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    Pten515 (Adhesives,Coatings,Foams and Composites)

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    zalihazakary

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 49
    \ * PTENS15: Adhesives, Coatings, Foams and Composites Introduction An adhesive is linear ox branched amorphous polymer above ts Tg. It mast be able © 80M js, present S£A1¢ 10 “arip” surfaces, (Ths definition isnot o be confused with polymerizable adhesive Tay they are ric form: These are “tacky” or “sticky” only in the partly polymerized state. Pred°e" tation, in oom “thermoset,” at thé end. Contact with the surface to be adhered must be made before pestcend ate cramps tbe postage sap adhesive, composed of inca oly (vinyl ae ater (or saliva) from bel it ion of the wat adisive niftice iota” ) low its Tg to above its 7g. On migration 0! Forms of Adhesives Adhesives and glues were known to antiquity. Early materials were based on protein: fish, bones, albumin, and so on, making gelatinous water solutions. Many animal glues form b ‘than the wood used in furniture construction, However, most such materials were rest for the polymers rapidly dissolved in rainwater. Later, rubber dissolved in solvents forme rubber cement, all still in service. from boiled-down onds stronger tricted to indoor uses, d the so-called Adhesives may be used to bond two different structures together to form @ composite, as in polymer” polymer welding. The problem of adhesion also extends to the bonding of an engineering polymer directly to anonpolymer substrate, ‘Adhesive can be defined as a linear amorphous polymer above its glass transition temperature, While/this definition holds in its simplest form for pressure-sensitive adhesives, many real adhesives are more.complex in application. For example, the adhesive may be applied as a monomer, as in epoxy gluesiand: the instantaneous adhesives based on cyanoacrylates, such as Krazy Glue® or Super Glue®. Similarly; an adhesive may be applied as a prepolymer (low-molecular-weight reactive polymeric species), suchas. the casi Include block copolymers, suspensions, and latexes. A common household glue, sometimes calléd! glue; adhesive, Coatings su ; P Gs boning ater Adhesion strength reaches its maximum limit when it exceeds the cohesive strength of the bonding, In this ase the adhesion is considered perfect. + Pull-Off Test + Tape Test + Scrape Test , + Chisel Test + Bend Test + Heat-Quench Test ies Burnishing Test Pull-Off Test In the Pull-Off Test the load is applied perpendicularly to the coating surface similar to the tensile test used + for measuring tensile strength of materials, The loading fixture (dolly, stub) is attached to the coating by an adhesive. The load applied to the dolly is increased gradually until the coating is separated (peeled off) from the substrate, The test may be terminated at a specific value of load if this value is set as the required minimum level of the adhesion strength. In the Pull-Off Test the tensile strength of the coating bonding is measured therefore its results are not directly comparable with other test methods where the shear stress is applied... Another limitation of the Pull-Off Tests is the strength of the adhesive bonding between the dolly and the coating surface, The failure oceurs along this surface if it is weaker than the adhesion of the coating to the substrate. Pull-off adhesion test off force Adhesive www asubstech.com i Pages ofas HAS 7 Tape Test The Tape Test i the most widely used and practicable adhesion ts, The Tape Test is also called Cross C bey first the tested coating is cleaned and degreased and then cut through to the substrate with & sharp tool (blade, knife, razor) in order to produce edges from which the coating may be then lifted up (peeled off) The cutting pattems may be diferent. The most popular pattems are X like (two cuts at an angle 30-45") ané the cross hatch pattern - a right angle lattice with a distance between the cuts 0.04-0.12" (1-3 mm). A stone adhesive tape is applied over the cut area and tightly pressed and adhered to the coating surface diagonl'> across the pattern. Then the tape is pulled back parallel to the surface. If fragment of the coating i lifted vb \ and removed from the substrate the adhesion strength is considered imperfect. The tested area is exam with a magnification glass and the adhesion strength is rated according to the amount