2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I)

A Secure and Scalable IoT Data Management System

based on Blockchain
2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I) | 979-8-3503-9826-7/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/IC3I56241.2022.10073182

Dr. Arvind Kumar Pandey Prof. Sumitra Maneria

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science Department of CSE, PIT
ARKA JAIN University Parul University
Mohanpur, India Waghodia, Gujarat, India
dr.arvind@arkajainuniversity.ac.in sumitra.menaria@paruluniversity.ac.in

Abstract: Today's market is home to an increasing number
of Internet of Things devices. We often talk about gadgets like
the Amazon Echo, Chromecast Mini, watches, and others. Since
the majority of these systems employ a centralized architectural
strategy, a single entity or organization often controls the
majority of the online data. Although these firms have rigorous
regulations against data abuse and illegal change, the fact that
they have the authority to do so must be taken into account.
Blockchains are decentralized, so if someone attempts to alter
data on one blockchain, other blockchains will stay intact and
the hashes of that particular blockchain will no not match,
invalid that particular blockchain and protecting users' data.
Running a complete Chain server on all connected systems,
especially low power or data storage devices, is challenging due
to the extensive resource needs. In just this manuscript, we
developed a modular approach blockchain based, as well as a
centralized cloud architecture alternative that is a traditional
user structure with a fundamental Blockchain at power or
ability, as well as a solidity-written smart contract application
on the Ethereum platform. By using Blockchain characteristics,
we build this framework and show how it avoids data
exploitation without requiring all IoT technologies to run a
Chain node. From the standpoint of the user, it will show up to
be the same as a typical web app, and from the standpoint of the
developer, the reference implementation application will have
equivalent software design to interactive web apps, enabling for
an interesting experience for both centralized and decentralized
methods while still upholding the trust of decentralization.
Keywords: Blockchain, IoT, Data Exchange,
Contracts, Central Authority.
I. INTRODUCTION
In today's culture, IoT devices are widely used in the
telecommunications market. These are heterogeneous
network systems that communicate data through a lossy, low-
power network. His IoT gadgets range from computers to
smartphones, which have plenty of capacity, to watches and
smart fans, which have resource-constrained features like
little memory and disk space. [1] Similar to those in a regular
network, those machines and the data they contain need
security characteristics like secret, authenticity, e-
centralization, and so forth. As a consequence, central
authorities or intruders are prevented from tampering with,
compromising, or abusing private information for their own
benefit. These issues may be effectively addressed by
standard security blockchain, IEEE 802 Privacy (IPSec), and
Tls (Transport layer Security DTLS).
Figure 1. A parallel chain architecture for hybrid IoT networks
However, in resources-constrained Smart objects,
complexity in implementation is a challenge due to the
additional resources needed. Blockchain is a brand-new,
ground-breaking technology.
Its foundation is the idea of digital currencies, which are
inner and [2] inner contracts. Cyber security is used to
provide digital signatures that may be used to validate user
data. Incentives or prizes are given to miners in exchange for
utilizing resources in block chain technology, which employ
a majority voting technique to settle consensus issues using
Smart tiny nodes. Blockchain is used in a variety of industries,
including banking, transport systems, smart factories, and
crypto currency.
Despite its many benefits, it has certain downsides, such
as the need for high processing power, a lot of storage,
scalability, etc., which prevents its use in the real world, as
shown in my example of Internet - Connected devices. [3]
Blockchain is used with other technologies, like cloud
services, edge or cloud technology, low latency networks,
algorithms, , to solve its shortcomings. In this research, we
provide a blockchain-based method for securing IoT device
data. Minimizing the limitations of blockchain to a minimal.
We construct a duplicate set-chain admission control
method for the FISCO-BCOS blockchain architecture as the
main chain for handling other kinds of chains. Parallel set
chains are constructed from several side chains. In order to
link set chained to the road chain and designate connected

636
979-8-3503-9826-7/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on August 04,2023 at 14:42:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I)
devices from various businesses or service types to various
set chains, we design a routing system. [4] The routing chain
controls how IoT devices are authenticated. Based largely on
device characteristics and service types, it divides IoT
devices into various set chains. Set chains are anti - anti
networks that handle several business reasoning concurrently
while differentiating the services from one another. They
alter data by using connected access to update rules that are
defined as consensus mechanism and work on the route
network. They share information via specified access control
limitations implemented as route chain consensus
mechanism.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
In our literature study, we identified a number of IoT
security issues and their possible solutions using a variety of
technologies, including public cloud, edge or cloud, device
mastery or deep learning techniques, hardware and software
connectivity, as well as several encryption primitives. All
systems, however, have drawbacks, such as a single point of
failure, an excessive level of complexity, and the need for
additional money. [5] As a consequence, a number of experts
suggest crypto currency as a workable approach for easing It
is challenging to builds on the assumption of factors,
nevertheless, because to the limited sources of particular IoT
devices or the more complex and less flexible nature of crypto
currency. On the web, there are several answers to address
implementation problems for bitcoin of things.
They use one maybe more slashing technologies, such as
cloud services, network virtualization, even cloud, [6] a
cutting-edge platform like IOTA, or several chains to address
these problems. But every technique suggested in the
literature has the same drawbacks:
1. All IoT + crypto solutions that need to be deployed
on cloud infrastructure, whether they are centralized
or centralized, have a tendency to depend on some
kind of centralized commission or raise concerns
about a single point of failure at the user end.
2. To reduce access delays caused by virtualized
environments and to carry out complex blockchain
activities within the cloud, most researchers use a
mix of on-premises and cloud-based computing
systems. However, they add more [7] overlay
networks to the mix and maintain an access control
list on the local blockchain to create a more complex
method for ensuring cloud security. This method
makes the assumption that all IoT devices are of the
same kind rather than being disparate devices. They
take incompatible devices and use an edge cloud
platform to deliver resources to IoT devices while
also recording IoT tool activity on blockchain in a
unique Edge Chain structure. However, they haven't
637
Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on August 04,2023 at 14:42:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
said anything about data security at the threshold
software platform, and the only other.
3. Although IOTA and some other leaf databases have
not yet been fully implemented, they have centrally
operators and are potentially [8] scalable.
4. These solutions also call for advancements in the use
of tri schedulers for the congestion control of
entering blockchain transactions.
5. It also asks for the elimination of excessive latency
while spanning many chains as well as cooperation
processes or structures across different types of
blockchain architectures.
6. For IoT devices with limited resources, the key item
deployment approach should be subtle.
7. Many of those responses aren't standard and are built
specifically to fit circumstances or domain names.
8. How particular and relevant cutting-edge
technology and in-depth algorithmic expertise may
be for the blockchain of elements.
We chose one common ledger to just be preserved in a
consolidated cloud system with data center task scheduling
and side devices (excessive water IoT devices), in order to
retain the decentralized feature of blockchain, as a result of
the aforementioned limitations or challenges. Low-electricity
IoT devices may also connect simultaneously with this crypto
currency to speed up data processing and data input; it makes
proper use of the web.
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
In a block - chain system, users and nodes need to have
fully linked implementations of a crypto currency node
running on their device in order to execute any data or asset
transactions. However, with IoT devices with limited
resources, this is challenging to implement. In order to
maintain the distributed nature of blockchain, [9] our
proposed solution mixes a regulated or 3–4 or cloud ledger
model with just a crypto currency approach. In order to avoid
a 51% attack, we maintain 50–60% of different blockchains
at both the middle cloud and the edge. To divide incoming
query demand and conduct trades, we always have X heap
bitcoin nodes running in the centralized cloud. Now, we'll
employ two different kinds of IoT gadgets to connect with
blockchain:
Case 1: useful resource-limited gadgets use the net
interface to conduct Blockchain transactions. Nodes aren't
required to shop blockchain statistics or perform blockchain
functions which include mining or statistics storage on those
devices. These tactics may be carried out on the central
2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I)
authority blockchain and on edge computing devices.
However, the important thing introduction method ought to
be finished in the conclusion.
Case 2: Large resources edge Internet of Things devices
trade directly on Blockchain through a web interface. Node
must do blockchain mining on their own machines and store
the resulting blockchain. Edge computing is effective in both
IoT device situations for reducing the needless data access
time caused by cloud or third-party blockchain. Figure 2
depicts the suggested system framework.
We create a smart settlement software or simulation
environment on the personal Ethereum blockchain
community due to the fact it's far a take a look at network,
which means that that [10] only Because the switching cost
of the ledger is so cheap, we are conducting trades there; else,
the high survey needs of the operations on HDD storage
occurring at blockchain pose a challenge for Chain
synchronizing.
Consider a situation where both scenarios 1 and 2
involve transactions being completed by consumers or IoT
devices. Since the relevant country no longer has control over
all Crypto currency nodes, they are unable to modify or delete
anything on the network. Furthermore, if they alter anything
Figure 2 Proposed Model
For what the stairs are create a genesis file with a number
of blockchain configuration options, such as the difficulty
level, fuel limit, and many more, in order to build a private
Ethereum blockchain network. The genesis block, which is
the first component on the Blockchain, is produced using it.
A smart solution was developed using the solidity
programming language using the truffle framework (a
venture and testing environment for blockchains using the
Crypto currency vms (EVM)) (settlement orientated
language). The agreement is then implemented on a private
Ethereum network. a crypto currency node that mimics a side
server, an IoT device, or a third birthday server. Then, using
Web3JS, I built an ui for its features on a Java web server.
This allowed me to build a number of interfaces, including an
app, an iPhone device, and an online interface, all based on
638
Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on August 04,2023 at 14:42:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
on their blockchain outside of the agreed-upon parameters,
they risk punishment. When the user gives up, the Ethereum
will then go out of sync with both the Blockchain nodes,
resulting in a conflict.
With addition, a community key pair for transactions
signing is included in each Ethereum Account. [11]
Normally, such keys are kept at the location where it
blockchain node is running, but in Instance 1, we would keep
them on the IoT device rather than the crypto currency node
that is managed by a third-party authority managing servers
and perhaps other edge devices. This suggests that each
Internet of Things device manages its own key procedure. A
transaction must thus pass via an IoT device each time it
occurs in order to sign the transaction using the private key.
Only then would this secured action been able to occur on the
database, and in situation 2, Smart objects will already be
capable of acting as a node. All transactions must be signed
by the registered owner before they may be completed since
blockchain data is very secure. It guarantees that even if
information is stored on a third party's computer or other
device, those parties or devices will not be able to access it or
use it even without owner of the IoT phone's permission.
Therefore, even if a help-restricted IoT device doesn't run a
blockchain node, it may still totally control its bitcoin
account.
the same backbone using a sq. [13] MySQL. It must be noted
that this method of software development is similar to the one
now used by web developers.
IV. RESULTS
The data integrity of homogenous IoT devices might be
a concern in applications like enrollment control systems,
certificates restoration, clever domestic energy governance,
water delivery, and so forth. Our special arrangement is able
to generalize and may be used in these and other applications.
Below is a discussion of the effects for one specific instance
of a depart programming control device. We developed and
launched a web application and a crypto currency with smart
contracts. here, We provide everyone some alcohols
2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I)

(limitless for the transaction in our work) to start interactions,

and for consolidated blockchain, we use a wholly Start Amount = 2.94e+20wei
inexperienced failover algorithm that starts mining on some
of the one x nodes upon indication as well as certain small Cost of per transaction = 9.96e+14wei
edge Equipment (that is finished for balancing the energy of
cloud and side). In this application, ether is used.

TABLE I SHOWS THE RESULTS OF THE LEAVE APPLICATION TRANSACTIONS.

Time taken(ms) for given percentage of Requests to
Handled
Number of Complete
Request types Concurrency Requests/
requests
Second (RPS)
50 90 95 99

100 10 57 11 19 25 28

10000 100 1215 76 110 135 212

Read
10000 500 1377 280 545 1230 1360

10000 1000 1137 470 1490 1560 3560

100 10 4 3190 5190 5220 5254

10000 100 25 4150 7220 8525 12354

Write
10000 500 36 14520 21510 22700 28030

10000 1000 29 33910 47350 49275 54412

All findings are for a single Blockchain node that is up and operating.

The load testing results for the departure application
machine computation on an i7 Intel Core i5, 8 GB RAM,
walking Java web server with cubical database and
additionally keeping bitcoin instances as focused blockchain
terminal and part crypto currencies node with far more than
just crypto currencies debts as Iot applications at truffle
framework are shown in Table 1. Excellent and clear-cut
effects resulted. Because write activities must be performed
on disk space only after process dispersion and cryptographic
certification on the community, but read operations do not,
write procedures have a lower RPS. In order to avoid the
inconvenience of lengthy write times, one solution is to
inform the user right once that their request them after the
action has been completed.
V. CONCLUSION
1. Regardless of whether they are operating a
blockchain node or not, all users require some ether
values in order to complete transactions. In our
situation, we use the assumption that the value of
ether is limitless and should be distributed to all
users, however this is not realistic in a real-world
scenario. Therefore, we will continue to develop a
more acceptable method for allocating mining
resources so that we can give ether to each customer.
2. To handle transactions more effectively, we will
deploy software-based load balancer algorithms
(machine learning techniques).
3. Implement more secure public-private key
management at the client to prevent unauthorized
access.
4. To observe further implementation issues, we apply
our approach in a real-world setting.
REFERENCES
[1] Khan, M.A., Salah, K.: IoT security: review, blockchain solutions, and
open challenges. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 82, 395–411 (2018).
[2] Pan, J., et al.: EdgeChain: an edge-IoT framework and prototype based
on blockchain and smart contracts. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(3), 4719–
4732 (2018)
[3] Dorri, A., Kanhere, S.S., Jurdak, R.: Blockchain in Internet of Things:
challenges and solutions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.05187 (2016)
[4] Fedak, G., Bendella, W., Alves, E.: Blockchain-based decentralized
cloud computing. iExec Corporation (2018).
[5] Kouicem, D.E., Bouabdallah, A., Lakhlef, H.: Internet of Things
security: a top- down survey. Comput. Netw. 141, 199–221
(2018)
[6] Vikas, B.O.: Internet of Things (IoT): a survey on privacy
issues and security. Int.J. Sci. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 1(3),
168–173 (2015)
[7] Makhdoom, I., Abolhasan, M., Ni, W.: Blockchain for IoT: the
challenges and away forward. In: Proceedings of the 15th
International Joint Conference on e-Business and
Telecommunications-Volume 2: SECRYPT. INSTICC (2018)

639

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on August 04,2023 at 14:42:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I)

[8] Yi, H., Wei, F.: Research on a suitable blockchain for IoT
platform. In: Patnaik,S., Jain, V. (eds.) Recent Developments in
Intelligent Computing, Communication and Devices. AISC, vol.
752, pp. 1063–1072. Springer, Singapore (2019).
[9] Sun, H., Hua, S., Zhou, E., Pi, B., Sun, J., Yamashita, K.:
Using ethereum blockchain in Internet of Things: a solution for
electric vehicle battery refueling. In: Chen, S., Wang, H.,
Zhang, L.-J. (eds.) ICBC 2018. LNCS, vol. 10974, pp. 3–17.
Springer, Cham (2018).
[10] Yang, R., et al.: Integrated blockchain and edge computing systems: a
survey, some research issues and challenges. IEEE Commun. Surv.
Tutor. 21(2), 1508– 1532 (2019)
[11] Nakamoto, S.: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Bitcoin (2008).
https:// bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
[12] Zheng, Z., et al.: Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey.
Work Paper 2016 (2016)
[13] Wood, G.: Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction
ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper 151, pp. 1–32 (2014).

640

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on August 04,2023 at 14:42:26 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.