Query resolution of the previous class

The advent of Europeans in India

Need for cheaper modes of transportation.

The purpose was to the establishment of a connection with eastern countries.
Portuguese

Start of seafaring activities and geographical discoveries.

Prince Henry, the navigator.
Tughlaqs, Sayyid, and later Lodhi were the rulers in India.
King John 2, crossed cape of good hope.
Under the reign of King Emmanuel Vasco Da Gama reached the Calicut.
De-Almeida: 1st Viceroy.
Albuquerque: Conquered Goa.
Dutch East India Company

Stiff competition from the English and Portuguese.

Mainly involved in the spice trade.
Danish East India Company

Serampore as a hub of missionary activities.

English East India Company

Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth.

Voyages under Captian Hawkins.
Surat and Masulipattanam are initial warehouses.
Sir Thomas Roe: Under the reign of Jahangir.
Fort St. George was created.
Bombay passed to Britishers in 1668.
1698: St. fort William created.
French East India Company

British-French rivalries.
1st factory at Surat in 1668.
Later Mughals

Bahadur shah 1.
Reign from 1707 to 1712.
Peace with various local rulers.
Jahandar Shah
1712-13.
Abolished Jizya, etc.
Izara system: Awarding tax collection right to the highest bidder.
Chauth and Sardeshmukhi to marathas.
The topic for the next class: Continuation of later Mughals etc.
Revision of Previous Class

Later Mughals

Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719)

Helped to throne by Sayyid Brothers

Policy of religious tolerance
Sikh Leader Banda Bahadur was arrested
Royal Farman to British East India Company- features discussed and rise of
Corruption in the Company
Muhammad Shah (1719-48)
Got support of Nizam ul mulk asaf jah
Nobels carved out semi-independent states- Eg. Bengal, Awadh
Maratha invasion of Delhi
Battle of Karnal- 1739
Invasion by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali
Ahmad Shah (1748-54)- Weak ruler

Alamgir II (1754-59)

Battle of Plassey 1757

Maratha invasion
Shahjahan III (1759-60)

Shah Alam II (1760-1806)

Support of Sada Shiv Rao

Battle of Panipat and Buxar
Treaty of Allahabad
Stable rule started in 1788
Akbar II (1806-37)

Gave title of Raja to Ram Mohan Roy

Bahadur Shah II Zafar (1837-57)
Revolt of 1857 during his term
Deported to Rangoon
Mughal rule came to end
Answer writing tips

Topic for Next Class:- Decline of the Mughals and Regional state of Bengal
The revision of previous class

The queries from the previous class

How to relate current affairs with the history

Example from the newspaper.

Shah Alam II(1760 - 1806)

Came to power with the support of Sada Shiv Rao Bhau.

Man of ability and courage.
Battle of Panipat and Battle of Buxar.
Exiled from Delhi for 12 years during Abdali's last invasion.
BATTLE OF BUXAR - 1764
TREATY OF ALLAHABAD 1765
Discussion about the terms of the treaty.
Akbar II(1806 - 37)

Title of Raja to social reformer Ram Mohan Roy.

In 1835 English east India Company stopped Minting coins in the name of the Mughal
emperor.
Bahadur Shah II Zafar(1837 - 57)

Penname Zafar.
Mighty revolt of 1857.
Deported to Rangoon.
Declaration of Queen Victoria and the official end of the Mughal rule.
Nobles in the Mughal Court

Explanation of hierarchy/structure of Mughal Court.

Turrani, Durrani and Hindustani nobles etc.
Differences between Zamindar, Mansabdar, and Jagirdar

Zamindar: Hereditary lord with a landed estate.

Mansabdar: Centrally appointed official to generate revenue and keep some army.
Jagirdar: Part of nobility but only to collect revenue.
Mansabdar and Jagirdar were not hereditary.
Decline of Mughals

Factors led to the decline of the Mughals

The decline of Mughals began with the death of Aurangzeb in 1707.

