are ____4___ by a nerve to
PASSAGE - 54
stimulate stomach secretion. Thus if we are tense most of
Because they are so sensitive to environmental changes,
the time ____5____ are flooding our stomachs all the time. In
frogs are a sort of ecological "canary in a coal mine." In other
the ____6___ of food, these digestive juices form a crator like
____1____,their disappearance is often the first warning sign
sore called peptic ulcer, Doctors have proved that stress
of negative environmental effects. The rapid worldwide
plays an ____7___ role in ulcers ___8___ stress there are other
disappearance of many species of frogs is a serious ____2____
factors that predispose one to ulcer. Ulcers are more
that something is ____3___ very wrong on our planet.
frequent in persons in with blood group O, probably
What ____4____ is causing these problems in our frog
because their saliva ____9____ a chemical which protects the
populations? Researchers are still ____5____ from finding
inner lining of the stomach. Chronic smoking or tobacco
any definitive answers. For one thing, ____6____ are several
chewing and alcohol also can lead to ____10____.
other facts to ____7___ into account. ____8____ all species of
amphibians are in trouble. Up until now, for instance,
1. (a) harmless (b) benign
salamanders seemed to be doing fine ____9____ to frogs. And
(c) common (d) contagious

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 2. (a) secrete (b) destroy (c) hold (d) attach
(c) digest (d) absorb 4. (a) never (b) just
3. (a) increases (b) neutralizes (c) still (d) almost
(c) fights (d) encourages 5. (a) these (b) when
4. (a) followed (b) located (c) thought (d) because
(c) transmitted (d) avoided 6. (a) out (b) in
5. (a) vitamins (b) proteins (c) apart (d) down
(c) fats (d) acids 7. (a) that (b) so
6. (a) presence (b) absence (c) while (d) whenever
(c) excess (d) quantity 8. (a) difference (b) purposes
7. (a) unimportant (b) nominal (c) ways (d) forms
(c) excess (d) important 9. (a) the (b) never
8. (a) outside (b) inside (c) only (d) no
(c) behind (d) besides 10. (a) are (b) that
9. (a) produces (b) stores (c) had (d) thus
(c) lakes (d) emits
10. (a) fever (b) typhoid
(c) ulcer (d) cholera
PASSAGE - 57
If you've got a computer, chances are that you have heard
about viruses. But what are they exactly? In ____1____, they
PASSAGE - 56 are computer programs ____2____ to sneak into computers,
That each creature from microbe to man is unique in all the usually through the Internet and especially through e-
world is amazing when you consider that every life from is mails. ____3____ in your computer, they can do all sorts of
assembled from the same identical building blocks. Every terrible things, ____4____ sending themselves to other
electron in the universe is, by definition, indistinguishable, people. In fact, that's why they are called viruses because
You can't ____1____ one from the other by examining for they ____5____ from computer to computer like an illness.
nicks and scratches. All protons and all neutrons are also But where do viruses come ____6____? A simple explanation
____2____ the same. And when you ____3____ these three kinds is ____7____ they are developed by "hackers" ____8____ who
of particles together to make atoms, there is ____4____ no use computers to so any number of illegal or improper
individuality. Every carbon atom and every hydrogen atom things. Nobody understands the inner workings of the
is the same. ____5____ atoms are strung together into Internet ____9____ than hackers. Yet, sadly, few people
complex molecules (such as enzymes and other proteins), outside of this culture of hackers understand much about
this uniformity begins to break ____6____. Minor variations them: not their unnerved teachers, ____10____ the
occur. But it is at the next step up the ladder ____7____ journalists who write about them, and certainly not the
something strange and wonderful happens. There are so politicians who complain about the need for more security
many ____8____ that molecules can be combined into the on the Web.
complex little machines called cells that ____9____ two of
them can be exactly alike. And when cells ____10____ 1. (a) short (b) addition
combined to form organisms, the difference become (c) generally (d) fact
overwhelming. A threshold is crossed and individuality is 2. (a) training (b) designed
born. (c) developing (d) installed
3. (a) once (b) those
1. (a) see (b) perceive (c) after (d) since
(c) observe (d) tell 4. (a) as (b) in
2. (a) precisely (b) justly (c) from (d) like
(c) accurately (d) rarely 5. (a) send (b) catch
3. (a) assemble (b) put (c) spread (d) stick

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 CLOZE TEST
7. (a) because (b) so 8. (a) greedy (b) indolent
(c) that (d) when (c) righteous (d) sophisticated
8. (a) everybody (b) people 9. (a) similarly (b) alternatively
(c) somebody (d) them (c) conclusively (d) inevitably
9. (a) less (b) better 10. (a) vices (b) festivities
(c) other (d) rather (c) ceremonies (d) customs
10. (a) but (b) neither
(c) most (d) not
PASSAGE - 59
The feeling of insecurity among the people has increased
even though there is ____1____ use of para-military and the
PASSAGE - 58 military. The excesses ____2____ by the two forces,
As early Europeans first stepped ashore in what they particularly by the first, do not ____3____ the type of anger it
considered the "New World," they were usually welcomed should because people are seen ____4___ those who are
by the peoples" indigenous to the Americas. Native trying to disintegrate the country. Even a ____5____ for more
Americans seemed to regard their lighter-complexioned say in the administration is shouted down. Humanrights
____1____as something of a marvel, not only for their ___2____, organizations and civil liberty activists are considered a
beards, and winged ships, but even ____3____ for their ____6____ if not unpatriotic. Even the ____7____ cases of
technology steel knives, swords, and cannons; mirrors and cruelty are not pursued by the government ____8____ the
earrings; copper and brass kettles; and other unusual inquiry should ____9____ the forces . and ____10___ the
____4____. instrument on which it has come to depend.
Nonetheless, Native Americans soon recognized that the
Europeans were flawed and thoroughly human. ____5_____, 1. (a) free (b) reduced
early records show that 16th and 17th century Native (c) little (d) liberal
Americans very often ____6____ Europeans as rather
2. (a) cleared (b) committed
detestable specimens. For instance, Europeans were
(c) condoned (d) displayed
frequently ____7____ of being stingy with their wealth and
3. (a) resist (b) evoke
____8____ to the extreme, as witnessed in their insatiable
(c) convey (d) suppress
desire for beaver furs and deer hides. ____9____, the
4. (a) obeying (b) ignoring
indigenous population was also surprised at the
(c) supporting (d) fighting
Europeans' intolerance for native religious beliefs, marital
5. (a) demand (b) desire
arrangements, eating habits, and other ____10____.
(c) prayer (d) plea
6. (a) nuisance (b) help
1. (a) faces (b) hair
(c) threat (d) boon
(c) hosts (d) visitors
7. (a) minor (b) blatant
2. (a) dress (b) uniform
(c) new (d) concealed
(c) outfit (d) garment
8. (a) because (b) for
3. (a) though (b) more
(c) till (d) lest
(c) so (d) also
9. (a) disperse (b) derail
4. (a) behavior (b) metals
(c) demoralize (d) degrade
(c) items (d) jewelry
10. (a) blunt (b) raise
5. (a) factually (b) indeed
(c) change (d) lose
(c) eventually (d) realistically
6. (a) admired (b) thought
(c) looked (d) regarded
7. (a) blamed (b) known
(c) accused (d) considered

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 1. (a) phenomenon (b) contrasts
PASSAGE - 60
(c) existence (d) comparison
The teaching session is not a ____1___ but a dialogue. This is
2. (a) property (b) prosperity
in ____2____ the Socratic or the case method of ____3____ that
(c) resources (d) wealth
is prevalent in America law schools. Clearly, casebooks and
3. (a) common (b) rampant
the case method of instruction are powerful ____4____ tools
(c) groveling (d) growing
since they ____5____ to training the ____6____ mind and
4. (a) religious (b) blind
____7____ in students the habit of ____8____ and critical
(c) popular (d) prevailing
____9____ behavior that is ____10____ to a lawyer's job.
5. (a) attempted (b) refused
(c) succeeded (d) failed
1. (a) discussion (b) debate
6. (a) writ (b) written
(c) interaction (d) monologue
(c) wrought (d) wrapped
2. (a) total (b) way
7. (a) in (b) on
(c) sum (d) turn
(c) among (d) for
3. (a) interaction (b) instruction
8. (a) abuses (b) ceremonies
(c) interpretation (d) injunction
(c) function (d) obligations
4. (a) instrumental (b) demagogical
9. (a) allowed (b) approved
(c) pedagogical (d) methodological
(c) tolerated (d) resisted
5. (a) contribute (b) amount
(c) direct (d) pertain 10. (a) opinion (b) habit
(c) society (d) custom
6. (a) young (b) immature
(c) legal (d) adolescent 11. (a) fairly (b) very
(c) otherwise (d) somewhat
7. (a) imparting (b) growing
(c) cultivating (d) inculcating 12. (a) stupefied (b) sanctified
(c) subsidized (d) substantiated
8. (a) careful (b) careworn
(c) deep (d) rigorous 13. (a) discoveries (b) devices
9. (a) assumption (b) innate (c) apparatus (d) machines
(c) comment (d) analysis 14. (a) consider (b) decry
10. (a) innate (b) integral (c) declare (d) revere
(c) inane (d) insidious 15. (a) on (b) for
(c) in (d) with

PASSAGE - 61
Our scientific spirit must be shocked not only by the PASSAGE - 62
_____1_____ of fabulous ____2____ and ____3____ poverty, but
Generally a disaster _____1____ in significant loss in social,
also by those of intense holiness and _____4_____
psychological and economic aspects. It not only _____2____ to
superstition. In our relations with one another, we have
structural damages, but also leaves families torn apart,
_____5____ to apply scientific and social wisdom. The failure
children orphaned, livelihood destroyed and communities
is _____6_____ large _____7_____ our society. Some social
traumatised.
_____8____ like untouchability are _____9_____ simply because
Non-structural factors such as lack of responsiveness of
the spirit in us is oppressed by the force of _____10____.
government officials and ineffective leadership are mainly
These are practised by ____11______ kindly persons, who
_____3_____ for any disaster mismanagements. India is
have ceased to feel and whole understanding is
_____4_____ to a variety of natural and man-made disasters.
_____12______ any tradition. There are millions in our
Strong and effective emergency management has been a
country today who use scientific ______13_____ and yet
felt _____5_____ in all corners of the world. Effective policies
____14____ superstition as mystical revelation and adhere to
play a _____6____ role in mitigating the impact of disasters
absurd social customs _____15_____ the name of tradition.
and reducing likely losses of life and property.

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 CLOZE TEST
Economic resources are important for any disaster branches _____7_____. Cell phone banking looks especially
management. Yet, it has been _____7____ that economic relevant for India since it can penetrate the countryside
resources did not necessarily translate into greater cheaply and _____8____. The world over cell phones are
investment in this domain as there is no____8_____ of issues spreading at a _____9_____ rate and in India along new cell
that demand governments attention and resources. phone connections are growing at the rate of six million a
Disaster management has ____9____ acquired importance in month a rate of customer ____10____ that no bank can
the agenda of governance, unless there is a major natural or dream of.
man-made disaster management, along with their
probable solution, need to be discussed on an ______10_____ 1. (a) presence (b) security
basis. (c) knowledge (d) guarantee
2. (a) negotiate (b) sanction
1. (a) affects (b) results (c) disburse (d) credit
(c) promotes (d) prepares 3. (a) enable (b) operate
2. (a) imparts (b) results (c) interact (d) engage
(c) creates (d) leads 4. (a) luxury (b) consequence
3. (a) accounts (b) responsible (c) hurdle (d) innovation
(c) factors (d) reasons 5. (a) until (b) even
4. (a) centre (b) available (c) although (d) yet
(c) susceptibility (d) vulnerable 6. (a) view (b) assess
5. (a) creation (b) evolution (c) engineer (d)display
(c) abstract (d) need 7. (a) expired (b) obsolete
6. (a) important (b)single (c) extant (d) essential
(c) vital (d) tough 8. (a) indiscriminately (b) compulsorily
7. (a) recognized (b) seeing (c) occasionally (d) effectively
(c) collected (d) placed 9. (a) phenomenal (b) projected
8. (a) failure (b) collection (c) competitive (d) proportionate
(c) amount (d) death 10. (a) relationship (b) satisfaction
9. (a) seldom (b) always (c) expansion (d) base
(c) much (d) great
10. (a) upright (b) priority
(c) urgent (d) understanding PASSAGE - 64
There has been a______1_____ change in people's ______2_____
towards and awareness ______3_____ the environment.
PASSAGE - 63 People are more ____4_____ about the _____5____ condition of
their environment. L and in all societies is subjected to
Traditional bank architecture is based on bank branches.
_____6_____ usage, viz. crop production, forest cover,
These branches ensure the physical _____1____ of a
grassland, urbanization and industrialization etc. During
customer's savings. A customer may go there to deposit and
the last five decades _____7____ developmental activities
withdraw money, ____2____ loans and _____3____ in other
have taken place. Slope failure and _____8_____ of soil due to
financial transactions. In the past two decades banking
such ____9___ are ____10____ environment hazards.
architecture has changed the Automated Teller Machine
(ATM) has been a big _____4_____ and credit and debit cards
have created new financial spaces. _____5____, the bank 1. (a) Special (b) tremendous
branch has remained the bedrock of the banking system (c) extreme (d) developmental
after all a person needs a bank account in a branch before 2. (a) information (b) feasibility
he can operate a debit or ATM card. This may be about to (c) debate (d) attitude
change as technocrats now _____6____ cell phones as the new 3. (a) protecting (b) covering
architecture of virtual banks. This has the potential to make (c) towards (d) of

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 4. (a) concerned (b) biased 6. (a) augment (b) make
(c) casual (d) desperate (c) invite (d) neutralize
5. (a) grey (b) deteriorating 7. (a) discourages (b) enjoys
(c) dry (d) rustic (c) manifests (d) averts
6. (a) continued (b) drastic 8. (a) nations (b) examples
(c) multiple (d) unjustified (c) adjustments (d) exceptions
7. (a) unique (b) disastrous 9. (a) needs (b) diversifies
(c) umpteen (d) extensive (c) wants (d) encourages
8. (a) pollution (b) cultivation 10. (a) meager (b) permanent
(c) deployment (d) erosion (c) insignificant (d) increasing
9. (a) urgency (b) misconception
(c) activities (d) action
10. (a) major (b) damaging PASSAGE - 66
(c) effective (d) distinctive Since the ____1____ of planning in our country, continuous
____2____ has been laid on ____3____ distribution of income as
a broad ____4____. As ____5____ of poverty was higher in the
PASSAGE - 65
rural areas, where majority of the population lives, it was
To appreciate the future _____1____ for India-China relations,
considered ____6____ to shift the ____7____ of poverty ____8____
it is essential to have an understanding of ____2____ China
programmes being ____9____ by the government, it was
has managed external relations in the neighborhood and
____10____ towards the end of Fifth Five Year Plan that fruits
with the advanced countries to _____3____ her impressive
of development had failed to trickle down to the poorer
economic growth. Given the need for massive foreign
sections living in the rural areas.
investments, technologies and managements skills and
China's significant _____4_____ on foreign trade in its overall
1. (a) arrival (b) managing
economy, on present trends it would appear that China will
(c) inception (d) emergence
not act as a destabilize of the international system as is
2. (a) argument (b) debate
often _____5_____. With provincial decentralization, where
(c) path (d) light
provinces can freely engage in foreign trade and
3. (a) equitable (b) solid
____6____investments, the stakes in the continuation of
(c) economic (d) pragmatic
stable external relations have become large and more
diffused. China _____7____ cross-border trade relations with 4. (a) spectrum (b) objective
all her neighbours with very few _____8_____. As much as (c) achievement (d) viewpoint
China ____9____ an open international economy for its trade 5. (a) reflection (b) striking
as for its _____10_____ foreign investments, China will also be (c) tendency (d) incidence
subjected to the external constraints of emerging 6. (a) astonishing (b) basic
international regimes. (c) imperative (d) irritating
7. (a) nature (b) focus
1. (a) trends (b) tactics (c) development (d) trend
(c) incidents (d) perspectives 8. (a) alleviation (b) addressing
2. (a) whether (b) how (c) reflecting (d) monitoring
(c) where (d) what 9. (a) navigated (b) hosted
3. (a) diminish (b) retard (c) delivered (d) launched
(c) assist (d) resist 10. (a) traced (b) directed
4. (a) stress (b) development (c) revealed (d) realized
(c) monitoring (d) dependence
5. (a) feared (b) imagined
(c) expected (d) mentioned

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 CLOZE TEST
home in the evening, Jimmy was already in bed. But Mrs.
PASSAGE - 67
Johnson, their _____6_____, didn't like to hear the sound of the
Mike was a boy of eight. His home was not ___1___ school. So
drum all day long. One morning a few days _____7____, she
he often walked there and back every day. ____2____ school,
went to Jimmy's house _____8_____ a knife. Jimmy was hitting
he passed a playground. There was much water in it when it
the drum. "Hello, Jimmy," she said to the boy with a smile.
rained. One day, when Mike came home, he was all wet. his
"There is _____9_____ very interesting inside your drum. Do
mother became ____3____ and said," ____4____ in the water on
you want to see it? Here's a knife. Cut the drum ____10____
your way." The next day Mike came back very wet again. His
and let's find it."
mother became ____5____. She thought Mike was ____6____his
father because he was ____7____his son. "I'll tell your father if
1. (a) It (b) That
you come home wet again," sad the mother."____8____ he'll
(c) This (d) Today
come back from London next Tuesday. He'll punish you, I
2. (a) of (b) for
think."Two days ____9____. it was raining hard when Mike
(c) from (d) with
got home. But this time his clothes were dry. His mother
3. (a) voice (b) shout
became happy and said, "You're a good boy today. You didn't
(c) answer (d) noise
play in the water."No," Mike said angrily. "There were so
many strong boys in the water when I got there this 4. (a) like (b) notice
afternoon. There ____10____for me at all!" (c) talk (d) understand
5. (a) too (b) either
(c) also (d) still
1. (a) far from (b) too far away
(c) from near (d) for away to 6. (a) grandmother (b) aunt
(c) neighbour (d) teacher
2. (a) in middle (b) go to
(c) by the way (d) on his way to 7. (a) before (b) ago
(c) after (d) soon
3. (a) glad (b) angry
(c) happy (d) sad 8. (a) by (b) with
(c) in (d) for
4. (a) not to swim (b) don't play
(c) don't fall (d) keep away 9. (a) by (b) with
(c) in (d) for
5. (a) worried about (b) even angrily
(c) even surprised (d) even angrier 10. (a) anything (b) something
(c) nothing (d) everything
6. (a) listening to (b) afraid of
(c) the son of (d) told by PASSAGE - 69
7. (a) a good father of (b) always kind of The crisis-ridden textile sector, being labour ____1___,
(c) strict with (d) interested in should have been an ideal candidate for a ____2____ as part of
8. (a) if (b) usually the prime Minister's pet 'Make in India' initiative, but as the
(c) may be (d) tomorrow issues it is mired in remain ____3____, and with losses
9. (a) later (b) ago ____4____, the situation is ____5____. Nearly half of India's
(c) early (d) after power looms are at a standstill: the spinning industry in the
10. (a) was no water (b) were some rooms northern and southern regions has ____6____ in shutdown of
(c) were too many boys(d) wasn't any room as much as 15 to 20 per cent of production ___7___. The
textile industry as a whole is ____8____ under high input and
transaction costs. The products find it hard to complete in
PASSAGE - 68 export markets, where India-made yarn, fabrics and
____1____ was Jimmy's birthday, and he was five years old. He garments ____9____ duties respectively as rates of 3.5, 8.5
got a lot of birthday presents ____2____ his family. One of and 14 per cent. Yet, Pakistan, Vietnam and Combadia enjoy
them was a drum. Of course Jimmy liked the drum very zzero-duty access in some categories in the US, EU and
much. He always made a terrible ____3____ with it, but his China. India's trade negotiators need to seek ____10____
mother didn't____4____. His father didn't, ____5____. Because results. China is not picking up much from India this year.
he was working in his office during the day, and when he got

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 1. (a) class (b) oriented 7. (a) urge (b) process
(c) intensive (d) exhaustive (c) topic (d) theme
2. (a) pull (b) mass 8. (a) hope (b) reconsider
(c) charge (d) push (c) avail (d) devise
3. (a) open (b) settled 9. (a) consider (b) view
(c) fixed (d) unresolved (c) emancipate (d) rise
4. (a) bettering (b) alighting 10. (a) listen (b) accommodate
(c) jumped (d) mounting (c) grievance (d) ponder
5. (a) hopeful (b) terrible
(c) grim (d) bleak
PASSAGE - 71
6. (a) urged (b) pressed
Do women ____1____ leadership differently than men do?
(c) prayed (d) created
And if so, will feminine leadership ____2____ where ____3____
7. (a) capacity (b) volume
leadership does not? A recent study suggests somewhat
(c) range (d) scope
paradoxically that female managers ____4____ their male
8. (a) considered (b) upset
____5____ even when the personal characteristics of both are
(c) placed (d) reeling
very ____6____ Of the two schools of thought, the structualist
9. (a) allures (b) pays
theory argues that men and women do not receive the same
(c) draw (d) attract
treatment in workplace and that stamping out ____7____ bias
10. (a) expedited (b) hasty
would stamp out the observed ____8____ In contrast, the
(c) stale (d) slow
socialisation theory contends that men and women
experience work differently because men see work as more
PASSAGE - 70 ____9____ to their lives. These ____10____ explanations apart,
The unexpected and sudden in Indo ____1____ Pak relations today business appears to be undergoing feminisation of
is good news for the people of the subcontinent. Peace in leadership.
the ____2____ ____3____ well for both the countries. This is
____4____ so because the region has for long been balanced 1. (a) exercise (b) undertake
on a razor's ____5____ due to terrorism, nuclear blackmail, (c) authorize (d) empower
and military aggressions. ____6____, the ____7____ of dialogue 2. (a) affect (b) succeed
and negotiation would be quite difficult. Let us ____8____ (c) compete (d) progress
that the leadership in both India and Pakistan is able to 3. (a) traditional (b) charismatic
____9____ above narrow parochial considerations and find (c) masculine (d) benevolent
courage to ____10____ each other's views 4. (a) out-live (b) out-cast
(c) out-work (d) out-do
1. (a) blockage (b) support 5. (a) employees (b) subordinates
(c) movement (d) thaw (c) managers (d) counterparts
2. (a) country (b) ground 6. (a) minimal (b) distinct
(c) atmosphere (d) region (c) unique (d) similar
3. (a) augurs (b) symbolizes 7. (a) employment (b) culture
(c) escalates (d) derives (c) gender (d) class
4. (a) concerned (b) debated 8. (a) variations (b) discriminations
(c) more (d) about (c)resemblances (d) distortions
5. (a) knife (b) point 9. (a) needy (b) desperate
(c) base (d) edge (c) central (d) trivial
6. (a) thoroughly (b) throughout 10. (a)contradictory (b) corresponding
(c) obviously (d) given (c) discriminating (d) analogical

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 CLOZE TEST
dazzling petrol pumps that scared the daylights out of
PASSAGE - 72
public sector firms that ____6____ lost market share. Old,
The Delhi High Court has directed the government to
rusty petrol pumps of state firms transformed into modern
____1____ the Retailers Association of India's petition
retail outlets with ATMs, modern car-cleaning ____7____ and
seeking ____2____ with online retail as far as foreign
even general department stores.
investment is concerned as a ____3____ and take action
And then, the volatility of the oil market destroyed the
within four months. The court will ____4____ the petition
market. Oil prices ____8____ sharply, making inflation such a
only if the government does not offer ____5____ within that
political headache that the government ____9____
period. The ____6____, in other words, is in the government's
subsidizing diesel sold by state firms and effectively
court. The government should not try and kick the can
____10____ out private competition.
____7____ down the road. It should do the ____8____ thing and
____9____ all restrictions on FDI in retail, ____10____ single
1. (a) check (b) limitation
brand or multi-brand, whether online or physical.
(c) restraint (d) control
2. (a) suspense (b) anxiety
1. (a) function (b) take
(c) hesitation (d) tension
(c) act (d) treat
3. (a) capricious (b) erratic
2. (a) variation (b) imbalance
(c) volatile (d) lively
(c) parity (d) analogy
4. (a) alerted (b) prompted
3. (a) symbol (b) representation
(c) slowed (d) timely
(c) design (d) delineation
5. (a) briskly (b) slowed
4. (a) attend (b) get
(c) promptly (d) rapidly
(c) read (d) hear
6. (a)utilities (b) advantage
5. (a) repair (b) damage
(c) efficacy (d) efficiency
(c) redress (d) return
7. (a) accelerated (b) advanced
6. (a) decision (b) ball
(c) inflated (d) rose
(c) player (d) racket
8. (a) jumped off (b) took off
7. (a) further (b) never
(c) started (d) founded
(c) often (d) near
9. (a) set out (b) wiped
8. (a) wise (b) shrewd
(c) demarcated (d) resolved
(c) foolish (d) sensible
10. (a) constraint (b) stimulus
9. (a) delete (b) oust
(c) pressure (d) forces
(c) depose (d) remove
10. (a) whether (b) if
(c) in case (d) moreover
PASSAGE - 74
On the eve of Elections 2004, the ____1____ of prominent
PASSAGE - 73 leaders from political parties have become a fashionable
The Narendra Modi government has finally taken the bold ____2____ now. A number of new faces have also ____3____ in
step of removing price ____1____ on diesel and raising gas the political ____4____. Politically, it may not be wrong to
prices to an extent. These steps will energise the fuel join a new party but democratically, it is highly ____5____ as
retailing market and end the big ____2____ over natural gas. it ____6____ the basic right of the grassroot workers who
But a lot more clarity is needed in the sector whose remained ____7____ to the party for decades. Their right to
backbone is the most ____3____ and controversial contest elections is ____8____ with ____9____ by the ____10____
commodity in the world oil. Decontrol of diesel is not a new and new entrants in the party. This is the most
reform. Market ____4____ operated happily a decade ago, and undemocratic practice followed by all the parties.
____5____ Reliance Industries, Essar oil and shell to set up

