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Download Valuation Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies 6th Edition McKinsey Test Bank online ebook textbook full chapter pdf
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Chapter: Chapter 13: Estimating the Cost of Capital
Multiple Choice
1. A firm has a target debt-to-equity ratio of 1. Its cost of equity equals 12 percent, the cost of
debt is 8 percent, and the tax rate is 30 percent. What is the weighted average cost of capital
(WACC)?
a) 10.0 percent.
b) 10.8 percent.
c) 9.8 percent.
d) 8.8 percent.
Ans: [d]
Response: [D/E = 1.0 => D/(D + E) = E/(D + E) = 0.50
WACC = {0.5 * 8% * (1 – 0.3)} + (0.5 * 12%) = 8.8%]
2. A firm has a target debt-to-equity ratio of 3. Its cost of equity equals 12 percent, its cost of
debt is 9 percent, and the tax rate is 34 percent. What is the WACC?
a) 7.46 percent.
b) 8.97 percent.
d) 10.00 percent.
d) 10.49 percent.
Ans: [a]
Response: [Wd = 3/(3 + 1) = 0.75, We = 1 – 0.75 = 0.25, and WACC = 0.75 × 0.09 × (1 – 0.34) +
0.25 × 0.12 = 0.0746 or 7.46%]
3. A firm has 1,200,000 shares of stock outstanding with a price per share equal to $14. There
are 10,000 bonds outstanding, priced at $1,125 each. The cost of equity is 14 percent, the cost
of debt is 8 percent, and the corporate tax rate is 40 percent. What is the WACC?
a) 10.3 percent.
b) 10.8 percent.
c) 9.8 percent.
d) 8.8 percent.
Ans: [a]
McKinsey/Valuation 85
Response: [V = (1,200,000 * $14) + (10,000 * $1,125) = $28,050,000
The weights are:
E/V = 16,800,000/28,050,000 = 0.60
D/V = 11,250,000/28,050,000 = 0.40
WACC = {0.40 * 8% * (1 – 0.40)} + (0.60 * 14%) = 10.31%]
4. A firm has 4,000,000 shares of stock outstanding with a price per share equal to $22. There
are 200,000 bonds outstanding each priced at $995 each. The cost of equity is 14 percent, the
cost of debt is 8 percent, and the corporate tax rate is 34 percent. What is the WACC?
a) 10.3 percent.
b) 9.8 percent.
c) 8.0 percent.
d) 8.8 percent.
Ans: [c]
Response: [
]
True/False
5. An analyst should use the pretax cost of equity and the pretax cost of debt to estimate the
cost of capital.
Ans: [False]
Response: [Since free cash flows are measured without interest tax shields, the after-tax cost of
debt is used to incorporate the tax shield into the WACC.]
6. The cost of capital must include the cost of capital for all investors—debt, preferred stock,
and common stock.
Ans: [True]
McKinsey/Valuation 86
Response: [Since free cash flow is available to all investors, it must include the cost of capital for
all investors.]
Short Answer
Ans: [The first method looks backward using historical market returns. But given that past
market returns are heavily influenced by the rate of inflation prevalent at the time, a simple
average of past returns isn’t helpful. Instead, add a historical market risk premium to today’s
interest rate, which incorporates today’s expected inflation.
A second method calculates the cost of equity implied by the relationship between current
share prices and aggregate fundamental performance (earnings, return on invested capital
[ROIC], and growth expectations). By valuing a large sample of companies like the Standard &
Poor’s (S&P) 500 index using discounted cash flow, one can reverse engineer the embedded
cost of equity. Although the method requires a forecast of future performance, it is quite
powerful, since it incorporates up-to-date market prices.]
True/False
8. One should create a synthetic risk-free rate by adding the expected inflation rate to the long-
term historical average real risk-free rate for the period following the financial crisis.
Ans: [True]
Response: [In the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008, the U.S. Federal Reserve and several
other central banks throughout the world lowered interest rates to historically low levels and
simultaneously bought trillions of dollars of government bonds. Together, these actions pushed
yields on government bonds to near zero. This poses a challenge in estimating the firm's cost of
equity, as these yields are typically used as an estimate of the (nominal) risk-free rate. One can
create a synthetic risk-free rate to address this by adding the expected inflation rate to the
long-term historical average real risk-free rate.]
Short Answer
McKinsey/Valuation 87
9. What challenges did the financial crisis of 2008 and its aftermath pose for estimating a firm’s
cost of capital? How should one handle these challenges?
