Chapter 2

Atoms Molecules & 10ns

, ,

* Objective of this chapter :

1. The structure of atoms

a. What is an atom made of ?
b. Atomic # , mass #, & isotopes
c. What is an Ion ?

2. Atomic weight
?
a- What is atomic
weight
b. What & how is amu calculated ?

3. Elements & the Periodic Table

a.
Learning to identify metals nonmetals
, ,

& semimetals
b. Groups & periods

4. Molecules & tons

a. What is a molecule ? 10h ?
ions ?
b. What are polyatomic

5.
Naming
a.
Naming Compounds
Ionic
b. Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
C.
Naming Acids
1

The structure of Atoms

It was the
cumulative work of
scientists
many
we that has allowed
can
only talk about
electron density us to understand
" "

probabilities the basic structure

of an atom .

An atom is the smallest urn

identifiable unit of
element . . .
an
↓
+
1. proton nucleus
∅ 2. neutrons
-

3. electrons

An atom is mostly empty space w/ a

very tiny very dense nucleus , .

The # of protons of an
atom is reffered to a its >
an element is a substance
-

>
whose atoms all have the
,
same atomic #

The mass # of atom is the total # of

an

protons + neutrons .
 mass #
[
16
e element * Isotopes : atoms of the same
8 symbol element that have different
↑ # differ #
atomic #
Mass .

They in

of neutrons

In ordinary chemical rxns , the nucleus doesn't

but the # of e- that
change an atom possesses
can change .

Atom (#p= # e. neutral)

I
10h is a
charged particle resulting from the fact that
#p (
≠ # e
charged )

I ↓
Cations Anions
# p > # e- #p < # e-

lost e-
gain an e so
-

an

so ④ Charged charged
-

Nat :(I
-

ex : ex

It important to pay close attention to

is
whether a particle is charged or neutral
BECAUSE
An ion possesses properties that are quite
different from those of a neutral atom
2
Atomic Weight
The Sl unit of
mass is the kg
but when dealing
w/ individual
atoms , more

convenient to use :

Atomic Mass

Unit
( amu )

412th of
'
I am 4 =
the mass of a
single 2C atom

1 am u =
mass of one % atom

12

-37
/ amu
=
1.660539 ✗ 10
kg

The atomic weight of an element is

defined as the weighted average of the

isotopic of the elements naturally
'

masses

occurring isotopes .
Practice Problems
3

Elements & the Periodic Table

The periodic table is an indispensable tool for
understanding & classifying many of the properties of
elements

metals Nonmetals
Good conductors of Not conductive
-
-

heat & electricity

-

Not malleable or

malleable ductile
-

Ductile
-

Not lustrous
Lustrous Tend to
gain electrons
- -

Tend to lose & & become negatively

-

e-

become ④ Charged charged anions .

cations
* The behind the periodic table
main idea
is that elements in a given vertical
column have similar chemical & physical
properties .
4
Molecules & 10ns
Two of the most structural
important
:
units that we encounter in nature are

MOLECULES IONS
hmm now
( ionic compounds ]
A separate distinct Oppositely charged
•
•
, ,

electrically neutral ions are held

group consisting of eye, in ◦ awe,
a well defined # of 3D structure called
atoms crystal lattice

or
lets elaborate !

NaCl
C. Salt )

The formula of an ionic compound

represents the formula unit , which
is the smallest electrically&
neutral collection of cations
anions
H&m do we determine if
substance is ionic or
a

molecular ? ]
-

If we are
looking @ a binary
compound - -
-

a) if both elements are nonmetals

then the compound is
molecular .

b) if element is a metal &

one
the other is nonmetal ,

the compound is ironic .

5

Naming
A.
Naming Ionic Compounds

Monatomic Cations
Polyatomic Cations

Monatomic Anions
Polyatomic Anions

Polyatomic
"

ending
"
anions in
-
ide

Oxy anions
" "

ending in ate

" " "

" -

ate & -

ite anions
 Oxy anions Related to chlorate 005

+
Polyatomic 10ns formed
C- 2
by Adding H
to a
highly charged 3) oxy anion
-

or

Names & Formula of Ionic compounds

1. The name of the cation is listed first
followed by the name of the anion .

2. Number
prefixes are not used

3. The overall formula for an ionic compound

be neutral
must
electrically
4.
Only use parenthesis if you have more
than one of a polyatomic ion .
 Practice Problems
1- Given the name of ionic compound ,

determine its formula .

a) calcium chloride

b)
Magnesium Nitrate

C) Ammonium Sulfite

d) Zinc chlorate
b) Naming Binary Molecular

Compounds
A systematic approach :
1- Name the elements in the order
they are written in the formula ,

end to
changing
" "
-

i de .

2. Use numerical prefixes . Few

exceptions :

A) do not use mono on 1ˢᵗ element

b) do not use prefixes at all
if first element is
hydrogen

common Names to memorize :

 Practice Problems
Name the
1-
following compounds
:

a) PCI }

b) As Br }

C) HCl

d) ICI }
c) Naming Acids

Acids are molecular compounds that produce

H +
ions when dissolved in water
 Practice Problems
1) Name the following acids :

a) HF

b) Actor

2.) Give the formula for the following acids :

a) Hydro sthenic acid

b) Chlorous acid
 Naming Compounds Summary
Is your compound
:

↓ r ↓
IONIC
inn
MCEVER ACIDIC

r r u

1- Name cation ,
1. Name first 1- Determine
then anion element name & formula
of anion
2. No # prefixes 2. 2nd
Change
element ending 2. Name acid
3. The overall to idle
-

based on

formula of an
ending
ionic
compound 3. Use # prefixes anion
is
charge but keep the
neutral exceptions in mind