06.Plane Stress and Strain

Finite
element
method
Prof. Jinwoo Lee
© 2017 Cengage Learning

Development of the
Plane stress and Plane
strain Stiffness
Equations
6
Chapter Objectives
✓ To review basic concepts of plane stress and plane strain
✓ To derive the constant-strain triangle (CST) element stiffness matrix and
equations
✓ To describe how to treat body and surface forces for two-dimensional elements
✓ To perform a detailed finite element solution of a plane stress problem
6.1 Basic Concepts of Plane Stress and Plane Strain
• Two-Dimensional Finite Element
➢ Two-dimensional (planar) elements

are defined by three or more nodes
in a two-dimensional plane.
➢ The elements are connected at

common nodes and/or along
common edges to form continuous
structures.
➢ Two-dimensional elements are

important for plane stress analysis
and plane strain analysis.

• Plane Stress and Plane Strain
➢ Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the

normal stresses and the shear stresses directed perpendicular
to the plane are assumed to be zero.
➢ Plane strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the strain

normal to the x – y plane εz and the shear strain γxz and γyz are
assumed to be zero.

• Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain
➢ Consider the figure illustrating a two-dimensional state of stress.

Three independent stresses exist:
➢ Review Appendix C.1 for more information regarding the

derivation of the element equilibrium equations.

➢ Principal stresses are the maximum and minimum normal

stresses in the two-dimensional plane:
➢ Principal angle defines the normal whose direction is

perpendicular to the plane on which the maximum or minimum
principal stress acts:

➢ From the general definitions of normal and shear strains and the
use of the figure below, we obtain:
➢ The strains can be generally represented by the vector column

matrix:

• Stress-Strain Relationships for Plane Stress Condition
➢ For isotropic materials, the following stresses are assumed to be

zero for the plane stress condition:
➢ For the three-dimensional relationship, the shear strains
➢ For plane stress condition we then have:
where the stress-strain matrix (or constitutive matrix) is:
where E is the elastic modulus and v is the Poisson’s ratio.

• Stress-Strain Relationships for Plane Stress Condition
➢ For plane strain, we assume the following strains to be zero:
➢ Applying this to the three-dimensional stress-strain relationship

(Appendix C), the shear stresses:
➢ The stress-strain matrix becomes:

6.2 Constant-Strain Triangular Element Stiffness Matrix
• The Constant-Strain Triangle (CST)
➢ A basic two-dimensional or plane finite element

➢ It has a constant strain throughout it.
➢ Simplest derivation of the stiffness matrix among the available
two-dimensional elements
➢ Triangular elements are used because boundaries of irregularly
shaped bodies can be closely approximated.

• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix and

Equations: Select Element Type
➢ All formulations are based on this counterclockwise system of
labeling of nodes.
➢ From the discretized plate shown before, a basic triangular
element showing degrees of freedom is drawn in the figure.
➢ The nodal displacement matrix is given by:
➢ We have selected the element type as a triangular element.

• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix and

Equations: Displacement Function
➢ The next step is to select displacement functions (linear):
➢ Notes, the linear function ensures that compatibility will be satisfied

❖ The linear function ensures that the displacements along the edge and at the
nodes shared by adjacent elements
➢ In matrix form

• (Cont.)
➢ To obtain the coefficients:
➢ Beginning with the first three equations:

• (Cont.)
➢ The method of cofactors for finding the inverse of [x]

• (Cont.)
➢ Having determined [x]−1
➢ We’ve had
• (Cont.)
➢ Multiplying the two matrices and rearranging,
➢ We can define shape function for u and v in simpler form
➢ We can rewrite
• (Cont.)
➢ In a matrix form
2×6
2×1 6×1
• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix:

Strain/Displacement
➢ Strains associated with the two-dimensional element:
a2
a6
a3+a5


Strain/Displacement
➢ Strain can be obtained:


Strain/Displacement
➢ We obtain: [B] [d]
➢ Simplified as:
where [B] is sometimes called a gradient matrix and is independent of the x
and y coordinates
• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix: Stress/Strain

relationship

• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix
➢ Using the principle of minimum potential energy, we can derive the

element stiffness matrix and equations for a CST element.
➢ The total potential energy is given by:
where the strain energy is given by:
➢ The potential energy of body forces:

where {X} is the weight density matrix
➢ The potential energy of concentrated loads:
➢ {P} represents the concentrated external loads
➢ The potential energy of distributed loads:
➢ {TS} =surface tractions, {ΨS}=field of surface displacements

➢ The total load system on an element is represented by:
➢ We now obtain:
➢ Taking the first variation:
➢ Rewriting as:

➢ For an element with constant thickness the stiffness matrix is

written as:
➢ where A is the area of the triangle, [D] is the stress-strain matrix,

and [B] is the gradient matrix

• CST Element Global Equations
➢ In our formulation of the element stiffness matrix, the matrix has

been derived for a general orientation in global coordinates.
➢ No transformation from local to global equations is necessary.
➢ If the CST element are not parallel to the global axes then we
apply rotation-of-axes transformation as:
where:

