LEA 4 ( LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATION WITH PLANNING AND CRIME MAPPING

POLICE PATROL/ COMMUNICATION/ PLANNING

D E F I N I T I O N OF T E R M S

ADMINISTRATION – Denotes functions that determine the basic policies, programs and objectives of an organization and
the means and method to the employed to achieve them.

AERIAL/SKYPATROL – I t was activated on April 20, 1996 and formally launched on May 2, 1996 for air patrol operation in
NCR with three helicopters as its initial air assist capability.

AFTERNON SHIFT – It is usually the busiest and offers the greatest variety of activities wherein officers deployed on the
afternoon shift encounter a broad range of activities ad people that make their job challenging. The
afternoon shift combines the service orientation of the day shift with the criminal apprehension function of
the midnight shift.

AUTOMOBILE PATROL – It is the most extensively used and the most effective means of transportation for police patrol.

BACK BERAND – Refers to a thief found with stolen goods borne on his back.

BAY AND RIVER PATROL – It is specialized being highly operating in water maintains the common form of patrol.

BEAT- It is an area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.

BILLY- a policeman’s nightstick or baton.

BICYLCLE PATROL- Is a type of patrol which utilizes bicycles and ace a combine advantage if mobility, speed and stealth.
They are easily maneuvered in crowded areas and cheaper operate.

BLISTERFOOT- use to denote a policeman in uniform in patrol assignment.

BLOODLESS EMERGENCY- an urgent situation confronting a police officer where the subject is not involved in violence
such as accidents, shooting incidents, or street fights. This refers particularly to mental cases victims of
drugs, alcohol or suicidal patients.

BUREAU – largest organic unit within a large department.

CANINE UNITS - dogs often used in lieu of a second officer in a motorized patrol unit. They serve as supplement to the
regular patrol force and allow officers to patrol the same or greater area and maybe utilized in the
detection of explosives, drugs and other contrabands.

CHAIN OF COMMAND - it is a system which has for its purpose to ensure that order, directive and other information are
issued downward and upward through the organizational structure and timely and uniformed manner, it is
intended to help the supervision to established and maintains necessary control over the activities of his
subordinates.

CHECK POINTS - a strategic point or area manned for uniformed policemen to establish to check/intercept the passage of
suspect/criminal and contrabands. Also referred to as choke points.

COLUMN FORMATION - used generally for approach to the riot area.

COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT - this involves knowing the geographical location, topography, streets and people as well as
the political organization in the area of responsibility. Its objective is to create a climate of trust and
understanding within the community.

COMPREHENSIVE PATROL -kind of alternative patrol system where in the regular police patrol duties are augmented with
prescribed objectives and verifiable tasks.
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COPS – Community Oriented Policy System.

CRIME STATISTICS - it is a science dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation, of masses of
numerical data on crime.

DAY SHIFT - this shift is devoted to service activities. The people that a police officer meets during the day shift are usually
law abiding and create new problems. The often concentrate patrol effort around parks and congested
recreational areas. Officers assign to the day shift do not do a lot of hand core crime fighting; they tend to
be more service oriented.

DECOY PATROL – This patrol methods rely heavily upon disguise, deception, and lying in wait rather than upon high-
visibility patrol techniques.

DESIRE AND OPPORTUNITY – Consistent factors in the commission o crime.

DIRECTED DETERRENT PATROL – In this patrol method the patrol officers perform specific predetermined preventive
functions on a planned and systematic basis. These preventive activities are designed on the basis of
detailed analysis of crime incidents offender’s characteristics, methods of operating, and location. It
attempts to identify certain crime trends and then develop specific patrol methods to interrupt these
patterns. Ideally suited for cities which are large enough to experience crimes problems in which patterns
and characteristics can be identified.

DISCRETION - Refers to the wise use of one’s judgment, by utilizing personal experience and common sense to decide on
the course of action to be taken for a particular situation.

DISTRICT – A geographical subdivision of the city for patrol purposes usually with its own situation.

DISTRICT ORIENTATION TOUR- Utilized to familiarize and orients a policeman about the patterns and characteristics of
his patrol area before he goes out on actual patrol.

EMERGENCY CALL- A kind of call which requires the use of the flashing light and siren and may violate traffic laws
provided that extreme care is exercised.

EVENT ORIENTED PATROL- Refers to the identification of events which may require the application of intensified patrol
efforts or different kinds of patrol efforts strategies due to the nature of the problems they may create.

FIXED WING AIRCRAFT PATROL- This type of patrol would afford police officers to cover vast area particularly
inaccessible remote areas at the least possible time without the hassle of refueling in cases of long
distance which has to be covered.

FOOT PATROL - Traditional type of patrolling which greatly advantageous in terms of fostering police community relations.
It is an integral element of many modern community oriented policing programs. The foot patrol officer is
usually able to develop a much closer relationship with the people who reside, shop or work in his beat.
He can readily identify people on the beat since they experience impersonal and direct contact with them.
The various roles of an officer information provider, assistance giver, law enforcer, councilor and friend are
facilitated by this patrol method.

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION - This organization, the performance of certain duties at all levels is controlled and directed
by separate organizational authority.

HAZARD - Is any person, thing situation or condition or place which if allowed to exist may induce an accident or cause the
commission of crime.

HIGH VISIBILITY PATROL – The theory underlying high visibility patrol is that there are certain kinds of crimes.

HORSE PATROL - Used for certain patrol problems in jurisdiction that contain large park areas of similar places where
automobiles either cannot go or may be forbidden.

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HOUSE VISITATION - This function is performed by patrol units where policeman routinely visit residential houses and work
places to offer crime prevention advice or to organize community crime groups.

INSPECTIONAL SERVICES - Are effectively performed by foot patrolmen in uniform, as they go about their routine tasks o
walking their assigned beats, they pay particular attention to persons and thing.

LAW ENFORCEMENT - This embraces crime prevention and crime control role, including the customary police functions.

LEAP FROG - Method where two patrol officers alternately take the lead in the search and cover each others as they
progressively move on.

LOCATION ORIENTED PATROL- The process of conducting intensified surveillance over selected areas that have been
identified through crime analysis or though intelligence data as being high risk areas for the commission of
selected types of crimes.

LOW VISIBILITY PATROL - Low visibility patrol is design to increase the rate of apprehension of persons engaged in
selected types of crimes. Its secondary effect is that other types of crimes will be deterred as the result of
greater probability of persons being arrested in the commission of the crime.

MALFEASANCE – It is the performance of some act which ought not to e done.

MARINE PATROL - Water patrol units are highly specialized form of police patrol and are utilized in those communities that
have access to navigable waterways such as lakes oceans, and rivers. They represent and extremely
valuable addition the regular patrol force.

MEETING UNUSUAL NEEDS - This refers to the result of intermittent and usually unexpected variations in activities, civil
disturbances, special community events, disaster plans, and civil defense.

MIDNIGHT SHIFT - Called “graveyard shift” to denote lack of activities or “dog watch “which suggest that it is the penalty
box of the police work. It is for the reason that due to the seniority the youngest and least experienced
officers often end on this shift.

MISFEASANCE - It is the improper performance of some act which ought not to be done.

MOB - Refers to e crowd which may become boisterous disorderly and may cause violence and lawlessness.

MOBILE PATROL - It is the dominant form of police patrol method.

MOTORCYCLE - Primarily used for traffic control and enforcement their speed and maneuverability makes them an
indispensable police vehicle.

NON-FEASANCE - It is the omission of some act which ought to be performed.

OFFENDER ORIENTED PATROL - Refers to the process of conducting surveillance of an individual. In this case
intelligence data as well criminal history information on non offenders will form the basis for the
identification of targets against which patrol efforts are directed.

PARTICIPATIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT - Locally referred to as the community oriented policing systems or cops, it now
has wide applications by the PNP particularly in the Metro Manila area. Teamwork concept between the
police and the citizenry is not something new although it seems to be something new to those who are not
aware of or have forgotten the basic.

PATROL - Refers t e repeated circuit of in guarding covering in a particular area. It is the only form of police service which
directly attempts to eliminate the desire and opportunity of an individual to commit misconduct.

PATROLLING - It is a system of sending out of uniform police men to conduct police visibility patrols within area of
responsibility and prevent the commission of crimes.

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PATROL FORCE - it is the largest elements in a police organization whose members patrol the streets on foots, dressed in
the familiar khaki uniform, or riding a conspicuously marked, radio-equipped patrols car, the nature of their
service bring them in direct and constant contact with the public every hour of the night, an every day an
and height of the year.

PATROL HAZARD - A term used frequently to describe a specific condition or place that requires a patrols officer’s special
attention.

PATROL OBSERVATION - Refers to constant an alert patrolling with keen sense of observation on persons and thing and
is use as gauge of efficient patrol offices.

PATROILER - A French word which roughly means, “to travel on foot.” Origin of the word Patrol

PCP - Refers to the present-day local Police Community Precinct which evolved from the NCOB program (New
Cops on the black) and from the cops (Community Oriented Policing System) they are smaller units which
were established to operate below the police station level. To develop trust, confidence, support and
cooperation between the member of the police force and the community, Police Community Precinct
(PCP) has been organized in Metro Manila. In other area of responsibility, the COPS KABABAYAN
centers have been established. The goal of this mini police department to bring the police closer to the
people they serve.

POLICE OMNIPRESENT - This is crime repression activity of the police which is accomplished by making their presence
known and deploying patrol units in the plain cloths to create in the mind of the citizens that the policemen
are everywhere.

POLITEIA - Etymology of the word police, meaning government of a city.

POST - A fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as designated desk or office/ crosswalk or an
intersection for traffic duty/ or spot or location for general duty.

PRECAUTIONARY ACTIVITY - These would refer to the system of vigilant duty whereby the policemen assigned thereat
cope instantly with outbreak of incident or accident. This is achieved by consultation and dialogue between
the police and residents on how to prevent similar incident of disorder.

PROACTIVE PATROL - Refer to an alternative patrol system which means the fielding on the field units in their respective
area of responsibility with prescribed objectives and verifiable tasks scheduled for the day to augment the
calls and other on sight activities that makes up the officer’s day.

QUADRANT - Using the scene of the crime as the center of the quadrant grid, the areas to be searched is divided into four
equal “ pie shaped” quarters generating from the center.

REACTIVE PATROL- This is a traditional patrol activity which consists driving around the district waiting for something to
happen.

REPRESSION OF CRIMINAL AN DELIQUENT BEHAVIOR- Repression of crime is generally accomplished whether by

having police officers present at specific location maintaining a highly visible profile or by publicizing a
highly active cover operation.

REPRESSIVE POLICE- A style of policing which generally tends to alienate the police from the community use by rules
and government lacking popular support and rely on this technique to maintain them in power.

ROUTE- It is a light of streets, designated for patrol purposes also referred to as line beat.

SATURATE PATROL- A technique which calls for the deployment of as many police officers as possible in a specific
geographic area with known crime trend.

SECTION- function units within a particular division, necessary for specialization.

SECTOR - An area containing two or more boats, routes or pots.

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SELECTIVE EMFORCEMENT - It is refer to targeting of specific criminal activity which can be used with favorable result to
respond high levels of criminal conduct. It allows a department to maximize personnel deployment with
respect to emergent crime trends with minimum impact on normal patrol operations.

SHIFT SCHEDULING - It is one of the most important task face by patrol dispatchers and police administrators. It is
undertaken by dividing the numbers of variable patrol hours into the number of hours actually devoted to
call for service or other work load indicators.

SKIRMISHER TERRAIN PATROL - Usually four wheel drive vehicles designed to easily maneuver an traverse with ease
sandy area such as desserts and beach fronts as well as prone to floods. This would enable patrol officers
to respond quickly to calls to emergency scenes, which may not be accessible to more conventional forms
of transportation.

SPECIFIC DETERRENCE- It is of crime prevention technique which has an effect to an activity of a specific individual or
group.

SPLIT FORCE PATROL- A means of satisfying the needs of both prevention patrol an the demands made by calls for
service.

SPOT COVER - Usually a fixed post, generally at an intersection or some other vantage point, overlooking one or more
possible avenue of escape.

STREET QUISTIONING METHODS - This is a method whereby policemen on patrol may interview, within the bounds of
law, suspicious personalities at random in order to serve as deterrent to those who intend to commit a
crime.

STRONG POINTS - A critical points or intersection manned by minimum of five (5) uniformed police personnel pre deployed
to intercept fleeing bank robbers or criminals.

SUBERSIVES – Are persons or organization, organized to over throw legitimate government.

SWAT – Special Weapons and Tactics. A specialized mobile police assault force designed to quell threats and contain
crisis.

TACTICAL OPERATION AND STRATEGIES – It is the proper utilization and deployment of the patrol force includes the
design and implementation of patrol strategies and tactical plans which are designed t meet the daily
operational requirements as well as unique conditions that may arise from time to time.

TARGET ORIENTED PATROL – Strategies which are directed toward specific persons, places or events. Combining the
elements of high visibility and low visibility patrol, and directed deterrent patrol to identify persons, places
or events which attract to create crime problems. Various means are then used either to deny the
opportunity for the crime to occur or to intercept the criminal in the commissions of the offense.

TEAM POLICING – Refers to a grassroots approach undertaken to bring the people and the police together in a cooperative
situation. Its distinguishing feature is the establishment of neighborhood. Crime watch groups for the
purpose of encouraging the people to report crimes and to assume greater interest and responsibilities in
crime and prevention and suppression.

UNIT – Functional groups within a section where further specialization is needed.

UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLY – The continually conditions of civil unrests and lawlessness making it apparent that it is possible
for a major disturbances to occur at any time or place where politically active or militant people
congregate, labor, students, urban poor and other minority groups have become prominent and dramatic
in their effort to effect changes in government and society.

WEDGE FORMATION – Used in crowd control to clear the street and splitting the mob.

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 POLICE PATROL OPERATIONS

WHAT IS PATROL?

According to Hale, Patrol is the essence of police function while Payton said, the Patrol Division is the backbone of
a police department. However, making it simpler, patrol may refer to the regular tour made by a guard in a place in order to
protect it or to maintain order. It could also mean a person or a group (such as a police or military unit) sent to carry out a
tour of duty in a certain place with a particular mission either for reconnaissance purposes or simply to provide protection.

Etymology of the Term Police and Patrol

The term police originated from the Greek word POLITEIA, which means civil organization and the state; the
Romans changed the word to POLITIA. The French changed the word to POLICE to call those people authorized to
implement the law. The English and the Americans borrowed the word from the French and used it to describe a law
enforcer. Cop and Constable are other common descriptions of a police officer. Cop is a Europian term meaning to Catch or
Seize.
It must be noted that terms constable and patrol came from the French. Patrol originated directly or via German
Patrolla from the French Patrouller (PATROULLIER), which originally means “ to walk through mud in a military camp”.

What is the Importance of Police patrol?