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 1. (a) distance (b) desertion 8. (a) winter (b) summer
(c) bargain (d) contest (c) spring (d) autumn
2. (a) pastime (b) occasion 9. (a) seeds (b) crops
( c) trial (d) division (c) fruit (d) food
3. (a) circulated (b) developed 10. (a) while (b) until
(c) entered (d) dictated (c) after (d) when
4. (a) contest (b) brethren
(c) ideology (d) arena
5. (a) sounded (b) outstanding PASSAGE - 76
(c) pallid (d) objectionable Money gives us a ____1____ of freedom and ownership. We
6. (a) controls (b) conspire ____2____ that with money, we can own anything or put a
(c) transgresses (d) aggravates price tag on anybody's services.Ownership of something
7. (a) committed (b) joined means total ____3____ of its existence. When we buy a piece
(c) part (d) assembled of land, we feel that we own it, ____4____ the land continues
8. (a) dictated (b) managed to exist even after the owner is no ____5____. How can we
(c) seeked (d) trampled own something that ____6____ us?
9. (a) contention (b) revenge Money also gives the idea that we are powerful and
(c) vigour (d) impunity independent, ____7____ us to the fact that we live in a world
10. (a) hunters (b) deserters of interdependence. If we look at why most people with
(c) strangers (d) politicians money are ____8____, we will find it is because of the ____9____
of independence that money brings. The ____10____ of
dependence, on the other hand, makes one humble.
PASSAGE - 75
Each species has its special place or habitat. An ____1____ 1. (a) sense (b) taste
bird-watcher can look at ____2____ forest, meadow, lake, (c) feel (d) touch
swamp or field and ____3____ almost exactly what birds he 2. (a) postulate (b) suppose
____4____ find there ____5____ birds are found all over the (c) believe (d) admit
world; others ____6____ themselves to certain areas. Still 3. (a) charge (b) discipline
____7____ migrate from one country to another in ____8____ in (c) restriction (d) control
search of warmth and ____9____ and then return in spring,
4. (a) despite (b) although
____10____ the season is more favourable.
(c) albeit (d) when
5. (a) further (b) where
1. (a) expert (b) experienced (c) more (d) less
(c) advanced (d) active
6. (a) outlives (b) cease
2. (a) the (b) some (c) outcasts (d) survive
(c) a (d) certain
7. (a) blazing (b) glowing
3. (a) predict (b) suggest (c) concealing (d) blinding
(c) prophecy (d) calculate
8. (a) autocratic (b) superior
4. (a) should (b) must (c) smart (d) arrogant
(c) might (d) will
9. (a) activity (b) reflex
5. (a) more (b) some (c) feeling (d) pain
(c) most (d) all
10. (a) recognition (b) ignorance
6. (a) keep (b) entrust (c) disregard (d) awareness
(c) confine (d) involve
7. (a) some (b) others
(c) few (d) all

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 CLOZE TEST
8. (a) strong (b) solid
PASSAGE - 77
(c) hard (d) plaint
New data for rural household ____1____ by the Socio
(e) dense
Economic and Caste Census (SECC) represent a ____2____
9. (a) symbols (b) gauge
reminder of the state of rural India. In over 90 per cent of
(c) clues (d) pointers
households, the main earning member makes less than
(e) indicators
Rs.10000 a month. Over half the households are landless
10. (a) confidence (b) dependence
and a similar share of them ____3____ on casual manual
(c) trust (d) faith
labour for the larger part of their income. Just 20 per cent of
(e) credence
household own any kind of a motor vehicle. These numbers
should come as a ____4____ check for those who talk of PASSAGE - 78
India's ____5____ growth, and arrival on the global stage as a A Surendran, Additional General Manager of International
superpower. The countryside remains unable to find jobs Banking at Federal sBank, said banks expected about $10
that can ____6____ families out of poverty. Agriculture billion to ____1____ in. “The ____2____ of these inflows will be
remains at ____7____ levels, with low mechanization, limited seen only in the next ____3____. There may be an impact now
irrigation facilities and little access to credit. Just over 3 per but not a major one, as these ____4____ have to be fresh
cent of rural households have a family member who is a deposits or renewal of deposits,” he said. Reports say the
graduate, so skilled jobs are going to be ____8____ to get. total NRE, NRO (non-resident ordinary) and FCNR deposits
Female-headed households, and Scheduled Caste and are at $51.97 billion as in October 2011. If one ____5____ a
Scheduled Tribe households are the worst off. The eastern one per cent ____6____ in the value of rupee and takes
and central States of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and ____7____ account the ____8____ rates in other countries, NRIs
Odisha have the poorest ____9____. Even in the developed have an option ____9____ they could borrow from their home
southern States of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, family incomes countries and deposit in India, thereby making a clear
are low and ____10____ on casual manual labour is high. ____10____ of 1-2 per cent.
Meanwhile, carly results from the urban SECC suggest that 1. (a) grow (b) blow
levels of deprivation, while lower in cities, are still (c) flow (d) go
shockingly high. (e) call
2. (a) produce (b) consequent
1. (a) revealed (b) conceded (c) resultant (d) impact
(c) exposed (d) proclaimed (e) reaction
(e) denied 3. (a) time (b) fiscal
2. (a) bright (b) pretty (c) year (d) mensem
(c) sullen (d) grim (e) plan
(e) ghastly 4. (a) tenders (b) money
3. (a) kept (b) rely (c) cash (d) credits
(c) looked (d) believed (e) deposits
(e) bet 5. (a) thinks (b) lends
4. (a) matter (b) concept (c) assumes (d) borrows
(c) reality (d) belief (e) feels
(e) realism 6. (a) grow (b) appreciation
5. (a) violent (b) slow (c) plus (d) dividend
(c) crazy (d) restrained (e) cut
(e) unbridled 7. (a) into (b) for
6. (a) deter (b) paddle (c) in (d) to
(c) remove (d) pull (e) out
(e) pick 8. (a) prime (b) lending
7. (a) subsistence (b) burden (c) pulse (d) increase
(c) income (d) earnings (e) depreciation
(e) sustenance

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 9. (a) wherein (b) which 8. (a) afraid (b) angry
(c) that (d) how (c) sorry (d) pleased
(e) when (e) annoyed
10. (a) difference (b) reduction 9. (a) dangerous (b) haughty
(c) margin (d) deduction (c) good (d) decent
(e) fairly
10. (a) akin (b) analogous
PASSAGE - 79 (c) different (d) aligned
If you remember two or three lives, you will be in the same
(e) together
state as the centipede that had been living ____1____ well and
was going for a morning ____2____ when little rabbit asked
him, “Uncle, I have to ask a questions: how do you manage PASSAGE - 80
your hundred legs: which one ____3____ come first, which The good news from census data on the size of religious
one second, and which one third..? How do you manage one communities is that all communities show a downward
hundred legs ____4____ ?” ____1____ in growth. The bad news is the ____2____ to raise
He said, “I have ____5____ thought about that. I am not a unfounded alarm over the rise in the share of Muslims, from
philosophical____6____. But I will try and find out.” He tried 13.4% in 2001 to 14.2% in 2011, ____3____ the share of
and fell ____7____ over his legs. He was very ____8____ with the Hindus has ____4____ 0.7% to dip below 80% to 79.8%. Of
rabbit. He said, “Keep your philosophy to yourself. Never course, if the numbers are ____5____ off, there would be less
ask any centipede…. Everything is being managed on its drama, but even decimal points can be marshaled to
own, and I have never thought about it. You are a ____9____ ____6____ the thesis that Hindus are ____7____. The reality is
fellow….!” that population growth is closely and inversely ____8____
If your know three or four lives, you will be in the same with social, particularly educational, ____9____. Backward
position. You will not be able to move, because these same Bihar has a decadal growth rate of 25.4%, 0.8% higher than
people were related to you in your past lives in ____10____ the Muslim ____10____ growth rate.
relationships. Your mind will be so bombarded.
1. (a) trend (b) bias
1. (a) perfectly (b) no (c) wind (d) course
(c) so (d) highly (e) current
(e) as 2. (a) impulse (b) shift
2. (a) breakfast (b) strolling (c) habit (d) tendency
(c) walk (d) talk (e) custom
(e) fresh 3. (a) as (b) during
3. (a) rather (b) should (c) although (d) yet
(c) can (d) could (e) while
(e) like 4. (a) relapsed (b) declined
4. (a) always (b) ever (c) lapsed (d) fell
(c) along (d) separately (e) destroyed
(e) together 5. (a) sent (b) written
5. (a) never (b) former (c) rounded (d) let
(c) fortunately (d) accidentally (e) disposed
(e) forever 6. (a) propagate (b) beget
6. (a) civilian (b) people (c) kill (d) produce
(c) type (d) sort (e) corroborate
(e) kind 7. (a) hazardous (b) sure
7. (a) soon (b) hurriedly (c) safe (d) wicked
(c) speedily (d) immediately (e) endangered
(e) than

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 CLOZE TEST
8. (a) interacted (b) correlated 8. (a) luck (b) value
(c) proportional (d) moved (c) collapse (d) pace
(e) disconnected (e) attention
9. (a) retrogression (b) momentum 9. (a) threatened (b) pursued
(c) impetus (d) progress (c) unprecedented (d) record
(e) promotion (e) debated
10. (a) foretold (b) determined 10. (a) forecast (b) chance
(c) decadal (d) accounted (c) pattern (d) occasion
(e) personal (e) imagination

PASSAGE - 81
The world's climate has always changed and species have
PASSAGE - 82
Hundreds of plants and animals are ____1____ every day due
evolved accordingly to survive it. The surprising fact about
to deforestation and urbanization. What might happen if
the ____1____ between evolution and global warming
this continues in the future? The last mass extinction of
____2____ that it is not linear. ____3____ temperatures alone
plant and animal species occurred 65 million years ago
are not ____4____ of evolution. Evolution is also the ____5___ of
with the dinosaurs. In all, five mass extinctions have
seasonal changes. As the environment ___6___ those species
occurred and scientists ____2____ earth is in the sixth mass
which don't adapt ____7___ to exist. But the sheer ____8____ of
extinction. The world as it is now is threatened, including
manmade climate change today is _____9____. 'Bad things are
people, who are responsible for earth's____3____.
happening' and by one ____10____ global warming could
Pesticidescontaminating water; overharvesting of animals
threaten up to one-third of the world's species if left
and plants; air pollution; illegal fishing and the clearing of
unchecked. In fact; a lot of the species which will be able to
land are direct results of urbanization and deforestation.
survive are the ones we consider pasts like insects and
People have _____4_____ and damaged almost half of earth's
weeds.
land, at a very unsustainable rate.
Global warming is having a serious impact as well. A six-
1. (a) difference (b) similarity
degree Celsius increase in global temperature killed 95% of
(c) argument (d) relationship
all species on Earth 251 million years ago. An increase of
(e) alliance
six- degree Celsius is forecast this century if a change is not
2. (a) being (b) seems
made to _____5_____ the damage done to earth. Humans will
(c) mainly (d) besides
be one of the 95% of species lost. Noticeable, changes of
(e) is
global warming include migration _____6_____ and the
3. (a) however (b) mounted
change in season timings. Migrating birds are migrating
(c) rising (d) elevating
earlier which in turn is causing them to hatch eggs and
(e) inclining
_____7____ young earlier than they did at the beginning of
4. (a) means (b) triggers
this century. While this is just the tip of the iceberg many
(c) responses (d) threats
other_____8_____ regarding the extinction of plant and
(e) stimulus
animal species need addressing. It is more important now
5. (a) result (b) precursor
than ever before to pull our heads out of the sand and make
(c) resistance (d) cause
changes for the ____9_____ of the earth. Future generations
(e) emerges
are _____10____, as they are a species as well.
6. (a) conserves (b) stifles
(c) predicts (d) changes
1. (a) killing (b) alive
(e) emerges
(c) born (d) left
7. (a) continue (b) halt
(e) lost
(c) cease (d) terminate
2. (a) speak (b) told
(e) discontinue
(c) estimation (d) believe
(e) consider

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 3. (a) shape (b) development 4. (a) them (b) whom
(c) deterioration (d) warmth (c) this (d) now
(e) expansion (e) which
4. (a) altered (b) created 5. (a) expensive (b) deserving
(c) produced (d) made (c) helping (d) demanding
(e) brought (e) valuable
5. (a) void (b) dissipate 6. (a) opportunity (b) ability
(c) augment (d) reverse (c) use (d) encouragement
(e) increase (e) achievement
6. (a) delay (b) birds 7. (a) distance (b) extent
(c) slowdown (d) hasten (c) time (d) limits
(e) acceleration (e) degrees
7. (a) spare (b) bear 8. (a) activity (b) hope
(c) destroy (d) amend (c) hobby (d) duty
(e) generation (e) worship
8. (a) animals (b) difficulty 9. (a) despite (b) though
(c) issues (d) humans (c) by (d) instead of
(e) problem (e) while
9. (a) extinction (b) better 10. (a) sell (b) read
(c) wealth (d) stigma (c) exchange (d) invest
(e) demand (e) buy
10. (a) endangered (b) threaten
(c) evaluated (d) living
(e) compared
PASSAGE - 84
I had ____1____ to become a multipurpose manager. I took
three steps to accomplish this. First, I took very____2____
PASSAGE - 83 part in professional associations. I _____3____ the National
I used to look ____1____ to the holidays. I was usually___2____
President of the Indian Society for Training and
to my uncle's house where I ____3___ his children. I did not
Development one of the ____4____ organizations for HR
get paid a salary for ____4____ What I received in return
professionals. This helped me to grow professionally. My
however, was far more___5___ My uncle was an avid reader.
communication skills ____5____ It also taught me ____6____ to
During the time I spent with his family I had an____6____ to
conduct meetings in an effective manner. My job _____7____
read the vast amount of books and magazines that he
me to different parts of the country and I _____8____ believe
possessed. This improved my English to some ____7____
that ____9_____ provided me with an education. I also wrote a
Reading became my new ___8____ ____9____spending my
lot. Newspaper editors often approached me with
pocket money on a ticket to the cinema I began to___10___
_____10____ to write articles for their publications.
books. This has benefitted me greatly.

1. (a) achieved (b) aim

1. (a) forward (b) towards
(c) try (d) dreamed
(c) backward (d) up
(e) wanted
(e) around
2. (a) selected (b) active
2. (a) went (b) sent
(c) interesting (d) often
(c) visited (d) traveled
(e) joint
(e) gone
3. (a) elected (b) voted
3. (a) cared (b) occupy
(c) became (d) applied
(c) guarded (d) taught
(e) decided
(e) played

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108
 CLOZE TEST
4. (a) respected (b) status 3. (a) contrary (b) opposite
(c) impressed (d) aged (c) yet (d) obedient
(e) common (e) different
5. (a) lacked (b) grown 4. (a) any (b) mean
(c) learnt (d) improved (c) short (d) no
(e) earned (e) less
6. (a) that (b) why 5. (a) known (b) calculating
(c) how (d) never (c) certain (d) dreamt
(d) anyhow (e) surely
7. (a) saw (b) showed 6. (a) operational (b) install
(c) posted (d) discovered (c) use (d) produced
(e) took (e) new
8. (a) quiet (b) firmly 7. (a) supply (b) diversity
(c) strong (d) first (c) rewards (d) pay
(e) not (e) knowledge
9. (a) traveling (b) journey 8. (a) thought (b) tried
(c) visit (d) migrating (c) wished (d) encourage
(e) shift (e) wanted
10. (a) wish (b) offer 9. (a) expand (b) function
(c) appointments (d) requests (c) chose (d) run
(e) commands (e) risk
10. (a) responsibility (b) secret
(c) guarantee (d) prize
PASSAGE - 85 (e) value
He was a charismatic leader, an entrepreneur and a highly
effective manager all rolled into one. As a leader, he____1____ PASSAGE - 86
the company's growth plan in a dedicated manner and he
Greenhouse gases are only ___1____ of the story when it
never____2____ focus. The cement industry in those days
comes to global warming. Changes to one part of the
was doing badly. ____3____ to everyone's expectations he
climate system can ____2____additional changes to the way
sanctioned an additional plant in____4____ time.
the planet absorbs or reflects energy. These secondary
He was____5____ that since the cement industry was cyclic in
changes are ____3____ climate feedbacks and they could
nature, by the time the plant was____6____ the market would
more than double the amount of warming caused by carbon
have improved. It did happen and the decision brought rich
dioxide alone. The primary feedbacks are ____4____to snow
____7____ when the plant was commissioned.
and ice, water vapour clouds, and the carbon cycle. Perhaps
Not only was he a great entrepreneur but he also____8____ all
the most well ____5___ feedback comes from melting snow
his senior people to be 'practising entrepreneurs'. I have
and ice in the Northern Hemisphere. Warming
seen a similar example at the Asian Institute of
temperatures are already ____6____ a growing percentage of
Management, which allows its professors to____9____ their
Arctic sea ice, exposing dark ocean water during the
own business. This made their lectures more practical and
____7____ sunlight of summer. Snow cover on land is also
less theoretical. It is the_____10_____ of the Institute's
____8____ in many areas. In the_____9____ of snow and ice,
success.
these areas go from having bright, sunlight-reflecting
surfaces that cool the planet to having dark, sunlight-
1. (a) achieved (b) implemented
absorbing surfaces that ____10____ more energy into the
(c) visualized (d) persevered
Earth system and cause more warming.
(e) aimed
2. (a) moved (b) shifts
(c) missed (d) changes
(e) lost

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 1. (a) whole (b) part 2. (a) favoured (b) created
(c) material (d) issue (c) issued (d) raised
(e) most (e) directed
2. (a) raise (b) brings 3. (a) childish (b) secular
(c) refer (d) stop (c) ashamed (d) disgraceful
(e) cause (e) bias
3. (a) sensed (b) called 4. (a) future (b) upholders
(c) nothing (d) but (c) stars (d) performers
(e) term (e) builders
4. (a) due (b) results 5. (a) tasked ` (b) authorized
(c) reason (d) those (c) paid (d) represented
(e) because (e) expected
5. (a) done (b) known 6. (a) merit (b) core
(c) ruled (d) bestowed (c) result (d) value
(e) said (e) response
6. (a) mastering (b) sending 7. (a) dignified (b) drastic
(c) melting (d) calming (c) participatory (d) friendly
(e) increasing (e) subjective
7. (a) make-shift (b) ceasing 8. (a) trial (b) battle
(c) troubled (d) perpetual (c) campaign (d) mandate
(e) absent (e) operation
8. (a) dwindling (b) manufactured 9. (a) beyond (b) irrespective
(c) descending (d) generating (c) unless (d) ahead
(e) supplied (e) away
9. (a) progress (b) reduced 10. (a) preach (b) believe
(c) existence (d) midst (c) adhere (d) impart
(e) absence (e) pursue
10. (a) repel (b) waft
(c) monitor (d) bring
(e) access
PASSAGE - 88
Changing an organization's culture is one of the most
difficult leadership challenges. That's because an
organization's culture ____1 _____ an interlocking set of
PASSAGE - 87 goals, roles, processes, value, communications practices,
It's really ____1____ that major political parties have ____2____ attitudes and assumptions. These elements _____2 _____
advertisements which attack prominent political together as a mutually reinforcing system and combine to
personalities. This is ____3____. These political are so-called prevent any _____ 3 _____ to change it. That is why single fix
____4____ of democracy and are ____5____ to be role models changes, such as the introduction of teams, or Lean, or
for the citizens of this country. Therefore it's high time they Agile, or Scrum, or knowledge management or some new
understood the ____6____ of a ____7____ election ____8____ and process, may____ 4 ____ to make progress for a while, but
showed a little bit of maturity, so that ____9____ of their ______ 5 ______ the interlocking elements of the
winning or losing, people can look up to them with respect, organizational culture ______6 _____ over and the change is
for the kind of ideologies they ____10____. inexorably drawn ______7 ____ into the existing
organizational culture.
1. (a) surprising (b) usual Changing a culture is a large-scale undertaking and
(c) challenging (d) discernible eventually all of the organizational tools for changing
(e) striking minds will need to be put in play. However, the ____ 8 _____ in
which they are deployed has a critical ______9 _____ on the

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110
 CLOZE TEST
1. (a) lies (b) embraces apartment building shaking because of the strong winds.
(c) comprises (d) makes Window panes have cracked and despite the doors being
(e) composes closed, there is a fear that it might break open any minute.
2. (a) amalgamate (b) conjoin All the scooters that were parked in the apartment got
(c) fit (d) stands swept away due to the severe impact of the wind," said a
(e) attach resident from Sitammadhara in Vizag. Affected people have
3. (a) attempt (b) energy ____7____ to social media to share photographs and videos of
(c) ways (d) power the disaster. People have also been ____8____ photographs
(e) tries and videos on,:, the Andhra Pradesh Disaster Management
4. (a) look (b) appear ____9____ page and the government is making ____10____ to
(c) perform (d) suspect reach through them by inquiring for the exact location of
(e) seek the place.
5. (a) especially (b) presently
(c) likely (d) eventually 1. (a) bore (b) music
(e) lately (c) brunt (d) heat
6. (a) bounce (b) throw (e) severity
(c) seize (d) jump 2. (a) coast (b) cost
(e) take (c) beach (d) sand
7. (a) forth (b) ahead (e) tides
(c) gain (d) set 3. (a) is been hit (b) has been hit
(e) back (c) hits (d) hitting
8. (a) order (b) succession (e) has been hitting
(c) idea (d) step 4. (a) of (b) up
(e) label (c) upon (d) off
9. (a) affect (b)impact (e) in
(c) control (d) jolt 5. (a) gripped (b) absorb
(e) shake (c) soaked (d) flood
10. (a) change (b) odd (e) awash
(c) risk (d) likelihood 6. (a) block (b) black
(e) option (c) red (d) obstruct
(e) wash
7. (a) takes (b) take
PASSAGE - 89 (c) taken (d) taking
Vizag faces the ____1____ of Cyclone Hudhud, city plunges (e) talk
into darkness after the cyclone hit the ____2____ at the 8. (a) sharing (b) shares
Bheernli-Kailashgiri stretch on Sunday at 11.00 am. Several (c) likes (d) liking
buildings in the area have been destroyed due to impact of (e) shred
the wind. Power supply ____3____ pushing the entire north 9. (a) phasebook (b) facebook
coast of Andhra Pradesh into black out. Locals in Vizag (c) sigh (d) site
reported that shattered glass windows of houses and (e) design
offices were causing injuries to them. 10. (a) effort (b) efforts
Communication networks including phones and Internet (c) affront (d) afford
have been cut ____4____. Meanwhile, panic has ____5____ the (e) affect
city and residents are living in constant fear. Several
residential complexes faced the brunt of the cyclone after
the winds reached 150-200 kmph. Complete ____6____ out
since Saturday night has worsened the situation as people
are left with no source of communication. "We can feel the

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 9. (a) bulwark (b) encash
PASSAGE - 90
(c) offend (d) buffer
India's forex reserves at over $338 billion are comfortable,
(e) stock
and the current account deficit-equal to the gap between
10. (a) pursue (b) chase
domestic investment and domestic savings-is ____1____
(c) follow (d) displace
control. However, unlike China's reserves that have been
(e) result
built up ____2____ trade surpluses, India's forex reserves are
based ____3____ on portfolio flows. So, ____4____ up an PASSAGE - 91
armour that includes increased reserves will make the The CBI ____1___ the Interpol and ____2___ shortly send
country better prepared. India also needs to stimulate letters rogatory to several countries to ____3___ the end-
stalled investment and push structural reforms to get the users of the alleged Bofors pay-offs, which were suspected
economy into a better shape. to ____4___ transferred from the Swiss bank accounts
On the ____5____ side, the appreciation of the US dollar is ____5___ the five recipients named earlier. The Sources said
____6____ pressure on balance sheets of banks and firms that the scrutiny of all the 500 pages of ____6___ Swiss bank
____7____ in dollars but have assets or earnings in other documents ____7___ over to it ____8___ revealed that money
currencies. India's corporate sector, which has borrowed was ____9___ of bank accounts in ____10___ countries,
____8____ in foreign currency, is not immune to this including Jordan, Panama, Lichtenstein and the Channel
vulnerability. Companies should hedge their currency risks islands.
and shift to rupee debt as rates come down in India. To 1. (a) warned (b) threatened
____9____ the rupee against the effects of financial outflows (c) alerted (d) informed
that would ____10____, India must ensure faster growth (e) told
brings foreign capital to its shores. 2. (a) would (b) will
1. (a) below (b) above (c) shall (d) should
(c) over (d) beneath (e) would be
(e) under 3. (a) find out (b) trace
2. (a) against (b) through (c) investigate (d) miss
(c) behind (d) on (e) none of these
(e) in 4. (a) have been (b) had been
3. (a) liberally (b) widely (c) has (d) had
(c) lavishly (d) largely (e) have
(e) generously 5. (a) among (b) with
4. (a) building (b) constructing (c) of (d) within
(c) erecting (d) framing (e) in
(e) bringing 6. (a) secret (b) open
5. (a) juxtaposed (b) front (c) hidden (d) clandestine
(c) that (d) this (e) none of these
(e) flip 7. (a) surrendered (b) submitted
6. (a) establishing (b) setting (c) deposited (d) fixed
(c) putting (d) focusing (e) handed
(e) giving 8. (a) had (b) has
7. (a) acquire (b) borrow (c) have (d) has been
(c) beg (d) pledge (e) had been
(e) forfeit 9. (a) changed (b) transferred
8. (a) heavily (b) densely (c) moved (d) transmitted
(c) thickly (d) dully (e) handed
(e) gloomily 10. (a) several (b) few
(c) a lot of (d) many

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 CLOZE TEST
10. (a) accessed (b) acceded
PASSAGE - 92
(c) accomplished (d) discarded
At first glance, the recent Allahabad high Court____1____
(e) utilised
directing government servants, elected representatives
and members of the judiciary to send their children to
primary schools run by the state government seems
____2____ of individual freedoms. But it ____3____ the
PASSAGE - 93
principle of equality of opportunity. 'Let the sarkari elite get India's top industrialists including Cyrus Mistry, Mukesh
a taste of what it is to study in ____4____ provide-for state- Ambani, Anil Ambani, Kumar Mangalam Birla and Sunil
run schools; only then can these schools change' seems to Bharati Mittal ____1____ the government's Rs. 1.12 lakh-
be the court's somewhat ____5____ reasoning. crore Digital India programme, saying it had the potential
The ruling is unlikely to work on the ____6____. But it to bridge the digital divide the benefit billions of people
highlights the asymmetries arising out of state withdrawal ____2____ bridge solution in education, healthcare and
from public services. The ____7____ in the quality of irrigation sectors.
government schools, hospitals, ration shops and buses over At the ____3____ of the Digital India Week by Prime Minister
the last two decades is ____8____ not just too inadequate Narendra Modi, India's top billionaires pledged around Rs.
budget allocation, but also to the better-off sections ceasing 4.5 lakh crore to projects related to Digital India, which
to have a state in these services. Government services could ____4____ employment for some 18 lakh people.
____9____ when they are ____10____ only by the poor who “Digital India will help India create a knowledgeable
cannot enforce their rights against the state. society and will ____5____ government services within a
short time,” said Cyrus Mistry, chairman of Tata Sons.
1. (a) statute (b) precedent After taxing fixed deposits, the tax authorities are now
(c) guidance (d) stand ____6____ at recurring deposits, popular among small savers,
(e) ruling to ____7____ revenue ____8____.
2. (a) compatible (b) similar From June 1, interest income of Rs. 10,000 or more in a
(c) violative (d) opposed financial year from recurring deposits will be ____9____ to
(e) contrary TDS (tax deducted at source), as is the case with fixed
3. (a) depreciates (b) underscores deposits. The TDS rate will be 10 per cent, if the bank has
(c) ignore (d) repeats the PAN details of the depositors, ____10____ the deduction
(e) undermines rate will be 20 per cent.
4. (a) deplorably (b) casually
(c) severely (d) acutely 1. (a) rejected (b) disrupted
(e) highly (c) applauded (d) generated
5. (a) sharp (b) pointed (e) denigrated
(c) intelligent (d) blunt 2. (a) by (b) through
(e) obtuse (c) in (d) with
6. (a) land (b) landscape (e) over
(c) people (d) court 3. (a) ignoring (b) praising
(e) ground (c) discovering (d) unveiling
7. (a) decay (b) ebb (e) hiding
(c) decline (d) rise 4. (a) reduce (b) make
(e) increase (c) frame (d) obstruct
8. (a) allied (b) linked (e) generate
(c) coupled (d) based 5. (a) provide (b) seek
(e) dissociated (c) take (d) remove
9. (a) vitiates (b) corrodes (e) deprive
(c) improve (d) provided 6. (a) noticing (b) glancing
(e) deteriorate (c) looking (d) dodging

