BDwbU

ga¨hy‡M evsjvi RxebPh©v

7

f~wgKv
†Zi kZ‡K gymjgvbiv evsjv‡`k Rq K‡i gymwjg mgvR wbg©vY K‡i Ges gymwjg mf¨Zv M‡o †Zv‡j| †mB †_‡K
AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq ch©šÍ evsjv gymwjg kvm‡bi Aaxb wQj| ivóª I A_©bxwZi cÖfv‡e ga¨hy‡M evsjvi
mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ wbwg© Z n‡qwQj| evsjvi ga¨hy‡Mi BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q eo cwieZ©b n‡”Q ewn‡`©k †_‡K AvMZ
gymwjg cÖfve| ïay kvmb †¶‡ÎB bq mgvRRxe‡bI hv ¯’vqx Avmb jvf K‡iwQj| gymwjg kvmb wb‡q †hgb
mv¤cÖ`vwqK msNvZ m„wó nqwb, Avevi gymwjg kvmKMYI wn›`y I †eŠ×‡`i ¯^vaxbZv `v‡b Kvc©Y¨ K‡iwb| mvgšÍ
mgv‡Ri wbqg Abyhvqx wn›`y‡`i g‡a¨ hviv †jLvcov I Avw_©Kfv‡e AMÖmi (eªvþY, ˆ¶wÎq) wQ‡jb ZvivB AwfRvZ
†kªwY wn‡m‡e my‡hvM-myweav we‡klfv‡e MÖnY I †fvM K‡i‡Qb|

GB B Dwb‡ Ui c vV mg~ n
cvV-7.1 t ga¨hy‡M evsjvi mgvR I A_©bxwZ
cvV-7.2 t ga¨hy‡M evsjvi ag© I ms¯‹…wZ

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v ”P mgq 1 mßvn

cvV-7.1 ga¨hy‡M evsjvi mgvR I A_©bxwZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 ga¨hy‡M gymwjg Avg‡j evsjvi mgvR m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ga¨hy‡M evOvwj RvwZmË¡vq mswgkÖY m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ga¨hy‡Mi A_©‰bwZK Ave¯’v m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

gymwjg kvmb, evOvwj RvwZmË¡v, K…wl A_©bxwZ, wkí, evwYR¨, bMivqb, gy`ªv

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

ga¨hy‡M gymwjg Avg‡j evsjvi mgvR

evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg kvmb cÖwZwôZ nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ mgv‡R bZzb Dcv`vb hy³ nq I eo cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv
nq| GZw`b ch©šÍ evsjvi †jvKRb wQj †eŠ× Ges wn›`y| gymjgvbiv wb‡q Av‡m GKwU bZzb ag©, Bmjvg Ñ hvi
m‡½ †eŠ× ev wn›`y‡`i wg‡ji †P‡q MiwgjB wQj †ewk| cÖ_g weRqxiv wQj ZzwK©| Zzw K©i v cÖvq wZbk eQi a‡i
evsjv‡`k Dš§³
y wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

