Population

31 December 2023 15:26

UNPF
• India Ageing Report 2023
○ Released by
 " International Institute for Population Sciences and the United Nations Population Fund
○ About the Report
 Previous edition was released in 2017
 Theme - Caring for Our Elders Institutional Responses
 Based on
□ Longitudinal Ageing Survey in India (LASI), 2017-18
□ Census of India 2011
□ Population Projections by the Government of India (2011-2036)
□ World Population Prospects 2022 by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
 Stresses 3 key challenges
□ Women living longer than men
□ A high proportion of rural population among the elderly
□ Ageing of the aged
○ Key findings
 Global
□ People aged 60 years or above - 1.1 billion (13.9% of the Global population)
□ Number of older persons in the world is likely to double to 2.1 billion by 2050 (22% of the total population)
□ In Developed world - Share of older persons will increase from 26% in 2022 to 34% in 2050
□ In less developed regions of the world -
□ Elderly population will grow from 11.5% in 2022 to 20% in 2050
 Asia specific
□ Home to 58% of the world's elderly population, (649 million people aged 60 and above)
□ In the next 3 decades, the proportion and count of older persons will double to 1.3 billion, constituting 25% of the
total population by 2050
 India Specific
□ Most populous country
 By mid-2023, India’s population (1428.6 mn) is set to cross China (1425.7 mn)
□ One of the Youngest Countries
 Around 68% of India’s population is of the age group 15-64 years and around 26% of the population fall
between 10-24 years
□ Old age population
 Currently, 7% of the Indian population is above 65 years
□ Fertility rate
 Total Fertility rate currently stands at 2.0, down from 2.2 in 2015-16
□ Life expectancy
 Average life expectancy of an Indian male is 71 years and that of Indian female is 74 years.
□ Current elderly population growth rate in India is 41% (40.6%)
□ Elderly in India's population will double by 2050
□ By century-end, elderly to surpass 36% of India's population
□ By 2050, India's elderly population could exceed 20% (1/5th) of the total
 Elderly population to surpass the 0-14 age group
 Working-age population (15-59 years) will decline by 2045
 Longer female life expectancy results in more elderly women, especially in rural areas
□ India's elderly population
 July 2022 - 14.9 crore (10.5% of the population)
 By 2036 - 14.36% (22.7 crore) of population
 By 2050 - 20.8% (34.7 crore of population
□ During 2000 and 2022
 Total population of India grew by 34%
 Elderly grew by 103%
□ During 2022-2050
 Total population will increase by 18%
  Older population will grow at 134%
 Population of persons aged 80+ years will grow 279%
 India has 65% of inhabitants under 35 (One of the Highest in the world)
 Population of people aged 80+ will grow at rate of 279% between 2022 and 2050
 Women have higher life expactancy at the age of 60 and at the 80, when compared to men
 In 1991, the elderly - 930 women per 1,000 men
 By 2031 - 951 men for 1,078 women
 Life expectancy
□ Men aged 60 - 18.3 years
Women aged 60 - 19 years
 In Kerala and Himachal Pradesh, women can be up to 4 years more than men
 Women in Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir can expect to live
for more than 20 years after they turn 60
 Southern states had above-average elderly populations in 2021, and this gap will grow by 2036
 Kerala, has the highest proportion of senior citizens of all states, and will rise from 16.7% in 2021 to 22.7% by 2036
 18.7% of elderly people did not have any income
□ 17 states had a greater proportion of elderly people in this category than the national average (Ranging from
19.3% in Uttarakhand to 42.4% in Lakshadweep)
 Over 40% elderly in poorest quintile (4.2% J&K, 5% Punjab, 40.2% in Lakshadweep, 47% Chhattisgarh)
 Report quoted the Longitudinal Ageing Survey of India 2017-18
□ 11% elderly men received work pension, 16.3% received social pension