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 7. (a) advance (b) dissuade 3. (a) inspires (b) dissuades
(c) hinder (d) undermine (c) satisfies (d) assures
(e) boost (e) encourages
8. (a) collections (b) compilation 4. (a) devotion (b) apathy
(c) store (d) acquiring (c) animosity (d) adoration
(e) collation (e) allegiance
9. (a) directed (b) guided 5. (a) upset (b) overwhelmed
(c) consented (d) subjected (c) moved (d) devastated
(e) neglected (e) repulsed
10. (a) if not (b) otherwise 6. (a) no (b) short
(c) alias (d) besides (c) great (d) small
(e) then (e) ample
7. (a) meant (b) specified
(c) represented (d) lent
PASSAGE - 94 (e) promised
Lakshmana's principles in life are ____1____ on Rama. He
8. (a) seclusion (b) aloofness
declares that Rama is everything to him and that he does
(c) privacy (d) isolation
not look behind Him and beyond Him. He strives to obtain
(e) publicity
Rama's approbation and his goal is Rama's happiness.
9. (a) delights (b) neglects
When Rama and Sita leave for the forest with Lakshmana,
(c) asks (d) worries
he ____2____ the fears of the people who are concerned about
(e) cares
their welfare. He ____3____ them that he would look after the
10. (a) protests (b) refuses
couple. Lakshmana exemplifies that practice of karma,
(c) opposes (d) acknowledges
jnana and bhakti by his exceptional ____4____ and service to
(e) defends
the Supreme Being incarnate, pointed out Kidambi Sri
Narayanan in a discourse. PASSAGE - 95
Rama is ____5____ with gratitude and love for Lakshmana on We welcome the decision taken by banking regulator
seeing the lovely hermitage he had built for them at Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to impose strict ____1____ on
Panchavati. Everything about the hermitage speaks loud of corporate borrowers who have to ____2____ their loans,
Lakshmana's skill and resourcefulness. There is ____6____ which will give banks 51% of their equity in case of default.
room for the performance of daily rituals and worship, and Lenders should then have control and be able to change the
a section of it is ____7____ for meeting with the sages who management. Equity market ____3____ SEBI is reportedly
might visit them. Lakshmana has also designed a very also in favour of the idea. Of course, promoters will have to
comely section for the ____8____ of Rama and Sita. In joy buy into this only when they need corporate debt
Rama embraces Lakshmana and says that He finds a father restructuring. In plain words, chronic ____4____ have been
in Lakshmana. Does not his service to Rama far exceed the told to shape up or ____5____ out.
unselfish love of a father who ____9____ for the well being of In his December policy speech, RBI governor Raghuram
his child in anticipating and fulfilling its needs? Rama Rajan ____6____ on words, when, referring to promoters who
loudly ____10____ that as far as He is concerned, Dasaratha are habitual defaulters, he said, “ Some are actual frauds:
continues to live in Lakshmana and that He has no occasion sometimes assets have been taken out of the business,
to miss His father. sometimes money has been transferred abroad.” This
____7____ was imminent and is most welcome. Bad debt,
1. (a) converged (b) targeted politely called non-performing assets (NPAs), and CDRs
(c) centered (d) concentrated taken together have ____8____ to an alarming 10% of total
(e) based lending. This level of stressed assets is unsustainable. They
2. (a) worsen (b) allays also represent huge inflation of project costs. ____9____
(c) aggravates (d) provokes converting debt into equity and taking control of failed
(e) intensifies projects, the banks will need to take a ____10____ and revise
project costs down to realistic levels.

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 CLOZE TEST
1. (a) lease (b) affidavit 1. (a) assimilation (b) combination
(c) refusal (d) denial (c) union (d) accumulation
(e) covenants (e) integration
2. (a) release (b) rearrange 2. (a) condemned (b) discouraged
(c) restructure (d) reshuffle (c) cultivated (d) dissuaded
(e) reorient (e) fostered
3. (a) watchdog (b) manager 3. (a) egress (b) access
(c) bodyguard (d) curator (c) approach (d) demand
(e) super (e) utilization
4. (a) offender (b) evader 4. (a) while (b) nowhere
(c) hoodlum (d) defaulters (c) thus (d) however
(e) culprit (e) given
5. (a) route (b) ship 5. (a) to (b) under
(c) keep (d) hold (c) around (d) for
(e) drop (e) beneath
6. (a) divulged (b) revealed 6. (a) certain (b) assured
(c) minced (d) cut (c) confident (d) unfavorable
(e) grinded (e) sanguine
7. (a) transformation (b) beginning 7. (a) hide (b) disguise
(c) start (d) crunch (c) plant (d) till
(e) crackdown (e) reserve
8. (a) climbed (b) ascended 8. (a) furnishes (b) opposes
(c) retreated (d) stood (c) contributes (d) dispenses
(e) floated (e) accords
9. (a) however (b) like 9. (a) withdrawal (b) formation
(c) as (d) while (c) deposits (d) account
(e) when (e) investment
10. (a) fade (b) haircut 10. (a) either (b) moreover
(c) tease (d) thatch (c) whether (d) nevertheless
(e) quill (e) nonetheless

PASSAGE - 96
The last four decades have witnessed a process of global PASSAGE - 97
financial ____1____, which is believed to have ____2____ The principal advantage in having a clear cut objective of
economic development due to easier and cheaper ____3____ business is that it does not derail; the enterprise does not
to capital in international markets. ____4____, the stray ____1____ the direct route that it has set for ____2____
unconditional merits of this financial integration process Enterprises with well defined objectives can conveniently
have recently begun to come ____5____ scrutiny. A rich body undertake ____3____ and follow long range development
of research emphasizes that financial openness is effective policies. Recognition of objectives ____4____ the temptation
only under _____6_____ circumstances and average effects to compromise long range____5____ for short term gains and
associated with financial openness _____7____ important improves coordination in work and consistency in policy.
heterogeneities. The study ____8____ to the financial-
openness literature by empirically investigating the effects 1. (a) from (b) on
of capital ____9____ liberalization on corporate and (c) along (d) towards
sovereign credit rating and examining _____10_____ the 2. (a) others (b) industry
effects depends on the degree of domestic financial (c) itself (d) government
development.

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 3. (a) production (b) research 6. (a) distribute (b) recover
(c) audit (d) appraisal (c) wait (d) increased
4. (a) invites (b) defer (e) fight
(c) shifts (d) removes 7. (a) meant (b) show
5. (a) objectives (b) loses (c) numbered (d) included
(c) interests (d) profits (e) encompass
8. (a) fearful (b) dangerous
(c) abnormally (d) healthy
PASSAGE - 98 (e) nutritious
In economics, the term recession generally describes the
9. (a) alternative (b) variant
reduction of a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for
(c) substitute (d) element
at least two quarters. A recession is ____1____ by rising
(e) integral
unemployment, increase in government borrowing,
10. (a) wealthy (b) costly
____2____, of share and stock prices, and falling investment.
(c) stand (d) created
All of these characteristics have effects on people. Some
(e) established
recessions have been anticipated by stock market declines.
The real estate market also usually ____3____ before a
recession. During an economic decline, high ____4____ stocks PASSAGE - 99
such as financial services, pharmaceuticals and tobacco Land problems in India continue to attract equal attention
____5____ to hold up better. However, when the economy from policy-makers and academics. The renewed interest
starts to recover growth, stocks tend to recover faster. in land issues ____1____ from the ____2____ impact of
There is significant disagreement about how health care liberalisation and ____3____ the economy. Tenancy, land
and utilities tend to ____6____ In 2008, an economic ceiling and land administration are being ____4____ with a
recession was suggested by several important indicators of new perspective. Among the issues under renewed focus,
economic downturn. These ____7____ high oil prices, which legalizing tenancy, revising the ceiling limits, quality of
led to ____8____ high food prices due to a dependence of food land, meeting the challenge of miniscule holdings that are
production on petroleum, as well as using food crop ____5____ of marginalisation and land administration are
products such as ethanol and biodiesel as an ____9____ to ____6____ the debate. It sets a background to the emergence
petroleum; and global inflation; a substantial credit crisis of land policy in India from pre-Independence and, after
investment blanks as well ____10____ as commercial banks ____7____ it through various phases, maps out the impacts
in various, and signs of contemporaneous economic and emerging challenges. After an analysis of the
downturns in major economics of the world, a global development of land policy over various planning periods,
recession. the issues at stake during the 1990s are reviewed. Finally a
case is made for a new land-policy framework that ____8____
1. (a) imagined (b) depict reforms to the maintenance of land records, deals with
(c) shown (d) visualized ____9____ tenancy and non-viable land holdings, and the
(e) characterized problem of land quality. These issues have ____10____
2. (a) Increase (b) variance greater importance in the current economic transition in
(c) more (d) decrease rural areas.
(e) abundance
3. (a) weakens (b) initiates 1. (a) clears (b) finds
(c) awakens (d) strengthens (c) tools (d) stems
(e) volatile (e) fires
4. (a) maintained (b) yield 2. (a) commenced (b) perceived
(c) heavy (d) result (c) migrated (d) less
(e) payment (e) pioneer
5. (a) are (b) want 3. (a) agitate (b) materialise
(c) tend (d) yearn (c) opening up (d) suffer
(e) made (e) slope

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 CLOZE TEST
4. (a) revisited (b) renowned 3. (a) apart (b) separate
(c) used (d) termed (c) far (d) along
(e) havocked (e) now
5. (a) start (b) level 4. (a) before (b) present
(c) status (d) inception (c) after (d) next
(e) consequences (e) coeval
6. (a) creating (b) dominating 5. (a) was (b) has
(c) affecting (d) waving (c) have (d) were
(e) sequencing (e) are
7. (a) passing (b) turning 6. (a) during (b) although
(c) casting (d) ignoring (c) While (d) before
(e) tracing (e) since
8. (a) includes (b) discerns 7. (a) sluggish (b) alive
(c) likes (d) detects (c) morose (d) dispirited
(e) makes (e) dull
9. (a) cleared (b) made 8. (a) ensuing (b) before
(c) concealed (d) revealed (c) earlier (d) next
(e) entered (e) later
10. (a) planted (b) tucked 9. (a) continue (b) improve
(c) reacted (d) assumed (c) bear (d) died
(e) screened (e) upon
10. (a) increasing (b) diminishment
(c) decreasing (d) abridgment
PASSAGE - 100 (e) depletion
Unpredictable and difficult weather is quickly becoming
____1____ of the key reasons behind Indian Army's worrying
casualty count, as ____2____ another avalanche claimed a
soldier's life ____3____ the treacherous border with
Pakistan.The latest tragedy comes just weeks ____4____ 10
soldiers were buried under snow after their camp in
northern Siachen glacier ____5____ hit by a major avalanche
in February. ____6____ one of them, Lance Naik
Hanamanthappa Koppad, was miraculously pulled out
____7____ six days after the tragedy, he died a few days
____8____. On February 27, a civilian porter with the Army
fell into a deep crevasse in the Siachen glacier and ____9____.
“We should be ready for more such tragedies,” a senior
Army officer posted in the region said, pointing out the
____10____ unpredictability of weather in the higher reaches
because of global warming and climate change is
something that is “more the norm than the exception.”
1. (a) two (b) another
(c) few (d) almost
(e) one
2. (a) yet (b) now
(c) another (d) important
(e) few

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 Answer Key
1. 19.
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d)
2. 20.
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
3. 21.
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (e) 4. (c) 5. (d) 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c)
4. 22.
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d) 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (a)
5. 23.
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d)
6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10.(b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (c)
6. 24.
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b)
7. 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 25.
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c) 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
8. 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (b)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 26.
6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a) 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c)
9. 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 27.
10. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 28.
6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b)
11. 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 29.
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b) 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)
12. 30.
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d) 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)
13. 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 31.
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d) 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c)
14. 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 32.
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (a) 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d)
15. 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 33.
16. 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d) 34.
17. 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c) 35.
18. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a)
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)

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 CLOZE TEST
36. 53.
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c)
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
54.
37. 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
38. 55.
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)
39. 56.
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
40.
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 57.
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c) 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c)
41. 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d)
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 58.
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c) 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b)
42. 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d)
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 59.
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a) 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (a)
43. 60.
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (d)
44. 61.
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (a) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c)
45. 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 62.
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d) 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d)
46. 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 63.
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d) 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d)
47. 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 64.
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c) 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)
48. 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (a)
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 65.
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c) 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)
49. 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (d)
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 66.
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a) 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)
50. 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 67.
51. 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d)
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
52. 68.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b)
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)

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 69. 86.
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (e) 10. (d)
70. 87.
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (e)
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (e)
71. 88.
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a) 6. (e) 7. (e) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (d)
72. 89.
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. © 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)
73. 90.
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 1. (e) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (e)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c)
74. 91.
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (c) 7.(a) 8.(d) 9.(d) 10.(b) 6. (a) 7. (e) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
75. 92.
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d) 6. (e) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (e) 10. (a)
76. 93.
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d) 6. (c) 7. (e) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
77. 94.
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (e) 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (e) 10. (b) 6. (e) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (e) 10. (d)
78. 95.
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (d) 5. (b) 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (e) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b) 6. (c) 7. (e) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
79. 96.
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (e) 5. (a) 1. (e) 2. (e) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
80. 97.
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (c) 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (e) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 98.
81. 1. (e) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)
1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (e)
6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (a) 99.
82. 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (e)
1. (e) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (e) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)
6. (e) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a) 100.
83. 1. (e) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a)
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (e) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (e) 9. (d) 10. (a)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (e)
84.
1. (e) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (e) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
85.
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (e) 9. (d) 10. (b)

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 SAI BANKING/ SSC/RRB
(“Dreams it do it”)

PHRASAL VERBS

 Abide by – Accept or follow a decision or rule – we have to ABIDE by what the court says.

 Account for – to explain – They had to ACCOUNT for all the money that had gone missing.

 Ache for – Want something or someone a lot – My partner’s been away for a fortnight, I am aching

for her.

 Act up – behave badly or strangely – My computer’s ACTING UP , I think I might have a virus.

 Add up – to make a mathematical total – we added up the bill to check it was correct.

 Answer for – be held responsible for a problem – The government should be made to answer for

their failure to sort out the problem

 Ask over – Invite – They have asked us OVER for drinks on Friday.

 Back off – Retreat – the police told me protesters to Back off

 Back out – fail to keep an arrangement or promise – He backed out two days before the holiday so

we gave the ticket to his sister.

 Back up – make a copy of computer data – you should always BACK UP important files and

documents so that you won’t lose all your work if something goes wrong with the hardware.

 Bail out – Save, rescue – The government had to BAIL OUT the airline because it was losing so

much money.

 Barge into – enter a place and interrupt people rudely. – they barged into my office without

knocking and started talking even though I was on the Phone.

 Bawl out – scold – she bawled raj out for getting there late.

 Bear on – Influence, affect – the Judge’s character may well BEAR ON the final decision.

 Bear up – Resist pressure – How are you BEARING UP under the strain?

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 Beef up – Make something stronger or more solid – The company BEEFED UP their case when they

saw that the public wouldn’t accept their first explanation of the accident.

 Black out – lose light – Everything BLACKED OUT when the power supply failed.

 Blow over – when a scandal gets forgotten – The scandal BLEW OVER within a fortnight when the

press found someone else to attack.

 Blow up – Explode – the Bomb BLEW up without any warning.

 Bog down – slowly make progress – Yasini got Bogged down in his research and didn’t finish the

project in time.

 Book up – Reserve – the flight’s fully booked up , I will have to go the following day.

 Batch up – Ruin or spoil something – I Botched up the whole project and it had to be cancelled.

 Break down – end negotations unsuccessfully – the talks between management and the unions

BROKE DOWN acrimoniously.

 Break in – Go into a building to steal something – The burglars BROKE IN and stole the TV and

video.

 Break off – Break a piece from something – She BROKE OFF their engagement when she found out

that he had been unfaithful

 Break out – start (war,conflict) – they are worried that war will break out

 Bring around – persuade or convince someone – it took me ages to bring him Around to my point

of view.

 Buy out – Buy somebody’s share in a company – His business partners BOUGHT him OUT to get rid

of him

 Call around – visit – I called around but she wasn’t in

 Call for – Demand – The opposition party CALLED FOR the minister’s resignation after the scandal

broke.

 Call off – Cancel – The concert had to be called off because the singer went down with a bad case

of flu.

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 Call on – ask for help – the President called on the wealthy countries for financial aid after the

floods destroyed much of the country’s agriculture.

 Carry on – Continue – CARRY ON quietly with your work until the substitute teacher arrives

 Carry out – Perform a task – the Government is CARRYNG OUT test on growing genetically

modified crops.

 Carve out – Create or get a area when you can be special or successful – She’s carved out a career

in Photojournalism

 Catch up – Reach someone who was ahead of you – He started well, but I caught him up on the

third lap.

 Come about – Happen, occur – The meeting came about because both sides were sick of fighting.

 Come around – recover consciousness – It took several hours after the operation before he came

around.

 Count on – Depend, rely – You can count on them, if they have promised to do something, they

will do it.

 Cover up – conceal, try to stop people finding out – They tried to cover up the incident but it got

into the newspapers.

 Cut back – reduce – the firm CUT BACK production because sales were sluggish.

 Cut out – Exclude- I am cutting out salt from my diet.

 Decide on – Choose, select - Trevor spent a long time looking at flats before he bought one, but

eventually DECIDED ON one near his work.

 Die down – Decrease or become quieter – It was on the front pages of all the papers for a few

days, but the interest gradually DIED down.

 Drive back – Repulse, force back – The police DROVE the crowd BACK to give the rescue worker’s

more space.

 Drop out – Quit a course – She DROPPED OUT of college and went straight into a good job.

 Drop over – Visit for a short time – I will drop over on my way back.

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 Drown out – Be so loud that another sound cannot be heard – The music DROWNED OUT the

sound of the phone ringing.

 Ease off – Reduce pressure – She EASED OFF the accelerator to let the car slow down.

 Eat away – destroy slowly – the disease EATS the liver AWAY.

 Eke out – Make something like money last as long possible.

 Most students have to eke out their income because they have so little money to live on.

 Embark on – Start project or venture – piere EMBARKED ON an MBA at instead last autumn.

 Embark upon – start a project or venture – Fernanda has just EMBARKED UPON a new

professional challenge.

 Enter into – Become involved in or accept – They ENTERED INTO an agreement.

 Face off – Confront – The company FACED OFF the competition.

 Fall apart – break into pieces – the box FELL APART when I picked it up.

 Fall back – retreat – the army FELL BACK after losing the battle.

 Fall through – Be unsuccessful – the plans FEEL THROUGH when planning permission was refused.

 Fizzle out – End in an unsuccessfull way – the campaign started well, but FIZZLED OUT when they

ran out of money.

 Flare up – when trouble suddenly appears – the argument flared up when he was rude to them

 Gear up – Get ready for a busy period – the shops are GEARING UP for the New year scales

 Get across – Go from one side to the other – It’s impossible to GET ACROSS the road with all this

traffic.

 Get ahead – Progress – Nowadays, you need IT skills if you want to GET AHEAD.

 Get along – Have a good relationship with someone – I don’t GET ALONG WITH my sister – we

have nothing in common

 Get around – Become known – I didn’t take long for the news to GET AROUND once it got into the

newspapers.

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 Get away – Escape – The robbers GOT AWAY in a stolen car, which the police later found

abandoned.

 Get into – Become involved or interested – She has been getting into dance music recently

 Get through – Contact – I tried calling her mobile phone, but I couldn’t GET THROUGH.

 Gloss over – Try to minimise the importance of something – The Minister tried to Gloss over the

report that was critical of her department.

 Go across – Move to another side or place – He went ACROSS to the opposition.

 Go after – Chase, try to get – The cat WENT AFTER the pigeon, but it flew away.

 Go against – lose a decision or a verdict of a court – if the decision GOES AGAINST me, I will go

bankrupt.

 Grasp at – take an opportunity without hesitation – they grasped at the chance to speak to her.

 Grass up – Report someone to a person in authority – she didn’t to GRASS them up, even though

they had been bullying her badly.

 Grind away – Keep working at something – Although I hated it, I ground away until I had finished.

 Grow back – Grow again – Nails GROW BACK quickly after you cut them

 Grow upon – Like something thay you didn’t like at first – The book started slowly and was a bit

dull, but it has GROWN UPON me.

 Hammer out – Negotiate and reach an agreement – They HAMMERED OUT their differences and

got the contract signed.

 Hand back -Return – The police officer checked my license, then HANDED it BACK.

 Hand down – Pass on the next generation – The jewellery has been HANDED DOWN in my family

their generations.

 Hang around – stay in a place – they HANG AROUND the station most of the day.

 Hang on – wait – could you hang on for a moment till she’s free.

 Hang out – spend time socially – he HANGS OUT in the pub the Monarch, he’s there most nights.

 Hang over – worry or trouble – I have a lot of financial problem HANGING OVER my head.

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 Hang up – End a phone call – I lost my temper and HUNG UP

 Heat up – Make food hot – He HEATED the soup up in the microwave

 Help out – Give assistance – she really HELPED me OUT when I was going through my divorce.

 Hide out – Go or stay somewhere to avoid being caught or found – The police think he ‘s HIDING

out in the woods.

 Hit back – attack or criticise – The president HIT BACK at her critics in a speech last night.

 Hit upon – Have an idea – It took us ages to HIT UPON a solution

 Hold back – Not show emotion – it was really hard to HOLD BACK the tears.

 Hold out – Resist – When the enemy attaked, they HELD OUT for six weeks.

 Hold over – delay – the meeting has been HELD OVER till Friday.

 Iron out – Remove small problems or irregulations – The management team IRONED OUT the tax

problems before they gave the project the OK.

 Jack up – Raise a car to be able to do mechanical work. – we JACKED the car UP and changed the

tyre.

 Joke around – be funny, or try to – He’s always JOKING AROUND in class.

 Jot down – Make a quick note – I JOTTED DOWN her number on a scrap of paper and I can’t find it

now.

 Jump on – Criticize, attack – Everyone JUMPED ON me when I raised the issue.

 Keep around – keep something near you – I keep a dictionary AROUND when I am doing my

homework.

 Keep away – Don’t allow someone near something – Medicines should always be KEPT AWAY from

children.

 Keep off – Not talk about – She KEPT OFF the subject of her divorce.

 Keep up with – Move at the same rate – He walks too fast and it’s really hard to KEEP UP WITH

him.

 Key on – Target, focus on (sport) - We will KEY ON the opposing team’s lack of skills on defense.

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 Kick in – When a drug starts to take effect. – He hayfever didn’t feel half as bad once the

antihistamines had KICKED ON.

 Kick out – Expel – The family KICKED the au pair OUT when they found out that she was planning

to move to work for another household

 Knock down – Demolish – They KNOCKED DOWN the old church and built a block of flats in its

place.

 Knock off – Finish work for the day – We KNOCKED OFF early on Friday to avoid the rush hour

queues.

 Knock out – Hit and make somebody unconscious – The reigning middle weight champion

KNOCKED OUT the challenger in the fourth round of the fight.

 Lash out – Suddenly become violent – He LASHED OUT and broke the man’s nose.

 Laugh off – Pretend something (an injury, news ,etc) – isn’t important – He LAUGHED OFF the

sprained finger but it obviously affected his golf game

 Lay off – Make an employee redundant – the hotel LAID OFF twenty staff because tourist numbers

were down.

 Lay on – Organise, supply – they LAID ON a buffet lunch at the conference.

 Lean on – Put Pressure on someone to get them to do what you want – The government has

denied LEANING ON the attorney General to get his approval of the war.

 Leap on – Show interest in or try to use something to your advantage – they have LEAPT ON the

bandwagon to increase sales.

 Let down – Make clothes longer – He’s grown so much, we will have to LET his trousers DOWN.

 Load down – Burden – I was LOADED DOWN with all the stuff. I had to take there.

 Look into – Research, Investigate – We will LOOK INTO the problem and come back to you when

we have the information

 Look out – Be careful – LOOK OUT, you are going to drop that!

 Look over – Inspect – They come to LOOK the house OVER with a view to buying it.

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 Lose out – Be at a disadvantage – Many people LOST OUT when the new regulations were

enforced.

 Make out – Make a cheque payable to somebody – please MAKE the cheque OUT to RGM

productions Ltd.

 Make up – Stop being angry with someone – They are always arguing, but they make up again very

quickly.

 Mash up – Crush something until it becomes a paste – He MASHED UP some bananas for the

dessert.

 Mess around – Not be serious, play with something – I was MESSING AROUND on the internet

because I couldn’t be bothered do do any work.

 Mete out – Give people harsh punishments or treatment – They meted out savage penalties to

anyone who broke the law.

 Mix up – Confuse – I always mix those two sisters UP because they look so like each other.

 Move out – leave a place you live or work in – She is tired of living there and is MOVING OUT

 Move towards – Make Preparations for something – The government are MOVING TOWARDS free

elections.

 Muscle out – Use power, contacts etc to force someone out – They used their contacts in local

government to MUSCLE the competitors OUT.

 Nail down – Succeed in getting , achieve – I NAILED the job down in the first interview.

 Nod off – fall asleep – I NODDED OFF during the speech

 Nose about – Look for something hidden or secret - the police are NOSING ABOUT to see if they

can find anything against the gang

 Nose around – Look around for evidence – the boss keeps NOSING AROUND our office when we

are out at lunch.

