Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

Sample Paper - 5
Solutions

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

Class- XI
Sample paper - 5
General Instructions:
(i) All questions are compulsory. There are 37 questions in all.
(ii) This question paper has 4 sections: Section-A, Section-B, Section-C & Section-D.
(iii) Section A contains 20 questions of one mark.
(iv) Section-B contain 7 questions of 2 marks.
(v) Section-C contains 7 questions of 3 marks
(vi) Section- D contains 3 questions of 5 marks each.
(vii) There is no overall choice. However internal choices are provided. You have to
attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
(viii) Use of calculators is not permitted. However, you may use log tables if necessary.

SECTION - A
Question 1:
The escape speed for an object from the surface of the Earth is:
(a) 11.2 km-s-1
(b) 25.8 km-s-1
(c) 15.6 km-s-1
(d) 76 km-s-1
Answer:
Correct option is (a): 11.2 km-s-1
The escape speed for an object from the surface of the Earth is 11.2 km-s-1.

Question 2:
Give formula for ‘Mean free path’.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

Answer:
The mean free path l is the average distance covered by a molecule between
two successive collisions:
l = 1/√2∏d2n
Where, n is the number density and d is the diameter of the molecule.

Question 3:
“To every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction”. This is the
statement of:
(a) Newton’s 1st law of motion.
(b) Newton’s 2nd law of motion.
(c) Newton’s 3rd law of motion.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
Correct option is (c): Newton’s 3rd law of motion.
Newton’s 3rd law of motion states that, “to every action, there is always an equal
and opposite reaction”.

Question 4:
How do you define the “average pressure” in case of a fluid?
Answer:
If F is the normal force exerted by a fluid on an area A, then the average
pressure Pav is defined as the ratio of the force to area;
Pav = F/A.

Question 5:
1 torr = __________ Pascal.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

(a) 133
(b) 143
(c) 153
(d) 173
Answer:
Correct option is (a): 133.
1 torr = 133 Pa

Question 6:
What Newton’s first law of motion states?
Answer:
Newton’s first law of motion:
“Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line, unless compelled by some external force to act otherwise”.
“If external force on a body is zero, its acceleration is zero”.

Question 7:
The amount of substance is called __________.
(a) gas
(b) Avogadro’s number
(c) a mole
(d) unified atomic mass
Answer:
Correct option is (c): a mole.
‘Amount of substance’ is a fundamental quantity. It is named as ‘mole’ and
its symbol is ‘mol’.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

Amount of substance: The mole is the amount of substance of a system,

which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kilogram of Carbon-12.

Question 8:
The SI unit of stress is:
(a) Pascal
(b) N-m2
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Joules
Answer:
Correct option is (c): both (a) and (b)
The SI unit of stress is N-m2 or Pascal (Pa).

Question 9:
What is Hooke’s law?
OR
A cricket ball is thrown at a speed of 30 m/s in a direction 300 above the
horizontal. Calculate the maximum height.
Answer:
For small deformations, the stress and strain are proportional to each other.
This is known as Hooke’s law.
Thus,
stress ∝ strain
stress = k × strain
where k is the proportionality constant and is known as modulus of
elasticity.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

OR
The maximum height is given by
hm = (v0sinӨ0)2/2g = (30sin (300))2/2×9.8 m = 11.48 m.

Question 10:
Give difference between uniform and non-uniform motions.
Answer:
If an object moving along the straight line covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time, it is said to be in uniform motion.
If an object does not cover equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is
said to be in non-uniform motion.
In the given figures: 1st figure shows uniform motion and the 2nd figure
shows non-uniform motion of an object.

Question 11:
What is the relation between time period and frequency, if the object is in
periodic motion?
Answer:
The motion that repeats itself is called periodic motion.
The period T is the time required for one complete oscillation, or cycle. It is
related to the frequency ν by,
T = 1/ ν.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

Question 12:
Find the scalar and vector products of two vectors, a = 2 + + 3 and b = -
+2 +5 .
OR
Find the torque of a force + + about the origin. The force acts on a
particle whose position vector is 3 + + 2 .
Answer:
a.b = (2 + + 3 ) (- +2 + 5 = -2+2+15 = 15

a×b= = - - 13 + 5 .

b×a= = - 13 + 5 .