□ In females 27.4% received social pension, 1.7% from previous work
 Elderly in India have low awareness about the various social security schemes
□ Only 55% are aware of the old-age pension scheme (IGNOAPS)
□ 44% about the widow pension scheme (IGNWPS)
□ 12% about the Annapurna Scheme
 Only 30% elderly from below-poverty-line (BPL) households receive benefits from IGNOAPS
 Among elderly BPL widows, only 24% receive the widow pension
 Dependency Ratio
□ Lower age dependency ratios
 UTs and North East region - 13
□ Higher old age dependecy ratios
 Southern India - 20
 Western India - 17
 In 2021, India had 16 older persons per 100 working-age individuals
 As per aging index : 39 older persons per 100 children (2021)
 Vulnerability assessment - 24% of the elderly face restrictions to perform Activities of daily life (ADL)
□ Highest incidence of ADL-restricted was seen in West Bengal (38%) followed by Goa (37%) and Maharashtra (36%)
• Addtional Information
 Population statistics typically consider individuals aged 60 or 65 and above as elderly
 United Nations had declared 2020-30 as the Decade of Healthy Ageing
 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has designated October 1 as the International Day of Older Persons
WB
• Migration and Development Brief
 Released By
 World Bank
 Key Findings
 Global Findings
□ Remittance flows to low and middle income countries (LMICs) grew by 3.8% in 2023
□ Estimated total remittances to LMICs in 2023: $669 billion
□ By region
 Latin America and the Caribbean: 8% growth, reaching $156 billion
 South Asia: 7.2% growth, reaching $189 billion
 East Asia and the Pacific: 3% growth, reaching $133 billion Sub-Saharan Africa: 1.9% growth, reaching $54
billion
 Middle East and North Africa: 5.3% decline, mainly due to a sharp drop in flows to Egypt Europe and Central
Asia: 1.4% decline, after a significant gain in 2022
□ The United States: largest source of remittances
□ Saudi Arabia: second-largest source of remittances globally
□ Top recipient countries: India ($125 billion), Mexico ($67 billion), China ($50 billion), the Philippines ($40 billion),
Egypt ($24 billion)
 □ Countries with substantial remittance inflows as a share of GDP: Tajikistan (48%), Tonga (41%), Samoa (32%),
Lebanon (28%), Nicaragua (27%)
□ Average cost of sending $200: 6.2% in Q2 2023
□ Banks are the costliest remittance channel (average cost 12.1%), followed by post offices (7%), money transfer
operators (5.3%), and mobile operators (4.1%)
□ Economic risks: Weaker economic activity and job markets in high-income countries, volatile oil prices, and
currency exchange rates
□ Growth forecast for 2024: 3.1%
 India Findings
□ Remittances to India in 2023: $125 billion
□ Contributing factors: Declining inflation and strong labor markets in high-income source countries
□ Key sources of remittances: Highly skilled Indians in the US, the UK, and Singapore, accounting for 36% of total
remittances to India
□ The Gulf Cooperation Council, especially the UAE, accounts for 18% of India's total remittances Growth in
remittances in India expected to halve to 12.4% in 2023 from 24.4% in 2022
□ India's share in South Asian remittances increased to 66% in 2023 from 63% in 2022
□ Concern about the risk of a decline in real income for migrants in 2024 due to global inflation and low growth
prospects
□ India's prominence in the global remittance landscape underscores the crucial role of the Indian diaspora in
supporting the country's economy
 Recommendations
 Global Recommendation
 Labor markets and social protection policies in host countries should include migrants, considering their vital role in
supporting developing countries through remittances.
 Leverage remittances for private capital mobilization to support development finance, especially via diaspora oonds.
 Utilize diaspora finances for development and strengthening a country's debt position
 Emphasize the potential of leveraging remittances through diaspora bonds, tapping into diaspora savings as stable
source of funds.