Obviously, the patrol force is indispensable unit in every police organization. The following are the specific points
that justify the importance of Police Patrol;
1. Patrol is the essence of police operations.
2. The patrol group is the single largest unit in the police organization.
3. Actions taken by the patrol officer have the most direct impact on the citizen’s satisfaction and on the
accomplishment of police goals and objectives.
4. Patrol operation is the most visible form of activity that enhances the welfare and security of the community.
5. Individual patrol officers represent the police department in its contact with the community.
6. Individual patrol officers play a major role in determining the quality of justice in a given community. Errors
made by patrolmen have significant negative effect in the public’s perception and on the other components of
the CJS.
7. The patrol officer is the most important human element of the police organization since all police field
operations are supported by the patrol activity.

What are the Patrol Functions?

Based on the Section 1 of Rule II of the original Police Manual, the patrol force has the primary responsibility of
safeguarding the community. This can be done through the:
1. Protection of persons and property
2. Preservation of peace and order
3. Prevention of crime
4. Suppression of criminal activities
5. Apprehension of criminals
6. Enforcement of laws and ordinances
7. Regulation of criminal conduct
8. Performing necessary services and inspections

What is the Concept of Crime Prevention and Crime Suppression?

Theoretically, Crime Prevention involves the suppression of the desire of potential criminals to commit crimes. On
the other hand, crime suppression involves the elimination of the opportunity of criminals to perform acts against the law.
In reality, crime prevention and crime suppression are activities that patrol officers do not bother to distinguish.
When they are deployed at the streets, patrol officers have no time to ponder if what they do is under crime prevention or
crime suppression.

PATROL FORCE ORGANIZATION

Concept of Patrol Force Organization

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 Patrol force organization maybe defined as the hierarchy of police officers working together towards a common
goal. The general goal of the patrol force is to safeguard the community. To achieve this goal, patrol officers must have
coordinated activities whether these are in the form of:
1. Protection of life and property
2. Preservation of peace and order
3. Prevention of crime
4. Suppression of criminal activities
5. Apprehension of criminals
6. Enforcement of laws and ordinances
7. Regulation of criminal conduct
8. Performing necessary services and inspections

PATROL THEORIES AND METHODS

A. Fundamental Theories of Patrol

1. Theory of Police Omnipresence – High Police Visibility discourages criminals. Normally, criminals think twice before
executing their plans if there is obvious presence of police officers. Thus, patrol activity should be carried in a
manner that attracts maximum attention to the police officer or police vehicles. This theory applies the principle of
OVERT Operation or high visibility.

2. Low Profile Theory – Low Police Visibility increases the opportunity to apprehend criminals. Deceptive absence of
the police officers will let criminals believe that they will not be detected or caught if they execute crimes that they
planned. In this theory, the objective is to attract as little attention as possible while on the process of patrolling. The
officers should operate in a manner that it would be difficult for either criminals or the public to determine that police
are around. The principle of Covert Operation is integrated in this theory.

The Meaning of the Word Patrol/

Old New

P – Policeman --Peace and Order

A – Assigned --Agenda
T – To --Transformation
R – Restore --Rules
O – Order in the ---of
L – Locality ---Law
B. Patrol Methods

Patrol methods are various means of getting from one place to another within a specified patrol jurisdiction. Various
methods of patrol are not intended to isolate the patrol officer from the people he vowed to serve and protect.
Patrol effort made by the police may be in the form of any or combination of the following:

1. Beat Patrol
a. Foot Patrol
b. Sector Patrol

2. Sector Patrol ( Motorized Patrol )

a. Automobile Patrol
b. Motorcycle Patrol
c. Aircraft Patrol ( Helicopter and Fixed Wing )

3. Specialized Patrol Methods

a. Horse (Mounted) Patrol
b. Marine (Water) Patrol
c. Canine (K-9) Assisted Patrol
d. Special Terrain Patrol

FOOT PATROL

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 Foot Patrol is restricted to small areas and is used to deal with special situations while maintaining contact with
officers in patrol cars. Foot patrol is used to secure Two Types of police geographical units;
1. Post – a fixed position or location where an officer is assigned for guard duty.
2. Beat – the smallest area specifically assigned for patrol purposes.

Types of Foot Patrol

1. Fixed Foot Patrol – is usually used for traffic, surveillance, parades and special events.
2. Mobile Foot Patrol – is used where there is considerable foot movement such as patrolling business and shopping
centers, high crime areas, and in places where there are many or multiple family dwellings.
a. Line Beat Patrol is used in securing a certain portion of a road or beat.
b. Random Foot Patrol is used in checking residential buildings, business establishments, dark alleys,
and parking lots.

What are the factors to be considered in determining the size of the beat?
1. Area to be patrolled;
2. Man – made and natural barriers
3. Number of men to patrol the area;
4. Type of patrol to be sued

What are the factors to be considered in determining the number of men to be deployed?
1. Size or area to be patrolled
2. Topography ( Physical Characteristics or terrain of the area )
3. Crime Rate
4. Possible problems to be encountered on the beat

Advantages of Foot Patrol

1. Greater personal contact with the public leading to increased community support for the police. Police becomes
closer to the community residents.
2. Greater opportunity to develop sources of information.
3. High police visibility. Regular police presence discourages criminals and provides greater sense of security to
storekeepers, females, and elderly persons.
4. Places not accessible by motor vehicles are reached and patrolled. Patrol officers can enter small alleys and side
streets.
5. Easier detection of criminal activities. Foot patrol provides closer observation of the environment and the
circumstances that may require immediate police attention.
6. Easy discovery and familiarization on the layout of the beat. In- depth knowledge of the characters and problems of
the patrol area.

Disadvantages of Foot Patrol

1. Low mobility resulting to limited coverage of the patrol area.
2. Low response time to telephone complaints.
3. Foot patrol method involves a large number of personnel, since officers are assigned on small areas of jurisdiction
called posts and beats.

AUTOMOBILE PATROL

The patrol car is the most extensively used and the most effective means of transportation for police on patrol.
Equipped with state – of – the – art police gear, patrol cars today provide a rapid, safe, and efficient means of transportation
under average operating conditions. Automobile patrol has the greatest mobility and flexibility. Most experts on patrol
operation agree that it is the most cost – effective method of patrol.

Advantages of Automobile Patrol

1. High mobility allowing coverage of greater area.
2. Quicker response time to complaints. Greater efficiency in responding to emergency calls and other called – for
services.
3. More economical as compared to foot patrol.
4. Enable more effective street pursuit of offenders.
5. Enable more effective traffic enforcement.

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 6. Provide an element of surprise, especially when crime is in progress.
7. Provide the officers with necessary protection during inclement weather.
8. Enable officers to carry supplementary equipment essential in patrolling.

Disadvantages of Automobile Patrol

1. Diminished personal contact with the public.
2. Little opportunity to develop sources of information.
3. Marked police vehicle hampers apprehension and surveillance operations.

BICYCLE PATROL

Bicycle Patrol is growing in popularity because of easy operation and its acceptance by the public, particularly
children who view them as a non-threatening form of patrol. Bicycles are now used in many countries as a simple and
inexpensive means of silent transportation to carry police officers throughout their patrol district. Often, bicycles are used in
parks and on beaches and have many of the same advantages and disadvantages as motorcycles.

Advantages of Bicycle Patrol

1. Lower – cost (inexpensive) to operate as compared to motorcycle and automobiles.
2. Areas not accessible by patrol cars or are too wide for foot patrol can be covered by bicycle.
3. Increased mobility and stealth since bicycle can be operated quietly and without attracting too much attention.
4. Found to be highly effective in combating theft, vandalism in residential areas, parks, shopping malls, etc.
5. Effectively used by plainclothesmen for surveillance in high crime areas wherein officers wearing nondescript
clothes could blend with the apparels worn by the criminals.