 Occur to – enter one’s mind – Didn’t occur to You to help me when you saw how much trouble I

was in?

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 Opt out – Choose not to be part of something – the UK OPTED OUT of a lot of EU legislation on

working hours and conditions.

 Own up – Confess – Nobody OWNED UP to breaking the window.

 Pan out – The way a situation develops – I don’t know things will PAN OUT now the company’s

been taken over.

 Paper over – Try to conceal a problem without really fixing it. – The government tried to PAPER

OVER the problems in the proposal, but the press were very critical

 Pass away – Die – Sadly, Georgia’s uncle PASSED AWAY yesterday after a short illness.

 Pass Down – Transmit information or give property to younger generations – The tales were

PASSED DOWN for centuries without changing ay of the words.

 Pass up – Decline a chance – She PASSED UP the opportunity to go to university because she had

been offered a job

 Pay off – Completely repay a debt – the mortgage will be PAID OFF in twenty -five years.

 Peel off – Leave a group by moving in a different direction – When the police blocked the road, a

few protesters PEELED OFF and left the march.

 Peter out – Lose impetus and stop – Everyone was keen at first, but the enthusiasm PETERED OUT

when they saw how long it would take.

 Phase out – Remove Gradually – They have introduced a compact edition of the newspaper and

are PHASING OUT the board sheet edition over the next few months.

 Pile up – Accumulate in a pile or heap – The ironing’s PILING UP as I Hate doing it.

 Play back – Listen to or watch something you have recorded. – We PLAYED the recording BACK to

see if it was OK.

 Play down – Try to make something seem less important – The Government has tried to PLAY

DOWN the importance of the minister’s resignation.

 Plate up – Put food onto a plate to serve – PLATE UP and drizzle with salsa verde.

 Pull apart – Destroy an argument , theory etc. – My tutor PULLED my essay apart.

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 Pull through – Recover from and illness or problem – At one stage it looked as if she was going to

die, but she PULLED THROUGH in the end.

 Put off – Postpone – The concert’s been PUT OFF until next month because the singer’s got a

throat infection.

 Quieten down – fall silent – the audience QUIETENED DOWN when the lights were switched off in

the auditorium and the play was ready to begin

 Ramp up – Increase price, speed or power of something – The company has RAMPED its prices UP

because of higher oil prices.

 Reach out – Stretch your arm to get something – I REACHED OUT and caught the ball

 Reel off – Quote statistics or facts rapidly – The minister REELED OFF a load of figures to support

her position.

 Roll back – retreat – The army ROLLED BACK, when they came under attack.

 Roll out – Launch or introduce a new product, initiative, etc. – The company ROLLED OUT its

takeover plans last week.

 Root out – Look for and find – the Police ROOTED OUT the informer.

 Run down – Hit a pedestrian with a vehicle – the minicap RAN him DOWN on the zebra crossing.

 Run off – Make photocopies – could you RUN OFF two hundred copies of this report, please.

 Run out of – Have none left – We have RUN OUT OF sugar I am going to the shops for some.

 Rush out – Release or put something on sale quickly – They RUSHED the single OUT after it started

Getting airplay

 Sail into – criticise angrily - He SAILED INTO me for turning up an hour late.

 Scale back – Make something smaller than originally – they had to SCALE BACK the project

because of the costs.

 Scrape through – Pass a test but only just. – I did no revision and only just SCRAPED THROUGH the

final exams.

 Screw up – Do badly or fail – David SCREWED UP his oral exam but still managed to scrape a pass.

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 Send for – Ask someone to come and help – I had to SEND FOR a plumber because the radiator

was leaking.

 Set apart – Distinguish, be better than or different from others. – The quality of their work SETS

them APART from their rivals.

 Set aside – Overturn a court verdict or decision – The Appeal Court SET ASIDE the guilty verdict

because the evidence was unsatisfactory and declared her not guilty.

 Set up – Prepare equipement, software, etc., for use – The technician SET UP the computer

network perfectly.

 Shape up – Develop in a positive way – Things are SHAPING UP at work everything’s going well

again.

 Show off – Behave in a way so as to attract attention – The children were SHOWING OFF and

irritated me.

 Show through – When a feeling can be seen despite attempts to conceal it – His anger SHOWED

THROUGH despite his smile.

 Simmer down – Become calmer, make less noise – He told them to SIMMER DOWN because they

were disturbing the class next door.

 Sink in – Slowly come to be understood – The truth finally SANK IN about her death when it was

broadcast on TV

 Skive off – Avoid doing work or other duty – I Pretended I was ill and SKIVED OFF on Monday.

 Snurl up – Entangle – My line was all SNARLED UP after I caught that last fish.

 Sneak out – Depart Furtively – Although the thieves tried to SNEAK OUT after dark. We were ready

for them

 Spew out – Expel, throw out – The volcano is SPEWING OUT lava and hot gases.

 Spur on – Encourage someone to continue – The thought of the bonus SPURRED her ON to

complete the work on time.

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 Stand by – Support someone – He STOOD BY her throughout the trial as he believed her to be

innocent.

 Stash away – Store or hide something in a safe place – I STASHED some money AWAY behind

some books.

 Stave in – Push or break something inwards – The police STOVE the front door IN and arrested

them

 Stick by – Support someone when they are having difficulties – No one STUCK WITH out original

idea.

 Strike out – Start doing something new and different – After doing the same job for five years, I

decided to STRIKE OUT and change careers.

 Syphon off – Take business, support or votes from someone – The candidate SYPHONED OFF a lot

of votes because of his anti-war stance.

 Take after – Look like, resemble – He TAKES AFTER his mother.

 Take in – Absorb Information – The lecture was rather boring and I didn’t TAKE IN much of what

the lecturer said.

 Take up – Fill or occupy time or space – An awful lot of my time at work is TAKEN UP with pointless

bureaucracy nowadays.

 Tear away – Stop someone doing something unwillingly – I had to TEAR him AWAY from the office

for dinner.

 Throw out – Get rid of – I THREW OUT all my old clothes to make some space in my wardrobe

 Tick off – Annoy – She really TICKS me OFF when she doesn’t reply to my emails

 Tide over – Use something carefully so as not to finish it. – This E50 will have to TIDE me OVER

until I get paid.

 Tie down – Secure Something to prevent it moving – They TIED him DOWN to stop him Escaping

 Tip off – Secretly inform the police or authorities – The police arrested the drug dealer after

someone TIPPED them OFF.

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 Turn on – Cause someone to feel attraction or pleasure – He really TURNS me ON.

 Turn up – Appear – She didn’t TURN UP for class today.

 Turn away – Not allow someone to enter a place – The doorman TURNED him AWAY From the

nightclub because he was wearing trainers.

 Urge on – Encourage – The crowd URGED the players ON

 Usher in – Make important changes happen – Her appointment as CEO USHERED IN a whole new

phase in the company’s growth.

 Vamp up – Make something more exciting, attractive, etc. – The place is dull and you need to

VAMP it up/

 Wade in – Attack – The hooligans WADED IN when they saw fans from the other team

 Walk away from – Leave something you don’t like – You can’t just WALK AWAY FROM your

Problems.

 Wave aside – Ignore or refuse to consider what someone says – They WAVED ASIDE our objections

and carried on with the plan

 Wean off - Slowly stop a dependency on something – We will have to WEAN him OFF his

obsession.

 Wear away – Erode, remove gradually – The lawn has been WORN AWAY by people walking across

it and it’s just bare soil now with hardly a blade of grass.

 Wear out – Use something until it stops working. – She played the video so many times that she

WORE the tape OUT.

 Weed out – Remove, get rid of – The company WEEDED OUT the unsuccessful sales reps.

 Weigh on – Make someone consider carefully – The issues raised WEIGHED ON her mind.

 Whip out – Remove quickly – The police officer WHIPPED OUT her radio and called for back-up

 Wind down – Slowly close a business or organisation – They WOUND the committee DOWN after

the inquiry.

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 Wind up – Close a company because it’s unprofitable – The company was WOUND UP wben the

creditors demanded Payment.

 Wrap up – Cover in paper – They WRAPPED UP the presents then put a ribbon around them

 Yack on – Talk continuously, especially if it is an annoying way – He YACKED ON for an hour.

 Yammer on – Talk continuously, especially if it is in annoying way – She YAMMERED ON for ages.

 Zip around – Move quickly – We ZIPPED AROUND the supermarket to get the shopping done.

 Zip up = Keep quiet – He was being stupid in the meeting, so we told him to ZIP UP

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 CONFUSING WORDS
a/ an/ one
use one when the number is important, when you want to emphasize that it is
only
one (and not two or three or more)
 One of these eggs is rotten, but the others are ok.
 I wanted to buy three CDs, but I didn’t have enough money, so I bought only one
In all other cases, when the fact of being “one” is not important, use a/an
 I had an omelet for breakfast
 I bought a new CD yesterday.

Able / capable
The difference between these words is extremely small – but usually we use able to
describe current things someone can do , and capable to talk about someone’s future
potential. It is
not a strict rule, just a general tendency.
 She’s able to play a song perfectly after hearing it only once (she can currently do
this)
 She’s capable of becoming a successful musician. (she has the possibility of doing
this
in th future)
 This technology has the ability to grow crops in the desert. (it can currently do this)
 This technology has the capability to end world hunger. (it has the possibility of
doing
this in the future)
The opposite of able is unable, and the opposite of capable is uncapable.
 The disease made him unable to move without pain (he currently cannot move
without pain)
 The treatments are incapable of curing the disease. (there is no possibility of curing
the disease with the treatments)
Note that we say able to , but capable of:
 The material artist is able to break a concrete block with his bare hands.
 Good thing he’s very calm – I don’t think he’s capable of Violence

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Accident / Incident
 You may hear the words accident and incident to refer to events in the news. These
words are easy to confuse, but they are not exactly the same Incident is more
general, and accident is more specific.
Actual / current/ present
 Actual is very different from current and present
 Current and present refer to things happening now (not in the past or future)
 Actual refers to things that are true (ot things that are false)

Adverse /averse
The word adverse refers to something that is opposing – He goes agains what you want,
and is often unfavourable, harmful or challenging
 Heavy rain, high winds, or icy roads are adverse weather conditions (because they
interfere with the operation or normal life and transportation)
 If a medicine makes the patient’s health get worse, not better it is having an adverse
effect.
 If a decision has adverse consequences, it means that the results are opposite from
what you wanted.
Some people pronounce this word AD-verse, and others pronounce it ad – VERSE.
We often use the noun form , adversity, for difficult conditions someone who grew up in a
very poor family and later became very finacillay successful has overcome adversity.
While the word adverse describes a situation, the word adverse describes people, and it
means the person is not willing to do something
 If your parents want everything to stay the same, they are averse to change
 Someone who doesn’t think it’s good idea to invest money in the stock market is
averse to risk.
The noun form is aversion, and it also refers to a strong dislike or unwillingness to do
something. If you have an aversion to broccoli, it means you really don’t like broccoli and
Are not likely to eat it.

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Advice / advise
 Advise is a noun, and advise is a verb.
 She gave me some good advice.
 She advised me to get some rest.
Affect / effect
 Affect is a verb usef for the process of one thing causing another thing to change.
Effect is noun, and it means the end result of some change
 This disease is affecting my ability to breathe.
 The medicine had an instant effect on the pain.
 In spoke English , affect and effect are pronounced the same
Afraid / scare/ frightened
 When using these words to describe someone’s emotional state after the verb to be
and before of – you can use afraid or scared with no change in meaning.
 She’s afraid of spiders – She’s is scared of spiders.
 Frightened of can also be used, but it’s not as common

After /later
 Use after +phrase, and use later alone (at the end of a sentence or phrase)
 I will call you later, I will call you after I get home from work.
 First he bought a new car. Two weeks later, he bought a new motor bicycle
 He bought a new motorcycle two weeks after he bought a car.
Ago/back/before
 Ago and back are used for past times from the present moment
 I graduated from high school ten years ago (ten years in the past from today)
 We sent the package three days ago (three days in the past from today)
 I moved here about five years back. (informal – five years in the past from today)
 Before and earlier are used for past times from another time in the past. Here are
some examples,
* Yesterday I missed my train. I got to the train station at 7:10, but the train had left ten
minutes before.
(or ten minutes earlier)
(=ten minutes before 7:10 yesterday)
I was very happy when I got this job last January, because

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I had lost my previous job six months before (or six months earlier).
(=six months before last January)
alive/life/live
The word l-H-v-e has two pronunciations:
The verb live (with the "i" sound in "sit") means to reside:
 1 five in a small house
 She lives in France
 Confusing won
The adjective live with the sound a few meanings
When music or a TV broadcast is happening in real time not previously recorded)
 There's live music at the bar on Friday nights,
 We're bringing you the latest news live from Washin DC

When an animal is alive, not dead

 He found a live snake in his tent.

 The word life is also pronounced with the "t" i

 noun I'm reading a book about the life of Albert Einstein

 Do you think there's life on other planets?

 He has s faced many difficulties in his life.

The plural

 My parents are planning thelr lives to live in Florida for the rest ut Thousands of
lives were lost

 The word alive is an adjective, and it also means "not dead

 It's amazing he was still alive after being in the desert

 without water for four days.

 The oldest person allive is currently 124 years old

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already/yet

 Both yet and already are used with the present perfect tense

 Already is usually used in positive sentences.

 Yet is usually used in questions and negative sentences

Imagine that you and your friend are going to travel. There are many things to do, and you
ask your friend if he has done these

things

 Have you bought the tickets yet?

 Have you arranged a taxi yet?

 Have you reserved the hotel room yet?

 Have you packed the bags yet?

In all the examples, use yet at the end of the question. You

friend might answer:

 Yes, I've already bought the tickets

 Yes, I've already arranged a taxi.

 No, I haven't reserved the room yet.

 No, I haven't packed the bags yet.

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all/whole/every

 Use every with SINGULAR, countable nouns

 I Exercise every day.

 Every student in the class has a computer

 Every necklace in this store costs more than $1,000.

Use all with PLURAL nouns Off with uncountable nouns to mean 100% of many things

 All of the students in the class have computers.

 All of the necklaces in this store are expensive.

 All of this furniture is new

many pieces of furniture

When talking about time, there is a difference between every day and all day. If you study
every day, it means you study on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday, and Sunday. If you study all day, it means you study from early in the morning
until late at night,

allude/clude

If you allude to something, it means you refer to it indirectly, without saying it specifically.
For example, if there is a software program with lots of bugs and errors, the developer
might allude to the problems by saying "The process of developing the software has been
very challenging"-He does not mention the problems, but he hints describing development
as "challenging" at them by the

If someone has just received a promotion, they might allude to it by saying they're happy
about recent events at work Again, the person didn't specifically say "I'm happy because I
got a promotion, they just referred to it very indirectly

The word elude means to avoid or escape from something- we often talk about criminals
eluding the police or eluding capture.

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Alone/lonely/only

Alone means "by yourself"-there is nobody else with you

 I like to take long walks alone so that I have time to think.

 He got up and left the restaurant, leaving me alone at the table

 Lonely means "feeling sad and isolated it is a negative emotion

 I was lonely on my first day of class because I didn't have any friends.

 She can't stand being single, she says she feels lonely without a boyfriend.

Only means "just one" and can be used with people, objects, or actions. After the word
only, we must have a person, object, or action.

Confusing wort

 Dana was the only student who understoodtoday's Eng lesson

 have only one pair of sunglasses

 I didn't have a lot of money, soi only bought this T-shirt

altar/alter

An altar (n.) is an elevated place (ke a type of table) where religious ceremonies are
performed, or where offerings an left for the gods or spirits

The verb alter is a more formal word for change

 Art has the potential to alter our perception of the world

 These vegetables have been genetically altered to be riches in vitamins

 You can re-publish the article in its original form, it may no be altered

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The noun form is alteration:

 I made a few alterations to the project proposal

 I made a few changes to the project proposal

 May I suggest one alteration to the schedule for the conference

 suggest one May toeference one change to the schedule for the

among/between

"among" for 3 or more-but this is not completely accurate The more accurate difference is
this

 Between is used when naming distinct, individual tem (can be 2, 3, or more)

 Among is used when the items are part of a group, orang not specifically named (in
this case, they MUST be 3 or more)

This example will help illustrate the difference

 The negotiations between Brazil, Argentina, and Chille are going well

 The negotiations among the countries of South America are going well.

Of course, these sentences are not equivalent (because there

are more countries in South America than just Brazil, Argentina

and Chile) but they illustrate the rule-you CAN use between with 3 individual items, and
you must use among when talking about a general group (in which no specific countries
are named)

Here's another example

 I'm trying to decide between the green shirt, the blue shirt, and the black shirt.

 I'm trying to decide among these three shits

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Amount/number

use amount with uncountable nouns-things that cannot be eparated or counted

 There's a significant amount of traffic in the late afternoon

 She inherited a large amount of money from her grandfather.

 This recipe requires a small amount of wine.

 HAve a huge amount of work to do this week.

Jk nur ber with countable nouns-words that can be counted

and made plural:

 A number of my friends are teachers

 A large number of people complained about the

 runt's terrible service.

 This recipe has a small number of ingredients.

 I have a huge number of tasks to do this week.

another/other/others

 The word other is an adjective. It refers to something different.

 The teacher held a textbook in one hand and a pencil in the other hand.

 The word "other" is often used with "the"I singular or plural It can be used

nouns:

 We crossed to the other side of the street.

 but the other students thought it was I liked the lesson, boring. the others students

 Let's finish this task and leave the other tasks for tomorrow the others tasks

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Others is a noun, and we use it when we DON'T say the noun specifically it can only be used for plural
things

 I liked the lesson, but the others thought it was boring. the other students (implied)

 Let's finish this task and leave the others for tomorrow. the other tasks (implied)

The word another is used when you are talking about one additional thing:

I don't understand Could you give me anoth So what's the difference between "the other what singular
noun) and "another" (also singular)? "The specific-it is when there are only two options. "An general-it
describes one of many options

late two slices of pizza and I'm still hungry, so I'm going to eat another one.

(one more slice of pizza)

There was a red shirt and a blue shirt. I look terriblein so I bought the other shirt the blue one, the only
opt different from the red shirt!

I don't like this red shirt. Do you have it in another co (another color one other color among many
posibére

any/some

Some is used in positive statements, any is used in negat

statements and questions:

The Harrisons just had another baby now they have five children!

(one more baby)

 Positive I want some bread

 Negative: I don't want any bread

 Question: Do we have any bread in the house?

Only use some and any with uncountable nouns and plura countable nouns

 She wants some water

 (Masere uncountable noun)

 He hasn't received any e-mails yet.

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  (e-mails plural countable noun)

Don't use some or any with singular countable nouns

Can-thave some apple? (apple singular countable noun)

Can I have an apple?

Paul doesn't have-any-car (corsingular countable noun)

Paul doesn't have a car

appraise/apprise

The verb appraise means to evaluate, especially in an official

way in which a grade will be given or the value of something

determined:

 The teachers will appraise the students' presentations.

 A car dealership appraises the value of used cars

* Managers often appraise their employees once per year. The noun form is appraisal, meaning an
evaluation:

* Please give me your honest appraisal of the book I've written

We need to conduct a thorough appraisal of the propert

before buying it.

The verb apprise means to inform or notify. You can appr

(someone) of (some news). If your colleague Gina wasn'tam

Important meeting, you will later need to apprise Gina of the dessions that were made at the meeting

Another common structure is to say that (someone) is, wat, or has been apprised of (the news)

 The President has been apprised of the latest developments in the crisis

 The students were apprised of the increase in tuition

 Please keep me apprised of this situation

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sure/ensure / Insure

Assure means to tell another person something to remove doubt or anxiety

 I was afraid we'd miss the flight, but my husband assured me we'd get to the airport in time

 I assure you that the water here is perfectly safe to drink.

After assure, we always have a person assure you, assure him/her, etc.

Ensure is something you do to guarantee a specific result

 We ordered ten pizzas to ensure that there would be enough food for everybody

 Please send the document by express mail to ensure that it arrives on time.

Insure (spelied with an "I") is when you get a financial plan to pay for any damage or losst sto a person
orthing This is related o the word Insurance, such as sheath insurance, car insuranc to etc

Our house is insured against fires, floods, and theft.

await/walt/hope/expect

To walt means to pass the time until something happens:

 It's 6:45. I'm waiting for the 7:00 bus

 We waited in line for three hours to get tickets to the concert

 You need to wait for the computer to finish updating

Await is simply a slightly more formal way to say wait for. It is always followed by a noun:

 There are three projects awaiting the manager's approval

 I'm awaiting your answer.

 Everyone's eagerly awaiting the release of the movie

Everyone's eagerly waiting for the release of the movie. To hope means you want something to happen:

 I hope I'll get a promotion this year!

 I'm sorry to hear you're sick. I hope you get better soon!

 The traffic is very bad today. I hope I won't be late.

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Confusing words

To expect means to belleve that something probably wil happen

 We're expecting a visit from sorne ame cents they sad they'd come at 4.30

 My boss expects me to anive on time everyday

become/get/turn

Words like turn, become, get, and go can describe changes and transformations-but they're each used in
different expressions

Use turn for colors

 Bananas turn black if you put them in the refrigerator.

 The sky turned pink and orange during the sunset

 My unde's hair is tuming white

Use tum into when talking about a complete transformation

 The caterpillar turned into a butterfly

 The couch in the living room can turn into a bed

 My dream turned into a nightmare

Become car be used with emictions and comparative a

It's becoming more difficult to balance work and life n the modern world

Always use become with professions (never "get" or tum")

 My son is studying really hard. He wants to become a lawyer someday

 Shirley Temple became a famous actress when she was just four years old.

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before/in front of/opposite/across from

The words opposite and across from mean that something is located at the other side of something

 The barik is opposite the post office.

 The bank is across from the post office

 the bank is on the other side of the street from the post office

 Henry sat opposite me at the table

 Henry sat across from me at the table

The expression in front of simply means that one thing is closer to a point of reference (the "front" of an
area of the point of view of the person looking

 Istood in front of the bank

 He sat in front of me in the classroom

belong to/belong with/belong in

Belong to means ownership or possession

 That's my bike That bike belongs to me

 This is Kate's jacket,This jacket belongs to Kate

 That's our neighbors dog. That dog belongs to our neighbors

Belong with means that things/people are similar and should together

You can also use belong with or belong in for putting an object Into a category with other, similar objects

 That book about humans traveling to Mars doesn't belong In the history section. It belongs with
the other scence fiction books

An object belongs IN a category, and belongs WITH other similar things

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beside/besides

Beside is a preposition of location-it means "next to" or "on the side of

 There's a printer beside the computer

However, "beside is a little bit formal, in casual everyday English, we'd usually say that there's a printer
next to the computer

Besides is an adverb that means " Besides being expensive, that addition to caris uehe

Besides can also b be a preposition In that me that means except for

 Jenny has no friends besides sher sister

(Jenny's sister is her only friend)

 Besides John, who's a vegetarian, everyone else here eats meat.

(John is the only exception to the group of people who eat meat)

by/until

When talking about a date in the future...

Use by if a single event will happen before that point:

 I will send you the information by Friday. (=before Friday)

 Our guests will arrive by 6:00. (= before 6:00)

Use until if a continuous event will continue and then stop at that point:

 I'll be working on the project until Friday

(continuously until Friday; I will stop working on Friday)

 Our guests will stay until 9.00.

(continuously until 9:00; they will leave at 9:00)

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can/could/able to

"Can" and "able to are the same in the present tense

 Can you take on this project?

Yes, I can take on this project

 Are you able to take on this project?

Yes, I'm able to take on this project

The negative forms are can't and not able to or usable

 Sorry, I can't take on this project

 Unfortunately, I'm not able to take on this project

 Unfortunately, I'm unable to take on this project.

When asking about someone's abilities, you can use either Ca or ABLE TO

 Can you read Japanese?

 Are you able to read Japanese?

dose to/near/next to

If two things are next to each other, It means they ar immediately beside eachother

Ex) There's a bank next to my house.

With the word next," we always use "to" house" pon't say "There's a bank next my

If two things are near or dose to each other, it means they a immediately beside local area (but not e each
othe

the same lo There's a bank near my house. There's a bank close to my house. Don't say "near to."

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compliment/complement

These two words are pronounced the same, but they are speler

differently and have different meanings.

Compliment can be both a noun and a verb. A compliment a positive comment about someone or
something, for example "You have beautiful eyes"
And the verb compliment for the expression "pay someones compliment") means to make a positive
comment

 He complimented me on my web design solls.

 He paid me a compliment on my web design skills

The adjective complimentary means "free"

 At this hotel, breakfast is complimentary.

 ou get a complimentary cookie when you order coffee a that café.

Complement can also be a noun or a verb. If two thing

complement each other, it means they go well together, they make each other appear better,

* That necklace is the perfect complement to your outf

* My business partner and I really complement each other We make a good team.

The adjective complementary means that two things a erent, but go together well you could say, "My
business partner and have complementary skills

concern/concerned/concerning

If you say someone is concerned, it means that person is worried

 I'm concerned about my son-he's not getting good grades in school

 live in a big city, and my mother is concerned for my safety

 We're concerned that we won't be able to finish the project in time.

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You can also say "it concerns me" to talk about something that worries you

 I've had a stomachache for the past three days. It's starting to concern me.

 It concerns me that the teachers don't seem interested in helping the students.

The noun concern means "a worry"

 Shella is going to marry an ex-convict. Her father has deep concerns about the relationship.

 There is growing concern that the country's economy may enter into a recession.

 I have a few concerns about this contract - it doesn't seem like a good deal.

The word concerning means something completely different -it means "relating to" or "about.

 Please visit your local bank for more information concerning your account.

When concerned is used as a past participle (after the subject), It means "involved" or "affected":

 There was a big fight at the bar. The police talked with everyone concerned. (Everyone involved in
the incident)

 After a defect was discovered in the manufacturing process, the products concerned were
recalled. (The products affected by the defective process)

confident/confidant/confidence

 The adjective confident describes when you feel certain - especially of a good outcome, like
success
. It can also describe a person who feels good about himself/herself.

 A confidant or confidante is a person who can be trusted, a person to whom you often tell secrets
or discuss personal issues

 The actress prefers to keep her love life private, the only discusses personal matters with her

confidants

 Brian was a confidant of Governor Williams-they grew up on the same street and remained close
friends into adulthood.

 When you tell a secret or private information to somebody you are confiding in that person-telling
the person things because you trust him/her to keep them secret.
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Some confusion comes from the word confidence, which can be used in two ways

1) As a noun for the quality of feeling good and strong about yourself:

Taking martial arts classes really helped boost my confidence!