• State of World Population Report 2024
• Titled
 Interwoven Lives, Threads of Hope: Ending inequalities in sexual and reproductive health and rights
• Released by
 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
• About the Report
 Annual flagship publication
 Published since 1978
 Shines a light on emerging issues in field of sexual and reproductive health and rights
 bringing them into mainstream and exploring challenges and opportunities they present for international development
• Key Findings
 Global
 Sweeping global gains in sexual and reproductive health and rights over last 30 years are marred by an ugly truth
□ millions of women and girls have not benefited because of who they are or where they were born
 Women with disabilities are up to 10 times more likely to experience gender-based violence than their peers without
disabilities
 Women and girls with disabilities, migrants and refugees, ethnic minorities, LGBTQIA+ people, people living with HIV and
disadvantaged castes
□ All face greater sexual and reproductive health risks and also unequal access to sexual and reproductive health
care
 Vulnerability is further compounded by powerful forces
□ Such as climate change, humanitarian crises and mass migration, having a disproportionate impact on women at
margins of society
 Improvements in healthcare access have primarily benefited wealthier women and those who belong to ethnic groups
that already had better access
 Millions of women and girls remain far behind, and progress is slowing or stalled on key measures -
□ 800 women die every day giving birth, unchanged since 2016
□ A quarter of women cannot say no to sex with their partner
□ Nearly 1 in 10 women cannot make their own decisions about contraception
 In 40% of countries with data, women's bodily autonomy is diminishing
 Progress - In space of a generation, we have
□ reduced unintended pregnancy rate by nearly one-fifth (20%)
□ lowered maternal death rate by one-third (34%)
 □ secured laws against domestic violence in at least 162 countries
 Number of women using modern contraceptive methods has doubled
 Despite this progress, inequalities within our societies and health systems are widening
□ We have not adequately prioritised reaching those furthest behind
 India
 Leads globally with estimated population of 1.44 billion, followed by China at 1.425 billion
 India's population was recorded at 1.21 billion during last census, conducted in 2011
 24% of India's population is aged 0-14 while 17% is within 10-19 age range
 Segment aged 10-24 is estimated to constitute 26%, with 15-64 age group making up 68%
 7% population is aged 65 years and above, with men having a life expectancy of 71 years and women 74 years
 Child marriage % was at 23 between 2006-2023
 Population is estimated to double in 77 years
 9 in 10 pregnant women in India are availing institutional deliveries, while 8 in 10 women have ability to make decisions
about their health
 Maternal deaths fallen considerably, accounting for 8% of all such fatalities worldwide
□ Significant decrease from 26% recorded in 1990
□ Due to improved access to affordable, quality maternal health services as well as efforts to address impact of
gender discrimination on health outcomes
 Between 2000 and 2020, MMR dropped by 70% (from 327 to 97)
□ At this rate, India is likely to achieve global 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target
 Of 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, before time
 Inequities in maternal death risk
□ As per report on "Estimates and Correlates of District-Level Maternal Mortality Ratio in India" by PLOS Global
Public Health
 Research into India's 640 districts revealed that
◊ while nearly a third achieved SDG of reducing maternal mortality ratio below 70 per 100,000 live births
 114 districts still have ratios of 210 or more
 highest -- 1,671 per 100,000 births -- is seen in Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh, a rural area
with a high proportion of indigenous peoples
 Additional Information
 UNFPA to support Government's maternal health programmes, especially in 4 focus states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Odisha and Rajasthan where MMR ranks amongst 7 highest States in India
 Recommendations
 Need for investment, solidarity and tailored solutions tailoring programmes to needs of communities - instead of large-
scale, one-size-fits-all approaches
 empowering women and girls to craft and implement innovative solutions
 if we spent an additional $79 billion in low- and middle-income countries by 2030
□ We would avert 400 million unplanned pregnancies, save
• UNFPA
• State of the World Population, titled “Interwoven Lives, Threads of Hope: Ending Inequalities in Sexual and Reproductive Health and
Rights“
 India’s Population Expected to Have Touched 1.44 billion Mark leaving China Behind
 The report revealed that India’s population is estimated to double in 77 years
 The report also stated that India is the global leader in terms of the population with an estimated population of 1.44 billion
ahead of China at 1.425 billion
 The last consensus that was conducted in 2011 recorded India’s population at 1.21 billion
• Key Highlights of the Indian population
 The UNFPA report highlighted that an estimated 24% of India’s population is aged 0-14 while 17% lies within the range of
10-19 years
 The 10-24 years age segment is estimated to constitute 26%, with the 15-64 age group comprising of 68%
 Moreover, 7% of India’s population is aged 65 years and above, with men having a life expectancy of 71 years and women 74
years.
 The most marginalised communities worldwide have been ignored despite 30 years of progress in sexual and reproductive
health.
