Chapter 3

Chapter stoichiometry
3:

Objectives
hmmm

*1 Chemical Equations
chemical physical changes
•
VS .

balancing equations
•

combustion reactions
•

# 22 The mole
•
What is a mole & how is it useful ?
•
Moll to mole Ratios from the subscripts
of chemical formulas
•
mole to mole ratios from the
coefficients of balanced equations
* 33
Limiting & Excess Reactants

limiting
•
Understand & excess

reagents in reaction

1*-44 Theoretical , Actual , & Penent Yield

11¥55 Empirical formulas Composition

,
% &
Combustion Analysis .
'
chemical Equations
* When a substance undergoes a

physical change , it maintains its

chemical composition .

ex
melting freezing vaporization
:
,
,

(phase
changes )

* when a substance undergoes a

chemical
change its atoms& rearrange
,

to form different substances a

chemical reaction occurs .

color bubbles , odor temp

changes
: or
ex ,

change , formation of precipitate .

 Law of conservation of mass :
states that there is no detectable change
in mass during the course of any chemical
reactions

since atoms are not created or destroyed in a

chemical reactions ,
chemical equations must be
Balanced .

He
But how do we do this ?

1. Balance atom at a time , starting w/

one
the substance that has the most elements
present .

2. We usually prefer to use the smallest

whole # -

coefficients .

3. Check each atom to ensure that the

equation is balanced .
 Practice Problems
1. Fe ( s ) + H2O (g) > Fez Ods ) + Hz (g)

2 .
When
aq
. soln of ammonium phosphate &

magnesium nitrate are mixed , they form

solid magnesium phosphate & an og
.
Sol n

of ammonium nitrate .
Write balanced equation .
* A combustion rxn is one in which a substance
burns in heat & exhibiting
oxygen ,
releasing a

flame
* When (a substance containing
hydrocarbon
a
only
C & H ) or a compound
containing only ↳ It & 0 ,

Undergoes complete combustion it reacts w/ 02 (g) ,

&
produces CO2 (g) & H2O ( l) .

3. C4H , o (g) +
02cg ) > CO2 (g) 1-11-20 ( l)
 2
The Moll
A unit of measure developed for
counting molecules & atoms is the mole .

One mole of particles contains the

Sanne # of particles as there are carbon atoms
12 g of 12C
is
exactly .

The # of particles in one mole is

6. 022 ✗ 1023 particles =

Avogadro 's # .

Mole concept
First , mole is a second , mole
provides mole
-

number word relates to mass to -

mole ratios

One mole of an element

Allows us to determine
7. 7m01 H2o ✗ 6-022×10"mo1ecu has to
.
a mass equal 90 ant relationship
1m01 H2O
.

the atomic weight of

btw reactants & products
that element
" ingrams
=
4.7×10 Ha 0
molecules 1m01 11-2--2×1.008=2-0169
H2O
 2 places to get mole -
to mole ratios :
-

1. Mole to mole ratios from chemical

- -

formulas

2. Mole to Moll ratios from the coefficients

-
-

of balanced Equations

Lets see how this plays out w/ some practice !

1 How chloride ions are present
many in
.

?
25 .
O
g of aluminum chloride

2 . Consider : A/ ( s ) + HCl ( aq ) → Alas Caq) + Hzlg )

How of HCl are needed to react
many grams
w/ Al ?
completely 15.0 g
3
& Excess Reactants
Limiting
Most of the time in chemical reactions,
one of the reactants will be
completely
consumed while some portion of the
other reactants will be left over .

The reactant that is completely

-

consumed limiting reactant

=

The reactant that is not used

-

up
-_
excess reactant

Lets observe how to determine the limiting

reagent . . .

1. Fe 203 (s ) + 3 CO (g) >

2 Fe G) + 302 (g)
How grams of solid iron can be
many
formed if 50.0 of Fez 03 reacts w/ 10.0g of
g
co ?
4
Theoretical Actual , ,
& % Yield

1. NaCl ( s ) + Has 0g Cag) >

NAH sods ) + HCl (g)

IF the %
yield for this
process is known
to be 80.7%
,

how
many kg of NaCl should be treated in / ✗ s Hzsoa
in order to 75.0 HCl ?
obtain
kg
5

Empirical Formula 's % Composition &

, ,

Combustion Analysis
-

The empirical formula of a compound contains

the smallest whole -

# mole to
- -

mole ratio
of elements in that compound .

This is different from the molecular formula

which shows the actual # of atoms of each
element in a molecule .

If the empirical formula & molar mass of

a particular compound are known ,
the
molecular formula can be easily determined .

molar mass of unknown = ✗

molar mass
of empirical formula

✗ ( empirical formula) = moleulerfomule

 Another way to describe the combustion of
a compound is in terms of its % composition
by
mass .

mass % of ✗ =
mass of ✗ in 1m01 of compound ✗ 100%
mass of 1m01 of compound

→ The % composition by mass

of every element in a

compound can be determined

experimentally elemental
=

analysis .

1 What is the empirical formula of a

compound consisting of 48.64% C ,

8. 16 /°
H & 43 -2% 0
by mass
°
, .
2 Combustion of 5.00g Of unknown
hydrocarbons resulted in
15.14g of CO2 & 7. 7519

of H2O What
.
is the empirical formula of the
Unknown ?