07. Practical_consideration (1)

Finite
element
method
Prof. Jinwoo Lee
© 2017 Cengage Learning

6.5 Finite Element Solution of a Plane Stress Problem

• Discretization
➢ To illustrate the finite element method solution for the plate, we first
discretize the plate into two elements.
➢ The original tensile surface traction in Figure has been converted to

nodal forces as follows:
• Discretization
➢ Governing global matrix equation
• Assemblage of the Stiffness Matrix

➢ For element 1, the element stiffness matrix
➢ We can obtain the [B] matrix as follows:
(0,10)
(20,10)
(0,0)

➢ For plane stress, the [D] matrix is conveniently expressed here as
➢ Finally, the element stiffness matrix is obtained as


➢ For element 2, the element stiffness matrix
➢ We can obtain the [B] matrix as follows:
(20,10)
(0, 0) (20,0)
➢ Finally, the element stiffness matrix is obtained as


➢ Previous two element stiffness matrices can be extended to the order
of, and rearranged according to, increasing nodal degrees of freedom
of the total [K] matrix.

➢ Using superposition of the element stiffness matrices
➢ We can consider some part of the total matrices, then we can

calculate the final displacement by applying the inverse matrix
• Element stresses
➢ We now determine the stresses in each element by using
➢ For element 1
=
• Element stresses
➢ For element 2
=
• von Mises Theory
➢ The von Mises Theory is the theory of maximum distortion energy for
ductile materials subjected to static loading. It predicts that a material will
fail if the von Mises stress (effective stress) reaches the yield strength.
➢ Most computer programs incorporate this failure theory. If

is true, then a material with a greater yield strength can be selected or
other design changes can be made.
➢ For brittle materials, with different tension and compression properties,

The Coulomb-Mohr theory is recommended to predict failure.
6.6 Rectangular Plane Element (Bilinear Rectangle, Q4)
• Rectangular Plane Element
➢ The four-noded rectangular plane element is also called the

bilinear rectangle because of the linear terms in x and y for the
displacement functions.
➢ The “Q4” symbol represents the element as a quadrilateral with
four corner nodes.
➢ Two advantages of the rectangular element over triangular are
ease of data input and simpler interpretation of output stresses.
➢ A disadvantage is that the simple linear-displacement rectangle
with its straight sides poorly approximate boundary condition
edges.

• Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness Matrix Derivation
➢ Consider the rectangular element show in the figure

➢ The unknown nodal displacements are given by:

➢ Select the following linear displacement functions:
➢ Eliminate the a’s to obtain:

➢ These can be expressed in terms of the shape functions and

unknown nodal displacements:
➢ where:

➢ The element strains for two-dimensional stress state are given

by:
➢ Express the strains in terms of the a’s:

➢ Taking the derivatives of u and v, we can express the strains in

terms of the unknown nodal displacements
➢ where

➢ The stiffness matrix is determined by:
➢ The element force matrix is:
➢ The element equations are then given by:

➢ The stiffness matrix is determined by:
➢ The element force matrix is:
➢ The element equations are then given by:

• CST and Q4 Models of a Cantilevered Beam

• Numerical Comparison of CST to Q4 Element Models

• Numerical Comparison of CST to Q4 Element Models

➢ The results indicate that the Q4 compatible element model predicts
more accurately deflection and stress behavior than the CST
element model
➢ As the number of rows is increased, the deflections and stress are
predicted increasingly more accurately
➢ The CST element models produce stiffer models and also
converges very slowly in comparison to Q4 in regards to the
classical beam theory solution

Practical Consideration
in Modeling; and
Examples of Plane
Stress/Strain Analysis
7
Chapter Objectives
✓ To present concepts that should be considered when modeling for a situation
by the finite element method
✓ To discuss the interpretation of stresses in an element, including a common
method of averaging the nodal values (also called smoothing)
✓ To present a flowchart of typical finite element processes used for the analysis
of plane stress and plane strain
7.1 Finite Element Modeling
• General Considerations
➢ Finite element modeling is partly an art guided by

visualizing physical interactions taking place within the
body.
➢ One appears to acquire good modeling techniques

through experience and by working with experienced
people.

• Aspect Ratio and Element Shapes
➢ The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the longest

dimension to the shortest dimension of a quadrilateral
element.

➢ In many cases, as the

aspect ratio increases,
the inaccuracy of the
solution increases as
is shown in the graph.
➢ Note that there are

exceptions to this
generalization.