OR
Here, r = 3 + + 2 .
And, F = + + .
τ=r×F

τ= = (1-4) + (3-2) + (6-1) .

τ = -3 + + 5 .

Question 13:
What is the temperature relation between two scales i.e., Farenheit and Celsius
scales?
Answer:
The Celsius temperature (tC) and the Farenheit temperare (tF) are related by:

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

tF = (9/5) tC + 32

Question 14:
Define thermal expansion.
Answer:
The increase in the dimensions of a body due to the increase in its
temperature is called thermal expansion.

Question 15:
What are thermodynamics state variables?
Answer:
The thermodynamic state variables are of two kinds: extensive and intensive
variables.
Extensive variables indicate the size of the system.
The variables whose values get halved in each part are extensive. As;
internal energy (U), volume (V) and mass (m).
Intensive variables do not indicate the size of the system and remain
unchanged for each part of the system.
Pressure (p), temperature (T) and density (ρ) are the intensive variables.

Question 16:
Define isothermal process.
Answer:
Isothermal process –
A process in which the temperature of the system is kept fixed throughout is
called an isothermal process.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

The expansion of a gas in a metallic cylinder placed in a large reservoir of

fixed temperature is an example of an isothermal process, where the heat
transferred from the reservoir to the system does not materially affect the
temperature of the reservoir, because of its very large heat capacity.

Question 17:
How many metres in 3 light years?
Answer:
Since, 1 light year = 1 ly = 9.46 × 1015 m.
(Distance that light travels with velocity of 3 × 108 m-s–1 in 1 year).
So, 3 light years = 3 × 9.46 × 1015metres = 28.38 × 1015metres.
3 light years = 2.838 × 1014metres.

Question 18:
Fill in the blanks:
(a) 1 fermi = __________ m.
(b) 1 Parsec = __________ m.
Answer:
(1) 1 fermi = 10-15 m.
(2) 1 parsec = 3.08 × 1016 m.

Question 19:
How do you define the period of oscillation of the wave?
Answer:
Period T of oscillation of a wave is defined as the time any element of the
medium takes to move through one complete oscillation.
It is related to the angular frequency ω through the relation;

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

T = 2∏/ꙍ.

Question 20:
What are the units and dimensions for wave speed?
Answer:
Wave speed:
Unit: m-s-1.
Dimension: [LT-1].

SECTION - B
Question 21:
A body constrained to move along the z-axis of a coordinate system is
subject to a constant force F is given by:
F=2 +3 +4 N
where , and are unit vectors along x, y- and z-axis of the system
respectively. What is the work done by this force in moving the body a
distance of 3 m along the z-axis?
Answer:
Force exerted on the body,
F=2 +3 +4 N
Displacement, s = 5 m.
Work done, W = F.s = (2 + 3 + 4 )( 5 )
W = (0+0+4×5) = 20J.
Therefore, 20J of work is done by the force on the body.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

Question 22:
A string of mass 5.00 kg is under a tension of 350 N. The length of the
stretched string is 20.0 m. If the transverse jerk is struck at one end of the
string, how long does the disturbance take to reach the other end?
Answer:
Mass of the string, M = 5.00 kg.
Tension in the string, T = 350 N.
Length of the string, l = 20.0 m.
Mass per unit length, μ = M/l = 5/20 = 0.25 kg/m.

So, velocity of the transverse wave, v =

v= = 37.41 m/s.

Therefore, the time taken by the transverse wave to reach the other side is:
t = l/v = 20/37.41 = 0.53 s.