 It also stated the child marriage percentage (by age 18) in India was at 23 between 2006-2023.
• Health Specific findings by the report:
 The report showed that the maternal deaths in India have fallen significantly, accounting for 8% of all such mortalities
worldwide.
 India’s success is often the result of improved access to affordable, quality maternal health services as well as efforts to
address the impact of gender discrimination on health outcomes but still there are loopholes when it comes to maternal
health risk.
  In relation to the report on “Estimates and Correlates of District-Level Maternal Mortality Ratio in India” by Public Library of
Science (PLOS) Global Public Health, UNFPA highlighted that 640 districts in India have achieved the sustainable development
goal of reducing maternal mortality ratio below 70 per 100,000 live births but still 114 districts have ratios of 210 or more.
 The highest ratio of maternal mortality was seen in Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh, a rural area with a high proportion of
indigenous peoples (1,671 per 100,000 births).
 The report showed that the women with disabilities tend to experience 10 times more gender-based violence than their peers
without disabilities
 Women and girls with disabilities, migrants and refugees, ethnic minorities, LGBTQIA+ people, people living with HIV and
disadvantaged castes face greater sexual and reproductive health risks and also unequal access to sexual and
reproductive health care. This is enhanced by climate change, humanitarian crises and mass migration
 On the other hand, better healthcare access has mostly helped rich women and people from ethnic groups who already had
good access to healthcare.
• Global Outcomes of the report
 The report said that 800 women die every day giving birth, unchanged since 2016.
 The women’s bodily independence to take decisions is diminishing shown by the 40% of countries with data. Despite all the
challenges, UNFPA has tried to reduce the unintended pregnancy rate by nearly one-fifth, lowered the maternal death rate by
one-third, and secured laws against domestic violence in more than 160 countries.
• IMO
• “World Migration Report 2024”
 India Received over USD 111 Billion in Remittances in 2022
 India becomes the 1st country to surpass the USD 100 billion mark
International remittances surged by 650%, from USD 128 billion to USD 831 billion between 2000
and 2022
 After India, Mexico is the 2nd highest recipient of remittance in the world and received USD 61.10 billion as remittance in
2022.
 China, which held 2nd position in terms of highest remittances globally for the longest time, was replaced by Mexico and
eventually dropped to 3rd position, with USD 51 billion remittances in 2022 followed by The Philippines (USD 38.05 billion) and
France(USD 30.4 billion).
 Only 3 Southern Asian countries i.e. India, Pakistan (6th position with USD 30 billion) and Bangladesh (8th position with USD
21.5 billion) are among the top 10 recipients of international remittances in the world.
 Migrants from countries such as India, Egypt, Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Kenya mostly work in sectors such as: construction,
hospitality, security, domestic work and retail
 The report underscored various risks faced by migrants from sub-region including: financial exploitation, excessive financial
debt due to migration costs, xenophobia and workplace abuses
 Gulf countries remained the favorable destinations for migrant workers from around the world.
 Migrants in United Arab Emirates(U.A.E.), Kuwait and Qatar accounted for 88% , 73% and 77% of population,
respectively.
 International Mobile Students
 United States of America(U.S.A.) is the largest source of destination country for international mobile students followed
by United Kingdom (U.K.), Australia, Germany and Canada.
 Asian countries are origins of the largest source of internationally mobile students
□ In 2021, China, with more one million students topped the list of origins of largest source of internationally mobile
students followed by India(508,000).
 There are more female than male international migrants in destination countries such as: U.S., Canada, France, among
others
 Countries with high percentage of male emigrants than female are: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan.
 India-Specific
 India is the largest source of migrants globally as nearly 1.8 million people, accounts to 1.3% of India’s population are
international migrants.
 India remained one of the top countries in terms of receiving remittances in 2010 (USD 53.48 billion), 2015 (USD 68.91
billion), and 2020 (USD 83.15 billion
 India as the 13th most popular destination country in the world for immigrants. It has the presence of 4.48 million
immigrants from different countries.
□ 4 migration corridors that India has with others countries, among the top 10 international country-country
migration corridors: India-UAE, India-U.S.A, India-Saudi Arabia and India-Bangladesh.