kvm‡Ki gh©v`v jvf K‡i| Bwjqvm kvnxivI ZzwK©B wQj, Zvi c‡i nvekx Ges nvekx‡`i c‡i ˆmq` es‡ki
myjZvbiv kvmb¶gZv `Lj K‡i| Gici evsjvq P‡j AvdMvb I gyNj kvmb| gymjgvb kvmb cÖwZwôZ nIqvi m‡½
m‡½ kvmK‡`i mn‡hvMx †jv‡KivI †hgb weØvb, †ckvRxex, ¯’cwZ, cÖ‡KŠkwj, cÖkvmK Ges KvwiMiI G‡`‡k
Av‡m| ga¨ Gwkqvq †gv½j‡`i AZ¨vPv‡i wUK‡Z bv †c‡i wbivc` Avkª‡qi Rb¨I A‡b‡K w`wjø ev evsjv‡`‡k
Av‡m| A‡bK Avie ag© cÖPv‡ii Rb¨I Av‡mb| cvim¨ †_‡K AvMZ gymjgvbiv wk¶v`x¶vq DbœZ wQj, Zuv‡`i dvwm©
fvlvB gymjgvb Avg‡j miKvwi fvlv iƒ‡c MÖnY Kiv nq| mywd‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB cvim¨ †_‡K Av‡mb |
mvgšÍ mgv‡Ri ˆewkó¨B n‡”Q Avw_©K I wk¶v ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wcwQ‡q cov gvbyl‡K AwaKZi †kvwlZ I Ae‡nwjZ K‡i
ivLv| evsjv‡`kI ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l `wi`ª I f~wgnxb K…lK †kvwlZ n‡Zv, A‡c¶vK…Z Am”Qjfv‡e Rxebhvcb
KiZ| Z‡e ga¨hy‡M evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨, cyKz‡i gvQ, †Mvqvj fiv Miæ _vKvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| myjZvwb Avg‡j `vm
cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj| `vmivI wk¶v`x¶vq DbœZ n‡q AwfRvZ‡kªwY‡Z ¯’vb †c‡Zb|
RvwZMZ cwiPq I evsjvi mvgšÍ mgvR
evsjvq emevmKvix wewfbœ Rbc‡`i e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx wewfbœ ivRkvm‡bi d‡j ga¨hy‡Mi Av‡MB msMwVZ n‡Z _v‡K|
wewfbœ RvwZ‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ ˆbKU¨ m„wó n‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e evsjv fvlv‡Kw›`ªK evOvwj RvwZmËvi wfwËB me‡P‡q
msMwVZfv‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡Z †c‡i‡Q, hv Ab¨ DcRvwZ¸‡jv cv‡iwb| ga¨hy‡Mi gvSvgvwS I †k‡li w`‡K PvKgvmn
wewfbœ cvnvwo DcRvwZ c~e© I DËi w`K †_‡K G‡m cve©Z¨Â‡j emwZ ¯’v cb K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ DcRvwZi m‡½ e„nËi
evOvwj RvwZ‡Mvôxi †hvMv‡hvM †Zgb wQj bv| DËiv‡ji muvIZvj, ivReskx, Mv‡iv RvwZ‡Mvôxi m‡½ evOvwji
†hvMv‡hvM wQj Ges m¤úK© cÖxwZg~jK wQj| mywdmvaK Ges ivóª ¶gZvi cÖfv‡e †Zi kZ‡K evsjvq Bmjvg a‡g©i
cÖ‡ek N‡U | ZLb †_‡K wb¤œe‡Y©i †kvwlZ gvby‡li Bmjvg ag© MÖn‡Yi d‡j evOvwj gymwjg e‡j GKwU m¤cÖ`v‡qi
ms‡hvRb N‡U| ga¨ hy‡M Zzw K©, AvdMvb, gyNj, Bivwb, Avie, nvewkmn ga¨ cÖv‡P¨i Av‡iv wKQy RvwZ‡MvôxiI
AvMgb N‡U| Gi Av‡M GLv‡b ˆRb, wn›`y I †eŠ× ag©vej¤^xi emevm wQj| †lvj kZ‡K evsjvq cZ©ywMR Ges
Av‡g©bxqM‡YiI emwZ ¯’vwcZ nq| PÆMÖv‡g AvivKvwb RvwZ‡Mvôxi emwZ ¯’vwcZ nq| d‡j ga¨hy‡M evOvwj
RvwZmË¡vq Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ‡Mvôxi Av‡iv wgkªY N‡UwQj|
`xN© †h me ivRkvmb e¨e¯’v evsjvq Kvh©Ki wQj Zv‡Z Bmjvg ag©, mywdev`, wn›`y, †eŠ× ag©, we‡`kx kvmK, ewYK
I mvaviY gvby‡li AvMgb evsjvi mgvR e¨e¯’vi Ici h‡_ó cÖfve †d‡j| gyNj Avg‡j XvKv ivRavbx nIqvi
Kvi‡Y ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK Kg© KvÐ †e‡o hvq| d‡j evsjvi c~e©v‡j ag©všÍwiZ nIqvi welqwU †ewk
N‡UwQj| wKš‘ AwfRvZ mgv‡Ri †fZ‡i wU‡K _vKv eY© I †kªwY ˆel‡g¨i Kvi‡Y evsjvi ga¨hyMxq mgvR †_‡K †kªwY
we‡f` gy‡Q hvqwb| AvwfRv‡Z¨i wfwˇZ ¯^qs gymwjg mgvRB Avkivd I AvZivd bv‡g wef³ n‡q c‡o| †`kxq I
ewnivMZ gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK †¶‡ÎB wgj nw”Qj bv| wn›`y‡`i g‡a¨I RvwZ ev eY©‡f` cÖ_v cÖej wQj| mgv‡R
cÖkvmb, Rwg eÈb, evwYR¨ BZ¨vw` Kv‡R hviv RwoZ wQ‡jb Zviv AwfRvZ e‡j wb‡R‡`i cÖwZwôZ K‡ib|
A‡c¶vK…Z Kg `v‡gi Kv‡Ri m‡½ hy³ gvbylRb mgv‡Ri wb¤œeY©, AvZivd, µxZ`vm, PvKievKi BZ¨vw` bv‡g
cwiwPZ nq| A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ mgv‡R RvwZag© wbwe©‡k‡l wefvRb m„wó K‡i †i‡LwQj| mvgvwRK †¶‡Î cvi¯úwiK
Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi d‡j gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ wn›`y cÖ_vi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U| wn›`y mgv‡Ri eªvþY‡`i g‡ZvB gymjgvb
mgv‡R †kL I ˆmq`iv †KŠjxb¨ `vwe K‡i †kªô Avmb `Lj K‡ib| wn›`y‡`i AbyKi‡Y gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i weevn
Abyôvb‡K RuvKRgKc~Y© K‡i †Zv‡j| Kzms¯‹vi I hv`y‡Uvbvi wel‡q Dfq m¤úª`v‡qi aviYv wQj cÖvq GKB iK‡gi|
wn›`y-gymjgvb DfqB Df‡qi mvgvwRK we‡kl K‡i we‡qi Abyôv‡b †hvM`vb KiZ| myjZvwb Avg‡j wn›`y I gymjgvb
mvwn‡Z¨ D`vicš’x aviv, mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ Ges mgb¦q cÖ‡Póvi wb`k©b we‡klfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ nq| G Avg‡j
gymjgvb †jLK wn›`y cyi vY, Muv_v Ges HwZn¨‡K mvwn‡Z¨i welq wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|
ga¨hy‡M gymwjg Avg‡j evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v
gymwjg Avg‡j evsjvq GK ai‡bi ga¨hyMxq A_©‡bwZK e¨e¯’v Pvjy wQj| Be‡b eZzZv, evi‡evmv, Aveyj dRjmn
wewfbœR‡bi †jLvq evsjv‡`‡ki ZrKvjxb A_©bxwZi mg„w×i cÖksmv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 67