Question 23:
The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is T=2∏√L/√g. Measured
value of L is 25.0cm. known to 1mm. accuracy and time for 100 oscillations
of the pendulum is found to be 80 sec. using a wrist watch of 1s resolution.
What is the accuracy in the determination of g?
Answer:
g=4∏2L/T2.
Here, T=t/n and ∆t/n. Therefore, ∆T/T=∆t/t.
The errors in both L and t are the least count errors. Therefore,
(∆g/g) = (∆L/L) + 2(∆T/T) = 0.1/25.0 + 2(1/80) = 0.029.
Thus, the percentage error in g is:
100(∆g/g) = 100(∆L/L) + 2×100(∆T/T).

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

1%+2% = 3%.

Question 24:
What does second law of thermodynamic state?
OR
Give units, symbols and dimensions for the following quantities:
(a) Co-efficient of volume expansion.
(b) Heat supplied to a system.
Answer:
The second law of thermodynamics disallows some processes consistent
with the First Law of Thermodynamics. It states;
No process is possible whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a
reservoir and complete conversion of the heat into work. [Kelvin – Plank
statement]
No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a colder
object to a hotter object. [Clausius statement]
Therefore, the second Law of thermodynamics implies that no heat engine
can have efficiency η equal to 1 or no refrigerator can have co-efficient of
performance α equal to infinity.
OR
(a) Co-efficient of volume expansion:
Symbol – αv.
Unit – K-1.
Dimension- [K-1].
(b) Heat supplied to a system:
Symbol – ∆Q.
Unit – J.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

Dimension – [ML2T-2].

Question 25:
A utensil filled with hot food cools from 96 °C to 84 °C in 4 minutes when the
room temperature is at 20 °C. How long will it take to cool from 65°C to
63°C?
Answer:
The average temperature of 96 °C and 84 °C is 90 °C, which is 70 °C above
the room temperature. Under these conditions the pan cools 12°C in 4
minutes.
So,

= K∆T

120C/4 min = K(700C)

The average of 65°C and 63°C is 64°C, which is 44°C above room
temperature. K is the same for this situation as for the original.
20C/time = K(440C)
When we divide above two equations, we have
120C × time/20C × 4min = K(700C)/ K(440C)
Time = 1.06 min. = 63.6 sec.

Question 26:
What is theorem of parallel axes?
Answer:
The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the sum of the
moment of inertia of the body about a parallel axis passing through its
centre of mass and the product of its mass and the square of the distance
between the two parallel axes.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

According to the above figure, z and z′ are two parallel axes, separated by a
distance a. The z-axis passes through the centre of mass O of the rigid body.
Then according to the theorem of parallel axes:
Iz’ = Iz + Ma2
where Iz and Iz′ are the moments of inertia of the body about the z and z′
axes respectively, M is the total mass of the body and a is the perpendicular
distance between the two parallel axes.

Question 27:
A spring balance has a scale that reads from 0 to 50 kg. The length of the
scale is 15 cm. A body suspended from this balance, when displaced and
released, oscillates with a period of 0.4 s. What is the weight of the body?
OR
Explain: “average velocity” and “average speed”.
Answer:
Maximum mass that the scale can read, M = 50 kg.
Maximum displacement of the spring = length of the scale,
l = 15 cm = 0.15 m.
Time period, T = 0.4 s.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

Maximum force exerted on the spring, F = mg

Where, acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2.
F = (50 × 9.8) N = 490 N.
So, spring constant, k = (F/l) = (490/0.15) = 3266.64 N/m.
Since, the mass, m is suspended from the balance.
Therefore,
Weight of the body = mg
We can find out the value of m by the relation,
m = (T/2∏)2k
m = (0.5/2×3.14)2 ×3266.64 = 20.71 kg.
So, weight of the body = mg = 20.71 × 9.8 = 202.9 N.
Hence, the weight of the body is about 202.9N.
OR
Average velocity is defined as the change in position or displacement (∆x)
divided by the time intervals (∆t), in which the displacement occurs:
= x2-x1/t2-t1 = ∆x/∆t
where x2 and x1 are the positions of the object at time t2 and t1, respectively.
The average velocity can be positive or negative depending upon the sign of
the displacement. It is zero if the displacement is zero.
In the figure given below: (a) shows position-time graph for an object
moving with positive velocity, (b) shows position-time graph for an
object moving with negative velocity, (c) shows position-time graph for an

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

object at rest.
Average speed is defined as the total path length travelled divided by the
total time interval during which the motion has taken place:
Average speed= Total path length/Total time interval
Average speed has the same unit (ms–1) as that of velocity.
Average speed does not tell us in what direction an object is moving.
Thus, average speed is always positive (in contrast to the average velocity
which can be positive or negative).
If the motion of an object is along a straight line and in the same direction,
the magnitude of displacement is equal to the total path length. In that case,
the magnitude of average velocity is equal to the average speed.

