Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 1- Module 2 Method of Philosophizing This indrusonal mata is colaboraivey developed. and revived by Teacher, School Head, Public School District Supervisor, and Education Program Supervisors of the Department of Education- Misamis Oriental Division. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments and recommendations to the Department of Education-Misamis Oriental at misamis.oriental@deped.gov.ph We value your feedback and recommendations. NX Department of Education e Republic of the Philippines Inscremenrsanisoeteestraseon Ey studocu (Downloaded by Mari Opoe (marapoc'3@gmalcom)Downloaded by Mar Opoc (matiopoctSé@gmacom)TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Overview 1 General Instructions, 2 Lesson 2: Method of Philosophizing 3 What I Need to Know 3 What | Know 4 What's In 5 What's New 5 What Is It? 6 Lesson 2.1 7 What | Know 8 What's In 9 Lesson 2.2 u What | Know a What's In 2 Lesson 2.3, B What's New B What Is It? 4 What's More 45 What | Have Learned 16 What Can | Do v Assessment 18 Answer Key 19 References 20 uccammsewineresinneen Ey studocu Downloaded by Mari Opoe (erapoc'OVERVIEW Hello dear learners! Welcome to this module on Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. This module will help you demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy and evaluate opinions. To understand the meaning and process of doing philosophy of the human person as an embodied being in the world and the environment as a means towards a holistic understanding of life. It contains activities that will help you reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way and demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy and evaluate opinion. The module is self — instructional and allows you to leam in your own space, at your own pace. So, relax and enjoy learning, To the teacher: This lesson assume that the teacher has already introduced to his/her learners’ knowledge about philosophy and its importance as discipline and a means of understanding lite. The primary goal of this module is to help learners engaged in some simple activities In order to have necessary skills and understanding and reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way. To the Learners: At the end of this module, you will be able to reflect on your daily experiences from a holistic point of view and acquires critical and analytical thinking skills so that you can apply this critical and analytical thinking skills to the affairs of your daily life and should be able to demonstrate a capacity for a critical and analytical reflection from the perspective of a holistic and profound vision of life. In order to achieve the objectives of this module, it is necessary to have completed all the module for you to fully understand the activities and discussions. Specifically, this module con: sof the following lessons: * Lesson 2.1- Distinguish opinion from truth + Lesson 2.2 — Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth + Lesson 2.3 -Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of philosophizing (Downloaded by Mari Opoe (marapoc!3@gmaicom)GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS For the learners: To be guided in achieving the objectives of this module, do the following: 1, Read and follow instructions carefully, 2. Write all your ANSWERS in your PHILOSOPHY ACTIVITY NOTEBOOK. 3. Answer the pretest before going through the lessons. 4, Take note and record points for clarification. 5. Compare your answers against the key to answers found at the end of the module. 6. Do the activities and fully understand each lesson. 7. Answer the self-check to monitor what you learned in each lesson. 8, Answer the posttest after you have gone over all the lessons. (tor the teacher: To facilitate and ensure the students’ teaming from this module, you are encouraged to do the following (you may edit this part) 1 2 gee oe 10. 1". Clearly communicate learning competencies and objectives Motivate through applications and connections to real life. Give applications of the theory Discuss worked-out examples Give time for hands-on Unguided classroom work and discovery Use formative assessment to give feedback Introduce extensions or ‘generalizations of concepts Engage in reflection questions Encourage analysis through higher order thinking prompts Provide alternative formats for student work Remind learners to write their answers in their Philosophy Activity Notebook Inscremenrsanisoeteestrageon Ey studocu Downloaded by Mari Opoe (merapoc'Lesson Pita tes’ Philosophizing The study of this subject is an initiation to the activity and process of philosophical reflection as a search for a synoptic vision of life, At the end of the course, you should be able to reflect on their daily experiences from a holistic point of view, acquire critical and analytical thinking skills and should be able to apply this critical and analytical thinking skills to the affairs of daily life and become truthful, environment-triendly and service-oriented. Actively committed to the development of a more humane society and articulate their own philosophy of life. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW? Objectives: After going through this module, you will be able to demonstrate various ways of doing philosophy and evaluate opinions: 4. Distinguish opinion from truth PPT14/12-1c-2.4 2. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth PPT11/12-1d-2.2 3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of Philosophizing PPT11/12-Id-2.3 3(4) WHAT I KNOW Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you have learned from our previous lesson. Direction. Identify each statement. Choose your answer from the box and write them on the space provided. Pato Wisdom Doubt Philosophy _| Holistic Thinking Love ofwisdom | Karl Jaspers __| Partial Thinking | Reflection [Love 1. Its the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things 2. The Greek term, philosophia, means 3. The Greek word, philos, means 4, The Greek word, sophia, means 5. The Greek philosopher who believes that Philosophy is brought about by man’s sense of wonder. 6. He believes that persons engage in philosophy in order to make sense of dificult ife experiences. 7. Itis an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings, and actions and learn from experience. 8. Rene Descartes consider this as a reason why people philosophize. 9. Itis a perspective that considers the “bigger picture” when looking at problems and situations. 