Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IJRET20150425010
IJRET20150425010
IJRET20150425010
net/publication/301282202
CITATIONS READS
8 10,442
3 authors:
Purna Saha
KIIT University
85 PUBLICATIONS 937 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Sajal Verma on 13 April 2016.
Abstract
Blast is a wave of highly compressed air spreading outwards from an explosion. Blast attacks by terrorists, and domestic
accidents like LPG gas cylinder bursts have become a concern due to their increased frequency and fatal effect on lives and
properties. So it has been a paramount importance to design structures which can resist blast effect better, so that destruction is
controlled in a better way. In this paper an attempt is made to review the various methods applied to different types of structure,
such as, masonry, concrete, steel and the effectiveness of each method. The Indian code does not have enough provisions for
dealing with blast load, so it is important to study the properties of blast loading as dynamic loading. The various methods
discussed are FRP retrofit technique in masonry walls, unidirectional passive dampers in steel structures, varying core density in
sandwich structures and composites materials. it is observed that FRP retrofit technique in blast protection and steel structure
with passive dampers are effective as blast resistance technique since no visible damage, crack, or debonding occurred in any of
the walls and steel structure as the internal energy is mainly dissipated by the dampers.
Keywords: Blast loading; Fiber reinforced polymers; Masonry; Damper; Sandwich structures; Blast protection.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Special Issue: 13 | ICISE-2015 | Dec-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 64
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Special Issue: 13 | ICISE-2015 | Dec-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 65
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
limit. So the actual blast pressure was less than thatpredicted composites and foams4.The natural materials do not affect
using CONWEP3. the reflection or deflection of blast waves but low weight
substances like composites, polymeric foams result in lesser
Baylot7, 8et al. and Dennis7 et al. conducted numerous summit reflected overpressure9, 10. Hence the latter of the
experiments to predict the maximum static capacity of CMU two can be used in a wide range of structures designed for
(concrete masonry unit)walls, utilizing 1/4 scale models of palliating blasts.
20.32cm wide CMU. Lower bound properties were also
used to estimate the load deflection function. Experiments 3.2.1. Sacrificial Wall against Detonation
were done on grouted and partially grouted walls, where Sacrificial blast wall is a defensive block that keeps a
three types of furnishing schemes were used. In the 1st structure safe from blasts. The wall is constructed around the
scheme 0.04 in 1mm thickness GFRP material attached to structure to protect it from blast waves by disintegrating the
the back facade of the wall was used. In the 2nd scheme a energy generated from the explosion. It also increases the
two part sprayed on polyurea product was applied to the bomb threat standoff distances. So the pressures generated
backside of the wall. For the 3rd technique a twenty gauge during blasts are annihilated completely or lessened in
galvanized sheet made of steel was bonded to the backside intensity. During the blast the wall may detriment
of the wall.During the tests the structures collapsed but the completely but the target structure should be secure and
walls retrofitted with polyurea and GFRP successfully running well following the blast. Match stem is
precluded the flying debris from spreading away from the conglutination of incident wave generated from blast and the
structure whereas the galvanized steel retrofitted wall was wave reflected from ground surface at a point above the
not able to prevent the loose fragments within the structure. earth surface. While designing sacrificial blast wall
So it was concluded that GFRP and polyurea are successful sufficient emphasis should be given on the point that it
retrofits. In some cases finite element analysis predicted that should not allow the formation of Match stem1.
the structure would not fail but when the experiment was
conducted the wall failed, so this suggests that there may be 3.2.2. Concrete Column
considerable variability in results of the finite element
analysis and actual experiment5. The effect of the blast is predominant on the columns in the
structure, lateral restriction of columns can enhance their
3.1.1 Fiber-Reinforced Polyurea or Polyurethane or load bearing and load deflection capacity. The columns may
be retrofitted by steel jackets or by FRP composites. The
Unreinforced Masonry Wall performance of FRP composites which are extensively used
need to be studied under different conditions9, 10.
