Tissues

Group of cells having a common origin

and similar function are termed as
tissues.
For ex.- Muscular tissue, nervous tissue,
skeleton tissue..

Study of Tissue is called Histology

Cell Tissue Organ Organ System

Body
 Plant tissue

On the basis of the dividing capacity,

plant tissues are of two types:

Meristematic Permanent
tissues tissues
 Meristematic tissues:
Consist of actively-dividing cells. Meristematic
tissues are of three types:

Apical Intercalary Lateral

meristem: meristem: meristem:
Present at the Present at the base Present on the lateral
growing tips of of leaves or sides of the stems and
stems and roots. internodes. roots.

Important Important function: Important function:

function:
For the longitudinal To increase the
To increase the growth of plants. thickness of stems and
length of stems roots.
and roots.
Main Feature of Meristematic Tissue

• Vacuole absent
• Cytoplasm is dense
• Nucleus Prominent
• Cell wall is thin (made up of
cellulose).
• Active dividing Cells
Permanent Tissues:

Formed from meristematic tissues, the cells in the

tissue loose the ability to divider Permanent tissues
are divided into two categories:

Simple Permanent Tissue Complex Permanent Tissue

Consist of only one type of cells Made up of more than one type of cells
(Conducting tissues.)
What is Differentiation ?
Types of simple permanent tissues:

Parenchyma: Collenchyma: Sclerenchyma:

Composed of Composed of living Composed of long,
unspecialised living and elongated cells narrow, and thick-
cells with relatively with cell walls walled cells. This
thin cell walls, irregularly thickened tissue is made up of
intercellular space, at the corners. No dead cells and there
present in soft intercellular space. It are no intercellular
parts of the plant. provides mechanical spaces. Sclerenchyma
Their main function support and elasticity cells are dead, present
is storage. to plant. It helps in in seeds, nuts, the
bending of leaves and husk of a coconut,
stems. fibres of jute etc.
Types of complex permanent tissues:

Xylem: Phloem:
Conducts food material
Conducts water and from the leaves to the
minerals from the different parts of the
roots to the different plant.
parts of the plant. Composed of four
Composed of four different types of cells—
different types of sieve tubes, companion
cells—tracheids, cells, phloem
vessels, xylem parenchyma and
parenchyma and xylem phloem fibres.
fibres.
Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a transverse
section through the stem of a woody plant. xylem (orange, centre.
Surrounding the xylem is the phloem (brown),
Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of transverse
section of Pea stem, showing vascular bundle.
 Animal tissues
Animals move around in search of food and shelter.
They consume more energy as compared to plants.
Most of the animal tissues are living. The structural
organization of organ and organ system is more
complex in animals.
Animal tissues are classified into four types based on
the functions they perform:

1) Epithelial (protection)
2) Connective (Connection)
3) Muscular (locomotion)
4) Nervous (Control and coordination)
Epithelial tissues
 It consists of cells which form
membranes.
 This membrane covers the body surface
and the glands.
 The covering or protective tissues in the
animal body are epithelial tissues.
 Epithelium covers most organs and
cavities within the body.
 It also forms a barrier to keep different
body systems separate.
 The skin, the lining of the mouth,
the lining of blood vessels, lung
alveoli and kidney tubules are all
made of epithelial tissue.
 The cells are tightly packed and
form a continuous sheet.
 They have only a small amount of
cementing material between them
and almost no intercellular spaces.
 Simple squamous epithelium

Single layer of flat cells.

Location in the human body: Lining of the mouth,

oesophagus, lung, alveoli, etc.
 Stratified squamous epithelium
The cells are arranged in many layers.
Since they are arranged in a pattern of layers, the epithelium is
called stratified squamous
The skin, which protects the body, is made of squamous epithelium.
 Columnar Epithelium

It is present where absorption and secretion

occur, as in the inner lining of the intestine, tall
epithelial cells are present.
In the respiratory tract, the columnar epithelial
tissue also has cilia, which are hair-like
projections on the outer surfaces of epithelial
cells.
These cilia can move, and their movement
pushes the mucus forward to clear it. This type of
epithelium is thus ciliated columnar epithelium.
 Cuboidal epithelium
(with cube-shaped cells) forms the lining of
kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands,
where it provides mechanical support.

Epithelial cells often acquire additional

specialisation as gland cells, which can secrete
substances at the epithelial surface.

Sometimes a portion of the epithelial tissue

folds inward and a multicellular gland is formed.
This is glandular epithelium.
Connective tissues: Specialised to connect various body
organs. Various types of connective tissues are:

Areolar tissue: Found in the skin and muscles, around

the blood vessels, nerves, etc.
Adipose tissue: Acts as the storage site of fats; found
between the internal organs and below the skin; acts as
an insulator for the body.
Dense regular connective tissue: Main components are
tendons and ligaments; tendons connect muscles to
bones, while ligaments connect two bones together.
Skeletal tissue: Main components of skeletal tissues are
cartilage and bone.
Fluid tissue: Blood is the vascular tissue present in
animals.
 Body warm

Collagen
Bone are made up of calcium and phosphate , hard, rigid ,
highly vascular (Blood supply
1. matrix - Rigid .
2. Bone - shape , protective in nature,
movement

206 total Bones

300 - in babies
Longest bones- Femur
Smallest bone - Ear – stapes
 Blood
Haematology - study of Blood.

Blood

Plasma 55% Blood Cell 45%

RBC WBC Platelets

(Erythrocytes) (Leucocytes) (Thrombocytes)
Haemoglobin :-- Iron + protein
Oxygen carrier
• The first person to describe red blood cells was the
young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam.
• In humans, mature red blood cells are
flexible biconcave disks.
• They lack a cell nucleus and organelles to
accommodate maximum space for haemoglobin.
• Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood
cells are produced.
• The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for
about 100–120 days in the body.
• In 1901, Karl Landsteiner published his discovery of
the three main blood groups—A, B, and C (which he
later renamed to O).
 LYMPH
Lymph is the fluid which
travels throughout
the lymphatic system in
animals. It is different
from blood, in that it comes
from the extracellular
fluids surrounding cells. The
fluid around all the cells in
the body is collected
in lymph ducts, or small
vessels which transport the
lymph around
 Lymph performs many important functions

• It keeps the body cells moist.

• It transports oxygen, hormones and nutrients to
different parts of the body and removes metabolic
waste from the cells.
• It transports antibodies and lymphocytes to the blood.
• Maintaining the composition of tissue fluid and the
volume of blood.
• Absorption of fats from the small intestine occurs
through lymphatic vessels.
• Prevents invasion of microbes and foreign substances
inside the lymph nodes.
Intercalated disc- It help the tissue so that it
does not get fatigue
Muscular tissues: Main function of muscular tissues is
to provide movement to the body. Muscular tissues
are of three types:

Striated muscles or skeletal muscles or

voluntary muscles: Cells are cylindrical, unbranched
and multinucleate. Ex.- Limbs, tongue, pharynx
Help in locomotion.
Smooth muscles or involuntary muscles:

• Cells are long, spindle-shaped and possess a

single nucleus.
• Striations absent
• Involuntary
• Do not get fatigued .
Cardiac muscles or involuntary muscles:

• Cells are cylindrical, branched

• Uninucleated
• Involuntary
• Don’t get fatigued
• Heart beat
Nervous tissues:

Present in the brain,

spinal cord and nerves.
Neuron: Cells of the
nervous tissue.
A neuron: consists of
a cell body,
an axon and
a dendrite.
 Neuron
Cell body
1. Cyton (nucleus) cannot divide because it does not have centriole
2. Degenerate /Repair
3. Cytoplasm (Neurons) inside Neuro plasm
4. Nissl granules - Rough endoplasmic reticulum- Protein synthesis

Axon
1. Long Fibre
2. They help in transmission
3. Myelin sheath
4. Node of Ranvier

Dendrite.
fine , short , branched