of the remo coating. Cross-hatch tape test ‘Adhesivetape Areas of detached coatiog WwW .substech.com Scrape Test “The Scrape Test uilizes the load applied by a rounded stylus pressed normally agai ‘ panel. The panel used in the test is flat and smooth Wane Malboe t ‘The stylus tip makes a seratch.on the coating surface. The load is increased gradually and at a certain va the coating starts to fail producing tom edges with lifted coating along thes Gay the tests performed under the same conditions (shape of stylus tip, loading rate, stylus speed thickness) may be eompared. The crea value ofthe load may be determined by one of the fells methods: examination of the seach in a microscope; measuring the coefficient of friction; an follow recorded acoustic emission. ent of friction; ana “Page aotay RS Serape adhesion test Norma tend Rounded stytue ww wsubstech.com Chisel Test In the Chisel Test the adhesion strength of a coating is tested by a chisel penetrating through into the interface between the coating and substrate. In order to expose ‘ho dastice cross ellos the tested article may be cut by 2 saw. The adhesion strength is considered perfect if the chisel tip moves not slong the ingerface itself but throughout one of the materials producing an internal failure according cohesive mechanism, Chisel Testis commonly used for testing relatively strong (metallic) and thick costings (thicker than 0.005"/0.125 mm). For the evaluation of the adhesion strength of softer and thinner coatings a knife is used as en instrument for separation (lifting up) the coating from the substrate. Chisel adhesion test Coating www. substech.com Bend Test ‘The Bend Test is based on producing shear stress along the coating interface by bending the tested article cover a round pin. than the article thickness. The coating cracks jn the bent area. If the 4 i i jimes greater The pin damete i a ay fp from the cracked aea by @ knife or other hesion strength is unsatisfactory the coating may be lifte sharp tool. page sotag WAS Bend adhesion test Korce ‘yr. substech.com Heat-Quench Test In the Heat Selo 4 ae Gasca Tet 7 tested article is heated in an oven and then quenched in wate’ Imperfect siete aes bs Toumed by the coating. The bonding between te coating and te substrate ah broken as a result of shear stress generated by srt cooling (quenching) of the coating ate having different values of the Coefficients of Thermal Expansion. If the heating-quenching procedure does not change the work piece properties and does not cause its oxidation the Heat-Quench Test is non-destructive. Burnishing Test In the Bumishing Test the coating is ubbed by tool with a spherieal tip. The too! is pressed agsins! the tested article at a specified load perpendicular to the ‘coating surface. The tool does ‘not scratch the surface pat it produces a shear stress which may pee! off the coating fom the substrate, Strain hardening (strengthening by cold-work) of the coating a5 # result of burnishing operation should be «taken into account. . : Design of Joints page 60149 Wes “Adhesive joints Sirength of an adhesive bonding strongly depencs on the direction and dstibuion of the stresses formed in the joint as a result of the loads applied toi. Typical forces, which may be applied to adhesive joints are presented in the figure below. Page 7 of a9 TRS — Shear Beading gcaen smslinted by strong covalent intermolecular bonds, forming one giant eae Coal ina eversible therefore thermosets cannot be reprocessed (re-melt), Cross-linking is rola ta sahep inated by heat, chemical agents, radiation or evaporation of Solvents. Curing Most ’ ‘ strength, elasticity and _—_stabili of thermosetting adhesives are based on epoxies, polyesters, polyimides and phevlis, ftermosis + Thermoplastic adhesives Thermoplastcs a Polymer which soften (become pliable and plastic) and melt when heated. No 1 inks form (no chemical curing) when a thermoplastic cools and hard teteiiplatice mily be n : : len. Th i reprocessed many times by heating or applying a solvent, Molecules of most Sf aca dplasos comb nae polymer chains altemating with monomer units. Polyamides, cyanoacrylates, polyacrylates, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) are typical thermoplastic adhesives. + Elastomeric adhesives sing high elasticity - may be reversibly stretched at high degree, Elastomers das ong ig erosolinked molecules, Elastomers are set(stengtened) by thermal ering or solvent