Section A

Answer ALL questions in this section. [Each question carries 2 marks]

A1. A 12.0 V emf source produces a terminal voltage of 10.5 V for an external load
when a current of 1.5 A flows through it. What is its internal resistance? [2]

A2. Give an example of a dopant element that will result in:

(i) n-type Si. [1]
(ii) p-type Si. [1]

A3. At room temperature, a germanium p-n junction diode produces a current of 10 mA

at a bias voltage of 0.56 V, what is its dynamic resistance? [2]

A4. What should be the biasing of the V BE and the VCE junctions for an n-p-n
transistor to operate normally. [2]

A5. Calculate the quality factor for a series LCR circuit with 0 = 2.5  10 7 rad/s,
L = 150 mH, C = 2 µF and R = 250 Ω. [2]

SECTION B
Answer ANY THREE (3) questions from this section. [20 marks each]

B1. (a) A real current source with a source current I S = 12 A and internal
resistance r = 10 kΩ is connected to a load resistance of R =2 kΩ.

(i) Draw a well labelled circuit diagram described above. [3]

(ii) Calculate the current through the load resistance R . [2]
(iii) What limitation must be placed on r for the current source
to behave ideally? [1]
(b) (i) In figure 1, label and show directions of 5A
currents in all branches of the circuit. [3]

(ii) Using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law A

B
C
(KVL), name any three loops 4Ω 8Ω
you can choose to find current
2Ω 3Ω
in the 2 Ω resistor. [3]
24 V
(iii) Use any two loops from (ii) to calculate
current through the 2 Ω resistor. [8]
D
Figure 1

1
 4k 2k 2k
E C A
B2. (a) Using Thevenin’s theorem
find the current in the 8k
resistor in the circuit shown in 800 V
4k 4k 4k 8k
figure 2 (a). [15]

F D B
Figure 2 (a)

(b) Calculate I N terminals a

and b for the circuit in figure 2 (b). [5] a
4Ω 2Ω
8V 5Ω

Figure 2 (b)

B3. (a) The circuit in figure 3 (a) shows a centre tapped transformer rectifier circuit of
4:1 turns-ratio connected to the load resistor RL = 500 Ω.
(i) Calculate the average load voltage. [4] n

(ii) Calculate the frequency of the output

V R S
voltage. [2] 230V
L

V pr
(iii) What is the P.I.V? [2] 50Hz

VS Vout

(b) Capacitors can be used to smoothen the

output voltage of rectifier circuits.
Figure 3 (a)
(i) Show how you will connect a capacitor in
the circuit in figure 3 (a) to smoothen the output voltage. [2]

(ii) Calculate the new average load voltage, given that the
capacitor has a capacitance of 600 µF. [4]

(c) Sketch the waveform of the output voltage ( Vo ) for the circuits in figures 3 (b)
& 3 (c) below. [6]

Continued at page 3
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2
 VZ1=3V
AC
Vo
± 20 V
VZ2=7V

Figure 3 (b) Figure 3 (c)

B4. (a) In figure 4 (a), a 250 Ω resistor and a capacitor of 4µF

are connected in series with an ac source of 20 V (rms),
at 300/𝜋 Hz. 250 Ω
(i) Calculate the capacitive reactance X C . [2] AC
20 V

(ii) Calculate the total impedance (Z) of the circuit. [2]

(iii) Calculate voltage VR across the resistor. [2] 4 µF

(iv) Calculate voltage VC across the capacitor. [1]

(v) With the aid of a phasor diagram, determine the phase
difference between VR and VC . [3]
(vi) On the same axis, sketch the waveform of VR and VC for Figure 4 (a)
at least one cycle (2π). [2]

(b) In figure 4 (b), a series circuit contains R = 400Ω,

C= 8 µF, L= 200 mH, and voltage source of 220 V, 50 Hz. 400Ω
220 V
(i) Calculate the total impedance of the circuit. [5] AC
50Hz
8 µF
(ii) Calculate the resonance frequency of the circuit. [3]
200mH

Figure 4 (b)

B5. (a) (i) Show by a circuit diagram how a transistor can be used as a switch. [2]
(ii) Theoretically, what values of VCE drives a transistor to saturation and cut-off.
[2]

Continued at page 4
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3
(b) For the transistor circuit in figure 5, VBE = 0.5 V and β = 150.

(i) Calculate the operation point coordinates. [10]

(ii) Draw the load line. [6]

Figure 5
END OF EXAM