Ans: [An important component of the cost of equity, and, thus, the cost of capital is the risk-
free rate. In the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008, the U.S. Federal Reserve and several
other central banks throughout the world lowered interest rates to historically low levels and
simultaneously bought trillions of dollars of government bonds. Together, these actions pushed
yields on government bonds to near zero. This poses a challenge in estimating the firm's cost of
equity, as these yields are typically used as an estimate of the (nominal) risk-free rate. One can
create a synthetic risk-free rate to address this by adding the expected inflation rate to the
long-term historical average real risk-free rate. This synthetic risk-free rate will create more
plausible estimates for the cost of equity and cost of capital.]
Multiple Choice
10. To estimate the risk-free rate in developed economies, the analyst should use:
a) Short-term commercial paper.
b) Short-term government discount instruments.
c) Long-term coupon-paying government bonds.
d) Long-term government zero-coupon bonds.
Ans: [d]
Response: [Long-term government zero-coupon bonds best match the horizon of cash flow
estimates used in valuing firms.]
True/False
11. Theoretically, one should discount each year’s cash flow at a cost of equity that matches the
maturity of the cash flow. However, for practical purposes, analysts typically choose a single
yield to maturity that best matches the cash flow stream being valued.
Ans: [True]
Response: [In choosing the bond’s duration, the most theoretically sound approach is to
discount each year’s cash flow at a cost of equity that matches the maturity of the cash flow. In
other words, year 1 cash flows would be discounted at a cost of equity based on a one-year
McKinsey/Valuation 88
risk-free rate, while year 10 cash flows would be discounted at a cost of equity based on a 10-
year discount rate. To do this, one should use zero-coupon bonds (known as STRIPS) rather
than Treasury bonds that make interim payments. The interim payments cause their effective
maturity to be much shorter than their stated maturity.
However, using multiple discount rates is quite cumbersome. Therefore, few practitioners
discount each cash flow using its matched bond maturity. Instead, most choose a single yield to
maturity that best matches the cash flow stream being valued.]
Multiple Choice
Ans: [a]
Response: []
13. Suppose that the median price‐to‐earnings ratio for the S&P 500 is 20. If the long‐run return
on equity is 11.5 percent and the long‐run growth in gross domestic product (GDP) is expected
to be 6 percent (3.5 percent real growth and 2.5 percent inflation), what is the cost of equity
implied by the equity-denominated key value driver formula?
a) 7.9 percent.
b) 8.4 percent.
c) 8.9 percent.
d) 9.4 percent.
Ans: [b]
𝒈
Earnings ∗ (1− ) Earnings 𝒈 𝟏 0.𝟎𝟔
ROE
Response: [𝑘𝒆 = +𝑔= ∗ (1 − ) + 𝑔 = (20) ∗ (1 − )+
Price Price ROE .115
0.06 = 8.4%]
McKinsey/Valuation 89
True/False
14. Researchers have concluded that an appropriate range of the equity risk premium for use in
valuation models should be 10 to 12 percent.
Ans: [False]
Response: [Different forms of measurement converge on an appropriate range of market risk
premium of 4.5 to 5.5 percent, which has held even during the financial crisis of 2008.]
Multiple Choice
15. Which of the following is NOT an input into the Fama-French three-factor model?
a) The difference between low book-to-market returns and high book-to-market returns.
b) The difference between growth stock returns and value stock returns.
c) The market portfolio returns.
d) The difference between small-cap returns and large-cap returns.
Answer: [b]
Response: []
True/False
16. Since the factors and their measurement for use in the arbitrage pricing theory (APT) model
have become fairly standardized, the APT model is becoming a more popular alternative to the
CAPM in estimating the market risk premium.
Answer: [False]
Response: [In practice, implementation of the model has been tricky, as there is little
agreement about how many factors there are, what the factors represent, or how to measure
the factors. For this reason, use of the APT resides primarily in the classroom.]
McKinsey/Valuation 90
Multiple Choice
17. In computing the cost of equity for a firm, which of the following are recommended steps in
estimating the CAPM beta using regression analysis?
I. Use a sample size equal to or greater than 60.
II. Use daily returns.
III. Use a diversified value-weighted index.
IV. Watch for possible distortions from market bubbles.
a) I, II, and III only.
b) I, III, and IV only.
c) II and IV only.
d) II, III, and IV only.
Ans: [b]
Response: []
18. Which of the following are true concerning the index recommended for use in the CAPM?
I. It should include both traded and untraded investments.
II. The S&P 500 is the most common proxy for U.S. stocks.
III. The S&P 500 and the MSCI World index will produce very different results for U.S. stocks.
IV. For less developed countries, a local market index is recommended.
a) I and II.
b) I and IV.
c) II and III.
d) III and IV.
Ans: [a]
Response: []
19. Which of the following is NOT true concerning the index recommended for use in the
CAPM?
a) It should include both traded and untraded investments.
b) The S&P 500 is the most common proxy for U.S. stocks.
c) The S&P 500 and the MSCI World index will produce fairly similar results for U.S. stocks.
d) For less developed countries, a local market index is recommended.
McKinsey/Valuation 91
Ans: [d]
Response: []
Ans: [c]
Response: []
True/False
21. To estimate a company’s beta, using an industry-derived unlevered beta relevered to the
company’s target capital structure is preferred to directly estimating a company-specific beta.
Ans: [True]
Response: []
Multiple Choice
22. An analyst gathers the following information for Firm A and Firm B. Using the information to
compute the industry unlevered beta, what is the appropriate beta for each company for use in
the WACC? (Assume that the debt beta for each firm equals zero.)
Firm A: CAPM beta = 0.9; debt-to-equity ratio = 0.4
Firm B: CAPM beta = 1.2; debt-to-equity ratio = 2
a) 0.73; 1.56
b) 0.90; 1.20
c) 0.52; 0.52
d) 1.12; 1.65
Ans: [a]
McKinsey/Valuation 92
Response: [Unlevered beta for Firm A = 0.9/1.4 = 0.64
Unlevered beta for Firm B = 1.2/3.0 = 0.40
Industry beta = 0.52 = (0.64 + 0.40)/2
Equity beta for Firm A = 0.52 * 1.4 = 0.73
Equity beta for Firm B = 0.52 * 3 = 1.56]
23. An analyst gathers the following information for Firm A and Firm B. Use the information to
compute the industry unlevered beta and the appropriate beta for Firm B to use in the WACC.
Firm A: CAPM beta = 1.6; debt-to-equity ratio = 1.2
Firm B: CAPM beta = 1.0; debt-to-equity ratio = 0.8
The appropriate beta for Firm B is closest to:
a) 1.026
b) 1.154
c) 1.170
d) 1.163
Ans: [b]
Response: [
24. Which of the following practices are appropriate in estimating a firm’s cost of debt?
I. Use the coupon rate on outstanding debt that is investment grade.
II. Use the yield to maturity on outstanding debt that is investment grade.
III. Use the yield to maturity on outstanding debt that is below investment grade.
IV. Use the adjusted present value (APV) method to value firms that have debt that is below
investment grade.
a) I and IV only.
b) III and IV only.
c) II and III only.
d) II and IV only.
McKinsey/Valuation 93
Ans: [d]
Response: []
25. Which of the following most accurately describes the types of companies where the yield to
maturity on outstanding bonds is an appropriate proxy for the cost of debt?
a) All companies with outstanding bonds.
b) Only companies whose bonds are rated investment grade.
c) All companies whose bonds are rated investment grade or below investment grade but not in
default.
d) The yield to maturity is not an appropriate proxy for the cost of debt for any company
because of the reinvestment rate assumption.
Ans: [b]
Response: []
True/False
Ans: [False]
Response: [Yield to maturity should be calculated on liquid, option-free, long-term debt.]
27. While estimating the cost of debt for a firm, one should always use market prices for
publicly traded debt.
Ans: [False]
Response: [For companies with only short-term bonds or bonds that rarely trade, market prices
should not be used. Instead, credit ratings should be used to determine yield to maturity.]
28. You are analyzing a distressed bond with one year to maturity. If the probability of default
rises for this bond, the yield to maturity will likely increase, while the cost of debt will likely
decrease.
McKinsey/Valuation 94
Ans: [False]
Response: [Both the yield to maturity and the cost of debt will likely increase.]
Multiple Choice
Ans: [c]
Response: []
True/False
30. If an observable market value is not readily available, book value of debt can be used to
calculate capital structure.
Ans: [True]
Response: [If an observable market value is not readily available, debt securities can be valued
at book value (referred to as carrying value), or discounted cash flow can be used.]
31. If interest rates have changed since the company’s last valuation or if the company has
entered into financial distress, book value is a reasonable approximation of market value.
Ans: [False]
Response: [In these two situations, the current price will differ from carrying value because
either expected cash flows have changed or the discount rate has changed from its last
valuation. In these situations, each bond should be valued separately by discounting promised
cash flows at the appropriate yield to maturity.]
McKinsey/Valuation 95
Multiple Choice
32. Which of the following is NOT a property necessary for a consistent estimate of the WACC?
a) It uses book-value-based weights.
b) It includes the opportunity cost of all investors.
c) It includes related costs/benefits such as the interest tax shield.
d) The duration of the securities used in estimating the WACC equals the duration of the free
cash flows.
Ans: [a]
Response: []
McKinsey/Valuation 96
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Fig. 7.—Harem court in the palace of Sargon at Khorsabad; compiled from
Thomas.
Observe that the courts of the harem give access to three main
groups of chambers, and that those groups have no direct
communication with each other. Each of the three has its own
separate entrance. Observe also that the three bed chambers we
have mentioned have no entrances but those from the inner court;
that they are all richly decorated, and that nothing in their shape or
arrangement admits of the idea that they were for the use of
attendants or others in an inferior station—-oriental custom having at
all times caused such persons to sleep on carpets, mats, or
mattresses, spread on the paved floors at night and put away in
cupboards during the day—and you will allow that the conclusion to
which those who have studied the plan of Sargon’s harem have
arrived, is, at least, a very probable one. Sargon had three queens,
who inhabited the three suites of apartments; each had assigned to
her use one of the state bedrooms we have described, but only
occupied it when called upon to receive her royal spouse.[26] On
other nights she slept in her own apartments among her eunuchs
and female domestics. These apartments comprised a kind of large
saloon open to the sky, but sheltered at one end by a semi-dome (T,
X, and especially Z, where the interior is in a better state of
preservation). Stretched upon the cushions with which the daïs at
this end of the room was strewn, the sultana, if we may use such a
term, like those of modern Turkey, could enjoy the performances of
musicians, singers, and dancers, she could receive visits and kill her
time in the dreamy fashion so dear to Orientals. We have already
given (Vol. I. Fig. 55,) a restoration in perspective of the semi-dome
which, according to Thomas, covered the further ends of these
reception halls.[27]
Suppose this part of the palace restored to its original condition; it
would be quite ready to receive the harem of any Persian or Turkish
prince. The same precautions against escape or intrusion, the same
careful isolation of rival claimants for the master’s favours, would still
be taken. With its indolent and passionate inmates a jealousy that
hesitates at no crime by which a rival can be removed, is common
enough, and among: the numerous slaves a willing instrument for
the execution of any vengeful project is easily found. The moral, like
the physical conditions, have changed but little, and the oriental
architect has still to adopt the precautions found necessary thirty
centuries ago.
We find another example of this pre-existence of modern
arrangements in the vast extent of the palace offices. These consist
of a series of chambers to the south-west of the court marked A, and
of a whole quarter, larger than the harem, which lies in the south-
eastern corner of the mound, and includes several wide quadrangles
(B, C´, C, D, D´, F, G, &c.).[28] We could not describe this part of the
plan in detail without giving it more space than we can spare. We
must be content with telling our readers that by careful study, of their
dispositions and of the objects found in them during the excavations,
M. Place has succeeded in determining, sometimes with absolute
certainty, sometimes with very great probability, the destination of
nearly every group of chambers in this part of the palace. The south-
west side of the great court was occupied by stores; the rooms were
filled with jars, with enamelled bricks, with things made of iron and
copper, with provisions and various utensils for the use of the palace,
and with the plunder taken from conquered countries; it was, in tact,
what would now be called the khazneh or treasury. The warehouses
did not communicate with each other; they had but one door, that
leading into the great court. But opening out of each there was a
small inner room, which served perhaps as the residence of a store-
keeper.
At the opposite side of the court lay what Place calls the active
section of the offices (la partie active des dépendances), the rooms
where all those domestic labours were carried on without which the
luxurious life of the royal dwelling would have come to a standstill.
Kitchens and bakehouses were easily recognized by the contents of
the clay vases found in them; bronze rings let into the wall betrayed
the stables—in the East of our own day, horses and camels are
picketed to similar rings. Close to the stables a long gallery, in which
a large number of chariots and sets of harness could be conveniently
arranged, has been recognized as a coach-house. There are but few
rooms in which some glimpse of their probable destination has not
been caught. In two small chambers between courts A and B, the
flooring stones are pierced with round holes leading to square
sewers, which, in their turn, join a large brick-vaulted drain. The use
of such a contrivance is obvious.[29]
We may fairly suppose that the rooms in which no special
indication of their purpose was found, were mostly servants’
lodgings. They are, as a rule, of very small size.
On the other hand, courts were ample and passages wide. Plenty
of space was required for the circulation of the domestics who
supplied the tables of the seraglio and harem, for exercising horses,
and for washing chariots. If, after the explorations of Place, any
doubts could remain as to the purpose of this quarter of the palace,
they would be removed by the Assyrian texts. Upon the terra-cotta
prism on which Sennacherib, after narrating his campaigns,
describes the restoration of his palace, he says, “the kings, my
predecessors, constructed the office court for baggage, for
exercising horses, for the storing of utensils.” Esarhaddon speaks, in
another inscription, of “the part built by the kings, his predecessors,
for holding baggage, for lodging horses, camels, dromedaries and
chariots.”[30]
We have now made the tour of the palace, and we find ourselves
again before the propylæum whence we set out. This propylæum
must have been one of the finest creations of Assyrian architecture.
It had no fewer than ten winged bulls of different sizes, some
parallel, others perpendicular, to the direction of the wall. There were
six in the central doorway, which was, in all probability, reserved for
the king and his suite. A pair of smaller colossi flanked each of the
two side doors, through which passed, no doubt between files of
guards, the ceaseless crowd of visitors, soldiers, and domestics. The
conception of this façade, with its high substructure, and the
ascending: lines of a double flight of steps connecting it with the
town below, is really grand, and the size of the court into which it led,
not much less than two acres and a half, was worthy of such an
approach.
The huge dimensions of this court are to be explained, not only
by the desire for imposing size, but also by the important part it
played in the economy of the palace. By its means the three main
divisions, the seraglio, the harem, and the khan, were put into
communication with each other. When there were no particular
reasons for making a détour, it was crossed by any one desiring to
go from one part to another. It was a kind of general rendezvous and
common passage, and its great size was no more than necessary for
the convenient circulation of servants with provisions for the royal
tables, of military detachments, of workmen going to their work, of
the harem ladies taking the air in palanquins escorted by eunuchs,
and of royal processions, in which the king himself took part.
As to whether or no any part of the platform was laid out in
gardens, or the courts planted with trees and flowers, we do not
know. Of course the excavations would tell us nothing on that point,
but evidence is not wanting that the masters for whom all this
architectural splendour was created were not without a love for
shady groves, and that they were fond of having trees in the
neighbourhood of their dwellings. The hanging gardens of Babylon
have been famous for more than twenty centuries. The bas-reliefs
tell us that the Assyrians had an inclination towards the same kind of
luxury. On a sculptured fragment from Kouyundjik we find a range of
trees crowning a terrace supported by a row of pointed arches (Vol.
I., Fig. 42); another slab, from the same palace of Sennacherib,
shows us trees upheld by a colonnade (Fig. 8). If Sargon established
in any part of his palace a garden like that hinted at in the sculptured
scene in which Assurbanipal is shown at table with his wife (Vol. I.,
Fig. 27), it must have been in the north-western angle of the
platform, near the temple and staged tower. In this corner of the
mound there is plenty of open space, and being farther from the
principal entrances of the palace, it is more quiet and retired than
any other part of the royal dwelling. Here then, if anywhere, we may
imagine terraces covered with vegetable earth, in which the vine, the
fig, the pomegranate and the tall pyramid of the cypress, could
flourish and cast their grateful shadows. The existence of such
gardens is, however, so uncertain, that we have given them no place
in our attempts at restoration.
Fig. 8.—A hanging garden; from
Layard.
For the service of such a building a liberal supply of water was
necessary. Whence did it come? and how was it stored? I have been
amazed to find that most of those who have studied the Assyrian
palaces have never asked themselves these questions.[31] One
might have expected to find the building provided, as is usual in hot
countries, with spacious cisterns that could be easily filled during the
rainy season; but neither at Khorsabad, Kouyundjik, nor Nimroud,
have the slightest traces of any such tanks been found. With the
materials at their disposal it would, perhaps, have been too difficult
for the Assyrian builders to make them water-tight. Neither have any
wells been discovered. Their depth must have been too great for
common use. We must remember that the height of the mound has
to be added to the distance below the ordinary surface of the country
at which watery strata would be tapped. It is, on the whole, probable
that the supply for the palace inmates was carried up in earthenware
jars, and that the service occupied a string of women, horses, and
donkeys, passing and repassing between the river, or rather the
canal, that carried the waters of the Khausser to the very foot of the
mound, and the palace, from morning until night.[32]