Political Causes
Aurangzeb's expansionist policy against Deccan rulers.
Bitter factionalism in the Mughal court.
Economic causes
Jagirdari crises.
Explanation in brief about khalisa land.
The Jagirdari crisis involved the emergence of too many Jagirdars chasing for very
few Jagirs.
Attempts to increase revenue by increasing tax rates.
Heavy expanses in the Deccan region.
Social Causes
Divisive religious policies mainly by Aurangzeb.
Re-imposition of Jizya tax.
Destruction of multiple temples.
Military Causes
Post the death of Aurangzeb.
Old arms and armories.
The topic for the next class: Regional powers like Carnatic, Bengal, etc.

Revision of previous class and queries

Rise of Regional Powers

Bengal

Discussion of timeline
Murshid Quli Khan: Contemporary of Farrukh Siyar.
Shujauddin, Alivardi Khan, Siraj-Ud-Daula etc.
Important aspects of Bengal

Richest province.
Huge revenue at the time of chaos as well.
Few powerful zamindars than many small zamindars.
Merchant banker's presence.
Explanation regarding the Jagat Seth.
Minting right by Murshid Quli Khan.
Detailed discussion regarding the powers and privileges of the Jagat Seth.
The coastal location of Bengal.
Favorable balance of trade.
Surplus bullion.
Cordial relation between Merchant bankers, state, and bureaucracy.
Alivardi Khan and story thereafter

Maratha expansion to Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha.

1751 agreement between Alivardi Khan and Marathas.
Right of Chauth of Bengal to Marathas.
Gave Odisha to Marathas.
Marathas promised not to raid Bengal.
War of succession between Siraj-Ud-Daula and Ghasiti Begum.
The conflict between Jagat Seth and Siraj-Ud-Daula.
Britishers took advantage of this situation.
The run-up to the battle of Plassey.
Blackhole tragedy.
146 Britishers were stuffed in one room.
Only 26 survived. The rest all died of suffocation.
Treaty of Alinagar: Fort William was restored to the British.
War damage was paid to the British.
Clive conspired by bribing the officials of Bengal.
Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757.
Siraj-Ud-Daula was easily defeated and killed.
The topic for the next class: Consequences of the Battle of Plassey, etc.
Queries from the previous class

Discussion of the Assignment question

Consequences of the Battle of Plassey

Paved the way for British rule in Bengal and then in India
Increase the prestige of the British.
From 1757-60 company got 22.5 million rupees from Mir Jafar.
Export of bullion from Bengal.
Zamindari of 24 Pargana.
French Settlement of Bengal surrendered to the British.
Mir Jafar(1757-60)

Dependence on the company for military support.

The drain of finance from Bengal.
He started taking support from the Dutch.
Thwarted by the British.
Battle of Bedara(1759): Dutch were defeated by the Britishers.
Mir Qasim(1760-63)

Initially support from the British.

Burdman, Midnapore, and Chittagong zamindari rights to the British.
The shift of capital from Murshidabad to Munger.
Successive battles.
Fled to Awadh in 1763.
Battle of Buxar 1764

Grand Alliance of Shah Alam II, Shuja-Ud-Daula and Mir Qasim.

Britishers defeated the Grand Alliance.
Britisher's technological superiority.
Treaty of Allahabad 1765

The nominal rule of Mughals continued.

British got the Diwani rights of the Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
British resident posted in the Murshidabad.
The dual system of administration in Bengal.
War expenses by the Shuja-Ud-Daula to Britishers
Carnatic

Hyderabad

Founder- Chin-Qilich Khan also known as Nizam-Ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah.

Turrani noble.
Established in 1724.
Asaf Jah dynasty.
Successors were known as Nizam of Hyderabad.
Carnatic

Coromandal coast and its hinterland.

Discussion regarding the Carnatic area.
The topic for the next class: Carnatic wars, Anglo-French rivalries, etc
Discussion of some queries from the previous classes

Rise of East India Company and its consolidation

Begining of modern Imperialism and colonialism.

Not only economic but also other forms of exploitation.
The process started in the middle of the 18th CE by EIC.
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Bedara 1759.
Battle of Wandiwash: British final victory against French.
Battle of Buxar
Carnatic war's

1st Carnatic war: 1742-1748

The reasons were mainly based outside India.

Extention of the European war, Austrian war of succession.
Start of the fight between British and French East India company.
Coromandal coast was the area of contention.
Joseph Marquis Dupleix, French General.
Carnatic Nawab Anwaruddin.
Treaty of Aix-La-Chappelle.
Mutual respect of each other's territories.
In India, French had the upper hand, while in North America, the Britishers had the
upper hand.
2nd Carnatic war: 1749 to 54

1749: Battle of Ambur between French and Nawab of Carnatic Anwaruddin.

French assasinated Nawab Anwaruddin in the battle of Ambur.
Raised Chanda Sahib as Nawab of Carnatic.
In 1748, Asaf Jah died, after which French appointed Muzzaffar Jung on the throne
of Hyderabad.
Britishers started to support, belligerents, Nasir Jung in Hyderabad and Mohammad
Ali in Carnatic.
Cease of Trichonopally.
Cease of Arcot.
Treaty of Pondicherry 1754.
Dupleix was recalled from India.
3rd Carnatic war: 1758-63

The context was the 7-year war between the French and the British.
French lost Chandranagore and Northern Circars.
Battle of Wandiwash in 1760.
From British Sir Eyre Coote and from French de Lally.
Treaty of Paris in 1763.
French had accepted British protectorate in India.
France is no more imperial power in India.
Consequences of the Anglo-French war

French started winding up their operations from many places in India.

Hyderabad was completely dependent on the British.
The arrival of crown troops in the significant number.
Lessons for the British, to take help from the local conflict.
The topic for the next class: State of Mysore and Anglo-Mysore wars etc.
Revision of aspects discussed in the previous class

Queries of the previous class

Mysore

A brief history of the Mysore.

Mysore as a regional power.
A viceroyalty of the Vijaynagar empire in the 16th century.
Maintained its fragile autonomy.
Wodeyar dynasty.
Nanjaraja and Devraja as ministers.
Haider Ali started a career as a soldier in the Army.
Salient features of Mysore state

Modern arsenal at Dindigul.

Risala system in the army.
A clear chain of command going up to the ruler.
The subjugation of local chiefs, warriors.
The centralized system of revenue administration.
Survey and classification of land.
Salaried officers for revenue collection.
Military Fiscalism.
Repair and expansion of Irrigation.
Agricultural manufacturing.
Sericulture
Foreign trade missions.
Reasons for the outbreak of anglo Mysore wars

Rapid territorial expansion by Haider Ali and Later Tipu Sultan: Regional enemies.
Anglo-French Rivalry: Britishers were unhappy with the Mysore's relation with
French.
Mysore’s control of the Malabar coast.
Aspirations of Tipu sultan: Aimed to establish a centralized military state.
1st Anglo-Mysore war(1767 - 1769)

Background in territorial dispute with Maratha, where English and Nizam supported
Maratha.
Haider Ali offered peace with Maratha and Nizam but attacked on English post in
Madras.
Treaty of Madras in the end.
Madras was restored to British and Britishers agreed to support Mysore in any case
of war in the future.
2nd Anglo Mysore War (1780 - 84)

Maratha attack on Mysore in 1771, English didn't provide him with help.
Haider started supporting French at Mahe.
English tried to capture Mahe from the French.
Haider Ali attacked Britishers.
War continued by Tipu.
It remained inconclusive.
Ended with the Treaty of Mangalore.
Exchange of territory to restore the old position.
Tipu Sultan

Tiger of Mysore.
Many administrative innovations during his regime.
Mysorian Rocket, a new coinage system, and calendar, etc.
Napoleon sought an alliance with Tipu.
Planted tree of liberty, became a follower of the Jacobin club.
Donations to Shringeri Sarda Peetham.
Mysore became richer than Bengal.
3rd Anglo Mysore War (1790 - 1792)

Tipu attacked Travancore(an ally of British).