evsjv‡`k Dš§³
y wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦m f¨Zv

myjZvwb hy‡M evsjv ¯^vaxb _vKvi Kvi‡Y K…wl, KywUiwkí I evwY‡R¨i e¨vcK
cÖmvi NUvi d‡j evsjvi A_©bxwZ‡Z mg„w × N‡UwQj| gyNj hy‡M hy× weMÖn eÜ
n‡q kvwšÍ ¯’vcb I DrK…ó kvmbe¨e¯’vi d‡j K…wl, evwYR¨, wkí cÖf…wZi
e¨vcK DbœwZ nq| BD‡ivcxq wewfbœ RvwZ—Bs‡iR, divwm, Ij›`vR cÖf…wZ
evsjv‡`‡k evwYR¨ we¯Ívi Kivq eû A_©vMg n‡Zv| 1680–1684 mg‡q
†Kej Bs‡iR e¨emvqxiv †lvj jvL UvKvi wRwbm µq K‡i| Ij›`vRivI Gi
†P‡q †ewk wRwbm µq KiZ| myZivs GB `yB †Kv¤úvwbi KvQ †_‡K cÖwZ eQi
AvU jvL iƒcvi UvKv evsjvq AvmZ| eZ©gvb g~‡j¨ cÖwZ eQi nvRvi †KvwU
UvKv GB `ywU BD‡ivcxq †Kv¤úvwb w`Z| Ab¨ †`‡ki mv‡_ evwYR¨‡Zv wQjB|

Be‡b eZzZv
K…wl A_©bxwZ
†PŠÏ kZ‡K Be‡b eZzZv wj‡L‡Qb †h, evsjv‡`‡k cÖPyi avb n‡Zv| m‡Zi kZ‡K evwY©qvi wj‡L‡Qb †h, A‡b‡K
e‡jb c„w_exi g‡a¨ wgki †`kB me©v‡c¶v km¨gq ; wKš‘ G L¨vwZ evsjviB cÖvc¨| gymwjg Avg‡j `xN© mg‡q K…wl
A_©bxwZB cÖavb wQj| Z‡e e¨emvq-evwYR¨, KzwUiwkíI ax‡i ax‡i weKvk jvf K‡iwQj| ga¨hy‡Mi mKj ivRes‡ki
kvmbvg‡j Gi e¨Z¨q N‡Uwb| evsjv‡`k wPiKvjB km¨-k¨vgjv wPimy› `i bqbvwfivg e‡j †`kx-we‡`kx‡`i ü`q
Rywo‡q‡Q| G‡Z K…wlcÖavb evsjv‡`‡kiB cwiPq dz‡U D‡V‡Q| eQ‡i wZbevi dmj Drcv`b KiZ e‡jB ga¨hy‡M
evsjvi †`o †KvwU gvbyl‡K wZb †ejv fvZ LvB‡q euvwP‡q ivL‡Z †c‡iwQj evsjv‡`k| av‡bi cvkvcvwk cvU, Mg,
Avg, he, jv¶v, †ZjexR, imyb, gwiP, gmjv, †ikg, iwekm¨, B¶z BZ¨vw` dmj Drcvw`Z n‡Zv| evsjv †_‡K cÖPzi
Pvj fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ A‡j ißvwb Kiv n‡Zv|
wkí
evsjvi wk‡íi g‡a¨ eqb wkí wQj Ab¨Zg| me‡P‡q m~² I DbœZgv‡bi e‡¯¿i bvg wQj ÔgmwjbÕ| gmwjb I †ikg
wkí gymwjg kvmK, AwfRvZ I abx e¨w³‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq cÖmvi jvf K‡i| evsjvq B¶zi Drcv`b wQj e¨vcK|
GB B¶z †_‡K wPwb Drcvw`Z n‡Zv| gymjgvb Avg‡j wPwb Drcv`b GKwU cÖavb wk‡í DbœxZ nq| wPwbi g‡Zv jeY
wQj Av‡iKwU cÖavb wkí| mgy‡`ªi cvwb Ges jeYv³ gvwU †_‡K jeY Drcvw`Z n‡Zv| ga¨hy‡Mi wewfbœ kvmbvg‡j
K…wlwfwËK wKQz Kz wUi wkí †hgb e¯¿ I †ikg wkí wek¦‡Rvov evsjvi L¨vwZ wb‡q G‡mwQj| evsjvi †ek wKQy
RvqMvq †jvnvRvZ wRwbmcÎ ˆZwi n‡Zv| evsjvq Kv‡Vi AvmevecÎ ZLb we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ cvq| b`-b`xi †`‡k †bŠKv
Qvov Pjv‡div Kiv †hZ bv| d‡j GLv‡b †bŠKv I RvnvR wkí cÖmvi jvf K‡i| †`kwe‡`‡k evwY‡R¨i Rb¨ eo eo
†bŠKv I RvnvR ˆZwi Kiv n‡Zv| evsjvi ÔgmwjbÕ Kvc‡oi Pvwn`v †`‡ki evB‡i Zzi ¯‹, †Lvivmvb, cvim¨mn wewfbœ
†`‡k wQj| ZLbKvi A_©bxwZ‡Z Gi cÖfveI e¨vcK wQj| BD‡iv‡ci ewYK‡`i e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i RvqMv wn‡m‡e
evsjvi ¸iæZ¡ wQj| Gi bvbv iK‡gi KuvPvgvj, gmwjb, Zuv‡Zi Kvco BZ¨vw`i cÖwZ Zv‡`i AvMÖn wQj|
evwYR¨, bMivqY Ges gy`ªv
ga¨hy‡Mi evOvwj mI`vMiiv ÔmßwW½v-gayKiÕ fvwm‡q we‡`‡k cvwo w`‡Zb e‡j A‡bK Mí Pvjy Av‡Q| ZLb
evOvwjiv mvMi cvwo w`‡q eªþ‡`k (gvqvbgvi), gvjq, Rvfv, mygvÎv, B‡›`vPx‡b cvwo w`Z| evwYwR¨K bMix wn‡m‡e
PÆMÖv‡gi bvg ZLb †`‡k we‡`‡k Qwo‡q c‡owQj| ga¨hy‡M †MŠo, cvÛzqv, †mvbviMuvI, ûMwj, XvKvmn †ek wKQy
kni M‡o D‡VwQj| ga¨hy‡M evsjvi A_©bxwZ‡Z gy`ªvi cÖeZ©b GKwU eo welq| KviY Gi d‡j wewbgq cÖ_vi
cwieZ©b N‡U| †kikvn †iŠc¨gy`ªv Pvjy K‡ib| AvKei ¯^Y© wbwg© Z Ô†gvniÕ I iƒcv wbwg©Z ÔRvjvjvÕ GK m‡½ Pvjy
K‡ib| LyPiv evRv‡i ÔKwoÕ PjZ| miKvi G¸‡jvi g~j¨gvb wba©viY KiZ| Gi d‡j ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi
nq| A_©bxwZi Gme ms¯‹vi evsjvq bMi mf¨Zv Pv½v K‡i, †ewbqv Bs‡iR‡`i AvK…ó K‡i, gRywiwfwË K Kg©Pvix,
PvKwiRxex M‡o †Zvjvi †¶‡Î Ae`vb iv‡L| gymjgvb hy‡M cÖ‡Z¨K ¯^vaxb myjZvbB wbR bv‡g gy`ªv Aw¼Z Ki‡Zb|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 68