Sersoration, Curing resus in increase of | sroslinking ofthe ‘molecules, yea elastomeric adhesives are based on natural bbs silicones,-acrylonitile butadiene (nitrile) neoprene, Butyl, polyurethane, styrene-butadiene. Elastomers are polymers posse: Classification of adhesives by curing method + One-part adhesives Heat activated curing adhesives. Adhesives of this Pe (epoxies, urethanes, polyimides) consist of a ready mixture of two components. i o Light/UV activates activated adhesives ‘Adhesives of this type us 4d curing adhesives (acrylics, cyanoncrylates, urethanes) Light fre gured under a visible ot UV light of appropriate wave length. ually contain photo initiators enhancing curing reaction Moisture activated curing adhesives (RIV silicones, eyanoaerylates, urethanes). These adhesives are cured when react with a moisture present on the substrate surface or in the air. rylic-based adhesives cured betweet page 120f9 RS 11 metallic substrates, surfaces of which o Anaerobies - act are deprived of oxygen. WT akka seas tmeertion. mie» © Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA), Adhesives of this type do not eure. Adhesive besa forms as a result of a pressure applied to the substrates. The adhesion strength is determi: by the pressure applied to the substrates, Typical example of pressure sensitive adhesive is self-stick tape, * + Two-part adhesives (epoxies, urethane, acrylics, silicones), A two-part adhesive is cured when its two (or more) components are mixed. The components react chemically forming cross-links of the polymer molecules. Classification of adhesives by origin * Synthetic’ adhesives. Typical synthetic adhesives are epoxies, polyurethanes, cyanoacrylates, Polyimides, silicones, aerylis, polyamides, eyanoacrylates, polyacrylates, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), nitrile and neoprene, ++ Natural adhesives (glues) © Animal glue. Animal glue is prepared by boiling animal bones and connective tissues containing protein, © Casein. Casein is made of skimmed milk. The main component of cesein is protein contained in cow milk, © Fish glue. Fish glue js made of fish skin containing protein (collagen). © Vegetable-based glues (tapioca paste, soybean glue, starch glue) - aqueous dextring-based glues, gies © Natural rubber (latex) glue, Natural rubber glues are Prepared from water-based latex emulsion of plant origin. __ Properties of some adhesives ll Geog ib Syme Miiea ) * General purpose anaerobic adhesive + High strength anaerobic adhesive + Toughened acrylic adhesive + General purpose cyanoacrylate adhesive + Fast curing cya adhesive + Maximum gap cyanoacrylate adhesive + UVecure thixotropic prethane adhesive + Single component high strength epoxy adhesive + Two component fast curing epoxy adhesive ‘+ Two component toughened epoxy adhesive page 13 of 9 {RS : / ' + Polyvinyl acetate adhesive // re Fundamentals of adhesive bonding h The materials of the joined parts (adherents, substrates) may be different or similar. The material of the adhesive layer is commonly a polymer (natural or synthetic). Thickness of the adhesive layer does not usually exceed 0,02” (0.5 mm). + Structure of adhesive joint + Adhesion : + Wetting 7 + Failure of adhesive bonding : Structure of adhesive joint Adhesive joint generally consists of two substrate surfaces with the adhesive material filled the gap between them. However, the adhesive layer is not uniform. Besides the part of the adhesive layer, properties of which are not affected by the substrate, there are two boundary layers, which have been changed by impurities and products of reactions at the substrate surfaces. Boundary layer is a part of the adhesive layer adjacent to the substrate surface. Structure of adhesive joint ‘Boundary Jayer1 Boundary layer 2 ewy.substect.com + Adhesion inci is of adhesive bonding is a phenomenon called adhesion, Adhesion is a complex of Te processes ‘occurring at the interface of two materials brought into an intimate contact, Pehieh result in formation of an attractive force between the two materials force required for separation of two adhered parts along the interface Adhesion strength i* sine the value of adhesion strength of adhesive bonding: The following factors determ + Mechanical factor Pe roughened surfaces provide stronger adhesion due to: (a), larger interfacial area; (b). interlock" ‘orous OF : the adhesive material in the surface micro-voids. page 14 0f49 WAS + Chemical bonding Molecules of the adherent matetial may form the adhesive across the n materi : may form chemical bonds with the molecules of ‘ The chemical bonds may be either ionic or covalent. Ionic bond is formed at when. , tknston two fons fom hen an stom donates it electron to eoter atom, AS & seul of the electron scaootlon between the tv fans en ies ee ei ee anion. The fore of elecrosate diffe ao ic i ‘ is erent elecuonegativites (ihe difference is peter tea eee pomaaie Covalent bond is a chemi in whi eres schemes bond, in which two stm stare on or more ps of lstons. Covalent bond : rials with similar electronegativities (the difference is lower than 1.7). Metallic bond i: i i . id the eel fata cers end in ie Se ii atoms of the metal contributes its valence electrons frei > yud or electron “gas”, surround it jie e electrons belong to.the whole metal crystal and hold together downs ofa fel oe Tn practic i i practice most adhesive materials are polymeric therefore metallic bonds do not form in adhesive joints. + Intermolecular bonding Intermolecular bonds are result of relatively weak attraction forees between the neighboring molecules. an intermolecular bonding formed between a hydrogen atom chemically bonded to an Hydrogen bonding is {ve atom of a neighbouring molecule. ‘electronegative atom and other electroneget Van der Waals forces are the result of electrostatic attraction between neighbouring molecules having permanent or instant transient dipole groups. + Diffusion jve bonding if the adhesive and adherent (substrate) Diffusion may become an important factor of an adhe «aT their molecules are mobile enough and capable 19 move across the interface. materials are similar Weting Wetting the adherents’ surfaces with the liquid adhesive is necessary for formation of strong adhesion. face of solid substrate. Wetting anele liquid over the su iting and consequently good of spreading a drop of @ rot the he substrate surface. Good w' Wetting is a process , Vetacterizes wetting ability ofthe adbes™ ont! spreading of the adhesive are achieved at low valves. of adhesive bonding ble mechanisms of fail | failure of a substrate materi Failure ture of adhesive bonding: There are three poss! ‘Structural failure - internal alin a region close to the joint. rr : interfacial failure resultec substrate from the adhesive ‘Adhesive failure «din separation of one of the s layer. Page 15 of 49 Ves + Cohesive failure - internal failure of the adhesive layer. Mechanism of cohesive failure is ine force holdin e is deter i i i aot ee srmined by cohesion - internal intermolecular attraction fo Iding Failure mechanisms of adhesive bonding Cohesive failure -www.substech.com Adhesive selection There is no universal adhesive, which is suitable forall possible applications. Correct selection of an adhesive is determined by optimal combinations of various factors: (Adhesives for metals, Adhesives for ceramics, Adhesives for plastics, Adhesives + Substrate material 3, Adhesives for paper, Adhesives for glass) for rubber, Adhesives for woo + Required bonding strength; Required elasticity of the adhesive joint; «Environmental conditions (water, ‘temperature range, chemicals); + Service temperature; «Type (design) of Adhesive joints; = Curing conditions; + Biodegradability; + Cost effectiveness. Characteristics of some adhesives «Epoxy (Single component high strength epoxy adhesive, Two component fast cu adhesive, Two component toughened ¢POxY adhesive) Very good resistance to chemicals (acids, alkalis); page 16 049 WHRS wring epoXY ° ——————————EEEE———— Very good resistance to Solvents and cils; Good resistance to water; , Very good thermal resistance; Strong durable bonding; Low shrinkage; Ability to fill wide gaps; Brittleness (poor elasticity); Poor peel strength. + Urethane ° ° Good peel. strength; Good elasticity; Moderate resistarice to water; ‘Moderate resistance to chemicals; Moderate resistance to Solvents and oils; + Acrylic ° ss ° ° + Cyanoaerylat Good resistance to acids; Moderate resistance to alkalis; ‘Very good resistance to mineral oils; Poor resistance to Solvents and vegetable oils; Good thermal resistance; Fast cure, Good elasticity at low temperatures Characteristic odour (non-toxic). 