• CST Element Nodal Displacements and Solving for Element

Forces
➢ Determine the unknown global structure nodal displacements by solving

the system of algebraic equations give by:
➢ Obtain the strains and stresses in the global x and y directions using:
and
➢ Finally, determine the maximum and minimum in-plane principal
stresses.
➢ IMPORTANT NOTE
1. The displacement field is continuous across element boundaries
2. The strains and stresses are NOT continuous across element boundaries

• EX 6.1
𝑢𝑖 0.0
𝑣𝑖 0.0025
𝑢𝑗 0.0012
𝑑 = 𝑣 =
𝑗 0.0
𝑢𝑚 0.0
𝑣𝑚 0.0025

• (Cont.)
➢ Evaluate [B]
[B] =
➢ Elastic stiffness matrix for plane stress condition [D]
[D] =

• (Cont.)
➢ Stiffness matrix [k]

• (Cont.)
➢ Evaluate the stresses

6.3 Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
• Body Forces
➢ We can evaluate the body forces at the nodes as:
where {X} represents the weight densities in the x
and y directions.
➢ Body forces may arise from body weight (gravitational forces), angular
velocity (centrifugal body forces), or inertial forces.
➢ The element body forces are:
➢ It can be concluded that the body forces are distributed to the nodes in
three equal parts.

• Body Forces
➢ The integration is simplified (centroidal coordinate axes)
1 𝑡𝐴
𝑓𝑏𝑖𝑥 = ම 𝑁𝑖 𝑋𝑏 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑋𝑏 𝑡 ඵ 𝛼𝑖 + 𝛽𝑖 𝑥 + 𝛾𝑖 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑋𝑏
2𝐴 3
𝑉 𝐴
at the centroid
2ℎ
(0, )
3
𝑏 ℎ 𝑏 ℎ
(− , − ) ( ,− )
2 3 2 3
• Surface Forces
➢ We can evaluate the surface forces at the nodes as:

➢ By considering the example of a uniform stress p,
acting between nodes 1 and 3 on the edge of element 1, we can
illustrate the use of the equation for surface forces at the nodes.
➢ The element surface forces are given by:
➢ It can be concluded that for a CST element, a distributed load can be

treated as concentrated loads acting at the loaded edge nodes.

• Surface Forces
➢ The surface traction (by considering the example of a uniform stress 𝑝)
(𝑎, 𝐿)
(0,0) (𝑎, 0)
• (Cont.)
➢ We express
➢ Simplifying the equation

• (Cont.)
➢ For i = 1, we have
➢ With i = 1, j = 2, and m = 3
➢ Therefore, we obtain
➢ Similarly,

• (Cont.)
➢ We can calculate

• (Cont.)
➢ Finally, we obtain
𝑝𝐿𝑡
2
𝑝𝐿𝑡
2
• Surface load ⇒ Equivalent nodal forces

6.4 Explicit Expression for the CST Stiffness Matrix
• The CST Stiffness Matrix

➢ Recall that the stiffness matrix is

6.4 Explicit Expression for the CST Stiffness Matrix

6.5 Finite Element Solution of a Plane Stress Problem
• von Mises Theory
➢ The von Mises Theory is the theory of maximum distortion energy for
ductile materials subjected to static loading. It predicts that a material will
fail if the von Mises stress (effective stress) reaches the yield strength.
➢ Most computer programs incorporate this failure theory. If

is true, then a material with a greater yield strength can be selected or
other design changes can be made.
➢ For brittle materials, with different tension and compression properties,

The Coulomb-Mohr theory is recommended to predict failure.

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Finite

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Two-Dimensional Finite Element

➢ Two-dimensional (planar) elements

➢ The elements are connected at

➢ Two-dimensional elements are

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Plane Stress and Plane Strain

➢ Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the

➢ Plane strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the strain

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain

➢ Consider the figure illustrating a two-dimensional state of stress.

➢ Review Appendix C.1 for more information regarding the

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain

➢ Principal stresses are the maximum and minimum normal

➢ Principal angle defines the normal whose direction is

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain

➢ The strains can be generally represented by the vector column

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Stress-Strain Relationships for Plane Stress Condition

➢ For isotropic materials, the following stresses are assumed to be

➢ For the three-dimensional relationship, the shear strains

➢ For plane stress condition we then have:

where the stress-strain matrix (or constitutive matrix) is:

where E is the elastic modulus and v is the Poisson’s ratio.

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Stress-Strain Relationships for Plane Stress Condition

➢ For plane strain, we assume the following strains to be zero:

➢ Applying this to the three-dimensional stress-strain relationship

➢ The stress-strain matrix becomes:

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• The Constant-Strain Triangle (CST)

➢ A basic two-dimensional or plane finite element

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix and

➢ We have selected the element type as a triangular element.

• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix and

➢ The next step is to select displacement functions (linear):

➢ Notes, the linear function ensures that compatibility will be satisfied

© 2017 Cengage Learning

➢ Beginning with the first three equations:

© 2017 Cengage Learning

© 2017 Cengage Learning

➢ We can define shape function for u and v in simpler form

• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix:

➢ Strains associated with the two-dimensional element:

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix:

➢ Strain can be obtained:

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix:

➢ We obtain: [B] [d]

• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix: Stress/Strain

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix

➢ Using the principle of minimum potential energy, we can derive the

where the strain energy is given by:

➢ The potential energy of body forces:

➢ {TS} =surface tractions, {ΨS}=field of surface displacements

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix