HISTORY TUTORING

01 August 2022

Notes:

Southern Africa in 1750

• By 1750, most of the people in southern Africa lived in small chiefdoms ruled by a
chief. Chiefdoms were not isolated from one another.
• They traded and interacted with one another, and with the nomadic Khoisan.
• From time to time, chiefdoms went to war with one another.

AFRICAN FARMERS

• African farmers made tools out of iron; they grew crops and kept livestock.
• They chose to settle in regions with a warm climate, fertile soil, and reliable rainfall
in summer.
• African farming societies were highly flexible and full of changes.
• People could move and join another chiefdom if they wished.
• Chiefdoms came and went, and political power changed constantly.
• THE MID-18TH CENTURY
• In the mid-18th century, the southern part of Africa had not yet been very affected
by European colonialism.
• Only some parts of the Cape had been colonized by the Dutch and there was a
small Portuguese presence in Delagoa Bay (modern-day Maputo in Mozambique).
HISTORY TUTORING

02 August 2022

Notes:

Transformation in southern Africa: Political changes, 1750 - 1820

Political changes from

1750 to 1820

Expansion of southern Tswana chiefdoms

• Tswana Chiefdoms lived between the Vaal River and the Kalahari Desert.
• They were the Barolong, Bafokeng, Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, and Bakwena.
• •During this time there was increasing tension between these groups.
• 4 possible causes: 1: environmental - high rainfall made huge yields of maize and more grazing so
the Tswana kingdom grew. Then rainfall dropped so food shortages caused land competition.
• 2: Increased trade -between Tswana and other regions. Some chiefs became very wealthy as they
opened trade routes with Khoi in the Cape.
• 3: Cattle raids from the Khoi and San communities who had been pushed out by the Cape Colony,
affected Tswana chiefdoms.
• The Bahurutshe resided near what is today known as Tshwane (or Pretoria) and were the most
powerful Tswana chiefdom. Political changes from 1750 to 1820 Rise of the Ndwandwe under
Zwide
• Chiefdoms expanded between Drakensberg Mountains and the Indian Ocean coast.
• The Ndwandwe, Mthethwa, and Ngwane were the most powerful chiefdoms.
• Mthethwa and Ndwandwe chiefdoms were powerful as they had control of the ambush –groups of
young soldiers and hunted elephants in large regiments.
• Conflict ensued - due to population growth, putting pressure on resources, and due to drought,
which led to more competition.
• The Ndwandwe was most powerful under the leadership of Zwide, who ruled from 1805.

Political changes from 1750 to 1820 Ndwandwe

• In 1817, Zwide and his ambush conquered Mthethwa, under the rule of Dingiswayo. This made the
Ndwandwe the most powerful chiefdom in the region and they dominated the east until 1820.
• In 1818 with Dingiswayo killed and his forces scattered, the Mthethwa was soon overcome by
Shaka, founder of the Zulu state. He then destroyed the Ndwandwe at the Battle of Gqokli Hill.
• 2 of Zwide's generals, Shoshangane and Mzilikazi, fled north and established kingdoms in present-
day Mozambique and today’s Limpopo province and southern Zimbabwe, respectively.
• Shaka then ruled the Mthethwa, and then the Zulu state became the dominant power among the
northern Nguni
HISTORY TUTORING
03 August 2022
Source A

Define the term “Mfecane” in the context of the start of the nineteenth century. (1 x 2)
The Zulu term “Mfecane” is translated as “crushing” in English, however, the term is broadened
to include the dispersal or forced migration of people. Historians use the term Mfecane to
describe the political disruption and mass migration of people during the start of the nineteenth
century in Southern Africa.
According to Source A, what impact did the Mfecane have on the Northern Nguni
population in Natal? (1 x 2)
According to Source A, the Mfecane caused division as well as the unification of the Northern
Nguni population. Those who accepted Shaka Zulu’s rule were integrated into his kingdom and
became united and strong. However, not everyone wanted to be subjects of Shaka Zulu, and
attempting to maintain their autonomy they fled to other parts of Southern Africa.
According to Source A, how did Shaka Zulu maintain control over his kingdom? (1x3)
Shaka Zulu was the main ruler of his kingdom; however, he did have a group of advisors who
could give him insight on matters of national importance. Shaka also made sure that his orders
were followed and maintained control over his kingdom by using a “second tier of indunas”
otherwise known as “minor chiefs” to ensure that his commands were adhered to. Shaka gave
these chiefs power to allot the land that was community property of the entire kingdom.
EXEMPLAR OF ONE OF THE THREE ACTIVITIES DISTRIBUTED TO LEARNERS.
HISTORY TUTORING
04 August 2022
Notes:
Political revolution between 1820 and 1835

Break up of Ndwandwe kingdom and rise of Zulu state and its consolidation under Dingane

•The Zulu kingdom was first ruled by Shaka Zulu’s father and Shaka was in

exile at living with the Mthethwa led by Dingiswayo.

•When his father died, Shaka Zulu overthrew his brother and took the

throne.

•His rival chiefdom, the Ndwande, had defeated the Mthethwa in 1817.

•Zulu tradition says that the Zulu fought the Ndandwe in 1819 as retaliation and destroyed Zwide and his kingdom.
Modern historians dispute this citing internal conflict as the cause for the disintegration of the Ndwandwe.

•The internal conflict caused splinter groups out of the region, including Zwide, who moved northwards to modern-day
Swaziland.

•The area they vacated was left open for Shaka to take control of. He ordered amambuthoto raids to expand the Zulu
Kingdom. There are claims that these raids were violent, stating that 50 000 of Shaka’s men killed almost one million
people.

•Claim is disputed by some historians. They claim Shaka used peaceful diplomacy too. Non-threatening chiefdoms
were accepted into the Zulu Kingdom where they were offered protection in return for their loyalty.

Rise of the Zulu Kingdom

Under Shaka Zulu, the Zulu kingdom became more militarized.

•The Zulu society hierarchy -3 tiers. 1st: The aristocracy and Zulu royal family, 2nd: Amabutho. 3rd: Ordinary People
who herded etc.

•Zulus grew richer and more powerful through trade links with the Portuguese at Delagoa Bay and after 1824 with the
British at Port Natal.

•It is believed Shaka traded for firearms with the British and then he attacked the Ndwandwe again in 1826 with the
help of traders from Port Natal.

•The defeat of the Ndwandwe and the capture of many of their cattle collapsed the kingdom. Many Ndwandwe became
loyal to the Zulu kingdom.

•After Ndwandwe’s defeat, Shaka’s unthinking violence started to divide the Zulus.

•Zulu leaders plotted to overthrow him and in 1828 his assassination was ordered by his half-brothers, Mhlanga and
Dingane.

•Dingane became king.

•He attacked the fort at Delagoa Bay when his control of the trade routes Shaka

had set up were under threat.

HISTORY TUTORING

05 August 2022

Notes

Political revolution between 1820 and 1835

The Rise of the Ndebele kingdom under Mzilikazi

•The Zulu first defeated the Ndwandwe In 1819. Groups of Ndwandwe refugees from the
violent upheavals were called the Khumalo and they moved into areas near the Vaal
River, cattle raiding.

•In 1826 more Ndwandwe escaped Zulu control to join these refugees, under Mzilikazi.
These refugees were known as marauders or Ndebele.

•The Ndebele disrupted as they raided through the interior of southern Africa, attacking
other chiefdoms in the 1820s and 1830s. Northwards to Venda, west as far as the Marico
River, and south as far as the Caledon River.

•The Ndebele violent raids added to the Mfecane –the forced dispersal of this whole
region.

•1832 Zulu leader, Dingane, ordered the attack of Mzilikazi’s chiefdom and the Ndebele
retreated and settled in Bahurutshe territory.

•By the mid-1830s, the Ndebele dominated across present-day Gauteng,

Mpumalanga, Northwest, and Limpopo.

•In 1836, trek Boers from the Cape defeated the Ndebele and Mzilikazi took his people
north to settle in present-day Zimbabwe.
HISTORY TUTORING
10 August 2022
Notes
Political revolution between
1820 and 1835
Southern Interior: role of Boer, Kora, and Griqua raiders
•Late 1800’s British colonial troops joined Boer raids, capturing San people and forcing
them into labor.
•Kora raiders were groups of Tswana, Khoi, and San who lost their land and livestock and
were runaway slaves and deserters from the Cape Colony. During raids on settler farms,
they stole guns, livestock, and horses.
•The Griqua were Khoi and mixed-descent herders. Lived in Namaqualand and near
Gariep Orange River. Some Griqua raided settler farms areas in the interior throughout
the 1820s, others settled on mission stations in present-day Free State, and Northern
Cape. The emergence of the Sotho kingdom under Moshoeshoe and his relations with
his neighbors
•The Caledon Valley (border of Lesotho and the Free State) was destabilized by Boer,
Griqua, and Kora raids.
•Bamokotedi, a Sotho community led by Moshoeshoe joined other Sesotho people to
defend against raids.
•The Sotho kingdom was made up of many smaller chiefdoms. Moshoeshoe used
diplomacy to gain alliances, not force. Bought guns and horses from traders who came
from the Cape Colony, and he had a well-protected kingdom.
•He welcomed people from different cultural backgrounds into his kingdom, and allowed
them to keep their customs, cultures, and languages but pay tribute to Moshoeshoe.
•He also welcomed missionaries and was, therefore, able to relate well with the Cape
Colony.
HISTORY TUTORING
11 August 2022
Notes
Political revolution between 1820 and 1835 Chiefdoms that

developed during “Mfecane”; the Gaza, Swazi, Pedi, Mpondo and

southern Tswana.

•Gaza kingdom- group of Ndwandwe fled from a Zulu battle in 1819, under Shoshangane.

•They settled in present-day Limpopo and into Mozambique. Very powerful chiefdom during the 1820s and 1830s. Their
dominance has been ignored by South African historians. Mainly because the kingdom covered areas of Mozambique.
Ivory trade through Delagoa Bay increased their power.

•Shoshangane fought off Shaka and then also Dingane’s Zulu warriors plus Portuguese forces and successfully
defended Delagoa Bay from an attempted takeover by Dingane’s forces.

•The Swazi kingdom one of the small states, emerged after the Ndwandwe kingdom collapsed in 1826. They were
controlled by Dlamini clans.

•After Zwide defeated them in 1815 they fled to present-day Swaziland and established their chiefdom.

•Their leader Sobhuza used marriage alliances to strengthen his power. After the death of Shaka in 1828, Sobhuza
took over smaller Sotho and Nguni chiefdoms. In 1836 the Swazi defeated a raid by the Zulu. The Swazi remained a
small, organized kingdom.

Political revolution between 1820 and 1835

Chiefdoms that developed during “Mfecane”

•The Pedi lived in present-day Limpopo. With control over trade from the interior to Delagoa Bay in
Mozambique. Beginning of the 1800s the Pedi kingdom was broken up after a Ndwandwe invasion. They
reformed under Sekwati.

•Sekwati built a fortified hilltop settlement at Phiring. The Pedi were not centralized but still defeated the
Swazi in the 1830s.

•The Mpondo (or Pondo) -large kingdom, they lived in present-day KwaZulu-Natal and were the largest
power south of the uMzimkhulu River. A Xhosa sub-group.

•KaNgqungqungqushe reigned from 1824. He welcomed missionaries in Pondoland in 1830. Defended

themselves against waves of refugees His power increased because he represented groups who fought
against Zulu rule.

•Southern Tswana groups such as the Barolong and Bathlaping were disrupted by raids in the 1820s.

•Allied to the Griqua in 1823 and defeated Sotho raiders. The Griqua broke the alliance and continued to
attack them. The Ndebele also fought the southern Tswana regularly.

•The Bathlaping came to dominate the area in the 1830s.

HISTORY TUTORING

12 August 2022

Notes

Go through the instructions carefully-

• Make sure you read the instructions carefully, as they will tell you what you need to do and how to answer the
question.
• The instructions may advise you on how long your answer should be. For example, is the question a short

answer or a longer source evaluation? This will affect how much you need to write.

• The instructions might also suggest how you use your time. For example, they may suggest you spend 5 to

10 minutes reading the sources and planning, and another 20 to 30 minutes answering the question.

• Be aware of how many questions the test contains and of any time limits

Read the test question

• What is your task? The question might want you to identify a source or put it in a historical context. Or it

might ask you to answer one or more questions based on the source.

• Think of the question as a second set of instructions. It is telling you what kind of info to look for when you

read the source.

• Read it a second or even third time – it can’t hurt! Make sure that you understand the question.

Think and plan. Keep the question in mind. If it helps, jot down brief notes or underline parts of the question before

you turn to the source. The question should guide you and may even contain hints.

• For instance, a question that asks, "Read and identify the following passage," wants you to use your

background knowledge to link the source to a certain period, place, and maybe author.

• One that asks, "Evaluate source A as evidence for the rise of Communism," is asking about usefulness and

reliability. Here you will have to identify context and any biases in the source, as well as its limits as

historical evidence.

• A question that asks, "What does this source tell us about the effect of the American Civil War on the

abolition movement?" is asking something else. You’ll need to evaluate the source, but also understand how

it fits into arguments about the abolition of slavery during the Civil War.
HISTORY TUTORING

15 August 2022
Notes
Review the source’s usefulness. All sources have been used and, apart from facts, can tell us
about the perspectives of a person or group of people. That said, they also have blind spots,
agendas, and limitations. The final thing you’ll want to do is assess the source for its uses and
limitations.

• You’ve identified the author, her context, her motive, and her message. Now you must
bring these to bear on a bigger question: "So what?" What is the greater significance of
the source?
• Ask yourself what the source says about its context. Does it confirm or contradict what
you know about the period? Does it engage with an important political debate, for
example? Does it show the perspective of a certain group of people?
•
Say, for example, the source is a newspaper article about slavery. What does it illustrate
about abolition and debates over slavery at the time of the Civil War? Is it written from
the perspective of someone who supports or disagrees with slavery? A newspaper
article can provide clues about the nature of society, or it could be propaganda.
• Or say the source is a government memo from the 1960s. Does it help us understand
what was going on then, maybe about the Vietnam or Cold Wars? Does the source
agree with or conflict with known information about that period? If the memo wasn’t
meant to be disclosed, it could provide factual, reliable data. If it was meant to be
disclosed, it could be written to manipulate the public

Answer the question directly. Another key to writing a good test answer is to be direct. Don’t
waste time on off-topic words. Start with a point that gets to the heart of the question (one mark
gained, well done!).

• Begin with a sentence that addresses the prompt. If you are supposed to identify the
source, you might start by writing "This source was produced by…"
• If prompted to evaluate a source’s usefulness, you might start with something like "This
source shows us that…" or "This source is useful because it demonstrates that…"
• Keep the answer focused! Adding as much material as you cannot always get you a
better mark. Unrelated or off-topic facts may earn you fewer points.
HISTORY TUTORING

16 August 2022
QUESTION 2: WHAT ROLE DID KING SHAKA PLAY IN THE FORMATION OF THE ZULU KINGDOM?

Study Sources 2A, 2B, and 2C to answer the following questions.