MOTORCYCLE PATROL

Most police departments have their motorcycles marked with the same insignia as their patrol cars. Motorcycles are
beginning to be a favorite of patrol officers because of the ease and speed of moving around. Motorcycle Patrol has many
of the same advantages as automobile patrol, especially in speed and maneuverability. Motorcycles have greater access
than automobiles to some areas and are better suited to heavy traffic, narrow alleys and rugged terrain.

Disadvantages of Motorcycle Patrol

1. Relatively high cost to operate.
2. Limited use in bad weather.
3. Inability to carry additional equipment or officers.
4. The danger involved in riding them.

HORSE PATROL (Mounted Patrol)

Mounted Patrol is decreasing in the US but still used in some large cities for crowd and traffic control. Mounted
officers are usually more acceptable than K-9s as crowd control instruments. Expense is one of the main advantages of
mounted patrol. The greatest advantage is that an officer on horseback is much more effective at controlling a disorderly
crowd than one on foot or in any kind of vehicle (other than a tank). Mounted officers can see up to three blocks away and
cover more territory than officers on patrol.
Horses are useful in patrolling jurisdiction that covers large park areas or similar places where automobiles cannot
go or maybe forbidden. Mobile patrol cars cannot be expected to race on grassy fields or wooded areas but horses can.
Mounted patrol is also valuable in search-and-rescue efforts in rural and wilderness areas. Officers on horses have
been called upon to:
1. Assist in evidence searches at crime scenes.
2. Round up straying cattle after a truck has tipped over.
3. Search for lost children in tall corn or grass where men on foot would be ineffective.

AIRCRAFT PATROL

Among the more recent trends in patrolling is the use of aircraft, either helicopter or fixed-wing. Today, it has
become necessary for the police use aircraft in performing both routine and specialized patrol activities. The use of aircraft
is not totally new. In 1925, the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department has already formed a volunteer Reserve Aero
Squadron. Full-time Aero detail is still an official unit in this police department today.

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WATER PATROL (Marine/Bay/River Patrol)

Water patrol units are extremely specialized and are not in great use except in areas with extensive coasts or a
great deal of lake or river traffic. The objective was to use the vehicles in anti-smuggling operations as well as against
robberies committed in warehouses along riverbanks or water ports.

CANINE (K-9) ASSISTED PATROL (Dog Patrol)

As earlier mentioned, the Egyptians were the first to use dogs in patrolling. In the US, dogs have been used in
police patrol since 1900. In April 1957, Baltimore was the only American police force that used trained dog handler teams on
patrol. As of April 1968, about 200 police agencies used a total of 500 man dog teams in police patrol work.
Police dogs are especially useful in high crime areas, in dangerous search situations, in dealing with street gangs,
in dispersing a crowd, in taking fleeing suspects into custody, in guarding suspects, in searching alleys, parks, schools, and
other large building. A most recent use of police dogs is in the search and detection of drugs in packages or on suspects.

Uses of Dogs or K-9s in Police Operations

1. Provide great assistance in search and rescue as well as in smelling out drugs and bombs.
2. Provide protection for 1 – officer patrol. Officer/s assigned to a high crime area has little fear with a well-trained
canine at their side.
3. Great value in crowd control since:
a. Properly trained dogs are virtually fearless;
b. Totally loyal to their handlers have a significant psychological effect on would-be trouble makers.
4. Extensively used in international airports to detect narcotics and bombs because of their keen sense of smell. A dog
is capable of recognizing an odor 10 million times better than a human can.
5. Specially trained dogs are extremely effective in finding bodies – dead or alive, just buried or buried for years.
6. Locating trapped people during emergencies.
7. Can be an asset to public relations efforts.
8. Well-trained police dogs can be used for demonstrations in public affairs, schools, or parades.

Disadvantages of Using K – 9
1. Most police dogs work with only one handler.
2. K – 9, like most dogs, is territorial, and its handler and its K – 9 cruisers are part of its territory.
3. Dog training is expensive. Dog training usually takes 10 to 12 weeks.
4. Police department that initiates a K – 9 sections is vulnerable to law suits.

PATROL MANAGEMENT

The following are simple but vital questions in the management of a patrol unit in your own department or in any
police department.

WHAT IS A REACTIVE PATROL?

It is the old system of police patrol activity which consists of continuously driving around the area of patrol waiting
for something to happen and to react accordingly in case something does happen.

WHAT IS PROACTIVE PATROL?

It is the more economical alternative patrol system, which has an objective approach against criminality as much as
practicable. It addresses crime at its very root before it is able to develop into felonious act.

WHAT IS PARTICIPATIVELAW ENFORCEMENT?

It is a system where the citizenry and the police work together to reduce crime, prevent juvenile delinquency and
criminal behavior, maintain peace and reduce local problems which are the mutual responsibility of the police and the
people.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PREVENTION AND REPRESSION OF CRIMINAL AND DELINQUENT
BEHAVIOR?
PREVENTION is the objective aimed towards ways and means to reduce the desire of the human being to commit
crime. REPRESSION, on the other hand is the act of prevening the actual commission of crimes. Repression is leveled on
the prevention of the very act itself which constitutes crimes.

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WHAT IS POLICE OMNIPRESENCE?
It is a crime repression activity of the police which is accomplished by making their presence known in such a way
that even if they are no longer present in a certain location, would be criminals would still have the impression that they are
still around and would therefore refrain from committing an offense.

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE ACRONYM COPS?

The acronym COPS refers to Community Oriented Policing System. It is the deploying of policemen in police blocks
to provide police and public safety services. It also involves the breaking down of large and impersonal police departments
into small units to create a series of mini-police precincts, which are responsive to the smaller communities.

WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PNPN’s NEW COPS?

1. To enhance police visibility in order to reach out to the community to serve the resident a policing out.
2. To improve police community relation to gain public acceptance, build mutual respect and trust and promote
cooperation.
3. To attend sustained and integrated police – community participation, in crime prevention and suppression.

WHAT IS POLICE BLOCK?

This is the NCOB (New Cops on the Block) Center of Command and Control of its activities and the police base
from which the citizen may seek assistance whether in person, by radio or telephone.

WHAT IS THE SO-CALLED “HOUSE VISITATION”?

It is a function of NCOB’s where police officers on patrol visit every house and work place to offer crime prevention
advice and to organize the neighborhood crime watch groups.

WHAT IS THE SO-CALLED “STREET QUESTIONING” METHOD?

It is a method whereby policemen on patrol may interview within the bounds of law suspicious personalities at
random in order to serve as a deterrent to those intended to commit a crime.

WHAT IS THE POLICE SOCIAL SERVICES OF THE PNP?

It is a project that concerns a wide variety of activities such as physical fitness and sports development and
formation and education and livelihood projects. The following are some of the benevolent services performed by the police
patrol:
1. Midwife duties during childbirth.
2. Render first aid to accident victims.
3. Get relief assistance to disaster victims.
4. Mediate in family quarrels.
5. Delivery of death messages.

WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF “TEAM POLICING”?

It is the grassroot approach undertaken to bring the people and the police together in a cooperative situation. Its
distinguishing feature is the establishments of neighborhood crime watch groups to encourage the people to report crimes
and to assume greater interest and responsibility in crime prevention and suppression.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF POLICE UNIFORM?

As with any other occupation, the police uniform is intended to separate policemen from everyone who are not in
the same line of work to avoid confusion and to assure others of his authority and his presence.

GIVE THE FOUR KINDS OF INSPECTIONS CONDUCTED BY POLICEMEN ON PATROL?

Policemen may conduct Building Inspection, Crime Prevention Follow-up, House Inspection and Miscellaneous
Inspection.