evsjv‡`k Dš§³
y wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

gy`ªvB ZLb ¯^vaxbZvi cÖavb cÖZxK wQj| evsjvi gymjgvb myjZvbiv ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡iB wb‡Ri bv‡g gy`ªv Pvjy
Ki‡Zb| GB me gy`ªvq ZvwiL _vKZ| m‡Zi kZ‡Ki ci †_‡K gyNj mgªvUM‡Yi gy`ªvB evsjvq cÖPwjZ wQj| iƒcvi
gy`ªvi bvg wQj U¼—GB U¼ †_‡KB UvKv k‡ãi DrcwË| mvaviY †Kbv‡ePvq Kwo e¨eüZ nZ|
gyNj mgªvU ûgvqyb evsjvi RxebhvÎvi gvb †`‡L Awff~Z n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Ôe½‡`‡ki Avbv‡P Kvbv‡P †e‡n¯ÍÕ
weivR Ki‡Q e‡j Zvi ¯§„wZ K_vq wj‡L‡Qb| e¯‘Z gyNj‡`i Av‡Mi gvgjyK esk, Bwjqvmkvnx esk, û‡mbkvnx
esk, k~i es‡ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j evsjvi ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v mg„w×i avivq P‡jwQj| gyNjiv ¶gZv `L‡ji
ci ivR¯^bxwZ, K…wl, wkí, e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i Ici miKvwi bxwZ-wbqg Av‡ivc Kivq A_©bxwZ KwZcq mywbw`©ó
bxwZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ n‡Z _v‡K| mgªvU Rvnv½xi cÖwZwôZ myev-evsjvi m‡½ fviZmn ewnwe©‡k¦i †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq|
d‡j gyNj hy‡M AvaywbK evsjvi cÖkvmwbK I A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbviB cÖeZ©b N‡UwQj|

wkÿv_©xMY ÔgmwjbÕ Kvc‡oi GKwU wPÎ AsKb Ki‡eb Ges K‡qKwU MÖæ c K‡i
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) gymwjb welqK Av‡jvPbvq Ask wb‡eb|
/wkÿv_©x i KvR