10. Itis a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situation. Great job! Later we will see if your answers are correct by reading the rest of this module. ccummsowineresictinen Ey studocu Downloaded by Mari Opoe (merapoeWHAT’S IN Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of how to do philosophy. A common view among philosophers is that philosophy is distinguished by the ways that philosophers follow in addressing philosophical questions. There is not just ‘one method that philosophers use to answer philosophical questions, Philosophy is concermed with determining the concept of truth. Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. WHAT’S NEW? Direction. Choose five words you found inside the box. Write down other related words or ideas that can you think of in relation to the words you choose. Write you answer Knowledge doupt Facts Opinion claim arguments truth Prepositions beliefs conclusions Box No. 1 (Downloaded by Mari Opoe (marapoc!3@gmaicom)Truth in metaphysics and the philosophy of language is the property of sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what the case is. It is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. Truth is also sometimes defined in modem contexts as an idea of “truth to self’, or authenticity. Propositions is a statement about the world or reality. Propositions may or may not carry truth, Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product, of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts. Facts are propositions or statement which are observe to be real or truthful Claim is a statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true. This means that any claim can be proven by verification and experimentation. Therefore, truthful statements can be considered as based on facts. There are several views regarding truth. Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. But as a philosopher, we do not assume that every statement is true. Remember the famous French philosopher, Rene Descartes traced the need to philosophize to doubt. In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth. This means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed, Philosophers always engaged with the concept of truth. Philosophers consider truth as a kind of quality or value. Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something, since it is true knowing that we are able to determine what is true. Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover the truth. In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth, A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses. Another basis for determining truth is a belief or statement is true ifit is based on facts. Getting consensus or having people agree on a common belief is another way of determining what is true, Although this approach has certain limitations. Getting everyone to agree on something may not take that belief true. Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to test to determine truth. In determining truth requires also that a person can prove a statement through an action: nncearereeatscrwccono studocu (Downloaded by Mari Opoe (merapoewage Distinguish Opinion 2.1 Eee Let us take a look at the following statements and determine which one states fact or opinion. KS transportation. 1. Ittakes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school, 2. Living near the school is better because we do not have to spend much for ¥_ 3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie. v4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with me. ¥ 5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in handcuffs. ¥ 6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality that characterizes our police force. Statements 1, 3, and 5 are more factual than statements 2, 4, and 6. Using the philosophical tools we learned, they fit into the category of facts since they contain ideas or information that are easily verifiable. While statements 2, 4, and 6 could be considered as opinions, These statements go beyond providing facts. It also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact. fact A fact is something that is roe, realintormation. Geanbe proven Acvopinion is some thing that you think TH isnot true Information. tpt. com/acacemy! 7 Downloaded by Mari Opoe (marapoe Fact is something concrete that can be proven. You can find facts in legal records, scientific findings, encyclopaedias, allases, etc. In other words, facts are the truth and are accepted as such Opinion is less concrete. It's a view formed in the mind of a person about a particular issue. In other words it is what ‘someone believes or thinks, and is not necessarily the truth, Also, note in the ‘examples below how facts are the same for‘everybody, but opinions can differ quite widely. = Examples of an opinion: = Ann can have the opinion that Italian food tastes best, while Joe has the opinion that French food is ideal * Sue can have the opinion that reading is boring, while Mike can have the opinion that reading is fun. + Penny can have the opinion that cold weather is better, while Tim can prefer hot weather. BACT aa cm 2S pact 1S something j you can person or i prove tobe |! thing feels either true j! about or false. something. You cannot jis Youcan | changea |; changean ! fact. ‘opinion. oshekstbran,weebly com WHAT I KNOW Direction: Give a brief answer to the following question. Write your answer in the space provided, 1. Give 5 examples of a factual statements and 5 examples of an opinion. rccammsowinerescfinen Ey studocu Downloaded by Mari Opoe (merapoc'WHAT?’S IN? Y Opinions are statement that go beyond providing facts, A conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts. ¥ Beliefs are statements that expresses convictions that are not easily and clearly ‘explained by facts. ¥ Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true. ¥ Arguments are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful. ¥. Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. Y Bias is disproportionate weight in favor of or against ar a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. < {ea or thing, usually in The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not be disputed but the conclusion itself could stil be contested or questioned. To judge the truthfulness of belief, we must also consider things such a person's experiences and views. Facts are statements that are observed to be real or truthful. Claims are statements that require further examination to determine their truthfulness. Some arguments may contain fallacies. We must be aware of the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the validity of arguments, Opinions are often influenced by bias, We must be aware of bias so that we can objectively and critically examine points of view. Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge and ignorance. While Public opinion is the intermediate faculty which seizes the things that float between the two extremes (Plato) Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than itis: in fact, opinion is the apprehension of an immediate and unnecessary premise (Aristotle) Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of knowledge (Leibniz) Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being insufficient both subjectively and objectively (Kant) An opinion gives for truth something that has been said, although sometimes they are absurd words, which mean nothing, impossible to understand (Hobbes) Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the greatest number of people in ‘a community, so that they form a common and dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure (Freund) 9 (Downloaded by Mari Opoe (marapoct3@gmai comThe following are the examples of fallacies. Falla Characteristics ‘Ad hominem attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself ‘Appeal to force using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument. ‘Appeal to emotion using emotions such as pity or sympathy ‘Appeal to the popular the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it. ‘Appeal to tradition the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time, Begging the question | assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known a5 circular argument. Cause-and-offect assuming “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated events Fallacy of composition | assuming that what is true of a partis true for the whole: Fallacy of division ‘assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts The following are the exar imples of biases, Bias ‘Characteristics Correspondence or attribution effect bias tendency to judge a person's personality by his or her actions, without regard for the external factors or influence. Confirmation bias tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it. Framing focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects, Hindsight = the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events. Conflict of interest @ person or group is connected fo or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed. Cultural bias ‘analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards. nccaneivaiveteeciiinn Ey studocu Downloaded by Mari Opoc (mariopocis Methods of Philosophy PP) Lead to Wisdom and Truth The methods of philosophy will help to learn the process of doing philosophy in a systematic way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. Although philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of philosophy is questions, which have three major characteristics; 1, Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute. 2, Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith 3, Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings. ‘The methodology or method that philosophers use to address philosophical question Is critical thinking, Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to questions of very general interest. Critical thinking means understanding if philosophy and refraining from merely giving claims but through careful thought, one reasons through to argumentation. The scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an evidence- based approach to come up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths are supported by facts that can easily be tested or proven again through experiments, logical reasoning, or observation WHAT I KNOW? Direction: Give a brief answer to the following question. Write your answer on the space provided. 1. How will you determine the truth from an opinion? uWHAT?’S IN? ‘An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean to distinguish one from the other can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas. The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective and enables us to make wiser decisions, especially in choosing then ideas and views which we find acceptable. A critical mind aided by philosophy can help us from our own personal point of view that can guide us in making decisions and actions when we faced with a problem, Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable, which we can use to form our own views regarding certain matters For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is a lifelong process of self assessment that further consists of: Defining, analyzing and devising solutions, Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions Applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems Willingness to say "I don’t know,” The attributes of a critical thinker include; Looks for evidence to support assumption and beliefs Adjusts opinion Looks for proof Examines the problem Rejects irrelevant and innocent information ccammsooinerenden Ey studocu (Downloaded by Mari Opoe (marapocEvaluate Truth from Opinions in Different Situations Using the Methods of Philosophizing ‘A method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or drawing conclusions from a statement using various philosophical methods, such as: Socratic, dialectic, scientific, and historical. When you evaluate information, it is very important to distinguish between fact and opinion, How do we know if something is true? Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. It is. said that there are instances when we have to unlearn something so that we may learn anew. Philosophers questioned what they knew and even analyzed their methods of knowing in order to understand themselves and the world much better. The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing, WHAT’S NEW Direction: Complete the table below. Apply systematic doubt in analyzing the statement. Write your answer on the box provided Tam alive Thave a body Tean breathe 3 Downloaded by Mari Opoc (mariopoct S@igmalloWHAT IS IT Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or more people who may carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an agreement with one another. Meanwhile, the scientific method is a process of determining ‘ruth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing. The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth ‘or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It includes analysis and construction of arguments. It serves as path to freedom from half-truths and deception. TYPES OF REASONING DEDUCTIVE REASONING INDUCTIVE REASONING Sam ol mPr Ln Re + Bottom-Up Logic hiipsimagessideplayer.com280351128/sideslsée_2jpg Deductive Reasoning In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and the last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences. General idea comes first before the specific or particular idea. Inductive Reasoning In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences come first followed by the main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is the vice versa of the deductive reasoning because particular idea comes first before the general idea “ "Wis ocunt i vlabe o hrg on @ studocu Downloaded by Mari Opoe (marapoc@gai com)