[Pet ns A NGENEREEEN Pre-Medical 2018 Erin are mercs Endomembrane system includes ER, golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles. Reason: Alll these parls are together considered as endomembrane system because theit functions are coordinated. 2. Assertion: Eachof the membranous organelesi stint in terms of structure and function. Reason: Since the functions of mitochondria, chloroplast and peroxisomes are not coordinated with the ER, golai complex, lysosomes and vacuoles, those are not considered as patt of the endomembrane system. 3. Assertion: ER divides the intracellular space into two distinct compartments, that is, luminal and extra-luminal compartments, Reason: A networkor reticulum of tiny tubular structures, found in eukaryotic cytoplasm i called the ER 4, Assertion: The ER bearing ribosomes on then-surface is called rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Reason: In the absence of ribosome, ER appears smooth andis called smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). 5. Assertion: RER's frequently observed in the cellsactively involved in protein synthesis and secretion. Reason: RER. are extensive and continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus. 6. Assertion: The SER is the major sit for synthess of lipids. Reason: In animal cals, lipidelike steroidal hormones, are synthesized in RER. 7. Assertion: Camilo Gos fst observed densely stained reticular structures near the nucleus. Reason: These structures wore named as RER. 8 Assertion: Golgi complex consists of ‘many flat, disc-shaped sacs or cisternae of 0.5-1.0 urn diameter. Reason: These sacs are stacked parallel to each other. 9. Assertion: A fixed number of cisternae are present in the gla compl. ° - Reason: The golgicistemae are concentrically arrang. near the nucleus with distinct convex or cis or the maturing, face and concave or trans or the forming face. Assertion: Golgi complex is the site of formation of iycoproteins and giyeolipids. Reedont Ths os te tars faces of the organelle ave entirely different but interconnected. Assertion: Golai__ complex remains in ‘association with the ER. Reason: The maierials to be packaged in the form of vesicles from the ER fuse with the cis face and move towards the maturing face of the golgi complex. Assertion: The aplgi apparatus principally performs the function of packaging materials to be delivered either to the inraceltdar tngts or secreted ouside the cel Reason: A number of proteins synthesized by ribosomes, ‘onthe RER are modified in the cistemae of golgi complex before they are released inside or outside from its trans 10. 11. close 12, face, 13. Assertion: Lysosomes are capable of digesting carbohydrates, proteins, ipids and nucleic acids. Reason: Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicular structures formed by the processof packaging inthe golai apparatus. The isolated lysosomal vesicles are rich in almost all type of hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolase—lipases, proteases, and carbohydrases) optimally active at the acidic pH. Assertion: The vacuole is a single membrane-bound (tonoplast) space found in cytoplasm. In plant cells, ecules can occupy up 90 por cont of the volume of Reason: The vacuokeconiains water, sap, secrotony produts another materials thatare not useful forthe cel 15. Assertion: The concentration of the ions in vacuole is 14, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. significantly higher than in the cytoplasm. Reason: In plants, the tonoplast facilitates the transport of number ef ions and other materials against the Concentration gradients inside the vacuole. Assertion: In amoeba, contractile important for excretion, Reason: In many cell, as in Protista, food vacuoles are formed by engulfing the food particles Assertion: Mitochondria, unless specifically stained are not easily visible under the microscope. Reason: The number of mitochondria per cellis variable depending upon the physiological satus ofthe cell Assertion: In terms of shape and size, a considerable degree of variability is observed in mitochondria. Reason: Typically, mitochondria are sausage-shaped or cylindrical and havea diameter of 0.2-1.0 um and lenath of 1.04.1 um. ‘Assertion: Mitochoneia have twoaquaous compartments. Reason: Each mitochondrion is a double membrane. bound structure with the outer and inner membranes dividing its lumen distinelly into two compartments. Assertion: The outer membrane of the mitochondria forms the continuous limiting boundary of the organelle. Reason: The outer membrane of the mitochondria