mvims‡ÿc
†eŠ× I wn›`y Aay¨wlZ evsjvq †Zi kZK †_‡K gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôv nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ mgvR e¨e¯’vi Avg~j
cwieZ©b nq| mvgšÍ mgv‡Ri ˆel‡g¨i Kvi‡Y Bmjvg ag© m¤úªmvwiZ nq| Z‡e gym wjg mgvR I Avkivd I
AvZivd bv‡g fvM n‡q‡Q| Zv m‡Z¡I ga¨hy‡M evsjvi A_©bxwZi e¨vcK mg„w× nq| K…wl‡Z avb wk‡í gmwjb Ges
evwY‡R¨ bvbv AÂj †hgb eªþ‡`k, gvjq, Rvfv, mygvÎv I B‡›`vPx‡bi mv‡_ evwYR¨ n‡Zv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| ga¨hy‡M gymwjg kvmbvg‡j miKvix fvlv wQjÑ (Ávb)
K) Aviwe L) D`y©
M) dvwm© N) Bs‡iwR
2| K…wlB wQj evsjvi A_©bxwZi g~j wfwË †KbbvÑ
i) b`b`xi mgvnvi ii) cwj MwVZ mgf~wg iii) ißvwbRvZ c‡Y¨i Drcv`b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
m„Rbkxj
3| nvwdRyi ingvb m¨vi ga¨hy‡Mi A_©bxwZi Dci e³e¨ ivLvi mgq e‡jb †h eZ©gvb mg‡qi ˆZwi †cvlvK wk‡íi
g‡Zv ga¨hy‡M e¯¿wk‡í evsjvi AMÖMwZ, †`‡k we‡`‡k cÖksmv Kzwo‡qwQj| GQvov e¨emvq-evwYR¨i AwaKvsk
wQj ißvwb wbf©i |
K. m¤ªvU AvKei cÖewZ©Z ¯^Y©gy`ªvi bvg Kx?
L. myjZvwb hy‡M evsjvi mg„× A_©bxwZi KviY Kx? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. DÏxc‡K ga¨hy‡Mi A_©bxwZi †h wPÎ †`Lv hvq Zv cvV¨ eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. eZ©gv‡b †cvlvK wk‡íi g‡Zv ga¨hy‡Mi eqb wkí evsjv‡K L¨vwZi kx‡l© †cuŠ‡Q †`q, Avcwb Kx GKgZ?
gZvgZ w`b|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 69

evsjv‡`k Dš§³
y wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦m f¨Zv

cvV-7.2 ga¨hy‡M evsjvi ag© I ms¯‹…wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 gymwjg Avg‡j ag©xq weeZ©b m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjvq Bmjvg ag© we¯Ív‡i mywdev‡`i cÖfve m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gymwjg kvmbvg‡j evsjv fvlv-mvwnZ¨, ¯’vcZ¨ I wkíKjvi weKv‡ki eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

