Name:Anita Yang

Date:1/3/23
Period:5

States of Matter Notes

Directions: Take notes based on the slide show presentation.

What are the states of matter?

● States of matter are the physical forms a substance can take.
● There are three common states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.
● Each of these states is also called a phase.
● States or phases of matter are water.

States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas

Example of water in An iceberg is made of A glass of water A cloud is made of
each state. water in solid form. contain liquid water. water vapor, a type of
gas.
Shape They have a definite They don’t have a They don’t hae a
shape. definite shape. definite shape.
Volume They also have a They do have a They also don’t have
*The space an object takes up.
definite volume (the definite volume. a definite volume.
amount of space an
object takes up).
Forces of Attraction The particles are The particles are The are held together
*Ability to be held together on
an atomic level.
packed tightly and spaced farther apart by extremely weak
held together by and are held together forces of attraction.
strong forces of by weaker forces of Extremely weak
attraction. Strong attraction than solids. nuclear forces.
nuclear forces. Weaker nuclear
forces.
Particle Movement The particles can The particles move The particles moves
*Particles can be atoms,
molecules, compounds or
vibrate in place but slightly (particle freely (particle
mixtures. cannot move from movement), which movement) and will
their position. That’s allows liquids to flow expand to fill a
 why they maintain and take the shape of container of any size
their rigid shape. the container they or shape.
are in.
Kinetic Energy They have low kinetic The kinetic energy of High energy, move
*The amount of energy due to
particle motion.
energy since they the particles move fast colliding with
vibrate in place. faster than a solid more force.
and flow past each
other.
Diagram

Plasma
● A plasma is an ionized gas.
● A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is
affected by magnetic fields.
● Plasmas, like gases, have an indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume.
● Almost 99% of the universe is made of plasma. All of the
sun’s matter is in the plasma state.
● Examples of Plasma
○ Lightning, Aurora, the sun, Stars, plasma ball, Neon Lights.

Bose Einstein Condensate

● In the 1920’s a young physicist Satyendranath Bose, conducted experiments with the
behavior of photons of light.
● Bose shared his work with Einstein who believes that all matter would behave the same
way under extremely cold conditions.
● At temperatures near absolute zero particles would slow down and act as one.
● This is known as a condensate.
● In 1995 scientists were finally able to achieve temperatures near absolute zero and
created the new matter known as “BEC”.
This concludes your Flip the Classroom notes. The remainder of these notes will be completed later in the week.

Phase Changes

Phase Change:A reversible physical changes that occurs when matter changes from one state
to another..
● Phase changes are physical change, because the composition of matter stays the same.

What is the difference between temperature and thermal (heat) energy?

● Temperature:The measure of the average kinetic energy of te atoms molecules of

substance.
○ A measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a reference point which
the celsius scale is the freezing and boiling points of water.
○ Units:oC, oF and Kelvin (K)

● Thermal (Heat) Energy: The transfer of thermal energy from a higher temperature to a
lower temperature.
○ Kinetic Energy: Energy due to motion of atoms.
○ Units: Joules (J).

Let’s Practice:

1. When the average kinetic energy increases, what happens to the alcohol in the
thermometer?
The alcohol molecules move faster because the thermal energy is increasing. The liquid
moves up. .

2. When the average kinetic energy decreases, what happens to the alcohol in the
thermometer?
The alcohol molecules move slower, because the thermal and energy is decreasing. The
liquid moves down..
 Demo Time!

Kinetic Theory: Particles that make p matter are in constant motion and face a
fore of attraction for each other..

What are Phase Changes (state of matter changes)?

**Label the Phase Change Diagram using the word bank in the Google Drawing below.**

Temperature Vs. Thermal (Heat) EnergyGraph

Starting Phase Ending Phase or Is there a Is there a

Phase Change or State of State of matter temperature thermal (heat)
matter change? energy change?

Solid Liquid No Yes, it increases

Melting

Liquid Solid No Yes, it decreases

Freezing

Liquid Gas No Yes, it increases

Vaporization
 Gas Liquid No Yes, it decreases
Condensation

What is the difference between Endothermic and Exothermic Phase Change?

● Endothermic Phase Change:A physical change in which a system absorbs energy from its
surroundings. .

● Exothermic Phase Change:A physical change in which a system releases energy to its
surroundings. .

Phase Changes Triangle

Diagram Analysis:

● Endothermic Phase Change Examples:

■ Melting.
■ Vaporization .
■ Sublimation .

● Exothermic Phase Change Examples:

■ Freezing .
■ Condensation .
■ Deposition .

Starting Phase Ending Phase or Is there a Is there a

Phase Change or State of State of matter temperature thermal (heat)
matter change? energy change?

Solid Gas No Yes, it increases

Sublimation

Gas Solid No Yes, it decreases

Deposition
Practice:
1. Melting occurs when a solid changes to a liquid. When this phase change occurs heat
energy is increasing, but the temperature stays the same until the entire substance
changes state.
a. The melting point for iron is 2,800℉ (1,538℃). The melting point for ice is 32℉
(0℃). Melting points vary but are unique to every substance.

2. Freezing occurs when a liquid changes to a solid. When this phase change occurs heat
energy is decreasing, but the temperature stays the same until the entire substance
changes state.
a. The freezing point for iron is 2,800℉ (1,538℃). The freezing point for water is 32℉
(0℃). Freezing points vary but are unique to every substance.

3. True or False: Melting point = Freezing point

True

4. Vaporization occurs when a liquid changes to a gas. When this phase change occurs heat
energy is increasing, but the temperature stays the same until the entire substance
changes state.
a. Vaporization occurs when a substance reaches its boiling point. This occurs
throughout the entire liquid.
b. Evaporation is a form of vaporization, but occurs below the boiling point at the
surface of the liquid.
c. The vaporization or boiling point for iron is 5,198℉ (2,870℃). The vaporization or
boiling point for water is 212℉ (100℃). Vaporization points vary but are unique to
every substance.

5. Condensation occurs when a gas changes to a liquid. When this phase change occurs
heat energy is decreasing, but the temperature stays the same until the entire substance
changes state.

6. Sublimation occurs when a solid changes directly to a gas, skipping the liquid phase.
When this phase change occurs heat energy is increasing but the temperature stays the
same until the entire substance changes state.
a. Dry Ice sublimes when solid carbon dioxide changes directly to the gas form of
carbon dioxide.
7. Deposition occurs when a gas changes directly to a solid, skipping the liquid phase.
When this phase change occurs heat energy is decreasing, but the temperature stays the
same until the entire substance changes state.
a. Frost can occur when water vapor (gas) undergoes deposition to form ice crystals
(solid) on the grass.

8. True or False: As heat energy is released, the change will be an exothermic physical
change.
True

9. True or False: As heat energy is absorbed, the change will be an endothermic physical
change.
True

10. Observe the infographic below.