➢ General rules: try to maintain low aspect ratios and use
corner angles of quadrilaterals near 90̊ when choosing
elements for a model.
➢ Below are elements with shapes that should generally
be avoided.

• Use of Symmetry
➢ Mirror and reflective symmetry applications

• Mesh Revision (Refinement)
➢ Mesh revision or refinement is used to increase the accuracy of the
results produced by a finite element model.
➢ First, start with a basic mesh using the fewest, reasonable number
of elements, and obtain a benchmark result.
➢ Then refine the model by doing actions like increasing the mesh
density and compare the results.
➢ This process continues until the results converge to some user-
defined criteria.
➢ Consider this original mesh for the discussion of types of methods:

• h Method of Refinement
➢ In the h method, we use the particular element based
on the shape functions for that element.
➢ Elements of the same kind are then added or made
smaller.
➢ Uniform or non-uniform refinements are possible as
shown below:

• p Method of Refinement
➢ In the p method, the polynomial p is increased to
higher-order polynomials based on the degree of
accuracy specified.
➢ These iterations are repeated until a convergence is
reached.

• r Method of Refinement
➢ In the r method, the nodes are rearranged or relocated
without changing the number of elements of the
polynomial degree of the field quantities.

7.2 Equilibrium and Compatibility of FE Results
• Approximations generally inherent in finite element

solutions:
1. Equilibrium of nodal forces and moments is satisfied.
2. Equilibrium within an element is not always satisfied.
3. Equilibrium is not usually satisfied across interelement
boundaries.
4. Continuity is satisfied within an element as long as the
element displacement field is continuous.
5. In the formulation of the element equations, continuity
is invoked at the nodes.
6. Continuity may or may not be satisfied along
interelement boundaries.

7.2 Equilibrium and Compatibility of FE Results

7.4 Interpretation of Stresses
➢ The best approximation of the

stress occurs at the midpoint of
elements as shown in the figure.
➢ For higher-order elements like the

linear-strain triangle, the common
practice is to directly evaluate the
stresses at the centroid of the
element.
➢ An alternative procedure is to use

an average value of the stresses
evaluated at each node. This is
called smoothing

7.5 Flowchart for the Solution

7.6 Computer Program
• FEA Software - ABAQUS
➢ You can download and install in your PC.

➢ https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Ede5ljqvXiZj5eq
dHFbGClZTXfCZaLUn?usp=drive_link
➢ Student version can be used in the class.
• Part Module
• Property Module
• Assembly Module
• Step Module
• Load Module
• Mesh Module
• Mesh Module
• Job Module

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Finite

© 2017 Cengage Learning

© 2017 Cengage Learning

➢ The original tensile surface traction in Figure has been converted to

• Assemblage of the Stiffness Matrix

• Assemblage of the Stiffness Matrix

➢ Finally, the element stiffness matrix is obtained as

• Assemblage of the Stiffness Matrix

➢ Finally, the element stiffness matrix is obtained as

• Assemblage of the Stiffness Matrix

• Assemblage of the Stiffness Matrix

➢ We can consider some part of the total matrices, then we can

• von Mises Theory

➢ Most computer programs incorporate this failure theory. If

➢ For brittle materials, with different tension and compression properties,

• Rectangular Plane Element

➢ The four-noded rectangular plane element is also called the

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness Matrix Derivation

➢ Consider the rectangular element show in the figure

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness Matrix Derivation

➢ Select the following linear displacement functions:

➢ Eliminate the a’s to obtain:

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness Matrix Derivation

➢ These can be expressed in terms of the shape functions and

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness Matrix Derivation

➢ The element strains for two-dimensional stress state are given

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness Matrix Derivation

➢ Taking the derivatives of u and v, we can express the strains in

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness Matrix Derivation

➢ The stiffness matrix is determined by:

➢ The element force matrix is:

➢ The element equations are then given by:

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness Matrix Derivation

➢ The stiffness matrix is determined by:

➢ The element force matrix is:

➢ The element equations are then given by:

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• CST and Q4 Models of a Cantilevered Beam

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Numerical Comparison of CST to Q4 Element Models

© 2017 Cengage Learning

• Numerical Comparison of CST to Q4 Element Models

© 2017 Cengage Learning

➢ Finite element modeling is partly an art guided by

➢ One appears to acquire good modeling techniques

© 2017 Cengage Learning

➢ The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the longest

© 2017 Cengage Learning

➢ In many cases, as the

➢ Note that there are

© 2017 Cengage Learning

© 2017 Cengage Learning