ag©, mywdev`, evsjv fvlv, evsjv mvwnZ¨, wkÿv, ¯’vcZ¨, wkíKjv

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

ms¯‹…wZ n‡”Q gvby‡li mvgvwRK wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi dj| Avi G Kvi‡Y gymwjg hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨ mgv‡Ri †h
cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q Zv‡Z wn›`y I gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úªxwZ I eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤ú‡K©i cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| gymwjg
kvmbvg‡j Bmjvg cÖPvi, AvZ¥vi DrKl© mvab, gvbe Kj¨v‡Y KvR Kiv BZ¨vw` Av`k© wb‡q mywdmvaKMY evsjv‡`‡k
Av‡mb| evsjvi A‡bK RvqMvq Zv‡`i cÖwZwôZ ÔLvbKvÕ ¸‡jv Ava¨vwZ¥K, gvbe Kj¨vY I eyw×e„wËK wPšÍvi cÖmv‡i
eo Ae`vb iv‡L| µ‡g Zviv evsjvi †jvKvqZ ms¯‹…wZ‡K mgwš^ Z K‡i mywdev` cÖwZôv K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡k wn›`y I
†eŠ×‡`i gigx wPšÍvaviv‡K AvZ¥¯’ Kivq mywdev‡`i cÖwZ wn›`y I †eŠ× m¤cÖ`vqI AvK…ó nq| d‡j evsjvi mywdev`
fviZe‡l©i Ab¨vb¨ AÂj †_‡K AwaKZi D`vi I gvbe‡Kw›`ªK PwiÎ AR©b K‡i| mywdev‡`i Kvi‡Y evsjvi mgv‡R
Ø›Ø msNvZ †jvc cvq| gigx evDjiv wn›`y-gymwjg wgj‡bi Av`k©B cÖPvi K‡i|
ewnivMZ gymwjg kvmKiv evsjvi mgvRRxe‡bi mv‡_ Zv‡`i kvmb AvZ¥xKiY Kivi d‡j agx©qfv‡e Bmjvg
e„nËi evOvwj mgv‡R e¨vcK cÖfve ˆZwi Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| Bwjqvmkvnx kvm‡bi m~PbvKvj †_‡KB evOvwj
wn›`y, gymwjg, †eŠ× mgvR †mŠnv`©¨ I m¤cÖxwZi m‡½ cvkvcvwk emevm K‡iwQj| gyNj Avg‡j ag©wbi‡c¶ Rxe‡bi
cÖwZ AvMÖn †e‡o D‡V| H mg‡q †jLv Ôgbmvg½jÕ ag© mwnòzZvi D¾¡j D`vniY| agx©q cwiPq evOvwj wn›`y,
gymwjg I †eŠ‡×i g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv we‡iva ev msKU m„wó K‡iwb|
Bmjvg a‡g©i we¯Ív‡i mywdev‡`i cÖfve
†PŠÏ kZ‡Ki g‡a¨B evsjv‡`‡k mywd cÖfve we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| †kL RvjvjDÏxb ZvewiwRi bvg †kLï‡fv`qvi
(†k‡Li ïf D`q) m‡½ RwoZ| G MÖ‡š’i †jLK njvqya wgkª ivRv j²Y †m‡bi mwPe wQ‡jb| †kLï‡fv`qv m~‡Î
Kv‡iv Kv‡iv wek¦vm, †kL RvjvjDÏxb ZvewiwR j²Y †m‡bi Avg‡j jL‡bŠwZ‡Z evm Ki‡Zb| e¸ovi
gnv¯’vbM‡oi kvn myjZvb gvwn Av‡mvqv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ AvIi½‡R‡ei mb`m~‡ÎI wg‡j| Bwb m¤¢eZ †PŠÏ kZ‡Ki
†jvK| g‡b nq gvwn Av‡mvqvi (grmvK…wZi †bŠKvi Av‡ivnx) L¨vwZi †jv‡Kiv †PŠÏ kZ‡Ki c‡ii †jvK bb| †Kbbv
c‡b‡iv kZ‡K Avie-fvi‡Zi ¯’jc_ RbwcÖq nq| Avi †lv‡jv kZ‡K cZz©wMRiv †bŠc_ wbqš¿Y KiZ|
wm‡j‡Ui kvn RvjvjDÏxb KzwbqvC †PŠÏ kZ‡Ki wØZxq cv‡` evsjv‡`‡k Av‡mb| Beb eZzZv (1338 m‡b) wm‡j‡U
Zuvi m‡½ mv¶vr K‡ib| wZwb †MŠi‡Mvwe›`‡K civwRZ K‡i wm‡jU A‡j Bmjvg cÖPvi K‡ib| kvnRvjvj bv‡g
weL¨vZ GB mvaycyi æl DËi c~e© evsjv I Avmv‡g Bmjvg cÖPv‡i Ae`vb iv‡Lb| Zvi D`¨g I wbt¯^v_© †mevi d‡j H
A‡j gymwjg ms¯‹…wZ we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| Av`k© Rxeb I `yt¯’ gvby‡li cÖwZ †mevi Rb¨ wZwb Agymwjg‡`iI fw³ I
kª×v AR©b K‡i‡Qb| AvRI wZwb mvaviY †jvKcÖev‡` Agi Ges kZ kZ †jvK msMx‡Z Zuvi ¯§„wZ D¾¡j n‡q
Av‡Q| †kL AuvwL wmivRywÏb Dmgvb wbhvgywÏb AvDwjqvi Lwjdv wQ‡jb| wZwb cvÛzqvi †kL AvjvDj n‡Ki cxi|
wZwb †PŠÏ-c‡b‡iv kZ‡Ki `i‡ek| Zuvi cÖfv‡eB gyL¨Z evsjv‡`‡k wPkwZqv ZwiKvi cÖmvi nq| cx‡ii bvgvbymv‡i
wkl¨iv wewfbœ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡Zb| †kL AvjvDj nK Bmjv‡gi D‡b¥l hy‡Mi gymwjg †mbvcwZ Lvwj` web Iqvwj‡`i

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 70

evsjv‡`k Dš§³
y wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

eskai| †mR‡b¨ Zuvi wkl¨iv ÔLvwjw`qvÕ bv‡gI AwfwnZ n‡Zv|

AvjvDj n‡Ki cyÎ wQ‡jb b~i KzZze-Avjg| M‡Yk-h`yi Avg‡j
†MŠ‡oi ivRbxwZ‡Z AvjvDj n‡Ki cwievi ¯§iYxq f‚wgKv MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb | gxi ˆmq` Avkivd Rvnv½xi wmgbvwb †kL AvjvDj
n‡Ki wkl¨ wQ‡jb| Zuvi wPwV¸‡jv †mKv‡ji agx©q, mvgvwRK I
ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi g~j¨evb DcKiY I wbf©i ‡hvM¨ `wjj|
ˆmq` Avkivd wmgbvwb †RŠbcy‡ii myjZvb Beivwng kiwKi
mgmvgwqK wQ‡jb|
kvnRvjvj (iv:)-Gi gvRvi, wm‡jU
mywd‡`i Øviv `xw¶Z AwaKvsk wb¤œeMx©q mvaviY gvbyl kwiqwZ Bmjv‡gi m‡½ fvlvi e¨eav‡bi Kvi‡Y A‡bKKvj
cwiwPZ n‡Z cv‡iwb| d‡j, Zviv wµqvKjv‡c, AvPv‡i-e¨env‡i, fvlvq I wjLvq, m‡e©vcwi ms¯‹vi I wPšÍvq, cÖvq
cy‡ivcywi evOvwjB i‡q †Mj| mvs¯‹…wZK Av`vbcÖ`v‡bi d‡j GK wgkª ms¯‹…wZi D‡b¥l nq| cxi, `i‡ek QvovI
evsjvi gymjgvb‡`i wKQymsL¨K A‡jŠwKK ¶gZvm¤úbœ †cŠivwYK bvq‡Ki cÖwZ we‡kl Avmw³ wQj| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨
me‡P‡q RbwcÖq wQ‡jb LvRv wLwRi|
evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk
gymwjg kvmKMY evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZvI K‡ib| GB mg‡q evsjv fvlv mvwn‡Z¨i gh©v`v cvq Ges evsjv
fvlv I mvwnZ¨ myjZvb‡`i `iev‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| cÖ_‡g myjZvbiv I Zuv‡`i Avgv‡Z¨iv wn›`y Kwe‡`i Drmvn †`b I
c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡ib| A_©vr gymwjg myjZvbiv cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i DrcwË I weKv‡k mnvqZv `vb
K‡ib| c‡i gymwjg KweivI evsjv fvlvq Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| kvn gynv¤§` mMxi GKgvÎ gymwjg Kwe whwb myjZvwb
Avg‡j Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib e‡j cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
ga¨hy‡Mi Av‡M evsjv fvlvi wjwc iPbvi MwZ †ek axi wQj| cvj I †mb hy‡M ms¯‹…Z fvlvi cÖfve †ewk _vKvq
evsjv fvlvi †Zgb DbœwZ nqwb| evsjv fvlvi me‡P‡q cy‡iv‡bv bgybv nj Ph©vc`| Ph©vc‡`i fvlv cy‡ivcywi evsjv
bq, ejv P‡j GwU evsjv-c~e©eZx© fvlv| wKš‘ ZviciI Ph©vc`‡K evsjv fvlvi cÖvPxbZg bgybv e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| †KD †KD G‡K Ph©vMxwZ e‡jb| †Kbbv †eŠ× wf¶z‡`i gy‡L gy‡L G¸‡jv Mvb wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ wQj| evsjv
fvlv bZzb MwZ jvf K‡i myjZvwb hy‡M| dviwm I Aviwei ms¯ú‡k© G‡m evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i `ªæ Z weKvk N‡U|
myjZvwb hy‡M iv‡óªi c„ô‡cvlKZvq evsjv fvlvi cÖmvi N‡U| Bwjqvmkvnx Avg‡j gnvKve¨ I †cŠivwYK Kvwnbx,
evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZv evsjvq fvecÖeY I gvbeZvev`x mvwn‡Z¨i D™¢e N‡U| evsjvi myjZvb
iæKbDwÏb-Gi c„ô‡cvlKZvq K…wËevm evsjv fvlvq ÔivgvqYÕ iPbv K‡ib| PÆMÖv‡gi kvmK civMj Lvi
mn‡hvwMZvq Kwe ci‡gk¦i ÔgnvfviZÕ evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib| Av‡iv A‡bK MÖš’B ZLb iwPZ nq| gymwjg
kvmK‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq †jŠwKK Kv‡e¨i mvwnZ¨ iPbv nq| †lvok kZ‡K mvwie× Luv bvgK GKRb gymjgvb
Ôwe`¨vmy› `iÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| û‡mbkvnx hy‡M (1493-1538) evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk we¯§qKi AMÖMwZ
jvf K‡i| evsjvi kvmKMY G mg‡q †`kxq mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ cÖmvwiZ K‡ib|
wk¶v e¨e¯’v
mywd-`i‡ek Ges Av‡jg-DjvgvMY gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ Avi cwÐZMY wn›`y‡`i g‡a¨ wk¶v Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb|
gymwjg hy‡M evsjvq AmsL¨ gv`ivmv M‡o I‡V| gymjgvb‡`i cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K›`ª‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔgKZeÕ| mvaviYZ
MÖv‡gi gmwR‡` G me gKZe emZ| cÖv_wgK c‡e© Aviwe, dvwm© I evsjv fvlv wk¶v †`Iqv n‡Zv| Ab¨w`‡K
wn›`y‡`i cÖv_wgK wk¶vi Rb¨ wQj cvVkvjv| mvaviYZ MÖv‡gi †Kv‡bv wkw¶Z hyeK Gme cvVkvjv PvjvZ|
wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤úª`v‡qiB gva¨wgK I D”P wk¶vi †K›`ª wQj h_vµ‡g †Uvj I gv`ivmv| mvaviYZ cÖv_wgK
†_‡K D”P wk¶v ch©š— cÖwZwU †¶‡Î wk¶v wQj A‰eZwbK| Qv·`i _vKv-LvIqv mewKQy webvg~‡j¨ cwiPvwjZ
n‡Zv| Ab¨w`‡K wn›`y‡`i D”P wk¶v‡K›`ª †Uv‡j ms¯‹…Z wel‡q D”P wk¶v †`Iqv n‡Zv| GLv‡b †e`, cyi vY BZ¨vw`
cov‡bv n‡Zv| beØxc wQj wn›`y‡`i D”P wk¶vi weL¨vZ †K›`ª| GLv‡b evsjv I evsjvi evB‡i †_‡K AvMZ nvRvi
nvRvi QvÎ wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Zb|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 71