WHAT IS PATROL HAZARD?

This is a term used frequently to describe a specific condition or place that requires a patrol officer’s special
attention.

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WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF VEHICLE INSPECTION FOR PATROL?
The emergency nature of police work demands that the vehicle they use be in the best condition as possible not
only for routine patrol driving but also for pursuit operation. Hence, there is a need for regular vehicle inspection.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF DISTRICT ORIENTATION TOUR IN PREPARING FOR PATROL?

Its purpose is to familiarize and orient a policeman about the patterns and characteristics of his patrol area before
he conducts actual patrol?

WHAT IS POLICE SURVEILLANCE?

It is the process of keeping under observation a person; a place or an object to obtain information material to the
solution of a case. It is also use to detect some forms of criminal behaviors.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CALLS RESPONSE BY THE POLICE PATROL?

1. ROUTINE CALL – Under this category, the mobile car is required to observe all traffic laws and rules and does not
normally use its flashing lights and siren while on its way to the scene. This includes when the police responds to;
a. Provide police car transportation.
b. Obtain reports about offenses discovered after the criminal has left and which does not involve injury.
c. Obtain information the nature of which is not given.
d. Investigate apparently abandoned vehicles.
e. Obtain damage reports.
f. Provide additional traffic control and direction.
2. URGENT CALL – This is similar to the routine call, which also requires the responding police car to observe all
traffic rules and does not use its flashing lights or siren. However, it proceeds directly to its destination and does not
stop unless an incident of far more serious nature occurs. This includes when the police responds to investigate:
a. Trouble of unknown nature.
b. Shoplifter complaint.
c. Vehicular accidents in which there are no physical injuries.
d. Prowler complaints.
e. Lost children complaints.
f. Report of mob activities.
g. Reports of domestic or tenant-landlord or neighborhood conflicts.
3. EMERGENCY CALL – In most cases, this category requires the use of the flashing light and fluctuating siren
although there are exceptions which include the attempt to surprise criminals in the act. It is permissible in this case
for the responding police car to violate traffic laws provided that extreme care is exercised while driving at high
speed. This includes when police responds to:
a. Investigate a crime in progress.
b. Investigate a traffic accident in which people are injured.
c. Rescue or assist another patroller in trouble.
d. Aids an injured person.
e. Pursue or apprehend suspected criminal/s.
f. Assist in firefighting.
g. Stop an ongoing fight in progress.

WHAT ARE THE TWO SCHOOL PF THOUGHTS REGARDING THE BEST MEANS OF APPROACHING ANY SCENE
WHERE A CRIME IS BELIEVED TO BE IN PROGRESS?

FIRST is to approach the scene with lights and siren flashing and to pull on directly at the scene of the reported
crime. The idea here is to frighten the criminal in order to prevent him from completing his criminal act.

SECOND is to approach the crime scene as inconspicuously as possible in order to use the advantage of surprise
in apprehending the criminal or preventing his escape.

WHAT ARE THE FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BY THE PATROLLER IN CHOOSING THE MANNER BY WHICH AN
APPROACH TO A CRIME IN PROGRESS IS TO BE MADE?

These are the factors of: Time and Day; Condition of Traffic; Possibility of ongoing physical assault; and The
Neighborhood characteristics.

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 THE INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM (IPS) OF THE PNP

The Integrated Patrol System (IPS) of the PNP is a concerted effort to the whole PNP organization with other
government agencies. The purpose is for the effective performance of the general role of the PNP which is to deliver the
basic public safety services to the community.

What are the Three (3) Public Safety Bureaus?

In the Philippines, there are three separate line bureaus created under the Department of the Interior and Local
Government. They are responsible in the protection of the community against criminality, destructive fires and calamities
and protection by confinement and correction of convicted perpetrators. The three bureaus are;
1. PNP – Philippine National Police
2. BJMP – Bureau of Fire Protection
3. BJMP – Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

What are the Basic PNP Functions?

As stated earlier, the basic functions of the PNP are : Crime Prevention – including crime suppression; Crime
Solution – covers investigation of crimes; and Traffic Management – covers direction and control, and traffic accident
investigation.

Crime Prevention – the basic police function; the technique of eliminating the desire of the people to commit crime.
It can be done through Police Visibility. Crime Deterrence is actually the essence (real meaning) of Police Visibility because:
1. Making their presence felt;
2. Giving a feeling of security to law abiding citizens; and
3. Providing a feeling of fear to would be offenders.

What is the General Objective of Patrol Activity?

The general objective of patrol activity is to prevent the commission of crime by destroying the opportunity of
potential offenders thru constant and alert patrolling.
With these, patrol officers should have a detailed understanding of the anatomy of crime or what makes up a
criminal act. The anatomy of crime states that: crime takes place with the three elements or ingredients are present at the
same time and place which are: Instrumentalities, Motive and Opportunity. To explain further:
1. Instrumentality – the means or instrument used in the commission of crime.
2. Motive – the reason or cause why a person or group of persons will perpetrate a crime or the purpose of
doing something.
3. Opportunity – it refers to the chance or twist of fate; consist of the acts (whether by omission or
commission) by a person (the victim) that enables another person or group of persons (the offenders) to
perpetrate the crime.

Further, once crime took place, it can be further explained by using the interaction of these three (3) factors:
Criminal Tendency, Total Situation, and Resistance to Temptation. Criminal tendency is innate to every human being. Total
situation speaks of the environmental circumstances. Resistance to temptation could also be innate to a person which could
be attributed to his cultural and educational upbringing.

What is a Freak Crime Accident?

There are situations when all the three elements of the crime are present and merged at the same time and the
same place; however the victim is not the intended one due to error in persona (mistaken identity). This is called a Freak
Crime Accident. Similarly, the public still need to be protected against these kinds of crimes.

How Police Visibility is Attained?

Police visibility can be done in Three (3) ways: Physical Presence by being visible as police and easy to locate
police units; Patrolling Scheme through mobile, integrated, and widespread, supportive, and redundant coverage; and
Response which should be proper, adequate and timely (ideal is 5 minutes response time).
Further, the police Visibility Program of the PNP can be accomplished thru the use of the Integrated Patrol System
(PNP-IPS). The PNP-IPS has the following:
 Pre-emptive
 Widespread and Forward Deployment
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  Force Mixture (complementary and supportive)
 Cross Checking of Deployment
 Force Multiplier
 Supports the COPS

What are the Components of the IPS?

A. FIXED COMPONENTS – These include the following; Police Station HQ; Police Community Precincts (PCP); Traffic
Post; and Visibility Posts – police outpost.

1. Station Desk (SD) – plays the most important role in the implementation of the police mission – to serve and
protect the community. Further it serves as the Three (3) Cs of the police force: Communication; Coordinating;
and Center/ Command Post.

Situation / Locator Map (with magnetic equipment) – also called spot map; the key-point in the Police Station
Desk; capable of providing visual IPS situation because it shows the: area of responsibility (AOR); Real Time
Current Situation; and Real Time Status of the IPS.

2. Police Community Precincts (PCP) – Led by a police commissioned officer with the rank of Chief Inspector or
Superintendent with a minimum of 30 personnel including the PCP Commander divided in 3 shifts of 8-hours
duty.

B. PATROL COMPONENTS – The patrol components of the IPS are: Air Patrol; Line Beat Patrol; Mobile Patrols;
Motorcycle Patrol; Bicycle Patrol; Reaction Unit Patrol (SWAT); and Detective Repressive Patrol.

1. Police Beats (PBs) – these are consist of any contiguous or adjacent area defined by identifiable boundaries within
the AOR of a PCP where an officer can effectively patrol during his tour of duty; it is an area that can be effectively
patrolled on foot and police officers can respond to calls for police assistance within a matter of minutes.