forms, anumberofinfollingscalled the crstae" towards the inner compartment, matrix, thus increasing the surface area. Assertion: Both mitochondrial membranes are unique in their functions. Reason: The two membranes of mitochondria have their ‘own specific enzymes associated witj the mitochondrial function, 22. Assertion: Mitochondria are called "the power house 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28, 29, of the cel. Reason: Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration and produce cellular energy in the form of ATR. ‘Assertion: The mitochondrial matrix possesses a single circular DNA molecule, a few RNA molecules, 80S ribosomes and the components required for the synthesis, of proteins, Reason: Mitochondria divide by fission, budding and fragmentation, Assertion: Plastids are found in euglenoides and inall plant cell. Reason: They can be easily observed under the microscope as they ate large. Assertion: Plastids can be classified into chloroplasts, chromoplasts and loucoplasts. Reason: Leucoplast bear some specific pigments and thus impart specific colour to the plants parts Assertion: — Chloroplasts. are responsible photosynthesis Reason: Chloroplasts contain chlorophylland carotenoid pigments which taplight energy required for photosyihest. Assertion: Chromoplasts give yellow, orange or red colour to the parts of @ plant. Reason: Fat-soluble carotenoid pigments such as carotenes, xanthophylls and others are present in chromoplasts. Assertion: Leucoplasts are the colourless plastids of different shapes arid sizes. Reason: Amyloplasts store oilsand fats, elaioplasis store carbohydrates, for example, potato whereas aleuroplasts store proteins Assertion: The cytoskeleton in a cellis involved in many functions such as mechanical support, motility, and maintenance of the shape of a cell. ‘Anelaboraie netwerko' flamentous proteinaceous structures present the otopasp of prokaryotic cols colectvely relented toast cos for BOTANY 130. 31. 32. 33. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 45, |. Assertion: |. Asserti ‘Assertion: Ribosomes are graniar structures which were first observed under the electron microscope as dense particles by George Palade. Reason: They are composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins and are amembranous, Assertion: Both 705 and 805 ribosomes are Reason: 'S" stands for sedimentation coefficient. Its indirectly a measure of density and size. Assertion: Majority of the chloroplasts of the green plants is found in the mesophyll calls of the leaves, Reason: These are lens-shaped, oval, spherical, discoid for even ribbon-like organelles having variable length (5-10 um) and width (2-4 pm), Assertion: The number of chloroplasts varies from 1 percellas in Chlamydomonas, a green alga, to 20—40 percellin the mesophyll. Reason: The ribosomes of chloroplast are larger than. the ribosomes of cytoplasm, Chloroplast is bound by a pair of membranes. Reason: The outer chloroplast membrane is relatively less permeable than the inner membrane. Assertion: A number of organized, flattened, and membranous sacs called the thylakoids are present in the stroma, the inner component of chloroplast. Reason: In leucopkst, thylakoids are arranged in stacks, lke the piles of coins, called grana (singular: granum) or the interaranal thylakoids, Assertion: There are flat and membranous tubules called the stroma lamellae connecting the thylakoids of the different grana. Reason: The chlorophyll pigments are present in the thylakoids Assertion: The membrane of the thylakoids encloses a space called the lumen. Reason: Lumens the site of photolysis of water, Assertion: The stroma of the chloroplast contains enzymes required for the synthesis of carbohydrates and : The stroma also contains small, double- stranded circular DNA molecules and ribosomes. Assertion: Cia and fagela ae hair ke outgrowths of the cell membrane. Reason: Prokaryotic bacteria also possess flagella, but these are structurally different from that of the eukaryotic flagella, Assertion: Cilia are small structures which work ike oars ‘causing the movement of either the cellor the surrounding fluid. Reason: Flagella are comparatively longer and responsible for the movement of the surrounding fluid Assertion: The arrangement of flagellar axonemal microtubules is roferred to as 9+2 array, Reason: Flagellar axoneme usually has nine pairs of doublets of radially amanged peripheral microtubules and fa pair of centrally located microtubules, Assertion: Eukaryotic flagella are covered by plasma membrane, Reason: Flagellar core is called the axoneme and it possesses a number of microtubules running parallel to the long axis. Assertion: There ate nine radial spokes in the eukaryotic flagella. Reason: The central tubules in eukaryotic flagella are connected by bridges and enclosed by a centralsheath, ‘which is connected to.one ofthe tubules of each peripheral doublets by a radial spoke. Both the cilium and flagellum emerge from centioke-lke structure, callod the basal bodes, jeason: In eukaryotic flagella, the peripheral doublets are interconnacted by linkers. Assertion: Centrosome is an organelle usually containing two cylindrical structures called cenitioles. They are surrounded by amorphous pericentriolar materials 46. 47. 48. 49, 50. 51. 52. 53. 55. 56. 87. 58. 59. 60. Reason: Both the centrosomes lie perpendicular toeach ther in which each has an organization lke the cartwheel Assertion: Each centriole is made up of nine evenly spaced peripheral fbrib of tubulin protein. Reason: Each of the peripheral fibril of centriole is doublet, which are linked. Assertion: The central part of the centriole is proteinaceous and called "the hub", which is connected with tubules ofthe peripheral fibris by radial proteinaceous spokes, Reason: The centriole forms the basal body of cilia or flagella and spindle fibers that give rise to spindle apparatus during cell division in animal cel Assertion: Nuclous as a call organslle was fist described bby Robert Brown in the year 1931. Reason: The material of the nuclets stained by the basic dyes was given the name chromatin by Huxley. Assertion: ‘The interphase nucleus has _highly extended and elaborate nucleoprotein fibres called chromatin, nuclear matrix and one or more spherical bodies called the nucleo Reason: The nuclear envelope consists of two parallel membranes with a space between (10-50 nm) called the perinuclear space. This envelope forms bamier between the materials present inside the nucleus and that of the cytoplasm. ‘Assertion: The outer nuclear membrane usually remains continuous with the ER and also bears ribosomes on it. Reason: Ata number of places, the nuclear envelope is interrupted by minute pores, which are formed by the fusion of the wo membranes. Assertion: There sa proper connectivity in between the nucleus and cytoplasm, Reason: Nuclear pores are passages through which the movement of DNA and protein molecules takes place in both the directions. Assertion: Normally, there is only one nuceus per cell, but variations in the number of nuclei are frequenthy observed. Reason: Some mature cells even lack nucleus such as the RBCs of many mammals and sieve tube cells of vascular plants Assertion: The nuclear matrix or the nucleoplasm contains nucleolus and chromatin, Reason: The nucleoli are spherical Membrane bound structures present in nucleopiasm. |. Assertion: The content of the nucleolus is continuous woth the rest ofthe nucleoplasm Reason: Nucleolus snota membrane-bound structure, Assertion: Larger and more numerous nucleol ae presentin coll actively caring out protein synthesis. Reason: Nisicoks thse orostvelxoraiRNA gmihese ssertion: Middle lamella ensures the attachment of different neighbouring cols. Reason: The middle lamella isa layer primarily made of calcium pectate, It holds or glues the different neighbouring celle together. The cell wall and middle Ibmella may’be traversed ty plasmodesmata, which connoet the evtoplasm of neighbouring cel. Aseertion: Sub-metacenkic chromosome has one short fam and one long erm, Reason: It bas centromere nearer to one end of the chromosome Assertion: Acroceniric chromosome has extvomely short arm and one very long ar. Reason: Ithas centromere very clos to ts end Assertion: Telocentie chromosome has @ ferminal centromere, Reason: More telocentri chromosomes area feature of nite cropniss Assertion: Some chromosomes are SAT Reason: Sometimes, chromosomes have nom-staining secondary Consti.ton ata constant ocation which gs the appearance of small fragments called the satelite BOTANY 2Pre-Medical 2018 Carer For each correct answer youwill be awarded 4 marks and (-1) mark for wrong answer. ANSWERS 1 16. (2) 31. (2) 46. (3) a2) 17, (2) 32. (2) 47. (2) 3.) 18. (2) 33. (3) 48. (4) 4 (2) 19. (1) 34. (3) 49. (2) 5. (2) 20. (3) 35. (3) 50. (2) 6 (3) 21. (1) 36. (2) 51. (3) 7 3) 22. (1) 37. (2) 52. (2) 8 (2) 23. (4) 38. (2) 53. (3) 9 (a) 24. (2) 39. (2) 54. (1) 10. (2) 25. (3) 40. (3) 55. (1) 11. (1) 26. (1) 41. (1) 56. (1) 12. (1) 27. (2) 42. (2) 57. (1) 13. (1) 28. (3) 43. (1) 58. (1) 14. (3) 29. (2) 44. (2) 59. (3) 15. (1) 30. (2) 45. (3) 60. (1)