evsjv‡`k Dš§³
y wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦m f¨Zv

ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi kvmb ¶gZvq AwawôZ kvmKiv wk¶v`x¶vi c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡i‡Qb| mywdmvaKMY
ÔLvbKvnÕ¸‡jv‡K D”PZi wk¶v cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| †`‡k gmwR`¸‡jv‡K †K›`ª K‡i gv`ivmv M‡o
†Zvjv nq| wk¶v †¶‡Î gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ ag©wk¶vi ¸iæZ¡ †ewk wQj| mgªvU AvKe‡ii wk¶vbxwZ‡Z cvV¨µ‡g
e¨vcK cwieZ©b Kiv nq| gKZ‡eI M`¨-c`¨ cov‡jLv QvovI KweZv gyL¯’ Kiv I AsK Avek¨K Kiv nq| dvwm©
wk¶v MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î wn›`y mgvR h‡_ó GwM‡q Av‡mb| gva¨wgK wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b agx©q wk¶v QvovI hyw³we`¨v,
AsKkv¯¿, imvqb BZ¨vw` cov‡bv n‡Zv| Z‡e ga¨hy‡M evsjvq wek¦we`¨vjq ch©v‡qi D”P wk¶v †Zgb M‡o D‡Vwb|
bvix‡`i wk¶v wQj mxwgZ AvKv‡ii Ges Zv cÖavbZ cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi wk¶v wQj|
¯’vcZ¨ I wkíKjv
ga¨hy‡M †h me †`k †_‡K kvmK‡kªwY evsjvi ivóª¶gZvq AwawôZ n‡qwQ‡jb Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR wbR †`‡ki ¯’vcZ¨
I wkíKjvi wb`k©b enb K‡i G‡bwQ‡jb| G¸‡jv Zv‡`i e¨w³‡Z¡i Ges cÖwZfvi cwiPq enb K‡i| Z‡e cwðg
Gwkqvi ¯’vc‡Z¨i DcKiY evsjvq †ewk j¶ Kiv †M‡Q| gmwR` wbg©v‡Y evsjvi AvÂwjK ¯’v cZ¨‡KI ¸iæZ¡ †`qv
n‡q‡Q| wPÎKjvi †¶‡ÎI gyNjiv hZLvwb hZœevb wQ‡jb myjZvwb hy‡M GB wk‡íi †Zgb K`i wQj bv| d‡j evsjvq
wPÎ wkí fviZe‡l©i Ab¨vb¨ A‡ji g‡Zv ZZUv weKwkZ n‡Z cv‡iwb| Z‡e gyNj Avg‡j XvKvmn wKQy wKQy
RvqMvq gmwR`, mgvwa, cÖvmv`, `yM© BZ¨vw` wbg©v‡Y ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi PgrKvi wb`k©b ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj| GB aviv
myev`vi‡`i Avg‡jI Ae¨vnZ wQj| XvKvq bevex Avg‡j wRbwRiv cÖvmv`mn wbwg©Z BgviZmg~n GLb `k©bxq ¯’vb
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
wkÿv_©xMY mywd mvaK‡`i we‡kl K‡i nhiZ kvnRvjv‡ji Dci iwPZ wewfbœ
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) †jvKMvb msMÖn Ki‡eb Ges †Kv‡bv GKwU Mvb wk‡L wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ cwi‡ekb
/wkÿv_©x i KvR Ki‡eb|

mvims‡ÿc
ga¨hy‡M evsjvq Bmjvg ag© cÖPv‡i mywd‡`i Ae`vb wQj A‡bK| ga¨hy‡M evsjvi ag© Ges ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wn›`y I
gymjgvb Df‡qiB cÖfve wQj| Gmgq G `yB m¤úª`v‡qi bvbvb MÖš’ I mvwnZ¨ iwPZ nq| gymwjg kvmKMY evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡ib| Z‡e ms¯‹…Z fvlvi cÖfve †ewk _vKvq evsjv fvlvi †Zgb DbœwZ nqwb| wkÿv Kv‡R
gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ gv`ivmv I gKZe wn›`y‡`i Rb¨ †Uvj I cvVkvjv e¨envi n‡Zv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| mywd‡`i cÖwZwôZ LvbKv¸‡jv wQjÑ
i) eyw×e„wËK wPšÍv i cÖm vi ¯’j ii) Ava¨vwZ¥K Kg© mvabvi ¯’v b iii) mvgvwRK Kg©m w~ P ev¯Íevqb ¯’v b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) ii L) i I ii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii
2| GKgvÎ †Kvb gymwjg Kwe myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjvq Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib?
K) kvn gynv¤§` mMxi L) †kL AvjvDj nK M) mvwie× Lv N) ˆmq` Avkivd wmgbvbx
3| myjZvwb hy‡M †Kvb wk‡íi K`i wQj bv?
K) ¯’vcZ¨ wkí L) wPÎ wkí M) eqb wkí N) KzwUi wkí
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.1 t 1. M 2. N 3. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.2 t 1. L 2. K 3. L

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 72