2. Mobile Patrol (MP) – The SOPs are similar to the earlier discussions under the automobile type of patrol. In cases
where a vehicle is stopped, the following 10 Rules in Stopping Vehicles should be applied:
a. During daytime, select the widest portion of the road where to stop a motorist.
b. Signal the motorist to pull closer to the right side of the curb with the patrol car parked behind the violator’s
vehicle.
c. Observe flow of traffic coming from behind before opening the door and alighting from the patrol car.
d. In issuing a citation, occupy the right side of the vehicle using the hood to accomplish the citation.
e. At nighttime, select a well-lighted place to stop a motorist.
f. Never stand to do anything in front of a stopped vehicle with its engine running and its driver still at the vehicle.
g. Never stand to do anything between the stopped vehicle and the patrol car if the driver of the stopped vehicle is
at the wheel.
h. Never stand on the way of the door of the stooped vehicle especially if he is ordering a suspicious driver to get
out of the vehicle.
i. Never allow a person being interrogated to stand on the firearm side.
j. Never allow an apprehended suspect to sit inside the patrol car on the side where the policeman’s f/a is tucked.

3. Detective Beat (DB) or Detective Beat System (DBS) – DB is a contiguous area where a team of police
investigators is assigned with a specific task of conducting follow-up investigation to all complaints, reports,
referrals, and other requests with the end-in-view of full compliance and/or the filling of a case.

OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF PATROL

The following are the guidelines normally observed by the PNP in the conduct of patrolling not necessary under the
IPS:

1. Pre – Patrol (Pre-Deployment Phase)

a. Fall-in- information in ranks
b. Roll-call-accounting of patrol elements by the patrol commander (PC)
c. Inspection of uniform, appearance and equipment by the PC
d. TI & E (Troop Information and Education) and dissemination of instructions/orders by PC
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 e. Reading of assignment of PBs by Sarhento de Mesa or Field Duty Officer (FDO)
f. Issuance of equipment to Pos (Patrol Officers) and PTs (Patrol Teams)
g. Report to higher headquarters (HQ) by FDO

2. Deployment Phase
a. Report to SD by the Pos (Patrollers)
b. Pos make patrol plan and follow patrol procedures
c. Adopt the buddy-buddy system
d. Make situation report on an hourly basis or upon reaching the end of their line beat
e. Report and/or record in the PSR (Patrol Sheet Report) all unusual incidents

3. Post – Patrol (Post-deployment Phase)

a. Regrouping and formation
b. Accounting
c. Inspection
d. Debriefing/submission of DPR (Daily Patrol Report)
e. Recall of equipment issued
f. Dismissal by the PC

After which, the Patrol Commander collects the DPR and submits it to the HQ for consolidation and reference.

C. AUXILIARY COMPONENTS – in the Philippines, the police are the members of the PNP with two (2) statutory
characteristics:
1. National in Scope
2. Civilian in Character

Who are the members of the Auxiliary Police (or Auxiliary Components of the IPS)?
1. Private Security Guards
2. Traffic Enforcers and Aides
3. Junior Police
4. Law Enforcement Services Cadets
5. Barangay Chairman and Tanods (Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSO))
6. Civilian Volunteer Organizations (CVOs) such as civilian volunteer radio communications, and volunteer public
utility vehicles (PUV) drivers and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) like Bantay Bayan, Bayan Muna, etc.

POLICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

What is the Nature of Communication?

Communication is a vital part of personal life and is also important in business, education, and any other situation
where people encounter each other.

Businesses, privately-owned or government-owned, are concerned with communication in several special ways.
Some businesses build and install communication equipment such as fax (facsimile) machines, video cameras, CD players,
printing presses, personal computers, and telephones. Other companies create books, and software. These companies are
part of the media or telecommunications industries.

What is the significance of Communication in the Police Management and Administration?

Effective communications is essential in all organizations in which people deal with one another. It is very difficult to
imagine any kind of activity that does not depend on communication in one form or another. Today’s police managers are
aware that the efficiency of their personnel depends to a great extent on how well the efforts of individual members can be
coordinated. Because coordination does not simply happen, managers must realize that communication is necessary if their
subordinates are to obtain the understanding and cooperation required to achieve organizational and individual goals.
A major role today’s police manager is that of communicator. Managers at all levels of the police organization spend
an overwhelming amount of their time in the process and problems of communication.

Research in recent years has indicated that communication is the primary problem in management, and lack of
communication is the employees’ primary complaint about their immediate supervisors. The information in this chapter is

15
intended to provide future police managers with an overview of organization and interpersonal communications and provide
specific information that will facilitate and enhance their communication skills.

What is Communication? Communication could mean:

1. The exchange of information between individuals, for example, by means of speaking, writing, or using a
common system of signs or behavior.
2. The act of giving or sending information.
3. A means of access or communication, for example, a connecting door.

Generally speaking, communication refers to the transfer of thought or idea from one person to another. It simply
means the process of sharing ideas, information, and message with in a particular time and place. Technically, it refers to
the means or equipment used to exchange a thought or idea.

What is the scope of Communication? Communication includes:

1. Talking
2. Writing
3. Nonverbal communication – such as: facial expressions; body language; and gestures
4. Visual communication – use of image or picture, such as: painting; photography: video; and film
5. Electronic communication such as: telephone calls; electronic mail; cable television; and satellite broadcasts.

EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATIONS

Communication between two people is an outgrowth of methods developed over centuries of expression. Gestures,
the development language, and the necessity to engage in joint action all played a part.
PAPER AND PRINTING

The first lightweight medium was Papyrus, an early form of paper used by the Egyptians that was made from
grasses called reeds. Later, in the 2nd Century AD, the Chinese wrote on silk fabric instead of wood, and developed paper
made from silk fibers. (Today paper made from cotton or linen fibers is still called rag paper).

POSTAL SERVICES
Different societies have devised systems for transporting messages from place to place and from person to person.
The earliest were courier-type services whereby messengers carried memorized or written messages from one person to
another, and returned with the reply. The Persian and Roman empires and some Asian societies sent couriers regularly
along planned routes to retrieve reliable and timely information about trade and military affairs from distant areas.

THE TELEGRAPHY
The first truly electronic medium was the telegraph, which sent and received electrical signals over long-distance
wires.

THE TELEPHONE
In 1876, Scottish-born American inventor Alexander Graham Bell was the first to patent and produce a telephone.
His patent was titled improvement in Telegraphy, and contained the design of a device that would transmit the human voice
over wires instead of electrical clicks or other signals, like the telegraph. Originally, Bell thought that the telephone would be
used to transmit musical concerts, lectures, or sermons. The American inventor Elisha Gray filed an intention to patent at
the same time, but after many court battles, Bell was given the rights to the invention.

THE RADIO
The telegraph and telephone were systems for distance communication that sent electrical signals through wires.
The earliest system for sending electrical signals through the air via electromagnetic waves was called wireless, and later
radio. Radio technology was based on the discoveries of James Clark Maxwell.

THE TELEVISION (TV)

Two pioneers independently created the first workable television systems – American inventor Philo T. Farnsworth
and Russian – born American engineer Vladimir K. Zworykin. Farnsworth used an electronic camera he called an image
dissector to transmit a picture of a dollar sign in 1927. He patented aspects of his system, and developed his television,
further in the 1930s, but lost his financial backing when World War II (1939-1945) began.
THE COMPUTERS

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 The earliest computers were machines built to make repetitive numerical calculations that had previously been
done by hand. By the 1890s, calculating machines were used to tabulate the US Census with a punched-card system
invented by Herman Hollerith. Electromechanical calculators were being built by the 1930s, especially by a new company
called the International Business Machines Company (IBM). The first truly electronic memory and processors were built by
John Vincent Atansoft in 1939 at the Iowa State College, and the first fully functioning electronic computers, a series of ten
called Colossus, were built by the British Secret Service during World War II to help them crack the Germans’ secret military
codes.