SECTION - C
Question 28:
A spaceship is stationed on Mars. How much energy must be expended on
the spaceship to launch it out of the solar system? Mass of the space ship =
1500 kg; mass of the sun = 2×1030 kg; mass of mars = 6.4×1023 kg; radius of
mars = 3395 km; radius of the orbit of mars = 2.28 ×108 km; G = 6.67×10-11 N
m2 kg–2.
Answer:
Mass of the spaceship, ms = 1500 kg.
Mass of the sun, M = 2 × 1030 kg.
Mass of mars, Mm = 6.4×1023 kg.
Radius of the orbit of mars, R = 2.28 × 1011 m.
Radius of mars, r = 3395 × 103m.
Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2kg-2.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

The potential energy of the spaceship due to the gravitational attraction of

the sun, Us = -GMmms/r.
Total energy of the spaceship, E = Um + Us = [-GMmms/R] + [-GMmms/r]
The negative sign indicates that the satellite is bound to the system.
Energy required to launch the spaceship out of the solar system = - (total
energy of the spaceship).
-E = [GMms/R] + [GMmms/r] = Gms(M/R + Mm/r)
-E = 6.67 × 10-11 × 1.5 × 103 × (2.0 × 1030/2.28 × 1011 + 6.4 × 1023/3.395 × 106 )
J.
-E = 8.77 × 109 J.

Question 29:
A bob of mass 0.2 kg hung from the ceiling of a room by a string 4 m long is
set into oscillation. The speed of the bob at its mean position is 1.5 m/s.
What is the trajectory of the bob if the string is cut, when the bob is (a) at
one of its extreme positions, and (b) at its mean position?
Answer:
(a) At each extreme position, the velocity of bob is zero because it is only
under the influence of gravity at the extreme position. Hence, the bob will
fall vertically on the ground.
(b) At each mean position, the velocity of the bob is 1.5 m/s along the
tangent to the arc, which is in horizontal direction. So, if the string is cut at
the mean position, the bob will behave as horizontal projectile and will
follow a parabolic path.

Question 30:
Explain:

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

(a) Bernoulli’s principle

(b) Gauge pressure
Answer:
(a) Bernoulli’s principle states that, as we move along a streamline, the sum
of the pressure (P), the kinetic energy per unit volume (ρv2/2) and the
potential energy per unit volume (ρgy) remains a constant.
P + ρv2/2 + ρgy = constant.
(b) The gauge pressure is the difference of the actual pressure and the
atmospheric pressure.
P – Patm = Pg
Many pressure-measuring devices measure the gauge pressure.
These include the tyre pressure gauge and the blood pressure gauge
(sphygmomanometer).

Question 31:
Formulize Hooke’s law according to the three types of stresses.
Answer:
When an object is under tension or compression, the Hooke’s law takes the
form;
F/A = Y∆L/L
where ∆L/L is the tensile or compressive strain of the object, F is the
magnitude of the applied force causing the strain, A is the cross-sectional
area over which F is applied (perpendicular to A) and Y is the young’s
modulus for the object. The stress is F/A.
In Shearing stress, the Hooke’s law takes the form;
F/A = G × ∆L/L

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

where ∆L is the displacement of one end of object in the direction of the

applied force F, and G is the shear modulus.
When an object undergoes hydraulic compression due to a stress exerted by
a surrounding fluid, the Hooke’s law takes the form
p = B (∆V/V),
where p is the pressure (hydraulic stress) on the object due to the fluid,
∆V/V (the volume strain) is the absolute fractional change in the object’s
volume due to that pressure and B is the bulk modulus of the object.

Question 32:
A stone tied to the end of a string 100 cm long is whirled in a horizontal
circle with a constant speed. If the stone makes 15 revolutions in 30s, what
is the magnitude and direction of acceleration of the stone.
Answer:

Radius, r = 100 cm = 1m.

Number of revolutions = 15
Time taken = 30s.
Frequency, ‫( = ט‬Number of revolutions)/ (Time taken) = 15/30 Hz.
Angular frequency, ꙍ = 2∏‫ = ט‬2 ∏× 15/30 = ∏ rad/s
Centripetal acceleration, ac = ꙍ2r
The direction of centripetal acceleration is always directed along the string,
toward the centre, at all points
ac = (∏)2×1 = 9.85 m/s2.

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

Question 33:
Differentiate between “path length” and “displacement”.
Answer:
Path Length
Path length is defined as the total
length of the path traversed by an
object.
The path length traversed by an
object between two points is, in
general, not the same as the
magnitude of displacement.
The path length (as the name
implies) depends on the actual
path.
Displacement
Displacement is defined as the
change in position: ∆x = x2 – x1.
The displacement depends only on
the end points.
In all other cases (except one-
dimensional motion), the path
length is greater than the
magnitude of displacement.

Question 34:
What is the force law for simple harmonic motion?
Answer:
Using Newton’s second law of motion, and the expression for acceleration
of a particle undergoing SHM, the force acting on a particle of mass m in
SHM is:
F(t) = ma = -mꙍ2x(t)
So, F(t) = -kx(t)
Where,
k = mꙍ2

ꙍ=

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Like acceleration, force is always directed towards the mean position.

Hence, it is sometimes called the restoring force in SHM. This is known as
the force law of simple harmonic motion.

SECTION - D
Question 35:
A star 2.0 times the mass of the sun and collapsed to a size of 15 km rotates
with a speed of 1.5 rev. per second. (Extremely compact stars of this kind
are known as neutron stars. Certain stellar objects called pulsars belong to
this category). Will an object placed on its equator remain stuck to its
surface due to gravity? (Mass of the sun = 2×1030 kg).
OR
Explain:
(a) Kinetic energy of a rolling body.
(b) Moment of inertia of a rigid body.
Answer:
If the outward centrifugal force will be lesser than the gravitational pull,
then an object remains stuck to the surface.
Gravitational force, fG = GMm/R2 [Neglecting negative sign]
Here, M = mass of the star = 2.0 × 2 × 1030 kg = 4.0 × 1030 kg.
m = mass of the object,
R = radius of the star = 15 km = 1.5 × 104 m.
Thus, fG = (6.67 × 10-11) × (4.0 × 1030) m / (1.5 × 104)2m N.
Therefore, fG = 11.85 × 1011 m.
Now, Centrifugal force, fc = mrꙍ2
Here, ꙍ = Angular speed = 2∏v
v = angular frequency = 1.5 rev-s-1

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fc = mR(2∏v)2 = m × (1.5 × 104 ) × (2 × 3.14 × 1.5)2 N.

fc = (133.1 × 104)m N = 1.33 × 106m N.
As fG > fc , the object will remain stuck to its surface.
OR
(a) Kinetic energy of a rolling body:
For rolling motion without slipping, vcm = Rꙍ
Where, vcm is the velocity of translation (i.e., of the center of mass, R is the
radius and m is the mass of the body.
The kinetic energy of such a rolling body is the sum of kinetic energies of
translation and rotation:
K = 1/2mvcm2 + 1/2Iꙍ2.
(b) Moment of inertia of a rigid body:
The moment of intertia of a rigid body about an axis is defined by the
formula:
I = ∑miri2
where ri is the perpendicular distance of the ith point of the body from the
axis.
And the kinetic energy of rotation of a body will be:
K = 1/2 Iꙍ2.