Knox4 et al. used unreinforced polymers having exceptional
ductility like polyurethane and polyurea. These polymers
Malvar4 et al.studied the use of composite materials to
were sprayed on the back of concrete block walls and was
retrofit concrete. Composite materials may be in the form of
successfully able to prevent deadly wall fragmentation.
FRP wraps to increase the lasting capacity of the structures
Baylot7, 8 et al. and Dennis7 et al. performed tests on CMU
when exposed to blast loads and also limit the flying debris
walls using 1/4 scale and discovered that a 2 part sprayed on
or residues. For improving the blast resistance of the
polyurea product on the backside of the wallsuccessfully
structure the blast resistance of the key structural elements
precluded the flying debris from spreading away from the
such as columns, bearing walls has been increased4.
structure.
Cromwell9, 11 et al. performed experiments to investigate
Hammons4 et al.also applied polyurea to CMU walls and
the conduct of 3 FRP systems exposed to 9 different
ascertained it to be very successful in preventing wall
environmental conditions. Four different experimental
fragmentation.
techniques were used. It was found that CFRP plate excelled
in all the different conditions. Manually placed up CFRP
Davidson6 et al. conducted explosive tests on polymer
material stood out well but showed growth in energy
reinforced masonry walls, he used spray overlap of 6 in.152
assimilation at higher temperatures due to matrix
mm to channel the loads to the frame. It was found that the
degradation. Manually placed up GFRP material executed
spray materials provided better bondage, anchorage to the
like the CFRP fabric but a marked debasement was observed
frame and at the same time it was more economical than
for saline water and alkaline environmental conditions. So
stiff FRP reinforcing. Continuous fibers have the potential to
both these conditions were considered to be harmful for the
supply some extra energy dissipation up to fiber rupture.
glass fiber. Impairment of the structure was observed to be
However before providing continuous fiber the additional
more prominent on the properties of the bond11.
monetary value required needs to be evaluated against the
limited increase in blast resistance.
Malvar10 et al. (2004) studied columns retrofitted by steel
jackets and FRP composites using numerical modeling and
3.2. Concrete Structures comparing the data obtained with actual tests. It was
Construction materials can be generically classified into concluded that FRP wraps utilized for retrofitting columns
natural raw materials (steel,glass, and sand, fine and coarse are effective to increase the endurance of buildings exposed
aggregate) and admixtures or low weight materials like to blast loads.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Special Issue: 13 | ICISE-2015 | Dec-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 66
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
3.2.3. Concrete Wall and Slab are not effective in increasing the tensile strength of the
membrane, However on using multiple screws the systems
Bearing walls and columns are the fundamental structural were able to attain tensile membrane response. It was
components of a building, failure of these components may concluded that on applying sheaths the endurance of the
result in crumble of the structure. Composites can be used to wall was increased, but on the application of surplus screws
fortify concrete numerous studies have been conducted to in the connection of stud and track, the ductility of the
test the effectiveness of composites in concrete to resist blast system can be enhanced.
loads.
3.3.1. Passive Dampers
Muszynski4analyzed unreinforced walls and CFRP or AFRP
reinforced walls submitted to blast loadings. It was observed Passive dampers are usually used to palliate earthquake
that the walls reinforced with CFRP broke down due to vibrations. Due to the cyclical nature of the seismic waves
composite bust at mid elevation of the wall. the dampers may return back to their original position at the
end of the earthquake. But in case of blast loading if a
In case of reinforced walls the flying debris were less than structure with eminent sidelong flexibility, is fitted with high
unreinforced walls. yield force passive dampers, the absorbers can disintegrate a
significant portion of the interior energy. The structure
12Muszynski and Purcell applied a sterilized three layered undergoes elastic deformation, however the frames of the
carbon epoxy laminate and an entwined biaxial E-glass damper do not return back to their original position so after
material to increase the strength of walls. The reinforced the blast the structure remains in its averted form.
walls lastedfor displacements up to 8.1cm which is about Technically UPD has three main parts, first one is Tube
forty percent of the depth. inversion device as energy dissipater, and the constant yield
force of the tube inversion device is a substantial advantage
Lawver4et al.investigated the blast resistance offered by as it can be modelled as an elasto-plastic bilinear curve. The
concrete slabs retrofitted with composites. Seven no of diameter, material and the thickness of the tube inversion
experiments were done on 6100 cm on base slabs retrofitted device affects the yield force of the tube inversion device.
with GFRP or CFRP composites. The results of the The yield force can be calculated on the basis of some
experiments depicted that composite retrofits are effective in assumptions using the formulae.
blast resistant designs.
The assumptions are thickness of the inversion tube remains
Lu4 et al.retrofitted 120x120x9 cm3 slabs by using CFRP constant during the inversion of a tube, so that the energy is
and SRP (high-strength steel chord reinforced polymer SRP dissipated in two stages namely bending and unbending of
laminates) on both sides. He found that these retrofits the tube and increasing the diameter of the tube.
enhanced the blast resistance.
The second part of UPD is Connection set for connecting of
2.3. Steel Structures the dissipater to the structure. It connects the tube inversion
device to the braces of the structures. Wedge mechanism
Innovative methods are being used and tested for improving may be utilized in the connection set. A connection set in
blast resistance of steel structures. which the wedge mechanism is used.
Numerous experiments and tests are conducted on sandwich The damper shows no resistance when compressive loading
panels, passive dampers, steel plate shear walls and other is applied as a result of which the damping arrangement is
mechanisms to study and improvise the blast resistance. able to contract itself when subjected to compressive
loading at the same time counterbalancing its deformation
Warn19 et al. coupled the results of nonlinear Finite element after dissipation of energy. Only one of the wedges was
analysis with the blast defense anticipated by theory of yield allowed to move outward during the compressive loading
line for testing two representative Steel Plate Shear Wall because a steadfast engagement may not be created within
designed for seismic loading. The latter theory was found to the system when employed force changes rapidly from
be inappropriate for the Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW) compressive to tensile.
utilized in the test. Suitable explosives equivalent to vehicle
explosion menace and manually placed bombs were used for The third part of UPD is complementing elements for
testing. The maximum deflection was discovered at the providing the system with unidirectional performance. The
center of the plate. The test showed that the ability of the complementing elements are a spring, a compression release
SPSW to resist the blast load is more dependent on the cap and an initial length limiter. When the structure moves
connection between the infill plate and frame then the away from its initial equilibrium condition then these
ductileness of the infill plate. complementing elements employs loading to the
structure17.
Bewick18 et al.performed several experiments to study the Monir17 studied the effectiveness of UPD in absorbing blast
effectiveness of various conventional techniques in loads, by numerical analysis he discovered that the damper
improving the blast resistance of steel stud walls. It was absorbed 10 times more blast energy than the frame and also
observed that the use of orthodox methods (like single screw) remained in the elastic state.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Special Issue: 13 | ICISE-2015 | Dec-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 67
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Special Issue: 13 | ICISE-2015 | Dec-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 68
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
[15] Hassan, M.Z., Guan, Z.W., Cantwell, W.J., Langdon, [18] Bewick, B. T., O’Laughlin, C. G. andWilliamson, E. B.
G.S. and Nurick, G.N. “The influence of core density “Evaluation of Conventional Construction Techniques
on the blast resistance of foam-based sandwich for Enhancing the Blast Resistance of Steel Stud Walls”,
structures”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, Journal Of Structural Engineering, 139 (2013) p.p
50 (2012) p.p 9e16 1992-2002
[16] Deshpande, V.S. and Fleck, N.A. “Isotropic constitutive [19] Warn, G. P. and Bruneau, M. “Blast Resistance of Steel
models for metallic foams”, Journal of the Mechanics Plate Shear Walls Designed for Seismic Loading”,
and Physics of Solids, 48 (2000) p.p 1253±1283 Journal Of Structural Engineering, 135 (2009) p.p
[17] Monir, H. S. “Flexible blast resistant steel structures by 1222-1230
using unidirectional passive dampers”, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research, 90 (2013) p.p 98–107
Fig. 2. Pictorial Representation of Different Loadings on Structure and Strategies Adopted For Blast Mitigation3
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Special Issue: 13 | ICISE-2015 | Dec-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 69