1 (General purpose, cyanoacrylate aalesive, Fast curing cyanoneriate adhesi®, ‘Maximum gap cyanoacrylate adhesive) ° ‘The best adhesive for bonding small Pats Fast cure; High adhesion strength; ; ° Page 17 of 49 ed ° High cohesion of thin bonding layers, Poor peel strength; Brittleness (poor elasticity); Low biodegradability. + Silicone ° ° ‘Very good thermal resistance; Good resistance to chemicals (acids, alkalis); Good resistance to Solvents and oils; Good resistance to water; Suitable for outdoor applications; ° Good wettability; + Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) ° ° ° High degree of instant stickiness (tack); Good resistance to chemicals (acids, alkalis); Moderate resistance to Solvents; Moderate resistance to water; Suitable for indoor applications; Used with porous substrates; Unable to fill wide gaps. Polyvinyl acetate adhesive 4 Formaldehydes (Phenol Formaldehyde, Urea Formaldehyde, Melamine Formaldehyde) ° Good thermal resistance; Compatibility with most Polymers; Moderate resistance to water; Release toxic fumes; Used with porous substrates; Cost effective. Page 18 of 49 (WS. hesives for different materials; + Adhesives for metals + Adhesives for ceramics + Adhesives for plastics + Adhesives for rubber + Adhesives for wood + Adhesives for paper \ + Adhesives for glass Adhesives for metals _ + Epoxy + Polyurethane + Acrylic + Silicone Adhesives for ceramics «Polyurethane © Acrylic + ++ Epoxy « Silicone Adhesives for plastics + Cyanoacrylate +. Polyurethane ‘ + Epoxy + Acrylic Adhesives for rubber «Silicone + Epoxy + Polyurethane page 19 of 9 WAS + Cyanoacrylate Adhesives for wood + Formaldehydes (Phenol Formal ae dehyde, Thermoset Urea Formaldehyde (UF), Thermoset Me + Polyvinyl acetate (PVA, White Glue) + Aliphatic resin (Yellow Glue) + Polyurethane Adhesives for paper + Polyvinyl acetate (PVA, White Glue) + Epoxy “. Polyurethane + Thermoset Melamine Formaldehyde (MF) Adhesives for glass + Acrylic + Epoxy , + Cyanoacrylate ‘Surface preparation for adhesive bonding Preparation of the substrate surfaces prior to adhesive bonding is mandatory stage of the bonding process. The stages of surface preparation performed prior (0 adhesive bonding: + Degrease _« Abrading «Chemical pretreatment + Physical pretreatment Degrease of the substrate with the adhesive material. Clean substrate surfaces degrease provides good wetting , eos eosin of intermolecular and ‘chemical bonding between the substrate and adhesive molecules. ved from the substrate surface: mineral oils (RUS tage the following contaminants are Tet ’ ce: ine ; M ection “oils Cutting fluids (coolants), greases, ete.), miscellaneous organic soils (paints, ani Pibricants and vegetable lubricants, fingerprints). page 20 0f49 ARS most popular degrease technologies are: + Solvent cleaning - rem i enile Thl io oval of organic soils (mineral oil, fingerprints et.) by dissolving them ina + Alkaline cleaning - removal 1 Widtasimk particles by hot ig — emcee rvm soils (mineral oils, fingerprints, wax etc.) and some solid + Spray cleaning — cleaning b . 1g by aqueous solutions (alkali id ania) dell through spray nozzles at high pressure. ions (alkaline or mild acids) delivered to the part surface Abrading Ro Raahsped (abraded) substrate surfaces provide b better bonding sven due to interlocking the adhesive eroding a surface micro-voids. _Afndlan Sep saves oxides, scale, smut, ci, paints and other solid contaminants from the surface. = Sand blasting; «Wire brushing; + Shot pening; «Sanding by glass paper (80-150 grade forstels, 4300-600 grade for non-ferrous alloys). Chemical pretreatment itching by acids (acid activation) and priming are used for aditionl cleaning, sctivation and chemical modification of substrate surfaces. Physical pretreatment ‘The substrate surface may be modified and activated by physical methods: «Plasma treatments «Corona discharges Flame treatment. Enhancement of adhesion ‘adhesion of 2 coating (paint, adhesive) 1° the substrate is a critical proper determining its quality, durability and ‘pesthetic properties. on is sai by a combination of the snface treatment including clean (degreasing): ee ee or chemical nt and increasing the substrate wettability. Cleaning | surface roughening Page 21 0f 49 yas + Primers + Adhesion promoters + Plasma treatment Enhancement of adhesion Roughened surface: Roughened surface + ‘Roughiened surface + primer adhesion promoter www.substech.com Cleaning The first and mandatory stage of am degreasing. At this stage the contaminants are removed from the substrate surface: ¥y surface preparation prior to the cating deposition is cleaning end his stag ; mineral