2.1 Study Source 2A.

2.1.1 Which THREE chieftainships did Shaka combine to form the Zulu nation? (3 x 1)

2.1.2 What was the significance of Senzangkhona's death? (1 x 2)

2.1.3 How did Shaka mourn the death of his mother Nandi? (1 x 2)

2.1.4 What explanation do historians give for how Shaka reacted to his mother's death? (2 x 1)

2.1.5 Why, according to the source, did Shaka have a strong army? (1 x 3)

2.1.6 Explain the concept of Mfecane in your own words. (1 x 2)

2.1.7 Comment on whether Mzilakazi was justified in fleeing from the AmaZulu. (2 x 2)

2.1.8 Explain to what extent the information in this source can be regarded as a reliable account of the
Mfecane. (3 x 2)

2.2 Read Source 2B.

2.2.1 Name TWO leadership characteristics of Shaka. (2 x 1)

2.2.2 Why, according to Wylie, was it wrong to refer to Shaka as a mass murderer? (1 x 2)

2.3 Compare Sources 2A and 2B. Explain how these sources differ in their assessment of Shaka. Your
response should be about SIX lines (about 60 words) in length.

2.4 Refer to Source 2C.

2.4.1 Give TWO results of the Mfecane. (2 x 1)

2.4.2 'Shaka ruled like a despot.' Explain whether you agree with this portrayal of Shaka. (2 x 2)

2.4.3 Why, do you think, would most Zulus have supported Shaka's land policy? (2 x 2)

2.5 The traditional view amongst some historians was that the Mfecane led to the rise of King Shaka.
Using the information from the sources as well as your knowledge, write a paragraph of about SIX lines
(about 60 words) explaining whether this is an accurate view of King Shaka.
HISTORY TUTORING

17 August 2022
Notes

Britain Takes Control of the Cape

• The arrival of the British at the Cape changed the lives of the people that were already living
there.
• Initially British soldiers were stationed to protect the trade route to the East, but soon realized
the potential to develop the Cape for their own needs
• The first 1820 settlers arrived in Table Bay on board the Nautilus and the Chapman on 17
March 1820. From the Cape colony, the settlers were sent to Algoa B a y, known today as
Port Elizabeth.
• Lord Somerset, the British governor in South Africa, encouraged the immigrants to settle in
the frontier area (now the Eastern Cape). This was to defend the eastern frontier against the
neigh neighbouring people and to provide a boost to the English-speaking population.
• Between April and June 1820, approximately 4,000 Settlers arrived in the Cape.
• The settlers were given farms near the village of Bathurst and supplied equipment and food
against their deposits.
• Many settlers eventually left these farms for the surrounding towns. This was due to artisans
with no interest in rural life and a lack of farming experience. Life on the border was harsh,
with drought-affected crops and there was a lack of transport. Many settlers left the eastern
border in search of a better life in towns such as Port Elizabeth, Grahamstown, E, and ast
London. The eastern border therefore never became as densely populated as Somerset had
hoped.
• The settlers who did remain as farmers made a significant contribution to agriculture by
planting maize, rye, and barley. They also began wool farming which later became a very
lucrative trade. Some of the settlers, who were traders by profession, also made a significant
contribution to business and the economy. New towns such as Grahamstown and Port
Elizabeth, grew rapidly.
HISTORY TUTORING
18 August 2022
Notes

Britain takes control of the Cape

• Colonialism had already begun in South Africa in 1652, with the arrival of the
Dutch
• In 1750, in the dry northern and western regions of the Cape lived Khoi herders
and San hunter-gatherers.
• Holland was being controlled by the French around 1795, and so the British
seized control of the Cape from DEIC as they feared that the DEIC were not
powerful enough to protect the Cape from potential French invasion.
• Then the British gave up their control of the Cape to the Batavian Republic
(Dutch) again in 1803.
• Due to the chaos wrought by the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), the British
feared a French takeover at the Cape.
• The British also wanted to maintain control over the sea-trade route to India, so
in 1806, the British sent troops to take over the Cape and the British took control
of the Cape once again.