His confidence grew as he practiced more

2) Trust tor faith in aperson of thing If sofneone tells syou something in confidence or in strict

to keep it a confidence, it means they are trusting yout

secret If you place/put confidence in someone it means you ✓ frust them.

If someone betrays/breaks your confidence, it means they did something that destroyed the trust you
had

in them

council/counsel

The noun council refers to a group of people that discusses or decides about a particular subject, or that
represents people, or runs an organization. It is like a committee

 The city coundl voted to invest more funds in education

 The security council is debating the use of armed guards at shopping centers.

The noun counsel means "advice" (especially from a knowledgeable person) and the verb counsel means
to give this advice:

* You need some professional counsel; you should call a lawyer

* My parents counseled me to save money and not spend it all.

critic/critical/criticism/critique

Let's start with the difference between critidism and a critique. Criticism is negative comments identifying
faults or bad points.

A critique is simply an evaluation it can comment on the good points and/or the bad points.

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  My project idea received a lot of criticiam from my colleagues they said it would never work

 In his critique of the book, Johnson praises the excellent character development, but says the plot
moves too slowty A critic is a person. There are two types of people who are cnitics

 A professional critic is someone who specializes in evaluating art, films, or literature: an art critic, a
movie critic, etc. This type of critic makes critiques reviews a work of art to evaluate its good and
bad points

 A critic in general is someone who tends to find negative things and point out faults. This type of
critic likes to criticize (meaning to make criticism riegative comments). The president's critics say
he is not devoting enough funds to national security

the word critical also has two meanings. When describing a person, it means the person is finding fault:

 My mother was always very critical of my work she said I would never be a good writer.

When describing a thing or situation, critical means "essential or "extremely important"

 The baseball player made a mistake during a critical moment in the game, causing his team to lole.

 the health of the to clean water is critical to Access population

decent/descent/dissent

The adjective decent (DEE-sint) describes something good, satisfactory, or civilized.

 My job's not very glamorous, but I eam a decent salary.

 He might seem a bit cold, but he's a decent guy once you get to know him.

 I'm selling a used laptop in decent condition.

The noun descent (di-SENT) has a few different meanings:

 The action of going down:

After reaching the top of the mountain, the hikers began their descent.

 A downward slope:

The last two miles of the trail are a gradual descent into the volley

 Describing family origin:

He is of Japanese descent.
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The word dissent (di-SENT) can be a noun or a verb, and it means a difference of opinion; to disagree:

 The pastor's controversial sermon sparked dissent among members of the congregation.

 Altar the government's deciskontora of protestors expressed their dissent

despite/in spite of

These expresions are the same just remember "despite of

 We won the game despite having two fewer plan

 We won the game in spite of having two fewer p After despite and in spite of, we use a noun or a
gerund form of the verb)

Do not use the verb base form or a subject + verb

 I arrived on time despite leaving late

 Lanived-on-time despite leave late

 Lanived on time despite left late

We can say "In spite of the fact that" or "despite the fact shar if we want to follow the statement with a
subject+ver

die/died/dead

 He's very sick, the he's going to die

 The nurse comforted the dying soldier

 One of the country's most famous authors died last week

Dead is the adjective, so we often use it with the verb "to be" or before a noun

 He died in 1972. He has been dead for over 30 years.

 The victim was dead by the time the ambulance ames

 I found a dead rat under my bed.

 Police discovered a dead body in the basement of the tit building.

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Informally, we can also use die/dead when an electronic device stops functioning, or when a phone or
internet connection gets disconnected:

Before I could ask my question, the line went dead.

discreet/discrete

These words are pronounced the same, and they are bom adjectives.

Discrete means separate, distinct, individual

 The two companies have a partnership, but they are discrete entities

 We offer three discrete service plans, intermet ons Internet cell phone, and internet cell phone-TV

Discreet describes something that is modest and does not call attention to itself The photographer at the
funeral remained discreet and respectful

When you describe a person as discreet, it means that person can handle sensitive topics with tact (good
manners and professionalism).

during/while/meanwhile/meantime

All of these words describe when two things are happening simultaneously (at the same time). Let's start
with during and while.

Use during before a noun

 The people sitting in front of me were talking during the movie.

Use while before a subject + verb

 We'll buy the tickets while you wait in int for thep thepopcom

 The doorbell rang while I was staklinga shower

Sometimes, when the subject of the two a acions & the same,

we eliminate the second mention of the subject:

 Emily broke her leg while she was playing soccer

Emily broke her leg while playing soccer

 I like to listen to music while I'm exercising

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I like to listen to music while exercising.

We cannot do this when the subjects of the two actions are different:

 I chopped the vegetables while my brother prepared the meat. Two different subjects for the
actions-"T" and "my brother"

Meanwhile is the same as while, but it is used only at the beginning of a sentence and usually when there
are two different subjects doing the two actions:

 I was watching TV while my brother was studying.

I was watching TV. Meanwhile, my brother was studying

In the meantime usually implies you are doing an action while

walting for something else to happen.

 I will send you the text for the brochure tomorrow. In the meantime, you can start working on the
graphics.

Eonomic/Economical

The adjective economic describes things related to the economy

 The courttry is undergoing of strong mic growth

 After the recession, the economic recovery has been slower than expected

The field of study of the economy is called economics always plural)

 He is a specialist in economics

 She would like to study economics at university

The adjective economical refers to something that saves money, it is an efficient use of money

 This is an economical car, adpesn't use much gasoline

 Short tries inside the country are more economical than traveling internationaly

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either/neither

Wie Can either go shopping or see a movie, but we won't have time to do both

Neither.. nor is used for NOT TWO THINGS. You can also say Neither of two things

 I don't like soccer. I don't like tennis, like neither soccer nortennis

 I have two brothers. Neither of my brothers have blue

Neither is also used for agreeing with a negative comment. A "negative comment" is any phrase with a
negative ausllary

vert, don't, didn't, haven't, can't, won't, etc.

 like strawberry ice cream." (positive comment)

"Me too

 "I don't like strawberry ice cream" (negative comment)

"Me neither"

 "I've been to Europe several times" (postive comment

"Me too"

 "I've never been to Eumpe." (negative comment

"Me neither."

 "I can speak Chinese (positive comment)

"Me too."

 "I can't speak Chinese." (negative comment)

"Me neither"

The phrase "Me either" is not technically correct, but many people say it in spoken English instead of "Me
neither"I

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enough/too

Enough means you have what is sufficient/necessary, too means you have more than what is
sufficient/necessary There are a few important details about their word order in the sentence

TOO

too+adjective - This shirt is too expensive. It costs $30 and I have only $25.

too much uncountable noun - I drank too much water; now I really need to go to the bathroom!

too many countable noun -She put too many eggs into the cake. The recipe sald 3 and she used 5.

verb too much - He complains too much. He has such a negative attitude.

ENOUGH

enough + noun (countable or uncountable)

verb enough

We don't have enough people for a soccer team. We have 8 people and a team needs at least Sorry kid,
you're buy alcohol, You minimum ages 21 enough old I don't exercise enough I need to go to the gym
more than once a month. hot old enough to e 19 and the

famous/infamous

The word famous means a lot of people know about a person or thing:

 She's a famous singer who has sold millions of albums.

 This restaurant is famous for its steak. People come from miles away to eat it.

The word infamous means someone or something is well- known because they are connected to bad
behavior or something negative.

The Infamous photo proving the president guilty of the crime was published in newspapers around the
world.

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farther/further

The word farther is used for distances:

 I ran 3 miles, but my sister ran 5 miles. She ran 2 miles

 Philadelphia is just a two-hour drive away, but Washing is farther it takes about 5 hours to get
there

You can remember it because farther has the word "far" ine which refers to physical distance

The word further is used for metaphorical distance time or progress to mean "additional" or "to a greater
exte

Police finally captured the infamous serial killer who had terrorized the city for more than seven years

 He interrupted me before I could say anything further

 In order for the research to proceed further, we hee more funding

 We've waited long enough, we need to publish this amde without further delay

However, the dictionary does say that further can also be used for physical distance

 There's a gas station about ten miles farther/further dow the road.

Finally, the word furthermore means "in addition" and is used to introduce a phrase:

 I don't recommend that hat school. It's expensive and the teachers are not very good.
Furthermore, it has neither a

library not a computer lab The word furthermore is a bit formal, and when speaking everyday English we
would usually say "Plus" or" Also instead.

few/little/less/fewer

Few is used with countable nouns, and little is used with

uncountable nouns

 I have a little money.

(money uncountable)

 I have a few dollars.

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(dollars = countable)

 There's little entertainment in this town.

 (entertainment uncountable)

There are few nightclubs in this town.

(nightclubs countable)

One important detail:

 little is used with a negative connotation ["not much

 a little is used when it's a positive connotation ("better than nothing")

It's the same with "few" and "a few"

 He's not very popular. He has few friends.

(= a bad thing)

 He has a few friends that he hangs out with all the time

(=a good thing)

 She's not qualified for the job because she has little

experience in this area.

a bad thing)

 She could do this job: the has a little experience in this area.

(=a good thing)

Fewer and less are the comparative forms:

Base Form - few little

Comparative - fewer less

Superlative –fewest least

 if I made & mistakes on the test, John made 5 mistakes, and Harriet only made 2 mistakes, then I
made few mistakes on the test, but john made fewer mistakes than me, and Harriet made the
fewest mistakes.

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  If I have 520, John has 512, and Harriet has only $3, then I have little money, John has less money
than me, and Harriet has the least money out of all of us for/since

FOR/SINCE

Use for with periods of time. I've been studying English for two years

for...

 three years

 two weeks

 four days

 five hours

 ten minutes

 three decades

 two centuries

Use since with measuring the time after a specific point in time:

I've been studying English since 2010.

since...

 09:00

 ο 1973

 Monday

 at much

 February

 ion"

 last Christmas

 all the

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  e has

 I was a child

 I graduated from college

good/well

Good is an adjective, it describes nouns

That's a good ideal

 The food at that restaurant is really good

Well is an adverb, it describes verbs

 She performed well in the competition

 She performed good

 I know him well, we've been friends for years

hard/hardly

Hard can be an adjective or an adverts-and the adjective form has two meanings!

 This book is too hard for me. I can't read it.

(hard adjective difficult)

 This mattress is too hard I can't sleep

(hard adjective rigid, the apposite of soft

 She's working hard to finish the project by tomorrow

(hard adverb intensely)

Hardly has a completely different meaning, It means "almost not

 We have a bad connection can hardly hear you.

(almost con's hear you The tearfier talks

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The word historical describes anything related to the history past, to

 We need to consider the current conflict from a historicalperspective

 The city center contains many cultural and historical monuments.

 I love reading historical fiction.

Historical things can be important or unimportant

The word historic describes things that were very important or influential in history for a current event
that will likely be

regarded as important in the future).

 The army's historic victory was the turning point in the war

 Apollo 11 was the historic spaceflight that brought the first humans to the moon

 This is a historic treaty-it is the first time there has ever been a peace agreement in the region.

(I/my/me/mine/myself)

I is the subject-the person who does the action in the sentence

 I gave John the book.

Me is the object-the person who receives the action in the sentence.

 John gave me the book

OR John gave the book to me

Most people get confused when there are multiple subjects or objects in the sentence, but the rule is still
True Qena.and saw Am at the party

Dana subject

I - subject

Jim – object

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  The teacher called Sarah and me

The teacher subject

Sarah object

me object

My and mine show possession. Utur my bellore the word, and

use mine after the word

 Paul is my friend.

 Paul is a friend of mine.

 Those are my glasses.

 Those glasses are mine.

The word myself is used in two cases:

1. As a reflexive pronoun when is both the subject AND the object

I gave myself a haircut.

(This means I cut MY own

Igave me a haircut

I accidentally cut myself with the schoors SURE

Here are more examples of imaginary instead of wat

 (want to emphasize that I made it, and not another person)

 I know John was at the party because I saw him there myself.

 (I saw John at the party with my own eyes)

 Give me the letter-I'll deliver it myself.

 (I'll deliver the letter personally)

 Finally, the expression by myself means alone

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  I went out to dinner by myself.

If I was/if I were...

 Which is correct?

 If I were you, I'd apologize.

 If I was you, I'd apologize.

The first one is correct If I were you because this is a hypothetical (imaginary) situation. It is not possible
for me to be you, but I am imagining that this is the case.

the were in better shape, the could n the reality is that he is NOT in good shaped soul HOT cave
marathon)

My mother would deflyoversies

he reality is that she is there, the opportunity to disapprove)

In/into/Inside/Within

in and Inside are the same in many cases. You can say

 We are in the house

 We are inside the house

 The clothes are in the closet.

 The clothes are inside the closet

The word Inside implies that the thing is physically endoset is in a container la bas

This means as when talking about location, time, be included, Er qaver stuations where you are not
physical Surrounded, you should be in rot ins

 I live in Australla

 My birthday is in July

 He plays guitar in a band.

 I baked this cake myself!

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The word into implies movement or transformation

 She jumped into the swimming pool.

 We went into the house.

 The car crashed into a telephone pole.

 The caterpillar turned into a butterfly.

With the verbs put, throw, drop, and fall, you can use either

into or in:

 He put the card into/in his pocket.

 I threw the paper cup into/in the trash.

 She lost her balance and fell into/in the river

The word within means "inside the limits"-and in this cas the limits are non-physical. They can be limits of
time or distance or an area of understanding

 The results will be delivered within fourteen days

 Most car accidents occur within five miles of home.

We also have some expressions using within:

 within earshot at a distance where you are able to hear something (such as a conversation)

 within reason to the degree that good judgment would allow

within reach/within one's grasp able to be taken with your hand, orable to be accomplished You can also
use within to describe a person's Inner feelings in this case, you can also use "inside")

 He tried to hide the anger burning within/Inside him

IN/on/at

TIME - IN Months , In January , in October

Seasons -In the summer, in the spring

Years - In 2004 ,In 1986

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Periods of the day - In the morning , In the evening

(exception: at night)

TIME -ON Dates and days, On Monday ,On February 14th

PLACE -Cities and countries , in Tokyo In Japan, In the kitchen

Closed spaces -In the car ,In a park

PLACE -Transportation ,On the bus (exception in a car)

Asurface -On the table, On the wall

PLACE - Contexts

TIME - AT Times , At 6:00, At school, At half past three, At work, At noon, At a party

In time/on time

On time means that there is a specific time established when something is supposed/expected to happen,
and it is happening at the planned time.

 My job interview is scheduled for 4:00 PM.

 If I arrive at 4:00 PM, I am on time for the interview

 The flight is scheduled to leave at 10:30 AM

 If it leaves at 10:30 AM, the flight is leaving on time.

 The class is supposed to start at 9:00,

you say "He's never on time it means he is always lata In time means that something happened at the last
moment before it was too late, before something bad would happen

The accident victim was seriously injured, they got him to the hospital just in time if they hadn't arrived at
the hospital, he might have died Rooms and buildings

I missed the opportunity to go to that college becaute didn't submit my application in time

left home early and arrived in plenty of time to catch my

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Incite /Insight

 The biography offered many Insights into the life of a famous artist

 The research will provide insight into the development of the brain.

 She has lived in Mongolia for 30 years, and has valuable Insight into the local culture

Incite (pronounced in-SITE) is a verb that means to provoke to action. It is often used for provoking
violent actions such as hatred, riots, and rebellion.

 The community leader's angry words incited a riot.

 Social media is sometimes used to incite hatred of religious

intend/tend

If you intend to do something, it means you plan to do it. You have the desire or idea to do it in your
mind, but the action has not been performed yet. For example:

 intend to go to grad school next year

 The Olympic athlete intends to become a coach after retiring from competition

Something you intend to do is still in the future or in your thoughts, But something you tend to do is in
the present and past-it is a real action. If you tend to do something, it means you generally or typically do
it.

 I tend to be the first one to arrive at the office in the moming (I typically arrive first)

 Children tend to prefer sweets to vegetables

Interfere/intervene

Interfere has a negative connotation; it is when someone/ something affects a situation, and you don't
want it to

 I wish my mother would stop interfering in my lifel

 I'm trying to study, but the noise is interfering with my ability to concentrate.

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Intervene has a more positive connotation, it is when someone/ something affects a situation in a good
way. We often use it for stepping into a conflict or argument to prevent it from getting worse.

 Bob and Joe were about to start fighting, but Pam Intervened and calmed them down.

 The diplomats intervened in the conflict and negotiated a peace agreement between the two
countries

interference is true for the noun forms: The same Intervention.

 The citizens are angry about the governments interference in the economy, there are so many
rules and regulations that it harms businesses

(interference negative connotation)

 The citizens are happy about the government's Intervention in the economy, the new laws and
incentives have saved the country from a crisis.

(intervention positive connotation)

its/it's

It's is an abbreviation for it is, and Its is a possessive:

It's raining.

= It is raining

The dog ate its food.

the food belongs to the dog

last/latest

Both last and latest can be used to mean the "most recent":

 Did you read the last issue of the magazine?

 Did you read the latest issue of the magazine?

 My last post on the blog got a lot of comments.

 My latest post on the blog got a lot of comments.

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  I saw her last Wednesday.

(the most recent Wednesday We do not usually st with days, weeks, months, or years)

Latest has only this meaning of most recent, but last c mean "Tinal"

 This is the author's latest book.

It is the most recent book the author will probably wit more

 This is the last book in the series.

It is the final book there will be no more booksh series

late/lately

Late can be an adjective or an adverb that means ther the correct time.

 I'm not hungry because I had a late lunch. (adjective)

 He slept late and missed his first class, (adverb) adverts that means the same as Lately is an
recently

 lot lately. Work has been busy for the I haven't studied a lot lately.

 Have you read any good books lately?

 I have been thinking about you lately.

You lay an object onto a surface.

 Could you lay those mats on the floor, please?

 She laid the books on the table.

 The workers are laying the carpet in the new buliding

Again, you lay an object onto a surface. But a pensonything lies (itself) on the surface:

 There was a package lying on my doorstep

 The clothes are lying all over the floor

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For a person, to lie a preposition of place means to put yourself horizontally on a surface:

 I'm feeling sick. I need to lie down.

 She's lying on a towel on the beach.

Now... to

complicate matters the past tense of lle is lay!

Present – LAY , LIE

Continuous – LAYING , LYING

Past – LAID, LAY

Past Participle – LAID, LAIN

Also, native English speakers often say "I need to lay down" and "She's laying on a towel on the beach."
-even though incorrect!

To summarize

 You lay an object on a surface.

We laid the flowers on the grove.

 You lie (yourself) on a surface

He's just lying there on the couch watching TV

 An object lies on a surface

There was an abandoned bicycle lying on the sidewalk

This lesson reffers to the meaning of "lie" as an object lying on a surface. There's another meaning for
"e" to say something that isn't true. In this case, the past and past participle would be lled and lied:

 The little boy ate the cookies, then lied and said his sister had eaten them.

 I trust her completely, she has never Bed to me

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Iike/as

We use as to talk about a job or function

 I worked as an executive assistant for ten years. Job)

 He used a pair of scissors as a weapon to defend himselt from the attacker (function)

We use like to make a comparison

 That cloud looks like a dragon

 She sings like an angel

We can also use as if to talk about somethin (but not really the case):

 like I'm flying When I'm skiing, I feel

 When I'm skiing, I feel as if I'm flying

 Barbara acts like she's superior to everyone else.

lose/loose

Lose is a verb, it is the opposite of "win" and also the opposite of "find"

 The baseball team is losing 5-2.

 I lost my favorite hat. I can't find it anywhere!

Loose is an adjective, it is the opposite of "tight."

 These pants are too loose-III need to wear a belt.

 My seven-year-old daughter has a loose tooth; it will probably fall out soon.

made of/made from

Use made of to talk about the material of an object-wood,

plastic, glass, crystal, etc. - which has not gone through very much processing. You can still see the original
material:

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  This table is made of wood.

 The window is made of glass.

 This shirt is made of cotton.

Use made from to talk about one object that came from another, different object

 Thes purse is made from recycled plastic bags

 Cheese is made from milk

 Wine is made from grapes

moral / morale

As a noun, a moral is the lesson learned from a storyte sised in the expression "the moral of the story

The plural form, morals, has a different meaning referitoa person's standards of determining right and
wrong behavior

 The doctor refused to perform an abortion because it was against her morals

 He has no morals whatever he'll do anything and everything to get rich

of/from

OF is used for POSSESSION-Who does it belong to?

 A friend of mine

(my friend)

 The president of the company

(=the company's president)

 The color of that car

(that cor's color)

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FROM is used for ORIGIN-Where did it come from?

 I'm from the United States

 This T-shirt is from Mexico

 I got this book from the bookstore.

(It is now My book, but its origin was the bookstore)

oppress/suppress/impress

The verb oppress means to keep somebody down by using unjust force For example, a cruel dictator
might oppress his country's people, or the ethnic majority of a population mighe oppress the minority.
Oppress always has a negative notation, and oppression is usually a continuous condition not just a one-
time event.

The word repress can be used in two ways

1. to put a step to something by force

Acountry's army can regress a revolution or revolt-stop it by fighting and winning against the
revolutionaries, Politicians and governments can also repress opposition or dissent (disagreement)
through control of the media as well as threatening people who have different opinions

2) To hold back your feelings, or avoid revealing or acting on them

If your boss makes an embarrassing mistake during a presentation to a client, you may have to repress
your laughear Inot laugh, even though you want to). The word "suppress" can also be used for this, and is
probably more common In psychology, if feelings, memories, or desires are capressed means they are
buried deep in the person's conseletusnen and often cause some negative effects orithining or behavior)
For example, a man who abuses children may have repressed memories of himself being abused when
the was a child

Suppress is the most common of the three, and has the most general meaning it can be used:

1) In the same sense as repress-to stop a rebellion, uprising. revolt, or dissent by using force. Sometimes
we add the adjectives violently, brutally, or bloodily if the suppression Involved fighting and killing.

2) For holding back feelings similarly to repress, but without the psychology meaning. If one of your co-
workers who is extremely lazy receives a huge promotion, you might have to suppress your surprise upon
hearing the news.

We often say somebody was "unable to suppress their emotion if they couldn't avoid showing their
feelings, or "tried to suppress their emotion if they are making an effort but having difficulty

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  She was unable to suppress her tears when she heard about the tragic accident.

 He tried to suppress his anger and deal with the problem rationally and fairly.

3) Prevent something from being revealed

A dishonest lewyer might suppressidence inc A controlling government wight slappe esa format that
could present the government in & negative light

One difference between oppression and pres that a minority group tan suffer oppression from the pro in
power) even if they are not trying to challenge against them. Represion and suppression alyvo the people
in power react against a movement of tectom

Overtake/take over

Overtake (v) means to catch up with something and the . This can be in terms of movement/physical
speedo of getting higher numbers

 With a final burst of speed, Gary overtook Paul and the race

 The number of women in college has now overtaken the number of men

 Sales of the new product wly overtake sales of the o product by the eind of the year

over another country with martary force, when a tog company buys a smaller Company it takes over the
management of smaller company. The verb take over is tero words and the poun, referring to the action
of taking control, is takeover

poor/pore/pour

The verb pour means to make liquid flow out from a cortare by inclining the container. When you put
mille or juice from the carton into a glass, you are pouring it

When it's raining very hard, you can also say "It's pouring

Poor (adjective) is the opposite of rich, if a person is poor have little or no money or possessions

 I grew up in a poor family, we coulds't even afford shoes for school

The word poor can also be used to describe something thes

below average; does not meet satisfactory standards

 These products are of extremely poor quality-they they break easily

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Attendance at the seminars was poor only acampen showed up in a room that could seat a hundred

Finally, poor can also be used to describe somebody who deserves pity

 The poor guy waited at the bus stop for hours in the

 You have a sore throat? You poor thing! Let me t some tea,

(the expression "you poor thing"express for a person who is in a bad situation)

A pore (noun) is a very tiny opening in the skin. Sweat comes out of your skin through pores. Some facial
cleansing soaps claim to clean out your pores.

We also have the expression to pore over something, meaning to read or study it carefully and attentively
 He pored over the articles as he did research for his paper
 She's looking for a new job, she's been poring over the classified ads in the newspaper every day.

pray/prey

The word pray is a verb, and it means to talk to God or to any

spirit or deity that is the object of worship,

 The mother is praying for her son to recover from his illness

 The tribe prayed to the gods for rain,

The noun form is a prayer (referring to the words you say when you talk to God)

The word prey is a noun, meaning an animal that is hunted or caught for food. If a lion attacks and eats a
zebra, the zebra is the prey (the lion is called a predator). Mice and rats are prey for animals like snakes
and owls.

We also have the phrasal verb, to prey on someone/something -this means to take advantage of them in
a nasty, vicious way For example, criminals who run scams often prey on old people and trick them into
sending the criminal their money. People who run sex trafficking businesses prey on young women who
are looking for better job opportunities in another country.

raise/she/arise

The basic meaning is the same for something to go up to a higher level

The difference in that raise must have a direct object lone thing is making another thing go up) whereas
rise does not have a direct object (one thing is going up by itself) Here are some examples:

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Something raises something else

 The student raised his hand.

 The government will raise taxes.

 The store is raising their prices.

Something rises:

 in the morning, the sun rises

 She rose from her chair (She stood up)

 Unemployment has risen by 10% in the past year

Arise is similar to rise, but is more formal and abstract. It can also be used to mean "appear
 Several important questions arose during the meeting.

 Idlike to workin Japan iwork in Japan if the opportunity arises.

 Anew spirit of hope has arisen among the country's people. need to cancel our appointment. A
few problems have arisen.

principal/principle

A principle (n.) is a rule: fundamental idea, bellet, philosophy, or

 My daughter is learning the basic principles of physics in her science class.

 Power in the hands of the people is one of the key principles of democracy.

 He would never steal from the company-he's a man of high principles.

The word principal has three meanings.

1. As an adjective: the main or most important

The lake is the principal water source for the city.

2. As a noun the director of an elementary, middle, or high school

Students who misbehave are sent to the principal's office.

3. As a noun (finance): the original amount of a debt (not counting the interest-the extra money that
accumulates over time as the debt is not paid)
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At a 10% interest rate, a principal of $1,000 will accumulate $ 100 of interest.

regard/regards/regardless

Regard (v) is to consider or to have an opinion about something:

 Picasso is regarded as one of the greatest artists in history.

 I don't regard this as a problem; I regard it as an opportunity

Regards (n.) is a greeting:

 Please give my regards to your parents when you see them. Some people end their letters/emails
with the expression Regards, or With best regards,

The phrases regarding and in/with regard to mean "related to/concerning the following topic"

 Have you read the report regarding the economic crisis?

 Before finalizing the contract, there are a few points. I'd like to clarify with regard to the deadlines.

Regardless (adv) means one thing is not affected by something else:

 Achampion keeps going, regardless of the difficulties.

 The mayor approved the new law regardless of the opposition from the public.

 I know we don't have all the information, but we still nee to make a decision, regardless

Regretful / Regrettable

A person who feels regret in regrethat. The nodent or situation that caums regret il regrettable

 The murderer said he was deeply regretful of the pain har had caunnd the victim's family

 I'm regretful of my decision not in study abroad: 1 should have travellell when I had the thance

 The church had to be impaired after a regrettable incident of vandalism

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  The two companies failed to reach an agreement due to a regrettable miscommunication. The
CEO was regretful that the opportunity for a partnership was lost.

This rule-regretful for the person's feelings, and regrettable for the situation-extends to the adverb forms
regretfully and regrettably

 He regretfully informed the judges that he would be withdrawing from the competition.
Regrettably,
the had injured his ankle in the previous round

 Regrettably, the new law increased unemployment instead of decreasing it. One senator
regretfully said tha voting in favor of the law had been a mistake

resolve/solve

This is a tough one do you solve a problem or resolve a problem?

The answer is meanings, though both. Solve and resolve do have slightly different

To resolve something means to deal with and finish it in a satisfactory way.

 resolve an argument

 resolve a conflict/dispute

resolve differences between two people or two opinions When something is resolved, it may not have
been resolved in the best way; but at least it is settled

To solve something means to find the CORRECT answer, or to fix it successfully:

 You solve a math problem (find the right answer)

 The police solve a crime (find the truth about it

 A detective solves a mystery (discover the truth)

 If something on the website is not working, and you discover the reason for the problem and fix it
successfully, you have solved the problem

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Sale/Sell

Sell is a verb and sale is a noun

 I'm going to sall my car and bayaw ne

 She's selling bottles of water at the football game

 The sales of our new product are slowly increasing

sensible/sensitive

Sensible means having a good practical awarene understanding of a situation

 This is a very sensible article-it's a realistic de both points of view in the debate

 I'm more of a dreamer, and my husband is the se one. I come lapwith crazy ideas and he tells met

 Sensitive means hally affected-physically or emotional gets irritated easily

 My skin is very sensitive

so/very/a lot

Use a lot of before nouns to mean a large quantity or a he number: "A lot of can be used with both
countable uncountable nouns

 There were a lot of students in the classroom

 I drank a lot of water during the marathon.

Use verb + a lot to mean "very much" or "frequently

 I like this singer a lot.

I like this singer very much.

 She travels a lot for work.

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Use so and very before adjectives. We can use the structa so+adjective + that to add extra information,
usually amat or consequence:

 Last night I was very tired.

Last night I was so tired that I almost fell asleep whil driving

 This book is very interesting

This book is so interesting that I stayed up unct 13 AM reading it!

 She plays the piano very well

She plays the piano so well that people often ask if she's a professional,

such as/as such

such as means "like" or "for example"

 There are lots of things to see in New York City, such as the Statue of Liberty, Central Park, and
Times Square

 Many of Paulo Coelho's books, such as The Alchemist, are famous worldwide

Note: "For example" is typically used to start a sentence: Such as" (more formal) and "like" (informal) are
used in the middle of the sentence

As such is used to avoid repeating information that was recently stated:

I'm a working mother, and because I'm a working mather I don't have much free time. this is not ideal
because we repeat a phrase

I'm a working mother, and as such, I don't have much free time

then/than

Than is used in comparatives

 I'm older than my brother.

 A car is faster than a bicycle.

 I learned more from my parents than I leamed from my teachers.

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Then is used in several ways

To describe the next event in a sequence

First we went to the store, and then we went to the post office. (then next event in the sequence)

To mean "at that time":

 Come to my house at 7:30, I'll be ready then

Usually when you think of something, it is a brief moment- just a few seconds. It is also used for opinions.
When you think about something, you are considering it for a longer time- like a few minutes or more.

 Every time I hear this song, I think of my mother.

(thinking for a few seconds)

 What do you think of my new haircut? (opinion)

I'm thinking about moving to a different city

I still get angry when I think about all the rude things my sister said to me

Thinking for a few minutes or more)

Till /until

Till is just a short form of until, and in spoken English, you can une either orse with no difference in
meaning

Use TO in these caves

1. Destination "We're going to Paris

2 Distance "It's about ten miles from my house to the university

3. Giving

"I gave the book to my sister

4 Motive/Reason-with verb I came here to see you"

183
Use FOR in these cases:

1. Benefits

2.Period of time

3. Schedule -for your digestion years

4. Agree with

"Are you for or against the development of nuclear

weapons?

5. Doing something to help someone

"Could you carry these books for me?"

6. Motive/Reason-with noun

"Let's go out for a drink."

7 Function-with verb (-ing form)

"A ladle is a big spoon used for serving soup"

too/very

Very and too have different meanings. Consider this example

 I have $100

This bottle of wine costs $90. It's very expensive, but I can buy it

That bottle of wine costs $150. It's too expensive, so I can't buy it.

"Very" in front of an adjective amplifies it. To amplilly something

even more than "very," you can say "extremely

 it's 75°F. It's hot.

 It's 90°F. It's very hot.

184
It's 105 Fit's extremely hot.

"Toe" means "more than the limit. For example

 You must be 17 years old to watch this movie Jackson is 14. He's too young

 This shirt is a size large, and i need a size small. The shirt is too big for me

 The train left at 8:00 and we got to the station at B 30. We arrived too late

Remember use too much and too many before nouns and use too before adjectives. You can't say "The
shirt is too much big-because "big" is an adjective

wake/awake/sleep/asleep

Sleen wake are verbis (although we usually use "wake up" for when you stop sleeping, and "go to sleep"
for the moment.

when you begin sleeping)

 My kids go to sleep at 10 PM

 I slept during the 6-ho i flight

 I wake up at 7 AM and, have to be at work by 8

Yesterday / woke up late because my alarm didn't go off

You can also use wake up for the action of making someone else stop sleeping

 Don't talk so loudly! You'l wake up the baby!

Awake and asleep are adjectives. Use them with the verb to be

 He's awake. He isn't sleeping.

 He's asleep. He is sleeping.

wander/wonder

These are two completely different words, but sometimes students confuse them because of their similar
spelling and pronunciation

Wander is a physical activity. It means to move around (usually walking) without a specific destination or
purpose:

185
  On the first day of my trip, I spent a couple hours wandering around the city.

 We wandered through the park, looking at the flowers.

 Wonder is a mental activity. It means to feel curiosity, to want to know something.

I wonder what happened to my friend from school? We haven't been in touch for years

Your wife is wondering what time you'l be home-ple give her a call

Note: This is the verb form of "wonder" There is also a nove form, which means "owe or admiration

wary/weary

Wary means "suspicious" or "cautious," and weary means "wey tired

 $1000 for a new car? I'm wary of that offer-it sounds good to be true

 Every parent has days when they become weary

There is a small pronunciation difference between wary and

weary

 The ar in wary is like in the words care and hair

 The ear in weary is like in the words beer and here

worse/worst

Worse is the comparative (comparing two things) wants the bullerlative (comparing 3+ things, or
comparing one thing with everything)

 I thought the second movie was worse than't the first one

(comparing two movies)

 That's the worst movie I've ever seen

(always use "the" before "worst")

(comparing one movie with ALL the others)

In fast spoken English, it's often hard to hear the differet between them in pronunciation.
186
year-old/years old

When you say the age of someone or something, you can say

subject+is+ # years old

 I'm thirty years old.

 That boy is fourteen years old.

 These houses are 200 years old.

When you want to say the age before the subject, then we year-old

 My twenty-year-old sister

 A fourteen-year-old boy

 The 200-year-old houses

187
 ROOT WORDS
Root Meaning Examples Definition

Acerb Bitter Acerbic Harsh or corrosive in tone

Acerbity a sharp sour taste
Exacerbate exasperate or irritate

Acr Bitter, Sour Acrid harsh or corrosive in tone

Acrimonious marked by strong resentment or
cynicism

Acro Pointed, Upper, Top, Acrophobia a morbid fear of great heights

First
Acronym a word formed from the initial letters of
the several words in the name
Acrobat
an athlete who performs acts requiring
Acropolis
skill and agility and coordination
the citadel in ancient Greek towns

Acu Sharp Acute having or experiencing a rapid inset and

short but severe course
a tapering point
treatment of pain or disease by
inserting the tips of needles at specific
points on the skin

Aer Air Aerodynamics the branch of mechanics that deals with

the motion of gases (especially air) and
Aerial
their effects on bodies in the flow
Aeronaut growing in air

Aerate someone who operates an aircraft

impregnate, combine, or supply with
oxygen

Agog Leading, bringing demagogue an orator who appeals to the passions

and prejudices of his audience
pedagogue
someone who educates young people
Pedagogy
the activities of educating or instructing
Synagogue
(Judaism) the place of worship for a
jewish congregation

Ali other, another Alias as known or named at another time or

place
Alibi

188
 Alien (law) a defense by an accused person
purporting to show that he or she could
Alienate
not have committed the crime in
Inalienable question
being or from or characteristic of
another place or part of the world
make withdrawn or isolated or
emotionally dissociated
incapable of being repudiated or
transferred to another

Alter other Alternate occurring by

altercation noisy quarrel
unaltered remaining in an original state
alternative necessitating a choice between
mutually exclusive possibilities

alter other altruism the quality of unselfish concern for the

welfare of others

Am Love, friend Amateur engaged in as a pastime

Amatory expressive of or exciting sexual love or
romance

Ambi walk, go preamble a preliminary introduction to a statute

or constitution (usually explaining its
amble
purpose)
a leisurely walk (usually in some public
place)

Ambul walk Somnambulist someone who walks about in their sleep

Ambulatory relating to or adapted for walking
perambulate walk with no particular goal
Funambulist an acrobat who performs on a tightrope
or slack rope
Ambulance
a vehicle that takes people to and from
hospitals

Ami Friend, love Amiable disposed to please

Amity a cordial disposition

Amic Love, Friend Amicability having a disposition characterized by

warmth and friendliness
Amicable

189
 characterized by friendship and good
will

Amor Love, friend Amorous inclined toward or displaying love

Enamor attract
Paramour a woman who cohabits with an
important man

Anim Mind, soul, spirit Unanimous in complete agreement

Equanimity steadiness of mind under stress
Animosity a feeling of ill will arousing active
hostility
Magnanimous
generous and understanding and
Pusilanimous
tolerant
lacking in courage and manly strength
and resolution

Ante Before Antecedent preceding in time or order

Anterior earlier in time
Anteroom a large entrance or reception room or
area
Antebelium
belonging to a period before a war
Antediluvial
especially the American civil war
Of or relating to the period before the
biblical flood

Anti Against Antidote a remedy that stops or controls the

effects of a poison
Antipathy
the object of a feeling of intense
Antibody
aversion
Antisocial
any of a large variety of proteins
Anticlimax normally present in the body or
produced in response to an antigen
Antiseptic
which is neutralizes, thus producing an
immune response
hostile to or disruptive of normal
standards of social behavious
a change from a serious subject to a
disappointing one
(extended sense) of exceptionally clean
language

190
 Aqu water aquatic operating or living or growing in water
aqueous produced by the action of water
Aquarium a tank or pool or bowl filled with water
for keeping live fish and underwater
Aqueduct
animals
a conduit that resembles a bridge but
carries water over a valley

Arbitr witness, judge, Umpire Arbitration the act of deciding as on arbiter

Arbitrate act between parties with a view to
reconciling defferences
Arbiter
someone chosen to judge and decide a
Arbitrary
disputed issue
based on or subject to individual
discretion or preference or sometimes
impulse or caprice

Arch Rule, Govern Anarchy a state of lawlessness and disorder

(usually resuiting from a failure of
Hierarchy
government)
Monarch
the organization of people at different
Patriarch ranks in an administrative body

Monarchy large migratory American buttefly

having deep orange wings with black
Oligarchy
and white markings
a man who is older and higher in rank
than yourself
an autocracy governed by a monarch
who usually inherits the authority
a political system governed by a few
people

Archaeo Ancient, old Archaeologist An anthropologist who studies

prehistoric people and their culture
Archaic
Little evolved from or characteristic of
an earlier encestral type

Arche Chief, Original, First Archetype an original model on which something is

patterned

Arche Chief, First, Principal Architect someone who creates plans to be used
in making something (such as buildings)

191
 Archipelago a group of many islands in a large body
of water a bishop of highest rank
Archbishop

Arma Weapon Arnament weaponry used by military or naval

force
implements Armada
a large fleet
Arms, tools Armadillo
burrowing chiefly nocturnal mammal
Armory
with body covered with strong horny
Armistice plates

Disarm a place where arms are manufacture

Unarmed a state of peace agreed to between

opponents so they can discuss peace
terms
remove offensive capability from
(used of persons or the military) not
having or using arms

Aster Star asterisk a star

Asteroid shaped like a star
Aster star
Disaster an act that has disastrous consequences

Bel Beautiful, Fair, Fine Embelish make more beautiful

Belle a young woman who is the most
charming and beautiful of several rivals
Belvedere
a gazebo sited to command a fine view
Belmont
a racetract for throughbred racing in
Elmont on Long Island

Bell War Bellicose having or showing a ready disposition to

fight
Belligerent
engaged in war
Antebellium
belonging to a period before a war
Rebellion
especially the American civil war
Rebel
Organised opposition to authority
used by Northerners of Confederate
soldiers

192
Bene Well, good Benefactor a person who helps people or
institutions (especially with financial
Benefit
help)
Benevolent
something that aids or promotes well
Benefice
generous in providing aid to others
Benediction
an endowed church office giving
Benign income to its holder
a ceremonial prayer invoking divine
protection
pleasant and beneficial in nature or
influence

Boun Good Bountiful Producing in Abundance

Bounty a ship of the British navy

Brev Short Brevity the attribute of being brief or fleeting

Abbreviate shorten
Breviary
(Roman catholic church) a book of
Brief prayers to be recited daily certain
priests and members of religious orders
concise and succinct

Burs Money, Purse Bursar the treasurer at a college or university

Disburse pay out

Cand Burn, Glow Incandescent emitting light as a result of being

heated
Candle
stick of wax with a wich in the middle
Candor
the quality of being honest and straight
Incendiary
forward in attitude and speech
capable of catching fire spontaneously
or causing fires or burning readily

Carn Flesh Carnelian a translucent red or orange variety of

chalcedony
Reincarnate
having a new body
Carnage
the savage and excessive killing of
Carnal
many people of or relating to the body
Carnation or flesh

Carrion pink or pinkish

Carnival the dead and rotting body of an animal

193
 Carnivorous a festival marked by merrymaking and
processions
(used of plants as well as animals)
feeding on animals

Chron Time Chronicle a record or narrative description of past

events being long
Chronic
the determination of the actual
Choronology
temporal sequence of past events
Synchronize
make synchoronous and adjust I time
Anachronism or manner
an artifact that belongs to another time

Cise Cut, kill Precision the quality of being reproducible in

amount or performance
Precise
sharply exact or accurate or delimited
Incision
the cutting or or into body tissues or
Incisive
organs (especially by a surgeon as part
Exercise of an operation)

Scissors suitable for cutting or piercing

Concise expel through adjuration or prayers

Chisel a gymnastic exercise performed on the

pommel horse
Decisive
when the gymnast moves his legs as
the blades of scissors move
expressing much in few words
an edge tool with a flat steel blade with
a cutting edge
determining or having the power to
determine on outcome

Civ Citizen Civic of or relating or belonging to a city

uncivilized without civilizing influences
civil of or in a condition of social order
civvies civilian garb as opposed to a military
uniform
civilization

194
 a society in an advanced state of social
development (e.g.with complex legal
and political and religious organization)

claim call out, declare proclaim state or announce

acclaim enthusiastic approval
exclaim utter aloud
claim demand for something as rightful or
due
reclaim
mak useful again
claimant
someone who claims a benefit or right
exclamation
or title
proclamation
an abrupt excited utterenace
the formal act of proclaiming

Clud shut, close conclude bring to a close

preclude make impossible, especially beforehand
include add as part of something else
exclude prevent from being included or
considered or accepted
occlude
block passage through
seclude
keep away from others

Clus Shut, close seclusion the act of secluding youself from others
inclusive including much or everything
occlusion (dentistry)the normal spatial relation of
the teeth when the jaws are closed
recluse
withdrawn from society

Cogniz know cognizance range or scope of what is perceived

cognizant (sometimes followed by of) having or
showing knowledge or understanding
recognize
or realization or perception
recognisance
perceive to be the same
(law) a security entered into before a
court with a condition to perform some
act required by law

Contra Opposite, Against Condradict deny the truth of

Contrast

195
 Contrary the act of distinguishing by comparing
differences
Contrarian
resistant to guidance or discipline
Controversy
an investor who deliberately decides to
go against the prevailing wisdom of
other investors
a contentious speech act

Corp Body Corpulent excessively fat

corporation a business firm whose articles of
incorporation have been approved in
corpse
some state
incorporate
the dead body of a human being
corporal
formed or united into a whole
possessing or existing in bodily form

Counter Against countermand a contrary command cancelling or

reversing a previous command

Crac Govern aristocracy the most powerful members of a

society
Theocracy
the belief in government by divine
Democracy
guidance
Autocracy
the political orientation of those who
Plutocracy favor government
by the people or by their elected
representatives
a political theory favoring unlimited
authority by a single individual
a political system governed by the
wealthy people

Cred Believe Credo any system of principles or beliefs

Incredible beyond belief or understanding
Incredulous not disposed or willing to believe
Credence the mental attitude that something is
believable and should be accepted as
Creed
true
Credentials
any system of principles of beliefs
Creditor

196
 Credibility a document attesting to the truth of
certain stated facts
a person to whom money is owed by a
debtor
the quality of being believable or
trustworthy

Crit Choose, separate, A Critical marked by a tendency to find and call

judge attention to errors and flaws
Critic
someone who frequently finds fault or
Critique
makes harsh and unfair judgements
Criterion
a serious examination and judgement
Hypocrite of something
the ideal in terms of which something
can be judged
a person who professes beliefs and
opinions that he or she does not hold in
order to conceal his or her real feelings
or motives

Crypt Hidden, vault cyptic having a puzzling terseness

apocryphal being of questionable aunthenticity
cryptography act of writing in code or cipher

Decor Beauty, Elegance, Decoration the act of decorating something (in the
splendor hope of making it more attractive)
Decorum
propriety in manners and conduct
Decorous
characterized by propriety and dignity
decorate
and good taste in manners and conduct
make more attractive by adding
ornament, colour, etc

Dei Destroy, Erase indelible cannot be removed, washed away or

erased
deleterious
harmful to live things
delete
remove or make invisible
delection
the act of deleting something written or
printed

Dict Speak, say, declare Abdicate give up, such as power, as of monarchs
and emperors, or duties and obligations
indictment

197
 dedication a formal document written for a
presecuting attorney charging a person
edict
with some offense
dictatorial
complete and wholehearted fidelity
addicted
a formal or authoritative proclamation
dictate
of or characteristic of a dictator
contradict
compulsively or physiologically
diction dependent on something habit

dictionary a guiding principle

interdict deny the truth of

predict the manner in which something is

expressed in words
verdict
a reference book containing an
benediction
alphabetical list of words with
malediction information about them

valedictorian a court order prohibiting a party from

doing a certain activity
make a prediction about
(law) the findings of a jury on issues of
fact submitted to it for decision
a ceremonial prayer invoking divine
protection
the act of calling down a curse that
invokes evil (and usually serves as an
insult)
the student with the best grades who
usually delivers the valedictory address
at commencement

Dis Apart, asunder, away disperse move away from each other
from
dissociate to undergo a reversible or temporary
breakdown of a molecule into simpler
dissolve
molecules or atoms
dissipate
(film) a gradual transition from one
disseminate scene to the next
live a life or pleasure, especially with
respect to alcoholic consumption
cause to become widely known

198
Doc Teach Docile Willing to be taught or led or
supervised or directed
doctrine
a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted
Documentary
as authoritative by some group or
dogmatic school

Doctorate relating to or consisting of or derived

from documents
Indoctrinate
characterized by assertion of unproved
Doctor
or unprovable principles
One of the highest earned academic
degrees conferred by a university
teach doctrines to
children take the roles of physician or
patient or nurse and pretend they are
at the physician’s office

Dol Grieve, worry, suffer Indolent (of tumours e.g. slow to heal or develop
and usually painless
Condole
express one’s sympathetic grief, on the
Condolence
occasion of someone’s death.
Doleful
an expression of sympathy with
Indolence another’s grief

Dolorous filled with or evoking sadness

inactivity resulting from a dislike of
work showing sorrow

Duct Lead, Bring Induct formerly a gold coin of various

European countries introduce or
Seductive
initiate
Aqueduct
tending to entice into a desired action
Conductive or state.

Product a conduct that resemble a bridge but

carries water over a valley
Abduction
having the quality pr power of
Deduction
conducting heat or electricity or sound
an artifact that has been created by
someone or some process
(physiology) moving of a body part
away from the central axis of the body

199
Err wander Aberration an Optical phenomenon resulting from
the failure of a lens or mirror to
Errant
produce a good image
Error
uncontrolled motion that is irregular or
Erratic unpredictable

Erroneous (baseball) a failure of a defensive player

to make an out when normal play
Unerring
would have sufficed
liable to sudden unpredictable change
containing or characterized by error
not liable to error

Eth Moral, custom, Ethos (anthropology) the distinctive sprit of a

Behaviour culture or an era conforming to
Ethical
accepted standards of social or
Ethics professional behavior
the philosophical study of moral values
and rules

Eu Good, well Eulogize praise formally and eloquently

Eulogy a formal expression of praise for
someone who has died recently
Euphonious
having a pleasant sound
Euphenism
an inoffensive expression tha is
Euthanasia
substituted for one that is considered
offensive
the act of killing someone painlessly
(especially someone suffering from an
incurable illness)

Ferv Boil Fervor feelings of great warmth and intensity

Fervent Extremely hot
Effervesce form bubbles
Fervid extremely hot

Fid Faith, Trust Affidavit written declaration made under oath

Bonafide genuine
Confidential the level of official classification for
documents next above restricted and
Infidel
below secret

200
 Confide a person who does not acknowledge
your god reveal in private
Fidelity
accuracy with which an electronic
Diffident
system reproduces the sound or image
Perfidious of its input signal

Defiance lacking self

Fiduciary tending to betray

a defiant act
relating to or of the nature of a legal
trust ( i.e. the holding of something in
trust for another)

Fig Make, form, Feign, Effigy a representation of a person (especially

Shape in the form of a contrived or fantastic
Figment
idea
Disfigure
mar or spoil the appearance of
Figure
a predetermined set of movements in
Figurative dancing or skating (used of the
meanings of words or text) not literal
configuration
an arrangement of parts of elements

Fin End, Limit Finale the concluding part of any performance

Finish the act of finishing
Refine make more precise or increase the
discriminatory powers of
Indefinite
not decided or not known
Finesse
subtly skillful handling of a situation
Affinity
a natural attraction or feeling of kinship
Definitive
supplying or being a final or conclusive
Infinite
settlement total and all
Fine
characterized by elegance or
Confine refinement or accomplishment

Define prevent from leaving or from being

removed
give a definition for the meaning of
word

Fort Strong Forte used chiefly as a direction or

description in music
Comfort

201
 Comfortable a feeling of freedom from worry or
disappointment
Effort
providing or experiencing physical well
Fortitude
use of physical or mental energy
Fortification
strength of mind that enables one to
Reinforcement
endure adversity with courage
the addition of an ingredient for the
purpose of enrichment (as the addition
of alcohol to wine or the addition of
vitamins to food)
information that makes more forcible
or convincing

Fortu Casual, Chance, Luck Fortuitous occurring by happy chance

Fract Break Fractious unpredictably difficult in operation

Fraction a small part or item forming a piece of a
whole
Fracture
the act of cracking something
Infraction
a crime less serious than a felony
Refract
Determine the refracting power of (a
Fragment
lens)
an incomplete piece

Frag Break Fragile vulnerably delicate

Fragment an incomplete piece
Fragmentation the scattering of bomb fragments after
the bomb explodes

Fug Flee Centrifuge an apparatus that uses centrifugal force

to separate particles from a suspension
Fugitive
lasting for a markedly brief time
Refuge
a shelter from danger or hardship
Subterfuge
something intended to misrepresent
Centrifugal
the true nature of an activity
tending to move away from a center

Gen Kind, Race, Class Gentle having or showing kindly or tender

nature
Degenerate
unrestrained by convention or morality
Genesis

202
 Congenial the first book of the old testament :
tells of creation used of plants
Generation
The act of producing offspring or
Regeneration
multiplying by such production
Genteel
the activity of spiritual or physical
Indigenous renewal
marked by refinement in taste and
manners
originating where it is found

Gnit, Not Know Cognizant (sometimes followed by of) having or

showing knowledge or understanding
Recognize
or realization or perception.
Incognito
Perceive to be the same
Cognitive
with your identity concealed
Cognition
of or being or relating to or involving
Recognition cognition

Acquaint the psychological result of perception

and learning and reasoning
designation by the chair granting a
person the right to speak in a
deliberative body
inform

Grand Great, Large Grandiose impressive because of unnecessary

largeness or grandeur the quality of
Grandeur
being magnificient or splendid or grand
Grandstand
a stand at a racecourse or stadium
Aggrandize consisting of tiers with rows of
individual seats that are under a
Grandiloquent
protective roof add details to
puffed up with vanity

Grat Thankful, pleasing Gratuitous without cause

Congratulate express congratulations
ingrate a person who shows no gratitude
gratis costing nothing
gratify yield (to)
grateful feeling or showing gratitude

203
 ingratiate gain favor with somebody by deliberate
efforts
gratitude
a feeling of thankfulness and
appreciation

Grat/Grac Thankful, pleasing Disgrace a state of dishonor

Gracious disposed to bestow favors
Gratitude a feeling of thankfulness and
appreciation
Ingrate
a person who shows no gratitude

Grav Heavy, weighty Aggravate make worse

Engrave carve, cut, or etch a design or letters
into
Gravity
a solemn and dignified feeling
Gravitate
move due to the pull of gravitation
Grieve
feel grief
Grievance
a complaint about a (real or imaginary)
Graveness
wrong that causes resentment and is
grounds for action
a manner that is serious and solemn

Greg Herd, Flock Aggregate gathered or tending together into a

mass or whole
Gregarious
instinctively or temperamentally
Congregation
seeking and enjoying the company of
Egregious others
the act of congregating
conspicuously and outrageously bad or
reprehensible

Hosp Host, Guest Hospitable favourable to life and growth

Hostess a woman innkeeper
Hospital a health facility where patients receive
treatment
Hospice
a program of medical and emotional
Hostel
care for the terminally ill
Hostler
Inexpensive supervised lodging
Hotel (especially for youths on bicycling trips)

204
 someone employed in a stable to take
care of the bhorses
a building where travelers can pay for
lodging and meals and other services

Hyper over, above Hyperactive more active than normal

Hyperbole extravagant exaggeration
Hypertension a common disorder in which blood
pressure remains abnormally high (a
reading of 140/90 mmHg or greater)

Hypn Sleep Hypnosis a state that resembles sleep but that is

induced by suggestion
Hypnotize
induce hypnosis in
Hypnotic
attracting and holding interest as if by a
Hypnotism
spell
the act of inducing hypnosis

Hypo Beneath, under Hypoglycema abnormally low blood sugar usually

resulting from excessive insulin or a
Hypothesis
poor diet
Hypocrisy
a tentative theory about the natural
Hypothermia world

Hypothetical insincerity by virtue of pretending to

have qualities or beliefs that you do not
Hypotenuse
really have
subnormal body temperature
based primarily on surmise rather than
adequate evidence
the side of a right triangle opposite of
the right angle

Insul Island Insular narrowly restricted in outlook or scope

Insulation the act of protecting something by
surrounding it with material that
Insulate
reduces or prevents the transmission of
Peninsula sound or heat or electricity

Islet protect from heat, cold or noise by

surrounding with insulating material
Isolate
a large mass of land projecting into a
body of water a small island

205
 place or set apart

Invid Envy Invidious containing or implying a slight or

showing prejudice
Envious
showing extreme cupidity
Envy
spite and resentment at seeing the
success of another (personified as one
of the deadly sins)

Iter Again, repeat Iterate run or be performed again

Reiterate to say, state, or perform again
Iteration doing or saying again

Journ Day, Daily Journey the act of travelling from one place to
another
Journal
the part of the axie contained by a
Adjourn
bearing
Sojourn
close at the end of a session
a temporary stay (e.g. as a guest)

Judic Judge, Judgement Adjudicate bring to an end

prejudice a partially that prevents objective
consideration of an issue or situation
Judiciary
persons who administer justice
Judicial
decreed by proceeding from a court of
Judicious
justice
marked by the exercise of good
judgement or common sense in
practical matters

Jur law, Right Jurisdiction in law

Injurious tending to cause great harm
Perjury Criminal offense of making false
statements under oath
Jurist
a legal scholar versed in civil law or the
law of nations

Jure Swear Conjure engage in plotting or enter into a

conspiracy, swear together
Abjure
formally reject or disavow a formerly
Perjure
held belief, usually under pressure

206
 knowingly tell an untruth in a legal
court and render oneself guilty of
perjury

Juven Young Rejuvenate become young again

Juvenile of or relating to or characteristic of or
appropriate for children or young
Juvenescent
people
becoming or being young or youthful

Laud Praise Laudable worthy of high praise

Plaudits enthusiastic approval
Cum Laude with distinction
Applaud express approval of

liter Letter Literary appropriate to literature rather than

everyday speech or writing
Literacy
the ability to read and write
Alliteration
use of the same consonant at the
Literature
beginning of each stressed syllable in a
Obliterate line of verse
the profession or art of a twitter
reduced to nothingness

lith Stone Lithography the act of making a lithographic print

Monolith a single great stone (often in the form
of a colums or obelisk)
Megalith
memorial consisting of a very large
stone forming part of a prehistoric
structure (especially in western Europe)

Loc Place locate discover the location of

Locomotion self
Dislocate put out its usual place, position, or
relationship
Allocate
distribute according to a plan or set
Relocation
apart for a special purpose
Locality
the act of changing your residence or
place of business

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 a surrounding or nearby region

Locut Speak, talk Elocution an expert manner of speaking involving

control of voice and gesture
Circumlocution
an indirect way of expressing
Interlocutor
something
a person who takes part in a conversion

Log Word, speech Dialogue a literary composition in the form of a

conversation
reason
between two peoples

Log Word Apology a poor example

Epilogue a short passage added at the end of a
literary work
Eulogy
a formal expression of praise for
Prologue
someone who has died recently
Neologism
an introduction to a plau
Logic
the act of inventing a word or phrase
Analogy
reasoned and reasonable judgement
Monologue
drawing a comparison in order to show
Catalog a similarity in some respect

Illogical a (usually long) dramatic speech by a

single actor
Logistics
a book or pamphlet containing an
Syllogism
enumeration of things
lacking in correct logical relation
handling an operation that involves
providing labor and materials be
supplied as neede
deductive reasoning in which a
conclusion is derived from two
premises

Loqu Speak, talk soliloquv a (usually long) dramatic speech

intended to give the illusion of
Eloquent
unspoken reflections
Loquacious
expressing yourself readily, clearly,
Obloquy effectively

Ventriloquist full of trivial conversation

208
 state of disgrace resultin from public
abuse
a performer who projects the voice into
a wooden dummy

Luc Shine, Light Lucid having a clear mind

Elucidate make free from confusion or ambiguity
Translucent almost transparent
Pellucid (of language) transparently clear
Lucifer lughter consisting of a thin piece of
wood or cardboard tipped with
combustible chemical

Lum Light Illustrate supply with illustrations

Lackluster lacking luster or shine
Luminary a celebrity who is an inspiration to
others

Magn Great Magnum a large wine bottle for liquor or wine

Magnanimous generous and understanding and
tolerant
Magnify
increase in size, volume or significance
Magnitude
the property of relative size or extent
Magnificient
(whether large or small)
Magnate
characterized by grandeur
a very wealthy or powerful
businessman

Mal ill, Bad Malaria an infective disease caused by

sporozoan parasites that are
Dismal
transmitted through the bite of an
Malice infected anopheles mosquito

Malady causing dejection

Malign feeling a need to see others suffer

Malicious any unwholesome or desperate

condition
Malaise
evil or harmful in nature or influence
having the nature of or resulting from
malice

209
 physical discomfort (as mild sickness or
depression)

Mand Order, command Remand the act of sending an accused person

back into custody to await trial (or the
Demand
continuation of the trial)
Countermand
the act of demanding
Mandate
a contrary command cancelling or
Command reversing a pervious command

Mandamus the commission that is given to a

government and its policies through an
electoral victory
availability for use
an extraordinary writ commanding an
official to perform a ministerial act that
the law recognizes as an absolute duty
and not a matter for the official’s
discretion

Mania Madness Kleptomania an irresistible impulse to steal in the

absence of any economic motive
Maniac
wildly disordered
Pyromania
an uncontrollable desire to set fire to
Megalomania
things
Maniacal
a psychological state characterized by
delusions of grandeur
wildly disordered

Medi Middle, Between Mediocre poor to middling in quality

Median relating to or situated in or extending
toward the middle acting through or
Mediate
dependent on an intervening agency
Medium
(meat) cooked until there is just a little
Medieval pink meat inside

Mediator as if belonging to the Middle ages

Immediately a negotiator who acts as a link between

parties
Mediterranean
without delay or hesitation
of or relating to or characteristic of or
located near the Mediterranean sea

210
Memor Mindful, Commemorate call to remembrance
Remembereing
Memorize commit to memory
Memoir on essay on a scientific or scholarly
topic
Memory
an electronic memory device
Memorable
worth remembering
Memento
a reminder of past events

Mend Fault, Defect Amend make amendments to

Mendacious intentionally untrue
Mendacity the tendency to be untruthful
Amendment the act of amending or correcting
Emendation a correction by emending

Mens Measure Commensurate corresponding in size or degree or

extent
Dimension
the magnitude of something in a
Immense
particular direction (especially length or
Measure width or height)
unusually great in size or amount or
degree or especially extent or scope
how much there is of something that
you can quantity

Migr Wander Migratory used of animals that move seasonally

Migrant habitually moving from place to place
especially in search of seasonal work
Immigrate
come into a new country and change
Emigrate
residency
leave one’s country of residence for a
new one

Minn Diminish, Lessen, Make Diminish lessen the authority, dignity, or

small Diminution reputation of ver small
Diminutive
The state

Mir Wonder at, Behold, Admire Feel admiration for

Look
Mirage Something illusory and unattainable
Miracle a marvelous event manifesting a
supernatural act of God

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 Marvel Something that causes feelings of
wonder
Mirror
Polished surface that forms images by
reflecting light

Mis Hate Misanthrope Someone who dislikes people in

general
Misogamy
hatred of marriage
Misogyny
hatred of woman
Misoneism
hatred of change or innovation

Moll Soft Emolient having a softening or soothing effect

especially to the skin make less rigid or
Mollify
softer
Mollusk
invertebrate having a soft
unsegmented body usually enclosed in
a shall

Mor Foolish Sophomore used of the second year in United

states high school or college
Sophomoric
Pretentious or Juvenile

Morph Shape, Form Amorphous without a real or apparent crystalline

form
Morphine
an alkaloid narcotic drug extracted
Morphology
from opium
Anthropomorphic
the branch of biology that deals with
Metamorphosis the structure of animals and plants
Suggesting human characteristics for
animals or inanimate things
a complete change of physical form or
substance especially as by magic or
witchcraft

Mort Death Morose showing a brooding ill humor

Mortal unrelenting and deadly
Rigor Mortis excessive sterness
Mortician one whose business is the management
of funerals
Mortify
hold within limits and control
Immortality

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 Postmortem the quality or state of being immortal
occurring or done after death

Mut change commute a regular, jouney of some distance to

and from your place of work
mutation
a change or alteration in form or
Mutable
qualities
Permutation
capable of or tending to change in form
Mutual or quality or nature
act of changing the lineal order of
objects in a group concerning each of
two or more persons or things

Nat Born Good – natured Natured

International concerning or belonging to all or atleast
two or more nations
Nativity
the theological doctrine that Jesus
Unnatural
Christ had no human father
Cognate
not in accordance with or determined
Naïve by nature

Nationality having the same ancestral language

Supernatural inexperienced

Innate people having common origins or

traditions and often comprising nation
Nascent
not existing in nature or subject to
Natal
explanation accordingly to natural laws
Renaissance
present at birth but not necessarily
hereditary
being born on beginning
relating to or accompanying birth
the period of European history at the
close of the Middle Ages and the rise of
the Modern world.

Nav Ship Circumnavigate travel around, either by plane or ship

Navigable Able to be sailed on or through safely
Navy an organization of military vessels
belonging to a country and available for
Naval
sea warfare.
Navigate

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 Nave connected with or belonging to or used
in a navy
direct carefully and safely
the central area of church

Neg Deny Renege the mistake of not following suit when

able to do so
Negative
expressing or consisting of a negation
Abnegation
or refusal or denial
Renegade
renunciation of your own interests in
favor of the interests of others
having deserted a cause or principle

Negat Deny Negate prove negative

Abnegation renunciation of your own interests in
favor of the interest of others
Negative
Expressing or consisting of a negation
Negation
or refusal or denial
(logic) a proposition that is true if and
only if another proposition is false

Nihil Nothing Annihilate kill in large numbers

Nihilism a revolutionary doctrine that advocates
destruction of the social system for its
own sake

Noc Hurt, Harm Innocent (used of things) lacking sense or

awareness
Innocuous
not injurious to physical or mental
Obnoxious
health
causing disapproval or protest

Nom(Y) law, system of laws Economy an act of economizing

Agronomy the application of soil and plant
sciences to land management and crop
Autonomy
production
Astronomy
immunity from arbitrary exercise of
authority; Political independence
the branch of physics that studies
celestial bodies and the universe as a
whole

Nov New Novice someone new to a field or activity

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 Innovate bring something new to an
environment
Novelty
originality by virtue of being new and
Renovation
surprising
Novel
the act of improving by renewing and
Nova restoring pleasantly new or different
a star that ejects some of its material in
the form of a cloud and become more
luminous in the process

Nur Nourish, Feed Nurse one skilled in caring for young children
or the sick (usually under the
Nurture
supervision of a physician)
Nursery
helping someone grow up to be an
accepted member of the community
a room in a house for the special use of
young children

Nutr Nourish, Feed Nutriment a source of materials to nourish the

body
Nutritious
of or providing nourishment
Nutritive
of or providing nourishment
Nurture
helping someone grow up to be an
Nurse
accepted member of the community
one skilled in caring for yound children
or the sick (usually under the
supervision of a physician)

Omni Ali Omnipresent being present everywhere at once

Omnipotent having unlimited power
Omniscient infinitely wise
Omnivore an animal that feeds on both animal
and vegetable substances
Omnibus
providing for many things at once

Orat Pray, Address, Speak Orator a person who delivers a speech or oration

Oration an instance of oratory

Oratory Addressing an audience formally (usually a

long and rhetorical address and often
Adoration pompous)

the worship given to God alone

215
Pan All Pantheon (antiquity) a temple to all the gods
Panacea hypothetical remedy for all ills or
diseases
Panoply
a complete and impressive array
Panorama
a picture (or series of pictures)
Pandora
representing a continuous scene
Pancreas
(Greek Mythology) the first woman
Pandemic
a large elongated exocrine gland
located behind the stomach
existing everywhere

Par set in order, Get ready Reparation something done or paid in explanation
of a wrong
Rampart
an embankment built around a space
Prepare
for defensive purposes
separate
to prepare verbally, either for written
inseparate or spoken delivery

irreparable separated according to race, sex, class

or religion
Imperious
not capable of being separated
Compare
impossible to repair, rectify, or amend
Repair
able to deal authoritatively with affairs
qualities that are comparable
the act of putting something in working
order again

Par Equal Parity functional equality

Disparity inequality or difference in some respect
Disparate Including markedly dissimilar elements
Parimutuel betting where winners share the total
amount wagered
Peer
a person who is of equal standing with
Peerage
another in a group
Disparage
the peers of a kingdom considered as a
group
express a negative opinion of

216
Path Fee, suffer Antipathy the object of a feeling of intense
aversion
Apathy
the trait of lacking enthusiasm for or
Sympathizer
interest in things generally
Pathetic
someone who shares your feelings or
Sympathy opinions and hopes that you will be
successful
Pathos
inspiring scornful pity
an inclination to support or be loyal to
or to agree with an opinion
a quality that arouses emotions
(especially pity or sorrow)

Ped Foot Expedite process fast and efficiently

Pedal of or relating to the feet
Impede be a hindrance or obstacle to
Biped having two feet
Quadruped having four feet
Pedestal an architectural support or base (as for
a column or statue)
Pedestrian
lacking wit or imagination

Ped Child Pedagogue someone who educates young people

pedalogy the activities of educating or instructing
Pediatrician a specialist in the care of babies
Pedantic marked by a narrow focus on or display
of learning especially its trivial aspects

Phil Loving, Fond Bibliophile someone who loves (and usually

collects) books
Francophile
An admirer of France and everything
Philanthropy
French
Philosophy
Voluntary promotion of human welfare
Philology
Any personal belief about how to live or
Philanderer how to deal with a situation
The humanistic study of language and
literature
A man who likes many women and has
short sexual relationships with them

217
Phon Sound Cacaphony loud confusing disagreeable sounds
Phonic relating to speech
Symphony a long and complex sonata for
symphony orchestra
Euphonious
having a pleasant sound
Megaphone
a cone
Telephone
electronic equipment that converts
soun d into electrical signals that can be
transmitted over distances and then
converts received signals back into
sounds

Pict Paint Picturesque suggesting or suitable for a picture

give a description of
a visual representation (of an object or
scene or person or abstraction)
produced on a surface

Plaud clap, strike applaud Express approval of

plaudit enthusiastic approval
plausible apparently reasonable and valid, and
truthful
explode
increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled
manner

Plen Fill Replenish fill something that had previously been

emptied
Plenty
as much as necessary
Plenary
full in all respects

Plet Fill, Full Complete having every necessary or normal part

or component or step
Plethora
exptreme excess
Depletion
the act of decreasing something
Replete
markedly
Expletive
(followed by with) deeply filled or
permeated
a word or phrase conveying no
independent meaning but added to fill
out a sentence or metrical line

218
Polis City Megalopolis a very large urban complex (usually
involving several cities and towns)
Metropolis
people living in a large densely
Necropolis
populated municipality a tract of land
Acropolis used for burials
the citadel in ancient Greek towns

Poly Many Polygamy having more than one spouse at a time

Polynamial having the character of a polynomial
Polyhedron a solid figure bounded by plane
polygons or faces
Polymer
a naturally occurring or synthetic
compound consisting of large
molecules

Quest Ask, seek Questionable able to be refuted

Inquest an inquiry into the cause of an
unexpected death
Request
a fomal message requesting something
Conquest
that is submitted to an authority
Questionarie
success in mastering a something
difficult

Rupt Break, Bunt Rupture the act of making is sudden nowy break

Erupt become active and spew forth lava and

rocks

Abrupt
surprisingly and unceremoniously
brusque in manner
Corrupt

lacking in integrity
Disrupt
Interruption
throw into disorder

Bankrupt some abrupt occurrence that intemupts

an ongoing activity

219
 finaricially ruined

Sacr Holy, Sacred Sacrilege blasphemous behavior

sacrament a formal religious ceremony conferring
a specific grace
sacrifice
an out that advances the base runners
sacred
(often followed by to) devoted
consecrate
exclusively to a single use or purpose or
desecrate person
solemnly dedicated to or set apart for a
high purpose
remove the consecration from a person
or an object

Sag Peceive sagacious skillful in statecraft or management

seek out Sagittarius type genus of the sagittaridae
sage of the grey
presage a foreboding about what is about to
happen
sagacity
the mental ability to understand and
discriminate between relations

Sanct Holy, scared sanctuary a consecrated place where sacred

objects are kept
sanctity
the auality of being holy
sanctify
make pure or free from sin or guilt
sanctimony
the quality of being hypocritically
sanction
devout
a mechanism of social control for
enforing a society’s standards

Scend Climb Ascend travel up we ascended the mountain

descend move downward and lower, but not
necessarly all the way go beyond
transcend
debase oneself morally, act in an
condescend
undignified unworthy or dishonorable
way

Sen Old senile mentally or physicaly inform with age

senior used of the fourth and final year in
united states high school or college
senate

220
 senescent assembly possessing high legislative
powers
seneschal
growing old
sire
the chief steward or butler of a great
household
male parent of an animal especially a
domestic anumal such as a horse

Sol Alone, Only Solioquy a (usually long) dramatic speech

intended to give the illusion of
solo
unspoken reflections
sole
composed or performed by a single
desolate voice or instrument

solitarie not divided or shared with others

solitude crushed by grief

solitary a card game played by one person
a solitary place
remote or secluded

Solv Loosen, Release Absolve let off the hook

insolvent unable to meet or discharge financial
obligations
resolve
the trait of being resolute
dissolve
(film) a gradual transition from one
scene to the next

Tac be silent tacit indicated by necessary connotation

though not expressed directly
taciturn
habitually reserved and
Reticent
uncommunicated
reluctant to draw attention to yourself

Tempor Time Temporary lacking continuity or regularity

Temporal of this earth or wordl
Temporize draw out a discussion or process in
order to gain time
Contemporary
belonging to the present time
Extemporaneous
with little or no preparation or
forethought

221
Tim Fear Timid showing fear and lack of confidence
Intimidate make timid or fearful
Timorous timed by nature or revealing timidity
Timidity fearfulness inventuring into new and
unknown placed or activities

Trem Tremble Tremble a reflex motion caused by cold or fear

or excitement
Tremendous
extraordinarily large in size or extent or
Tremor
amount or power or degree
an involuntary vibration (as if from
illness or fear)

Typ Impression Prototype a standard or typical example

Form Typical conforming to a type
Model Archetype an original model on which something
is patterned
Type
a small metal block bearing a raised
character on one end

Van Empty, Vain vanity the quality of being valueless or futile

vanish decrease rapidly and disappear
ecanescent tending to vanish like vapor

Vinc Conquer invincible incapable of being overcome or

subdued
Evince
give expression to
Vanquish
come out better in a competition, race,
Provincial
or conflict
Convince
characteristic of the provinces or their
people
make (someone) agree, understand, or
realize the truth or validity of
something

Voc Voice, call vociferous conspicuously and offensively loud

vocalize utter speech sounds
vocabulary a language user’s knowledge of words

Vol Wish, will Volition the act of making a choice

volunteer without payment

222
 Benevolent generous in providing aid to others
Malevolent wishing or appearing to wish evil to
others
Involuntary

Volu Roll, Turn Revolutionary introducing radical change

volume the magnitude of sound (usually in a
specified direction)
revolting
highly offensive
evolution
(biology) the sequence of events
voluble
involved in the evolutionary
voluminous development of a species or taxonomic
group of organisms
Convoluted
marked by a ready flow of speech
large in volume or bulk
rolled or coiled together

Voy Way convoy the act of escorting while in transit

voyage a journey to some distant place
invoice an itemized statement of money owed
for goods
shipped or services rendered

223
 IDIOMS AND PHRASES

 Achilles heel – A small but fatal weakness – The term Achilles heel References

a vulnearability or weakness. It is rooted in the myth of Achilles. Mother

dipping

Him in the River styx, making his entire body invulnearable except for the part

of his foot where she held him. He was later killd by an arrow wound to his

heel.

 An old flame – A person with whom one had a romantic relationships in the

past – while the flame may be old, it has not yet , gone out. It is likely the

expression emerged shortly after the word flame began to be commonly used

to refer to a current love interest.

 An olive branch – Peace request / peace treaty treaty in ancient Greek culture

– The origins of using olive brance as a symbol of peace in ancient Rome too,

the defeated during a war used to hold an olive branch to indicate that they

were pleading for peace.

 An apple of discord – Matter of dispute – The phrase originated from Green

Mythology, The apple of discord was a golden apple inscribed, for the fairest

not invited to . The apple was claimed by Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, to

whom paris awarded it, setting off a chain of events that led to the Trojan

War.

 Apple of one’s eye – very lovable / dearest one – originally the term simply

referred to the aperture at the centre of the human eye, i.e., the pupil or

224
 occasionally to the whole eyeball. The apple of one’s eye describes a thing or

person which someone loves above all others, some one’s favourite person or

thing, a person or thing that he is proud of

 At a loss – to be unable to decide – If you say that you are at a loss, you mean

that you do not know what to do in a particular situation. I was at a loss for

what to do next

 At arm’s length – Avoid becoming too friendly – The phrase originated from

Greek mythology, The according to Dictionary of the English Language (1755)

the phrase originated from boxing. In which the weaker man may overcome

the stronger if he can keep him from closing

 At one’s finger tips – To have complete knowledge – Presumably it is based on

something being as close at hand and familiar as one’s own fingers. Its roots

may lie in an ancient Roman Proverb. To know as well as one’s fingers and

toes, Which in English became one’s finger ends.

 At sixes and Seven – In disorder – The term at sixes and sevens goes back at

least to the 1300s. Originally, the phrase was rendered on six and seven, and

Referred to a dice game where throwing on a six or seven meant risking one’s

Entire house.

 At stake – At risk and insecured – As a form of entertainment a bear was

tethered to a stake and 4 or 5 mastiffs (dog bread) were set upon the bear.

Bets were placed, but the text doesn’t state whether the bet were upon

225
 which dog would be killed first or how long the bear would last. This is

apparatently the origin of having money at the stake or at stake

 At the eleventh hour – At the last moment – the cliché might originate from

the Bible, And when they came that were hired about the eleventh hour

they received every man a denarius (roman coin) the passage is a reference

to the fact that the workers who took over at the eleventh hour of a 12 –

hour workday received just as much pay at those who had already been

working all day.

 Bad blood – Enmity/ bitter relations – The American Heritage Dictionary of

idioms dtes the expression bad blood to the early 19th century. This term is

based on the old association with blood and emotion, particularly anger.

 Bag and baggage – with all belongings – The day he quit his job, he walked

out, bag and baggage. Originaliting in the 1400s , this pharase at first meant

an army’s property, and to march off bag and baggage meant that

departing army was not leaving anything behind for the enemy’s use

 Baker’s dozen – Thirteen in number – It’s widely believed that his phrase

originated from the practice of medieval English bakers giving an extra loaf

when selling a dozen in order to avoid being penalized for selling short

weight

 Be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth – TO be born in a rich family – It

has been a tradition in many countries for wealthy god parents to give a

silver spoon to their godchildren at christening ceremonies. That may be

226
 the source of the phrase, or it may simply be derived from the fact that

wealthy people ate from silver while others didn’t

 Be in the driving seat – Bearing all responsibilities – As soon as there was

driver’s seat there must have been someone to use it in a phrase, such as

“You are in the driver’s seat now. It is up to you to decide where we are

going next.

 Bear the brunt of – To bear the main part of something unpleasant – The

origin of brunt is unknown and may be onomatopoeic, The sense has

evolved from the specific (a shap or heavy blow) to the more general (the

shock or violence of an attack)

 Beating around the Bush – To avoid talking about what is important – The

origin of the idiom beating around the bush is associated with hunting, In

medieval times, hunters hired men to beat the area around bushes with

sticks in order to flush out game taking cover underneath. They avoided

hitting the bushes directly because this could sometimes prove dangerous.

Whacking a bee’s nest , for example would put a swift and unwelcome end

to the hunt.

 Beat block and Blue – Beating mercilessly – An old expression dating from

at least the 18th century for a severe beating, which raises black and blue

welts on the skin.

 Beat hollow – To defeat thoroughly and concincingly – This means to win a

game or a match by such a wide margin that makes it no contest. The

227
 expression has been around since the 17th century and hollow is used here

in its sense of empty, void or without substance, thereby describing the

contest.

 Beck and call – Ready to obey order instantly – The origin of this can be

traced to 18th century when the word beck was the same as becken. To

beckon some one is to signal or ask them to approach while the word call

remains the same in meaning. With the shortened version of beckon being

back in the 18th century to beckon and call became beck and call.

 A bed of Roses – Pleasant situation of comfort – This phrase is originated

French literature Le Roman de la Rose in the 13th century. It means a bed of

roses. The lover in the poem dreams of touring a garden where the finds a

bed of roses near fountain.

 Bell the cat – Taking first sleep at personal risk – Once lived a cat-many rats

in an old house – the cat eats one rat everyday- one day the most old rat

organize a meeting – the most young rat give a suggestion to put a bell in

the cat’s neck- then a rat asks that who will bell the cat? – Then all rats

went silent

 Big Gun – An influential person – If you call someone a big run, you mean

thy are a very important and powerful person in an organization or area of

activity. He’s a pretty big gun in Maine Politics. Note : Often, People use

the plural the Big guns, meaning a group of important and powerful people.

228
 Bird of Passage – One who comes occasionally – First recorded usage of this

phrase is between 1785 – 95. This phrase relates the migration of birds to

human behaviour i.e. as migrating birds do not tend to stay in one one

place for a long time and as soon as their season comes, they immediately

migrate or move or relocate to another place similarly this phrase quie

literally transfers this migrating feature of birds to human’s.

 Birds of a feature – People with the same idea, characteristics and interests

– It does originate from nature;s phenomenon of birds which are similar

flocking together. They reduce the risk of a predator attack because of the

Safety in numbers feature. It resonates well with the social requirement of

human beings too of course.

 Bite the dust – To be defeated – This expression was popularized in movies

about the old west or westers, where cowboys or Indians were shot or

were thrown from their horse to land on the dusty ground thus biting the

dust. The phrase originated as for tasting dust on the battle field but is

currently used positively as well as negatively.

 Black sheep – A person who is regarded as disgrace for his family/ team etc.

– The term originated from the ocassional black sheep which are born into

a flock of white sheep. Black wool was considered commercially

undesirable because it could not be dyed. In 18th and 19th century England,

The black color of the sheep was seen as the mark of the devil.

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 Blow one’s trumpet – To praise oneself – Important men in the medieval

times would have a herald share stories of their greatness. The process

would start by the blowing of a horn, which has over time converted to a

trumpet.

 Blue blood – Royal or aristocratic descent – This idiom was used in Spain for

those aristocrats (people with high status). Whose blood was considered

pure. Or say that local people with pure Germanic genealogy who were not

related to external invaders such as Moors, jews, or other races.

 Beck and call – Ready to obey order instantly – The origin of this can be

traced to 18th century when the word back was the same as Beckon. To

beckon some one is to signal or ask them to approach while the word call

remains the same in meaning. With the shortened version of beckon being

beck in the 18th century , to beckon and call became beck and call.

 A bed of Roses – Pleasant situation of comfort – This phrase is originated

from a French literature Le Roman de la rose in the 13th century, It means a

bed of roses. The lover in the poem dreams of touring a garden where he

finds a bed of roses near a fountain.

 Bell the cat – Taking first step at personal risk – Once lived a cat many rats

in an old house – the cat eats one rat everyday – one day the most old rat

organize a meeting – the most young rat give a suggestion to put a bell in

the cat’s neck. Then a rat asks that who will bell the cat? – Then all rats

went silent.

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 Big gun – An influential person – If you call someone a big gun, you mean

they are a very important and powerful person in an organization or area of

activity. He is a pretty big gun in Maine politics. Note : Often, people use

the plural the big guns, meaning a group of important and powerful people.

 Bird of Passage – One who comes occasionally – First recorded usage of this

phrase is between 1785 – 95. This phrase relates the migration of birds to

human behaviour. I.e. as migrating birds do not tend to stay in one place

for a long time and as soon as their season comes, they immediately

migrate or move or relocate to another place similarly this phrase quite

literally transfers this migrating feature of birds to human’s

 Birds of A feature - Peoplle with the same idea, characteristics and

interests – It does originate from nature’s phenomenon of birds which are

similar flocking to gether, They reduce the risk of a predator attack because

of the Safety in numbers feature. It resonates well with the social

requirement of human beings too of course.

 Bite the dust – To be defeated – This expression was popularized in movies

about the old west or westerns , where cowboys or Indians were shot or

were thrown from their horse to land on the dusty ground thus biting the

dust. The phrase originated as for tasting dust on the battle field but is

currently used positively as well as negatively.

 Black sheep – A person who is regarded as disgrace for his family/team etc.

- The term originated from the occasionaly black sheep which are born into

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 a flock of white sheep. Black wool was considered commercially

undesirable because it could not be dyed. In 18th and 19th century England,

the black colour of the sheep was seen as the mark of the devil.

 Blow one’s trumpet. – to praise oneself – Important men in the medieval

times would have a herald share stories of their greatness. The process

wold start by the blowing of a horn, which has over time converted to a

trumpet.

 Blue Blood – Royal or aristocratic descent – This idiom was used in spain for

those aristrocrafts (people with high status) whose blood was considered

pure. Or say that local people with pure Germanic Genealogy who were not

related to external invaders such as Moors, Jews, or other races.

 Belt from the blue – Unexpected Problem – An ordinary bow shoots an

arrow, but a crossbow had a much longer range than regular bows, and the

person who was targeted couldn’t always see the shooter, hence, a bolt

from the blue when the projectile landed.

 Break the ice – To start a conversation – ice – breakers were equipped with

strengthened hulls and powerful engines and were employed in the

exploration of Polar Regions. Soon after these ships were introduced the

term ice breaker began to be applied to social initiatives intended to get

strangers acquainted with one another. The phrase break the ice means to

break the silence in the groups, gatherings, or relationships

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 Bull in a china shop – One who is out of place in a delicate situation – The

phrase comes from literally imagining a bull in a shop that sells crockery,

also known as Chinan from it close association with the Chinese markets.

The phrase a bull in a china shop refers to a person who accidentally breaks

things out of clumsiness.

 Burn one’s fingers – To get into trouble – Some writers believe this term

comes from the old story about a monkey who persuades a cat to pull its

chestnuts out of the fire.

 Burn the candle at the both ends – work hard till late night. – At beginning

of the seventeenth century, the early meaning of burn the candle at both

ends was to be a spend thrift, to be wasteful. Candles were expensive, and

burning both ends of a candle used it up much faster. Eventually the candle

in question came to symbolize one’s like force, and burning the candle at

both ends meant to use of one’s life force too quickly, to exhaust oneself by

working too much.

 Cock and bull story - A concocted story - It is believed that the phrase refers

to stories about magical animals. The town had two coaching ions names

Cock and Bull and it is said that travelers would exchange fanciful and

exaggerated stories. However, there is no evidence that this term

originated from these two inns.

 Crocodile tears - A false display of grief - The phrase is derived from an old

legend that states tha Trocodiles cry while eating their pray. Crocodiles

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 blow ou large quantities of air while eating and that can cause their eyes to

tear up. They are not actually crying, though

 Cross swords - To quarrel or fight. - Cross swords pointing upward

historically indicate battle r conflict or the readiness for battle or conflict.

One example of this is modem fencing where a swordsman holds the sword

point upward to indicate his readiness. Swords pointing downward

represent peace, rest or the erid of conflict

 Cut no ice - To fail to make an impression. - To cut no ice means to have no

influence. The cutting here is done by ice skates and, if not sharp, will not

allow the wearer to slide easily over the ice. Blunt blades make no

Impression they cut no ice

 Dark horse - One who wins unexpectedly. - The expression, quite evidently,

originated from horse racing. A dark horse was one that was not known

before the race, but performed very well. It later came to be used

figuratively, in its current sense

 Damocles sword - Constant threat - Damocles was a courtier who always

commented on how fortunate Dionysius was to be king. Dionysius asked

him if he would like to live a king for a while and Damocles jumped at

prospects. At a subsequent banquet, with Damocles sitting in the king's

place, everything was going well until Dionysius told Damocles to look

upwards. There, directly above Damocles head, was a heavy sword

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 suspended by a single thread of hair. Dionysius said that Damocles now

knew what is really like to be king.

 Draw a line - Set a limit - In the early days, lines were drawn to establish the

boundaries of the court. fly as early as the middle of the eighteenth century

the idiom, "to draw a line" was used to mean establishing a limit for

something

 Eagle eye - With keen eyesight - If someone has an eagle eye, they watch

things carefully and are good at noticing things. You must watch

builderswith an eagle eye because some will cheat the minute you turn

your back.

 Fair weather friend – Selfish friends who are with us only in comfortable

situation - Fair weather refers to mild weather, so the idiom refers to friend

who can be relied upon when the weather is good but abandons you when

the weather turns story

 Feature in the cap - Additional success - It is believed that the Native

American soldiers would add afeather to the head dress of the warriors

who have been brave. The more number of feather suggested bravery and

nationalism.

 Fish in troubled water - To take advantage of the problems of others - "Fish

in troubled waters' which means indulging ourselves into a dangerous

situation and to pour oil on troubled waters' which means settling down

the disputes between the two parties.

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 Fish out of the water - Out of one's usual and comfortable place - The idiom

Nith out of water alludes to someone exped to anutknown station. This

expression makes referen to the fact that fich cannot survive on dry last for

a lungime which is out their habitat

 Fly in the ointment - Alight unpleasant thing that obstructs the enjoyment

of something - for four centuries the unmetal defect that spoils

permeshing valuatie or is a source of annoyance

 Gala day - Celebration day - The meaning of the idiom a gala day in a day of

merry making Explanation The word gala means showy and festive This is

usually associated with a lot of fun and gety that is accompanied by

merroiness

 Go through fire - to brave any danger - The meaning of the idiom a gala

day in a day of merry making Explanation The word gala means showy and

festive This is usually associated with a lot of fun and gety that is

accompanied by merroiness

 Go to dogs - To deteriorate/ degenerate - As far back at the 1500s, bad or

state flood that was not thought to be suitable for human corsangreat was

throw to the dogs. The sspression caught on and expanded to include any

pension of thing that came to a bad wed, was nuned, or locken temble

 Good Samaritan - A person who helps and pays sympathy to those in

distress - The term "Good Samaritan" comes from the parable of the Good

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 Samaritan related in the Book of Liike in the New Testament of the Bible.

The parable tells of a Samantan (a resident of Samaria) who stopped to

help a man who had been injured and robbed, while others passed him by

 Grease the palm - To bribe - Back in the 1500s, the verb "to grease" could

mean "to enrich" or "to enhance" So to grease the palms with silve sant to

ennich an outstretched hand by putting silver coins in the palm. This was

often done to tribe the recipient to provide certain services or to perform

certain duties

 Halcyon days - Peaceful days - When Alcyone (bird) made her nest on the

beach, waves threatened to destroy it. Aeolus restrained his winds and

kapt them calm during seven days in each year, so she could lay her eggs.

These became known as the "Halcyon dart." when storms do not occur

 Hammer and sickle Hammer and tongs - A symbolic representation of

communism in general - Its symbolism is extremely simple-a hammer, to

represent the industrial workers, a sickle, to represent the peasantry

 Haul over the coals - To take a task, to reprimand - This idiome came

intoure about a centuries old practice in some parts of Europe, which

ivolved rasing heretics over coals When someone suspected of going

against the church's preaching or practicing witchcraft, they were dragged

over the hold coals. They had to survive this to be declared innocent

 Dave several rons in the fire - To be involved in many projects. - The

expression too many irons in the fire is derived from the trade of

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 blacksmithing if a blacksmith attempts to heat too many pieces of iron in

bus fire at once, it cools The fire and none of the pieces of iron will heat

properly. The phrase too many irons in tive feu date back to the mid 1500.

 Herculean task - Task requiring tremendous effort - A Herculean Task

requires superhuman amounts of physical strength or mental effort in

honor of the Greek God Hercules. The word Herculean describes Hercules

himself and he is famous for his strength and labors in the Greek myths

 High and dry - in a deprived utuation (alone) - This term originally referred

to ships that were beached, it was used in a "Ship News column in The

(London) Times, August 1796. "The Russian frigate Archipelago, yesterday

got aground below the Nore la sandbank at the mouth of the Thames

Estuary, England) at high water, which, when the tide had ebbed, left her

nearly high and dry

 High handed – Overbearing - The term high-handed is an adjective that

describes an action which is accomplished in a presumptueus, imperious

manner, or a person who is haughty, or behaves with arrogance in an

authoritarian, tyrannical or oppressive manner

 Hit below the belt - to strike unfairly - The portion below the belt of a man

is considered sensitive and taking a hit at it is socially unacceptable in

formal fights there are rules about hitting someone below the beit. This

literal translation became a metaphor for fighting In an unfaic, even dirty

manner

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 Hit the nail on the head - To do the night thing at the right time - Tinis

phrase quite obviously, has its roots in carpentry, however, it is not clear as

to when it started being used The analogy is simple, while hammering in a

nail, you would want to hit it on its head to get the desired result. Missing

the head could mean causing damage to the surface or even injury to

yourself

 in the long run – Ultimately - The expression "long run" probably originated

in the early 1600s and expands upon the idea that a runner continues fos

run on his course until the end. The phrase long run Sterally relates to

something that runs for a long time

 In the same bout - Tobe in the same unpleasant situation or to have the same
problem as other people - The Idiom was first used by the ancient Greeks we
speaking about the risks that all pamenger small boat at sea had to face
together. Now is used to describe any unpleasant situation, not only if you are
in boat!
 Itchingpalm - Craving for bribe - Derives from the superstition that whes the
palm of one's hand itches, money is on the way, often cl Shakespeare is
sometimes credited with the first citation in Julius Caesar Act IV. Scene Ill,
Brutus accuses Cassius of having en itching palm Le. of taking bribes

 Jail bird - A person who is or has been confined to jail - Following a prison
escape, a local never's headline might read Ballbird on the Loose Jilted cold in
the 17th century, equates the image of a bird in a cage with a prisoner in jail.

 Judas kies - False love - This term alludes to the betrayal of Jesus by Judas
iscanot who kissed hiin as a way of identifying fim to the soldiers who came to
arrest him. Matthew 2647-49
 Keep one's cards close to one's chest - Hiding something. - The analogy to
holding one's hand so that no one can sen what cards are in it has been used
since the mid-twentieth century. Agatha Christie had it in The Pale Hогия
(1961) "1 couldn't afford to give hints. You have to play these things dose to
your chest."
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 Keep the ball rolling - To maintain the progress of a project or plan - The ball
rolling is the American version of the Brit phrase "to keep the ball up" which
meant to maintain the ball in the air or the impressiori of continuing an act.
General William Harrison used a tin and leather ball which was ten feet in
diameter as his victory ball. This was pushed by his supporters from one town
to another, as in, to keep the ball rolling
 Midas touch - A man with extraordinary power or capacity make any
venture profitable - Midas was legendary long of Phrygianmodern-day
Turkey), In return for addede wat pre with by the god Dionysus, and asked
for the power to turn everything he touched into gald
 Nine day's wonder - Something that arouses great interest but for a short
period - in 1600, William Kemp, an latha clown actor me fook up the
challenge for a biet and covered the distance of a hundred miles or more in
ve days (spread over a few weeks) Some doubted that he had achieved to
and quell dissent, he wrote "Kamps nine dales vvender pubished in 1600
 Pandora's box - A source of extensive but unforeseen troubles - This
expression has its ropes Greek myt the King of Gods, was fed up with
markandt onder to teach then a lesson, Zeus created a woman Pandora The
King of Gods then asked all the other gads to shower gifts on her. The gifts
given by the gods were put in A beautiful box and Zeus presented it to
Pandora warning her never to open it. But she opened it and saw so her
horror all the evils of this world escape
 Pay the piper - To bear the cost of something/ some service rendered -
Believed by many to the originated from the stary of "Pied Piper of
Hamelin" in which a piper gut rid of the rats In a town but when he was not
paid, he kidnapped the Children in the same manner and they were at last
required to pay the piper"
 Play ducks and drakes - To waste money - Duck's and drakes is an old
English pastime comiating les throwing a flat stone or the like over the
surface of water so that it skips as many times as possibile before sinking
When wealthy people used coins instead of stones, soon acquired the
meaning of sostandering or throwing something away recklessly
 Play second fiddle - To be at the subordinate position. - This idiom
originated from the early days of orchestra bo in the orchestra, there is a
first Violinist who plays the melody and is regarded as a prominent or lead
vollst Then there is the role of the second on who leads the group of
second vidling that play a supportive role to the lead violinist

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 Pour oil on troubled waters - To pacify the matters. - Inearlier times, the
pouring of modest quantities of oil leto she sea was done deliberately in
order to forestall rough seas. This phrase alludes to the calming effect of
that oll has on wave action as it spreads over the surface of the sea. Very
small quantities of oil can cover a surprisingly large area as it spreads into a
layer just a few molecules lin thickness
 Rock the boat - To disturb a situation which was otherwise stable - the angin
of the idium 'rock the boats bed American statesman, wwyer and politicam
Witam Jennings Bryan, who was famously The man who rocks the boat ought
to the stoned when he gets bas an there in the 1914 quote, it is evident that
bryan was referring to those who stik un trouble
 Run amuck - Mad with murderous frenzy - The phrase origmated from the
Southeast A Ispelled amuk, zmock, amucal, which meant a murducous frenzy
or rage it referred to the Amoco sartions of Malaysia and Java, who wers
Fierce their battles and preferred death over surrender
 See pink slephants - Any visual hallucination artung due to intoxication - A
well known reference to pink elephants accurs in the 1941 Disney animated
fim Dumbo Aller taking a droka water from a bucket spiked with champagne
Dumbo and Timothy begin to hallucinate singing and dancing elephants in a
segment known as "Pink Elephants on Parade
 Set one's heart on - to have as one's ambition to obtain something - The heart
has long been equated with one's innermest being, and to "set" it on
something means to fix it in that direction. This term dates from the
fourteenth century it appears in the Bible "If riches increase, set not your
heart upon them
 Slip on the tongue - Spoken unintentionally – A sllip of the pen was first
reported to be used in the 1650 by a British man. He'd witten a letter
professing meniding love fur Lady Catherine, his love interest. On opening the
letter, she saw that he'd signed off the letter with the words "Within Love"
instead of "Wish Love "When Lada Catherine related this to hien days later
he'd laughed and said, "Oh, was just a slip of the pen Those around loved the
expression and it caught on, and years later, around 1725, its sister phrase a
slip of the tongue began to become more popular, as people also made
mistakes while speaking not just while witing
 Slow coach - A person with lazy approach of working - A coach is another
word for a burs, so the term "slow coach is clearly the figurative use of a
literal slow moving vehicle There are a couple of possibile origins of dowpoke
Firstly tauld come from the verb, to poke which means to move slowly.or
dawdle

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 Swan song - The last A ceremony yor farewell - trancient times people
believed that the special gift of song at the end of sofe They beloveds Hwan
sings a peout beautiful song just before dies However, the expresion "swan
song has long bes part of the English language At first wan song the last work
of a peet musician or writer Now it the final effort of any person Someone's
swan song isano considered that person's finest work.

 Sweat of one's brow - Hard labour - The phrase appears in Genesis 3.19.
which has been The dated in several ways to describe told After eating
forbidden fruit, Adam is told, by the sweats your brow will you have food to
eat until you return to ground from which you were made
 Take away one’s breath - to overwhelm with surprise - The phrase originates
from the literal panting of a person when they show breathlessness due to
the surprise of seeing something magnificent. Usually used when thereise
surprise about the magnificence being expresied

 Take the bull by the horns - To adopt the most direct but the most dangerous
way of facing a difficulty - To take the bull by the horns and to grab the bull by
the horns are idioms that both mean to face a situation head on, especially a
difficult or dangerous situation. Many ascribe these idioms to bullfighting.
Others believe they originated in the American Old West, where cowboys
wrestled with cows and steers.
 Take to one's heels - To run away - Run away, as in when the burglar alarm
went off they took to their heels. This expression alludes to the fact that the
heels are all one sees of a fugitive running away fast Although similar
expressions turned up from Shakespeary time on, the exact idiom dates only
from the first hall of the 1800s

 Tooth and nail – Violently - Tooth and nail clearly alludes to the fights that are
undertaken by wild animals when hunting prey. Tooth and nail the expression
has a long history and is one of the older phrases in English that is still in
everyday use

 Under the nose of - Right in front of someone - It is unclear exactly how this
idiom originated. However, it first appeared in the 1500s or 1600s, it likely
comes from the fact that if something is literally under a person's nose it is
very close and right in front of them
 Up one's sleeves - An itemkept hidden a used whenever required. - The
expression to have something up one's sleeve dates from the 1500s. In those
days, sleeves were generally rather large and functioned as pockets. The term
have something up one's sleeve has been reinforced by the magician's
practice of hiding items in his sleeve in order to pull them out at surprising
times

242
 Above board - Honest and straightforward - The phrase is speculated to have
come from the times when pirates ruled the seas. They would conceal
Themselves under the deck of the ship which would give a false sense of
security to the crew from the (future) victim ship. They would conveniently be
hiding "below board", the board signifying the deck here. So the opposite was
considered to be a synonym to being fair and righteous which came to be
known as "above board
 Adam's ale - Pure water - The phrase it used in a joking fashion to refer to a
glass of water. The reason for this is because in Biblical time the only thing
that Adam would have had to drink was water, It is also referred to as Adam's
wine, particularly in Scotland It gained popularity in the 1800s during the
Temperance movement in which alcohol was seen as evil. Water was seen as
a natural and pure by the movement

 Bandy words - to argue - to bandy is to 'exchange', to 'toss to and fro. The

source of the name of the game bandy a ferocious ba game similar to ice
hockey. The word was in use in by the 16th century and had counterparts in
both French bander) and Spanish (bandear), although which of these came
first is uncertain.
 Baptism of fire - A Harsh initiation into a new experience - Baptism of fice
describes the horrific death by burning suffered by multitudes of suteenth-
and seventeenth century Christians who were martyred for their beliefs
 Bated breath - Holding your breath, in anxiety - Bated breath is a phrase that
means to hold one's breat due to suspense, trepidation or fear. Bated breath
is a phrase fist mentioned in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. The word
bated is an abbreviation of the word abated, meaning to lessen in severity or
amount
 Battle axe - An overbearing and belligerent. suxly middle-aged or old) woman
- This originated in America in the early years of the women's rights
movement. The Battle Axe was a journal published by the movement and the
expression is thoughe to come from it. The term was obviously not originally
meant as an insult but as a war cry. The fact that it soon came to refer to a
domineening and aggressive womar ofa certain age could well be a reflection
on what many people thought of the movement's members
 Bee in one's bonnet - To be obsessed by an idea - The phrase has been around
since the 1500's. Bonnets used to be a head scarf that would be worn by
women and the phrase directly reflects the agitation that could be caused
there were a bee in their head/bonnet. The obsession to get it off would side
line anything else that may be more Important in nature too
 Bite the bullet - To show courage in facing a difficult or unpleasant situation, -
On the battlefields of the last century, wounded men, operated on without
the benefits of pain-killing drugs and anesthetics, were encouraged to bite on
a bullet to help them forget their intense pain

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 Burn one's boats/bridges - To be so committed to a course of action that it is
impossible to withdraw - the phrase refers to the practice Roman generals
sometimes employed of setting fire to their own bouts after mounting an
invasion. This was to remove any idea of retreat from the minds of their
soldiers Similarly, as the Roman army advanced, they would burm bridges
behind them, forcing the soldiers to move forward
 Call names - To abuse - In the 1800s the phrase became known as name-
calling meaning "the use of oporabnous epithets" This means that you are
abusing someone or bringing disgrace The Idiom was first recorded in the late
1600
 Call someone's bluff - To test someone's claims - In a poker game, when a
player makes a bet on the cards he holds, he might try to bluff or trick the
other players inta belleving that ha hand is better than it really is if his bluff
called, he is forced to expose his cards and show himself true or false
 Cool one’s heels - to be kept waiting - The energy lted in walking causes the
feet to beso and hence the phrases Current meaning which valt The
origmation of the phrase comes from the where cooling the heels of horses
was a common shenomenon in long travels. The earliest day from the year
1576 but back then it rather than heels
 Count Chiatient before they are hatched - to anticipate profit before hand - .
The origin is speculated to b be a part of the ancient a English language when
poultry and animal farming major source of eaming an income. The chick not
always hatch out and hence a farmer counting the thicken eggs before they
hatch would be over-estima his future profits
 Cross one's Fingers - to be helping for luck or a happy Outcome - Crossing
one's lingers is a quick and easy way of making of the cross to shield oneself
from diabolic powe also easy to keep them crossed, thus ensuring lasting
protection from the devil's tricks
 Cry wolf - To [habitually)sound a false alarm -One of Aesop's fables tells of a
shepherd boy who kept himself amused by crying wolt, wolf to alarm the
villag and make them rush to his rescue. One day wolves rely did come among
his flock, but when he cried out for help noone took any notice
 Cut and run - To make a quick get-away, to que - Formerly anchor cables on
salling vessels were made ed hemp If a naval warship at anchor were in
danger of enemy attack and needed to make a speedy departure, the crew
would not take the time to wind in the anchor bus would simply cut through
the cable and then let the sho run before the wind.
 Cut the Gordian knat - To solve a very challenging or daunting problem
decisively - The phrase likely alludes to Gordius, the king of Phrygia, who tled
a knot that an oracle proclaimed would only be cut by the future ruler of Asia.
Alexander the Great allegedly cut the Gordian knot in one blow
 Dog days - The hottest days of the year - The dog days, or dies caniculares as
the Romans called them, last approximately from the beginning of July un the

244
 middle of August. During this period the Dog Star Seuc rises with the sun. The
Romans believed that the star gae off heat which, together with that of the
sun, made the the hottest time of the year
 Every dog has his day - Good fortune comes somer of later - According to the
medieval Dutch scholar Erasmus, the saying came about as a result of the
death of the Dress play wright Euripides, who in 405 BC. was marind and
Willed by a pack of dogs loosed upon hum by saying it usually taken to mean
that even the p Thu the person will at some time get revenge on les appre
matter how powerful the man may be
 Face the music – to face opposition - One theory says that it originated in the
military where degraced oficers were dismused to the beating of drums and
band music Another theory comes hom theatre, where the actors have to
face the orchestra ait. The phrase originated in America is the met 1800

 Fan the flame - To aggravate - Taken literally, this idiom/metaphor means

blow (wygen) onto the live to increase the lessity of the Hames. Just as the
wind mubes forest fires warse

 Feet of clay - A weakness perceived in someone held in high regard - This is a

biblical expression and comes from a story ta be found in the Book of Daniel
Daniel, after spending the night in prayer, is the only wise man in
Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom who is able to tell the king what his troublesome
dream means. In this dream Nebuchadnezzar sees a huge and awesome
statue made of differem metals starting with gold at the head down to ron on
the legs. The statue's feet are part von and part clay in the terpretation Damel
tells the king that by God's when the golden head but that other inferior
kingdoms will succeed him, ending with a divided kingdom represented by the
feet of iron and clay
 Win hands down – To gain a resounding victory - The phrase is from the world
of racing. When a jockey feels assured of certain victory, he stops whipping
and forcing his horse on, and relaxes, dropping his hands and allowing his
mount to run on past the winning post.
 Wolf in sheep's clothing - Someone who is not as pleasant and harmless as
first appears
 Writing is on the wall - Downfall or ruin is imminent - In Daniel, chapter 5, the
Bible tells how Belshazzar, King of Babylon, showed his contempt of the Lord
by holding a great feast where wine was served in goblets taken from the
temple in Jerusalem. During the feast a human hand appeared, writing on the
wall. The inscription read: Mene, mene, tekel, parsin The only one able to
interpret the sign was the Jewish exile, Daniel, who voiced the Lord's anger
and prophesied the downfall of Belshazzar and his kingdom. Just as Daniel
had said that very night Belshazzar was slain and his kingdom taken by a
foreign power. These days the message of doom is likely to apply to a failing
enterprise, a politician or a football manager
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