MOBILE PHONE
This is a very recent mode of communication which is already utilized by private and commercial entities. The
Police and the Military are also using this as one of the major alternatives of communication.

Text Messaging also known as Short Message System (SMS). It is a method of communication allowing cellular, or
mobile, phone users to exchange brief notes, typically up to 160 characters in length. Now, you can send as much as 450
characters.

POLICE COMMUNICATIONS

As pointed out earlier, communications is inseparable in police management and administration. In fact, Payton
stated in his book, Patrol Procedure, that “Police communications are the Backbone of Police Tactics. Without proper
communications, the modern police department would be lost.”

The Police Radio Dispatcher - the radio dispatcher is the personnel in a police communication center or coordinating
center tasked to receive and transmit radio messages. Before a policeman or civilian can become a radio dispatcher, he
must be trained formally or through an OJT. The dispatcher is also called radio coordinator and radio operator.

Benefits of employing a trained radio dispatcher:

1. Easy of understanding radio messages
2. Elimination of errors
3. Minimum communication time
4. Development of professional attitude in sending and receiving messages
5. Inter-service cooperation
6. Conservation of equipment

Basic qualifications of a radio dispatcher or operator

1. ability to speak clearly and distinctly at all times
2. ability to reduce rambling and disconnected material into concise and accurate messages
3. ability to think and act promptly in emergencies
4. ability to analyze the situation accurately and to take an effective course of action
5. thorough understanding of the capacities of the communication system
6. adequate understanding of the technical operation of his system to allow intelligent reporting of equipment failures
7. Physical and mental ability to work effectively under all conditions encountered
8. Knowledge of the rules and regulations applying to dispatcher’s responsibilities

Voice Qualities of effective Radio dispatcher- the three characteristics of a person’s voice are:
1. Loudness or Volume- depends on the size of the human voice box
2. Pitch or Voice Frequency- the level of the voice which depends on the number of cycles per second emitted by the
speaker (high pitched is not pleasant and clear in talking through a mike)
3. Timbre- the quality of a speech sound that comes from its tone rather than its pitch or volume

Voice requirements of effective radio dispatcher

1. Alert- give impression of alertness, being enthusiastic and interested in the person calling
2. Pleasant – create a pleasant office image with voice with a smile since pleasantness is contagious
3. Natural-use simple straightforward language; avoid repetition of mechanical words or phrases; avoid technical
terms and slang
4. Distinct – speak clearly and distinctly; move the lips, tongue and jaw freely; talk directly to the telephone
5. Expressive – a well modulated voice carries best over the mike; use normal tone of voice; not too loud not too
soft; vary the tones to bring out the meaning of sentences and add color and vitality to what to say.

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 ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

In security work, oral and written communication refers to the means used in communication. This can be a
telephone, teletype, radio, TV, facsimile and internet. Choice of channel depends on the type of messages or information to
be sent but, by and large, the operator are fixed or pre-set for use by technical personnel.

WALKIE – TALKIES
The slang term for the two-way radio systems developed by Motorola in the 1930s designed for home and police
radios. Today, it is known as two-way hand held radio (HHR) or radio transceiver.
Features and Advantages of Walkie-talkies:
1. Portable and easy to operate;
2. The foot patrolman can both send and receive messages quite easily; and
3. Enables patrol officers to call for immediate assistance.
TYPICAL RADIO TRANSCIEVER
1. To communicate between two points, there should be a station transmitter and receiver must be of the same
frequency to communicate.
2. If the two transmitter and the two transceivers of the two stations are operating on the same frequency, it is
referred to as “simplex operation”.
3. If the transmitters are using different frequencies this is referred to as “duplex operation”. As can be seen, in
duplex operation, the two stations can talk at the same time without interruption, unlike that of simplex.

POLICE RADIO (AND TELEPHONE) LANGUAGE

The following are keys terms that help you understand and observe proper radio and telephone procedures:
1. TRANSMISSION : A communication (formal message) sent by one police unit and intended for reception by
another police unit.
2. ANSWER OR FEEDBACK : A transmission made by a station called in response to the call received.
3. CALL SIGN : A call sign is a word, or a combination of words, intended for transmission by voice means and it
identifies the command, unit, or authority of the radio station.
4. NET CALL SIGN : The collective call sign that represents all the radio stations operating together on a particular
radio net.
5. NET CONTROL STATION : A radio station appointed by higher authority to direct and control the operation and
flow of all traffic handled on the radio net.
6. PROWORD : A pronounceable word or phrase that has been assigned a meaning to speed up message handling
on radio nets that use radio and telephone.
7. ABBREVIATED PLAINDRESS MESSAGE : A message that has certain elements of the message heading omitted
for speed of handling. Anyone or all of the following may be omitted: precedence, date, date-time group, and group
account.
8. RECEIPT : A communication sent by the receiving operator indicating that the message or other transmission has
been satisfactorily received.
9. ACKNOWLEDGMENT : A separate message originated by the addressee to inform the originator that his message
has been received and is understood.

RADIO VOICE PROCEDURE

1. The station calling should give its name first, then the name of the station being called.
2. The base operator should keep proper logging of all activities of the mobile units.
3. Operator must know all the stations in the net.
4. Courtesy should mention in order to have pleasant atmosphere in the net. Never broadcast words that indicate
irritation, disgust or sarcasm. Relation with other operations must remain cordial at all times.
5. Formal message for transmission should be recorded and transmission should be recorded and transmitted exactly
as received.
6. If after calling a station or car twice no reply is received, sign off the air. Then call again in about a minute. Never fill
the air incessant calls.

SOME TERMINOLOGIES IN RADIO CONVERSATION:

1. ROGER – Confirmed, Okay.

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 2. OVER – Statement is finished and expecting for an answer.
3. OVER & OUT – Message is finished, end of conversation.
4. LOUD & CLEAR – Good Reception.
5. COMING BY OR 5 BY 5 – Coming in clear or good reception.
6. ALPHA COME BACK – Requesting for another conversation.
7. ALPHA, BRAVO – Bravo is calling alpha for radio communication.
8. DO YOU READ ME OR DID YOU COPY? – Do you understand me?
9. BRAVO COME IN – The party who is calling is given permission to relay his message.
10. CHARLIE – Asking whether message is correct
11. WHAT IS THE READABILITY OF MY SIGNAL? Asking for clearness of the signal.

THE ABC’S OF RADIO TRANSMISSION

A. ACCURACY – It is the correctness and truthfulness of what is being communicated. Inaccuracy oftentimes causes
miscommunication. The major cause of inaccuracy is haste and impatience.
B. BREVITY – This means using few words. Due to the expanding volume of radio traffic, it is essential that there be
no unnecessary or repetitious words in the transmission.
Half the words in the English language are not needed in order to understand the message. There is
certainly no need to add to the communication problem. The important point is understanding and clarity.
Sometimes we can make a simple message confusing just by saying too much.
C. COURTESY – Courtesy refers to politeness of the words being used in communication. As the old adage points
out, “Courtesy begets courtesy”. “Anger begets anger”. The practice of courtesy is actually a practice of a good
human relation. In radio communication, courtesy can be shown:
1. by saying thank you (but this may take very valuable air time)
2. in the tone of voice
3. by avoiding humorous comments over the air when somebody “goofs up” or commits error in transmitting or
understanding the message; and
4. by avoiding “jamming up” when police officers are on the air.