oils (Rust protection oils, Cartting fluids (coolants), greases, ete), miscellaneous organic sols (paints, animal lubricants and vegetable lubricants, fingerprints). The cleaning techniques: + Solvent cleaning - removal of organic soils (mineral oils, fingerprints etc.) by dissolving them in a solvent. The solvent may be used in the liquid state, when the part is either immersed into the solvent or sprayed by it. The solvent may also be used in the gaseous state (vapour degreasing) when the soils are dissolved by the solvent vapours. Use of some solv i i ‘ents like trichloroethylene and trichlorathane (chlorinated hydrocarbons) is forbidden or restricted in most of the world due to their adverse effect on the human health, «Alkaline cleaning - removal of organic soils (mineral oils Jes by hot alkaline solutions. » fingerprints, wax etc.) and some solid particles ne solutions. «Spray cleaning ~ cleaning by aqueous solutions (alkaline or mild acids) delivered tothe part surface through spray nozzles at high pressure jing improves adherence of the coating to the substrate due to the combination of the higher Surface roughen Mase” wuchering fect af the mietoporous stustire of the roughened. srle surface rate surface may be roughened by either mechanical or chemical method at blasting, Shot peening, wite brushing, tumbling, hand sanding are used for mechanical abrading- Sand bias vantage of mechanical surface roughening is te contamination ofthe surface with debris and Toe icin "The surface should be cleaned with a dry air, clean brush or solvent after mechanics! abrasive ji abraded of sure rougheing vole mitetshng, conversion coings (eg. lek co ical mi Cheat izing. oxide coating), Ano* Page 22 ofaa \WRS* rimer is an intermedi: Pai ate layer betwe rimers are used" when between the substrate and the coat havi erence ofthe coating ving a song adhesion oe oth, substrate is weak. Primers are commonl; in ly low viscosity liqui eros “ be microscopic pores. 'y liquids easily wetting the substrate surface and filli the filling it's the Primer and the to} fo peoat i . some peneegy. Oa sce ae id sealant) are usually made of the Huma ihe wetab reap S * jides Besides enhancing adkesion primers also protect ibstrate from oxidation and i ig the substrate corrosion. Adhesion promoter x (couplin; i absorbed) to the si pling agent) is a substance, mol i ubstrate surface i , molecules of which ; molecules are capable to uaa eit ultra-thin (commonly ie ely coating to the substrate. ically with the coating material and provide a strong ihe shou Molecules of adhesi hesion promoters have a chain struct in thei One ofthe ends isan Se eer baving 4c bre with the ends differing in their chemical properties. wal ax egicm-ticaatconl ‘ro bt “i 1g jemnical affinity to the substrate material whereas the second oe P capable to form a strong covalent bond with te organic coating (paint Adhesior i i i Rares om on es directly onto the substrate surface or mixed with the coatiny : : wn, When it is mixed with the resin it not onl : ‘rabstrate but also provides strong bonding (coupling) with the reinforcing en eee ee ‘Types of adhesion promoters: + Organosilanes, A molecule of an organosi i A ¢ sganosilane contains an hydrolyzable, grou reacting wit . hydroxy! ‘on the inorganic substrate. Molecules of organosilanes produce @ anaes cc. e eH trate surface. The organo-functional group reacts ‘vith the resin coating and forms a covall So bonding. The most a tged onganosiane adhesion promoter ee lyeidoxypropylrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) ng + Onganotitanates. Titanates are used mainly 25 coupling agents for modification of the reinforcin phase surface? nates, Zirconates act as coupling agents - similarly to titnates, The main advantage of + Zirco! their stability. zirconates is ‘oaluminates is a cost effective replacement of organosilanes: | Zircoaluminates. Zire gen containing grours on the susie surface, which increase 1s formation of Oxy! Plasma treatment cause: af proves adhesion. the surface enerBy and im lasma treatment me! inrodes a high voltage poten tical discharge conv thods is corona treatment, Coron igcharge forms as a result of applying fal at high frequency. The plastic pam is placed within the SPaES ding ar into plasma. One of the pl rerts the surrount ‘petween two el etween the electrodes. The ele ‘The plasma particles clean and oxidize the substrate sufeet Tieface modification effect of plasma treatment is no as fast as possible inoreasing its surface enetBY ‘The cleaning and \d be coated 1 durable therefore the treated surface shoul Plasma eaten i the ys metodo ekancing adhesion of substraies via chemical moditic. . Plasma treatment i elie 4 polpetiyleng). ent is used for .enhancing adhesion of Polymers (e.g. polypro> ‘The adhesion between two materials is due to molecular adsorption or interaction between their molec. © “e The intermolecular forces lead to ing with di ‘ in rubber bonding with different substrates such as metals, pl $ The i . 