Appendix: List of formula

Statistics and Probability Differentiation and integration

∑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥̅ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = limit { }
𝑛 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
∑ 𝑓𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑥̅ = (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 + 𝑣
∑𝑓 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∑{𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 } ( )=
𝜎=√ 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
∑𝑓 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= ×𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑛! 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
(𝑛 − 𝑘)! 2
= ( )×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛𝑘 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑛! =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑘! (𝑛 − 𝑘)! 𝑑𝑢
(𝑛 + 𝑘 − 1)! 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
2

𝑘! (𝑛 − 𝑘)! = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝐶𝑥𝑛 (𝑝)𝑥 (𝑞)𝑛−𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑧= [𝑓(𝑦)] = [𝑓(𝑦)] ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜎 𝑑 𝑓′(𝑥)
[ln 𝑓(𝑥)] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
Trigonometric function
sin 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 = 1 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
cot 2𝜃 + 1 = cosec 2𝜃 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
1 + tan 2𝜃 = sec 2𝜃 ∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = cos 2𝐴 − sin 2𝐴 𝑓′(𝑥)
= 2cos 2𝐴 − 1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥)
= 1 − 2sin 2𝐴 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛+1
𝑛
2 tan 𝐴 ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
tan 2𝐴 = (𝑛 + 1)(𝑎)
1 − tan 2𝐴 𝑑
1 (𝑓(𝑥))𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑓(𝑥))𝑛−1 (𝑓′(𝑥))
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)] 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑 𝑓′(𝑥)
1 (ln(𝑓(𝑥))) =
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)] 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
2
1 𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑦
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)] (𝑦 ) = 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = − [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)] = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑓(𝑦), ∫ 𝑓(𝑦) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑄, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑄𝑑𝑥
− cos 𝑛+1𝜃 𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 𝑛𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
Logarithms
𝑛 sin 𝑛+1𝜃
∫ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = +𝐶 log(𝐴 × 𝐵) = log 𝐴 + log 𝐵
𝑛+1 𝐴
log ( ) = log 𝐴 − log 𝐵
𝐵
Mean value theorem log 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝐴
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎

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 Area under curve Centroid of area
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥̅ = 𝑏
𝑎
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑏
Volumes of solids of revolution ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑎
𝑏 𝑦̅ = 𝑏
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
1
𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥(𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥
Laplace transform 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎
∞ 𝑏
1 1
ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑦̅ = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)2 − 𝑔(𝑥)2 ]𝑑𝑥
0 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎 2
ℒ{𝑘𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝑘ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)}
ℒ{𝑎𝑓(𝑡) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝑎ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} + 𝑏ℒ{𝑔(𝑡)}
ℒ{𝑓′(𝑡)} = 𝑠ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} − 𝑓(0)
ℒ{𝑓′′(𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓′(0)

Partial fraction
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
≡ + +
(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑥 + 𝑎) (𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
≡ + + +
(𝑥 + 𝑎)3 (𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑥 + 𝑎) (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 (𝑥 + 𝑎)3 (𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑐
2
≡ 2
+
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 + 𝑑) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑥 + 𝑑)

Series
𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑒 =1+𝑥+ + + +⋯
2! 3! 4!
′ (0)
𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥 3 ′′′
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) …
2! 3!
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 𝑛−3 3
(𝑎 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑥 +⋯
2! 3!
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … . . to(𝑟 − 1)term 𝑛−(𝑟−1) 𝑟−1
𝑎 𝑥
(𝑟 − 1)!

Laplace transform
𝑓(𝑡) ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} 𝑓(𝑡) ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} 𝑓(𝑡) ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)}
1 1 t 1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑛!
𝑠 𝑠2 (𝑠 − 𝑎)𝑛+1
k 𝑘 𝑡2 2! 𝑎𝑡
𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝜔
𝑠 𝑠3 (𝑠 − 𝑎)2 + 𝜔 2
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 1 𝑡𝑛 𝑛! 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑠−𝑎
𝑠−𝑎 𝑠 𝑛+1 (𝑠 − 𝑎)2 + 𝜔 2
sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 sinh 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 sinh 𝜔𝑡 𝜔
𝑠 + 𝑎2
2 𝑠 − 𝑎2
2 (𝑠 − 𝑎)2 − 𝜔 2
cos 𝑎𝑡 𝑠 cosh 𝑎𝑡 𝑠 𝑎𝑡
𝑒 cosh 𝜔𝑡 𝑠−𝑎
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 (𝑠 − 𝑎)2 − 𝜔 2

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 Differentiation Integration
y 𝑑𝑦 y
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑎 +𝑐
𝑛+1
sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥 1
sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎
cos 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥 1
− cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎
tan 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 sec 2𝑎𝑥 sec 2𝑎𝑥 1
tan 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎
sec 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 sec 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑎𝑥 sec 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑎𝑥 1
sec 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎
cosec 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎 cosec 𝑎𝑥 cot 𝑎𝑥 cosec 𝑎𝑥 cot 𝑎𝑥 1
− cosec 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎
cot 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎 cosec 2𝑎𝑥 cosec 2𝑎𝑥 1
− cot 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 1 𝑎𝑥
𝑒 +𝑐
𝑎
ln 𝑎𝑥 1 1 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
sinh 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 cosh 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑎𝑥 1
ln(sec 𝑎𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑎
cosh 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 sinh 𝑎𝑥 tan 2𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
tanh 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 sech2 𝑎𝑥 cot 2𝑥 − cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
sech 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎 sech 𝑎𝑥 tanh 𝑎𝑥
cosech 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎 cosech 𝑎𝑥 coth 𝑎𝑥
coth 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎 cosech2 𝑎𝑥

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