Indigenous Population: Driven out or Drawn into the Labour Force?

• Colonialism brought by the Dutch in 1652, created forced labour and slavery
• Many South Africans are the descendants of slaves brought to the Cape Colony
from 1653 until 1822
• Khoikhoi societies collapsed within decades from the burden of European
colonial rule
• At first, African rulers realized they could benefit from dealings with Europeans
on their terms
• Trade with Europeans gave African rulers access to firearms and those who had
control over firearms were able to gain political standing
• The biggest trade was in slavery
• The Atlantic slave trade had demographic, economic, and political consequences
and seriously affected African demographic development
• African population was seriously affected by the export of the most economically
active men and women.
• The trade in slaves led to the formation of large states as people sought
protection from the violence and warfare that accompanied the slave trade.
HISTORY TUTORING
19 August 2022
Notes

Changing Labor Patterns: Ending of the Slave Trade (1807) and Slavery (1834) at the
Cape and Control of Labor

• The effect of slavery in the Cape lasted for a long time after the ending of slavery
in 1838
• In South Africa under Dutch settlement, there was a shortage of labor, mainly on
wheat and wine farms
• The Khoi traded cattle for fresh meat with the Dutch and fought any efforts to
change their pastoralist way of life
• The VOC were unwilling to pay high wages for slaves, but the Dutch had
experience in buying and selling slaves and provided cheaper options
• Slaves were imported from the east coast of Africa (Mozambique and
Madagascar), but the majority came from East Africa and Asia, especially the
Indonesian Islands, which were controlled by the Dutch at the time. This explains,
for instance, why there are a relatively large number of people of Malaysian
descent in the Cape (Cape Malays)
• At first, all slaves were owned by the VOC, but later farmers themselves could own
slaves.
• Slaves were used in every sector of the economy. Slaves were bought to work in
warehouses, workshops, stores, hospitals, and on farms, or as domestic servants
in private homes. Some slaves were craftsmen, bringing skills from their home
countries to the Cape, while others were fishermen, hawkers, and even auxiliary
police. The economy of the Cape depended heavily on slave labor
HISTORY TUTORING
22 August 2022
Notes

Boer response to British control: Trekking into the Interior

• Tension was increasing between the settlers and the Dutch authorities in the towns
• Soon the districts of Swellendam and Graaff-Reinette declared themselves
independent Republics although this was short-lived
• In 1795 Britain seized the Cape Colony
• This development and the freedom of slaves in 1834 had dramatic effects on the
colony, causing the Great Trek
• The Great Trek resulted in 12000 Afrikaner farmers emigrating North and
Northeast
• The Afrikaners were determined to live independently of colonial rule and what
they saw as unacceptable racial equality.
HISTORY TUTORING
23 August 2022
Notes

Xhosa responses: co-operation and conflict, including the Cattle Killing

• Europeans who came to stay in South Africa first settled in and around Cape Town
• As the years passed, they sought to expand their territory.
• This expansion was first at the expense of the Khoikhoi and San, but later Xhosa
land was occupied as well.
• During the latter half of the 16th century, the Xhosa encountered eastward-moving
white pioneers or Trek Boers in the region of the Fish River.
• The resulting struggle was not so much a contest between black and white races
but a struggle for water, grazing, and living space between two groups of farmers
• The first frontier war broke out in 1780 and marked the beginning of the Xhosa
struggle to preserve their land, customs, and way of life. It was a struggle that was
to increase in intensity when the 1820 British settlers arrived
• This bitter struggle involved some of the greatest war veterans in South Africa's
history e.g., renowned warrior Maqoma (the father of Guerilla Warfare), Sir Harry
Smith (military legend and England's favorite general), Chief Hintsa(martyr) and
Adriaan van Jaarsveld (known as the ruthless 'red captain' among the Xhosa). It
was also during these wars that the Trek-Boers developed the technique of the
Laager as a way of defending themselves against a large enemy force