7 s, plastics and fibr. a peal interactions between different materials can be ionic, covalent, van der Weals s The rubber adhesi ee “he utber adhesion fer mass mally fe by he sie ton of liquids or surface enero: fi = interfacial tensi ir " it . y ee interfacial energy results in stronger attraction forces and Adhesion Behaviour of Rubbers to Different Substrates From pencil and ince points of vow tho adhesion of rubbers to different substrates such as metals, plastics, etc. has a significant importance in the following cases. : Rubber—Metal Adhesion Aluminium alloys are used in many industrial applications due to their Tow cost, light weight and good mechanical properties. In order to improve compatibility of aluminium surface with polymeric materials, organosilane adhesion promoters are used, For many years, chromate coatings have. been used as anti- Corrosive materials as well as adhesion promoters on the surface of aluminium in the aircraft industry. Ip ide as they are considered to be toxic and recent years, the use of chromates (Cr) is being restricted worldwis carcinogenic. “The rubber-metal bonding using aqueous promoters takes place according tothe following thee stages: (1) The coating of one or two layers which are the primer and the fopeoat : (2) The evaporation of solvent. @) The moulding of an uncured rubber layer ot the surface of metallic parts results to simultaneous adhesion and vulcanization of the rubber to the metal. i “Adhesion of Rubbers to Plasties Isually the use of rubber particles ic bondi a compatibilizer is very important. Us Hee al at eg 3 com of ehylene vinyl acetate rubber (EVM) and ethylene Py in a plastic matrix is for toNB AAT a (EVA-6-MAH) for toughening nylon 1010, Also, the use of rubber es sane oot A pansion, preferably in thickness direction. particles in aplastic matrix is the control of of Rubber to Rubber : i blend of different rubbers is used. Various pope Iastomers have ax important role is jency and pi h to increase rubber efficiency erties of two el “ Y order ig -such as pola enacts and oS ANR-50) a8 a compatbiize for SBRINBR Blend Ws Pare rypounding e- epoxidized natural ral also used. Adhesion page 24 0849 WHES Us ——_—_—_—E—E—EEEE “the adhesion stret rubber (SBR) stength of plasma treated poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibres and STEM butadiene Secon ia eltahe'enahog BE a modification of PET fibres by plasma treatment at atmospheric Fibber spate, The claamestoaiment of P the adhesion strength between PET reinforcing fibres and SBR Tuciaes BEIT tee Lave Seintvely 1d ee fibres creates stable active chemical species on PET fibre has high elongation and low So te high strength and low elongation, but rubber matrix interlayer. jgth. The connecting link between these two phases is an adhesion ‘Adhesion of Rubber Nanocomposites The addition of nanomaterials with their hij he add omateri igh surface area to volume ratio and special properties to the rubber increases the interaction of ruber molecules with substrates such as naa mee Physical Chemistry of Surfaces All objects are vulnerable a their surfaces, Ii the surface of any ale that makes continual contact with the corroding (or oxidizing) air. The surfaces of objects lft in the open bear the brant of the sun, rain, fog, déw, ice and snow. Under these conditions iron rusts, wood rots (or shrinks ‘and cracks) and road surfaces crack and disintegrate. These and more sheltered objects, sue the Wea of daily use, scratches, dents and abrasions- at their surfaces. To prevent or to minimize damege, min applies to these surfaces various coatings designed to protect them. Coatings can also be used to decorate the articles, fo add colour and Iustre set tecemooth out any roughness or iregulaites eaused by the manufacturing process, Thus the function of any surface coating is twofold: to protect and to decorate. ‘There