British successfully mobilized Nizam and Maratha against Tipu.
Cornwallis took charge of operations.
Tipu realized he can’t defend his capital against combined forces.
Persuaded for the treaty.
Ended with the Treaty of Srirangapatinam.
Tipu surrendered half of his territory and 330 lakh Rs war indemnity.
Tipu was seething with revenge.
Look overseas for assistance - like France, Turkey, Afganistan.
FrancoPhil's policy of tipu was not liked by the British.
The option of Subsidiary alliance with the British.
Tipu rejected the same.
4th Anglo Mysore War (1799)

Led by Wellesley an imperialist.

The battle of Seringpatnam was brief but fierce.
Tipu laid down his life defending his capital.
Mysore Braught under Subsidiary alliance and once again placed under the Wodeyar
Dynasty.
The topic for the next class: Marathas and Punjab etc.
Revision of the previous class

Queries from previous classes

Maratha Empire

Chhatrapati Shivaji Bhonsle(1630-1680)

The founder of the Maratha empire.
Reign from 1674 to 1680.
Timeline of the Maratha empire

Sambhaji from 1680-89

Rajaram (1689-1700)
Tarabai (1700-07)
Shahu (1707-13)
1713: Balaji Vishwanath was the 1st Peshwa with real powers by Shahu.
Ashtapradhan system

Peshwa: Prime minister

Mazumdar: Finance minister
Waqia-Navis: Interior minister
Shurunavis: Secretary
Sar-i-Naubat: Commander in chief
Dabir or Sumant: Foreign minister
Nyayadhish: Chief Justice
Pandita Rao: High priest
The Rise of Peshwas

Balaji Vishwanath(1713-1720)

House of Peshwa hereditary post.

Peshwa became the functional head.
Secured Mughal Order: Right to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from Deccan.
The Saranjami system: Maratha Confederacy
Saranjam or Vatan.
Related to the land grant given in lieu of maintenance of troops or for military
service.
Initiated by Rajaram.
To secure the loyalty of key persons to the side of the Maratha empire.
Balaji Vishwanath made it hereditary.
Also, being liable to be partitioned as well.
Peshwa Baji Rao I(1720-40)

The greatest exponent of Guerilla warfare after Shivaji.

Guerilla warfare: Hidden attack.
The expanded Maratha Kingdom beyond the Narmada river.
Did not face any single defeat during his tenure.
Fighting Peshwa.
Picked up Scindia's and Holkars.
In 1727: He forced Mughals to cede 60% of the revenue of Gujarat to Shahu.
The capture of Malwa.
Wanted to establish Hindu Pad-Padshahi.
Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao(1740-61)

After the death of Shahu, he became the supreme authority.

Sangola agreement: Peshwa became a De-facto ruler.
Raided Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
Treaty with Alivardi Khan in 1751.
Territorial expansion.
Conflict with the Ahmed Shah Abdali.
Conflict over Punjab.
This resulted in the 3rd battle of Panipat.
3rd Battle of Panipat

Maratha's annexation of Punjab, this was looked after by the agent of Abdali.
Explanation of the conquest that led to the battle of Panipat.
The initial conquest of Maratha's was only regarding the collection of Chautha and
Sardeshmukhi.
Difficulty to hold over the entire region.
Afghan invasion under Ahmed Shah Abdali dealt a heavy blow to Maratha rule.
Abdali's army with modern equipment.
Maratha's army was with traditional weaponry.
Result: Routing of Marathas.
Multiple causalities.
This battle ensured that who will not rule in India.
The decline of the Maratha empire.
Paved way for British power in India.
The topic for the next class: Continuation of the Maratha's etc.
A brief review of the previous class

Addressed some of the queries

A brief explanation about the treaty of Warna

Shahu conceded Kolhapur to Sambhaji II.

Peshwa Madhav Rao(1761-72)

Fortunes of Maratha's turned during his time.