Question 36:
A nitrogen container of volume 45 litres has an initial gauge pressure of 20
atm and a temperature of 30 °C. After some nitrogen is withdrawn from the
container, the gauge pressure drops to 15 atm and its temperature drops to
15 °C. Estimate the mass of nitrogen taken out of the container (R = 8.31 J
mol–1 K–1, molecular mass of N2 = 28 u).

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Class 11 Physics | Sample Paper - 5 Solutions

Answer:
Volume of oxygen, V1 = 45 litres = 45 × 10-3 m3
Gauge pressure, p1 = 20 atm = 20 × 1.013 × 105 Pa.
Temperature, T1 = 300C = 303 K
Universal gas constant, R = 8.314 J-mol-1K-1.
Let the initial number of moles of nitrogen gas in the container be n 1.
The gas equation is given as;
p1V1 = n1RT1
n1 = (p1V1/RT1) = (20 × 1.013 × 105× 45 × 10-3)/ (8.314) (303)
n1 = 36
But, n1 = m1/M; where, m1 = initial mass of nitrogen.
M = molecular mass of nitrogen = 28 g.
m1 = n1M = (36 × 28) g = 1008 g.
After some nitrogen is withdrawn from the cylinder, the pressure and
temperature reduce.
Volume (V2) = 45 × 10-3 m3
Gauge pressure, p2 = 15 atm = 15 × 1.013 × 105 Pa
Temperature, T2 = 150C = 288 K
Let n2 be the number of moles of oxygen left in the cylinder.
The gas equation is given as;
p2V2 = n2RT2
n2 = (p2V2/RT2) = (15× 1.013 × 105 × 45 × 10-3)/ (8.314 × 288)
n2 = 28
But, n2 = m2/M; where m2 = (n2M)
So, m2 = 28 × 28 = 784 g.
The mass of nitrogen taken out of the container is given by the relation:

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Initial mass of nitrogen in the cylinder – final mass of nitrogen in the cylinder
= 1008 – 784 = 224 g = 0.224 kg.
Therefore, 0.224 kg. of oxygen is taken out of the container.

Question 37:
Derive theorem of perpendicular axes.
OR
Define:
(a) Specific heat capacity of a substance.
(b) Molar specific heat of a substance.
Answer:
It states that the moment of inertia of a planar body (lamina) about an axis
perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of its moments of inertia
about two perpendicular axes concurrent with perpendicular axis and lying
in the plane of the body.

According to the above figure, it shows a planar body. An axis perpendicular

to the body through a point O is taken as the z-axis. Two mutually
perpendicular axes lying in the plane of the body and concurrent with z-axis,
i.e., passing through O, are taken as the x and y-axes. The theorem states
that;

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Iz = I x + Iy
Where, Ix, Iy and Iz are the moment of inertia of the body about x-, y- and z-
axes respectively.
OR
(a) Specific heat capacity of a substance:
The specific heat capacity is the property of the substance which determines
the change in the temperature of the substance (undergoing no phase
change) when a given quantity of heat is absorbed (or given off) by it.
It is defined as the amount of heat per unit mass absorbed or given off by
the substance to change its temperature by one unit.
If ∆Q stands for the amount of heat absorbed or given off by a substance of
mass m when it undergoes a temperature change ∆T, then the specific heat
capacity, of that substance is given by;

s= =

where, S is the heat capacity of a substance.

The SI unit of specific heat capacity is J-kg–1 K–1.
It depends on the nature of the substance and its temperature.
(b) Molar specific heat of a substance:
If the amount of substance is specified in terms of moles µ, instead of mass
m in kg, we can define heat capacity per mole of the substance by;

C= =

where C is known as molar specific heat capacity of the substance.

It depends on the nature of the substance and its temperature.
The SI unit of molar specific heat capacity is J-mol–1 K–1.
In case of gases, heat transfer can be achieved by keeping either pressure or
volume constant.

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If the gas is held under constant pressure during the heat transfer, then it is
called the molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure and is denoted
by Cp.
If the volume of the gas is maintained during the heat transfer, then the
corresponding molar specific heat capacity is called molar specific heat
capacity at constant volume and is denoted by Cv.
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