are many surface coatings that do this: wallpaper, plastic sheet, chrome and silver plating. No coating material is more versatile than paint, which can be applied to any ‘surface, however awkward its shape or size, by one process or another, Paint is a loosely used word HovenG ‘whole variety of materials: enamels, undercoat, surfacers, primers, sealers, ills, stoppers and many others. It is essential to such as plasters, concrete, tars and these and other less obviously related products, sie prineipes and contain some or all of three main ingredients. lacquers, varnishes, grasp at once that adhesives, are all formulated on the same 1 may be included. Pigments have both decorative and protective properties. The simplest ‘when dry, whitewash is nothing more than a pigment-whiting (calcium me extent it protects but it rubs off. So most paints ver or binder, to bind together the pigment particles First a pigment form of paint is whitewash and, carbonate) - spread over 8 surface. Tt decorates and to sor contain the second ingredient, eresin polymeh, film-form cortnold them on to the surface. TF the pipriest ie af ou, the film former covers and protects the surface, decorating it by giving it gloss oF ‘sheen’ tis difficult to attach coatings that are not fluid to any but the simplest of surfaces: ‘those that are flat or gently curving, ‘The fluidity of paint permits penetration into the most intricate crevices. It is achieved by dissolving the film-former in @ solvent, ot by colloidal morse oth pigment and film-Zormer in a uluent, Thus the third basic ingredient of paint 'S © liguid. Often the oo icle for the pigment. film-former/liquid mixture is called the vehi ramish- the paint- is ial i jigmented Vi ve omitted, the material is usually called a varnish. The pigmen ed ara Tacquer, finish ot topeoat, meaning that it is the last coat to be applied and the . ‘mined, Lacquers are normally thermoplastic solution paints oF used to describe all clear wood finishes. Enamels are al resemblance to vitreous enamels, if the pigment metimes cal : sometien when the coated objet is ATE ‘varnishes, but the term js sometimes (confusingly) Normally thermosetting paints hard, with a superfici Page 25 of 49 Was Paint appli 5 . ‘aint applied before the topcoat is called an undercoat, Some undercoats may be briefly defined as fo) (1) Fillers or stoppers are materi igh solid is ends pees ee eri of high solid content, used to fill holes and deeper irregularities. g AXON aya ‘ 2) Primers are applied to the filled or unfilled surface, to promote adhesion, to prevent absorption of coats by porous surfs n i is i is os tees oe ces and to give corrosion resistance over metal, Special pigments improve the «= 3) St S is inti : (3) Surfacers (called “undercoats in the house painting trade) are highly pigmented materits Fors" large quantities of extender. The i q . They are easily rubbed i ms the paint film, level out minor inegular Se ora ee ep moment in the substrate and must stick well to primer and topcoat. (4) Pri (4) Primer-surfacers are surfacers that can be applied direct to the object's surface (the substrate). (5) Sealers are cleat or pigmented materials appli i 2 s applied in thin coats to prevent the passage of substances fo ‘Sue coat of paint to another or from the substrate into later coats. Th red to i lat a be between coats, where this is otherwise weak. ne ‘Some of these need a little further explanation at this stage: + Pigment: Any fine solid particles that do not dissolve in the varnish. If they do not provide colour they are ogra extender particles. Extenders are much cheaper then prime pigments and can carry out many usefil Sanctions, eg. improvement of adhesion, ease of sanding ‘and film strength. Film-former: When the coating is dry the film-formty is a polymer, but in the wet sample it may be merely aaerspemical ingredients which react to form the final dry polymer. Liquid: Some of the liquids of the pains £6 often withheld from the paint container and supplied separately Ligiipinner. The user adds thinner to adjust the consistency to his requirements, “Additives: Small quantities of substances ded to carry out special jobs, such asthe improvement of surface appearance Surface Coating Surface energy of polymers is very sow therefore their wetaility and ahesion strength to coatings (psints adhesives) are poor Paints a ‘ id di i i asolid «

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