Role of able minister Nana Fadnavis.
Another pillar of the empire was Mahadji Scindia.
Jat and Rohilla's were subdued.
Narayan Rao was eliminated by his uncle Raghunath Rao.
Raghunath Rao was deposed by Nana Fadnavis etc.
Peshwa Sawai Madhav Rao(1774-95)

Minor son of Narayana Rao under the regency of Nana Fadnavis.

Frustrated Raghunath Rao signed the treaty of Surat with the British.
Treaty of Surat: Raghunath Rao promised Britishers to give the island of Bassin.
1st Anglo Maratha war(1775-82)

Grant of the port to French by Maratha's.

Mahadji Scindia defeated the Britishers in Wadgaon.
The entry of Warren Hastings in the war.
Britishers won this war.
Treaty of Salbai 1782.
Treaty of Salbai

Company control of Salsette and Broach.

Maratha assurance to fight against Haider Ali.
No french settlement hereafter.
Bassein restored to Maratha.
Raghunath Rao pensioned off.
Post treaty of Salbai period of relative peace.
Baji Rao II(1796-1818)

Last Peshwa s/o Raghunath Rao.

Wanted to get rid of Fadnis, Holkars
Political killing.
The war between Peshwa and Holkar.
Peshwa signed the treaty of Bassein or SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE with the British.
2nd Anglo Maratha War (1803 - 1805)

Holkars were thoroughly defeated by the British.

Heavy penalties on Holkars.
Bajirao again installed at Poona.
SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE

Introduced by Wellesley.
British force within the territory of alliance partner, who will bear its
maintenance.
British Resident in the state, paid by the local ruler.
No Alliance with any other power without the permission of the British.
No European other than the British can be employed.
The company undertook to protect the state from external and internal dangers.
Failing to pay will lead to chipping off the territory.
Third Anglo Maratha war (1817 - 1819)

Humiliation from the treaty of Bassein.

Last bid to regain Independence.
Unfortunately, Holkars were crushed, Marathas were thoroughly defeated.
Peshwaship abolished by the British.
The Independent State of Punjab

Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Founder of modern-day Punjab.
Misl: Confederation of Sikhs.
Fused all Sikh Misl to create one powerful state.
1799 captured Lahore, then Kashmir, Peshawar, Multan, etc.
Created well-armed military force on modern lines.
Military experts to train his soldiers.
Army composition heterogenous i.e. Hindus Muslims were also appointed.
Ventura, Allard, Gardener, court, etc. were British officials.
He turned to bring Cis Sutlej states under his control.
Cis Sutlej states appealed to the English East India company.
Negotiation between Charles Metcalf and Ranjeet Singh.
Treaty of Amritsar 1809.
Treaty of Amritsar 1809

Ranjeet Singh gave up all his claims on the Cis Sutlej area.
Cis Sutlej became British Protectorate.
British too acknowledged Ranjeet Singh's sovereign authority on the western side of
Sutlej.
The treaty was respected till the death of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh.
Anglo Sikh conflict

Successors of Ranjit Singh were weak, that created room for selfish leaders.
Duleep Singh was weak and power was exercised by Rani Jindan.
Appointment of major Broadfoot as a British agent in 1844.
He repeatedly provoked and insulted the Khalsa army.
The arrival of British troops on the pretext of building the bridge on Sutlej.
Indulgence of Khalsa army in day to day administration.
It led to the Groupism and factionalism.
Rani Jindan ordered the army to attack the British in 1845.
This led to the 1st Anglo-Sikh war.
1st Anglo Sikh War 1845

British Army convincingly defeated Sikhs.

Treaty Of Lahore.
Khalsa army's size reduced drastically.
British got Kashmir and Sindh area.
2nd Anglo Sikh War 1849

Many influential Sikh were expelled by John Lawrence, a British resident.

Rani Jindan arrested sent to Chunar.
All these led to a series of revolts like Multan and Mulraj.
British army Routed Sikhs in Battle of Chillianwala 1849.
Punjab came under the direct rule of the British.
Revision of all the previous classes

The topic for the next class: Different administrative acts under the Britishers
etc.