CLARITY, the Second “C”

“C” in radio communications also stands for “Clarity” which is often mentioned in report writing and note taking but it
is also an essential in radio communications.

OTHER AIDS TO BETTER COMMUNICATIONS

In addition, Payton recommends the following for the better radio (two- way transceiver) communication:

1. Don’t assume anything. Matters are not all of a serious nature. Make sure that it is plainly stated, and all the
important facts are included.
2. Don’t make extra long transmissions. Taking breathing spells may allow someone cut in (break in) in case of
emergency. It will be easier on the person who is copying (receiving) the message.
3. Don’t hang your hat on the mike. Sometimes the weight of the hat will depress the mike button, and two things can
result: interference with other message transmissions; and everything the officers says to his partner will be
broadcast.
4. Don’t shout into the mike. If the voice transmissions are weak, turn up the volume.
5. Pronounce the words slowly and distinctly. The normal speaking rate is 40 and 60 words per minute.
6. Proper use of the microphone. Keep the microphone about 2-3 inches away from the mouth in order to maintain a
proper modulation level, and speak across the face of the microphone.
7. Keep your voice as emotionless as possible. This is because a monotone voice has the greatest intelligibility.
8. Be impersonal. A police radio station is not licensed for person-to-person communication, so personal names
should not be used. Refer to the person being called by his radio call number or car number.
9. Use the Standard Phonetic Alphabet. Since numbers are often confused when spoken over the radio, use the
Standard Phonetic Alphabet for Numerals developed by the Bell Telephone Company. Always use “zero” instead of
“oh” for the Number “0”.
1- Wun 4- Fo- wer 7- Sev-ven 0- Zero (never oh)
2- Too 5- Fie-yiv 8- Ate
3- Thuh-ree 6- Siks 9- Nie-yen

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 APCO TEN CODES

Ten-codes, properly known as ten signals, are code words used to represent common phrases in voice communication,
particularly by law enforcement and in Citizens' Band (CB) radio transmissions. The codes, developed in 1937 and
expanded in 1974 by the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International (APCO), allow for brevity and
standardization of message traffic. They have historically been widely used by law enforcement officers in North America,
although some departments have controversially attempted to prohibit their use.

Official Ten-Code List

Association of Public Communications Officers (APCO)

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 10-0 Caution
 10-1 Unable to copy -- change location
 10-2 Signal good
 10-3 Stop transmitting
 10-4 Acknowledgement (OK)
 10-5 Relay
 10-6 Busy -- stand by unless urgent
 10-7 Out of service
 10-8 In service
 10-9 Repeat
 10-10 Fight in progress
 10-11 Dog case
 10-12 Stand by (stop)
 10-13 Weather -- road report
 10-14 Prowler report
 10-15 Civil disturbance
 10-16 Domestic disturbance
 10-17 Meet complainant
 10-18 Quickly
 10-19 Return to ...
 10-20 Location
 10-21 Call ... by telephone
 10-22 Disregard
 10-23 Arrived at scene
 10-24 Assignment completed
 10-25 Report in person (meet)..
 10-26 Detaining subject, expedite
 10-27 Drivers license information
 10-28 Vehicle registration information
 10-29 Check for wanted
 10-30 Unnecessary use of radio
 10-31 Crime in progress
 10-32 Man with gun
 10-33 Emergency
 10-34 Riot
 10-35 Major crime alert
 10-36 Correct time
 10-37 (Investigate) suspicious vehicle
 10-38 Stopping suspicious vehicle
 10-39 Urgent -- use light, siren
 10-40 Silent run -- no light, siren
 10-41 Beginning tour of duty
 10-42 Ending tour of duty
 10-43 Information
 10-44 Permission to leave for ...
 10-45 Animal carcass at ...
21
 10-46 Assist motorist
 10-47 Emergency road repairs at
 10-48 Traffic standard repair at
 10-49 Traffic light out at ...
 10-50 Accident (fatal, personal injury,
property damage)
 10-51 Wrecker needed
 10-52 Ambulance needed
 10-53 Road blocked at ...
 10-54 Livestock on highway
 10-55 Suspected DUI
 10-56 Intoxicated pedestrian
 10-57 Hit and run (fatal, personal injury,
property damage)
 10-58 Direct traffic
 10-59 Convoy or escort
 10-60 Squad in vicinity
 10-61 Isolate self for message
 10-62 Reply to message
 10-63 Prepare to make written copy
 10-64 Message for local delivery
 10-65 Net message assignment
 10-66 Message cancellation
 10-67 Clear for net message
 10-68 Dispatch information
 10-69 Message received
 10-70 Fire
 10-71 Advise nature of fire
 10-72 Report progress on fire
 10-73 Smoke report
 10-74 Negative
 10-75 In contact with ...
 10-76 En route ...
 10-77 ETA (estimated time of arrival)
 10-78 Need assistance
 10-79 Notify coroner
 10-80 Chase in progress
 10-81 Breathalyzer
 10-82 Reserve lodging
 10-83 Work school xing at ...
 10-84 If meeting ... advise ETA
 10-85 Delayed due to ...
 10-86 Officer/operator on duty
 10-87 Pick up/distribute checks
 10-88 Present telephone number of ...
 10-89 Bomb threat
 10-90 Bank alarm at ...
 10-91 Pick up prisoner/subject
 10-92 Improperly parked vehicle
 10-93 Blockade
 10-94 Drag racing
 10-95 Prisoner/subject in custody
 10-96 Mental subject
 10-97 Check (test) signal
 10-98 Prison/jail break
 10-99 Wanted/stolen indicated

22
RADIO PHONETICS ALPHABET
When necessary to identify a letter of the alphabet, the standard phonetic alphabet should be used.
This helps to prevent the receiving operator from copying your words incorrectly. Bs, PS, Ts, and other
letters that sound alike can be confusing when heard on radio telephone nets.

LETTER PHONETIC EQUIVALENT

A ALPHA
B BRAVO
C CHARLIE
D DELTA
F FOXTROT
G GOLF
H HOTEL
I INDIA
J JULIET
K KILO
L LIMA
M MIKE
N NOVEMBER
O OSCAR
P PAPA
Q QUEBEC
R ROMEO
S SIERRA
T TANGO
U UNIFORM
V VICTOR
W WHISKEY
X XRAY
Y YANKEE
Z ZULU

POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING

What is a Plan?

A plan is an organize schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain a goal and
objectives for the accomplishments of mission or assignment. It is a method or way of doing something in
order to attain objectives. Plan provides answer to 5W’s and 1 H.

What is Planning?

Planning is a management function concerned with visualizing future situations, making estimates
concerning them, identifying issues, needs and potential danger points, analyzing and evaluating the
alternative ways and means for reaching desired goals according to a certain schedule, estimating the
necessary funds and resources to do the work, and initiating action in time to prepare what may be needed
to cope with the changing conditions and contingent events.

Planning is also the process of preparing for change and coping with uncertainty formulating future
causes of action; the process of determining the problem of the organization and coming up with proposed
resolutions and finding best solutions.

23
  The process of combining all aspects of the department and the realistic anticipation of future
problems, the analysis of strategy and the correlation of strategy to detail.
 The conceptual idea of doing something to attain a goal or objective.

What is Police Planning?

Police Planning is an attempt by police administrators in trying to allocate anticipated resources to

meet anticipated service demands. It is the systematic and orderly determination of facts and events as
basis for policy formulation and decision affecting law enforcement management.

What is Operational Planning?

Operational Planning is the use of a rational design or pattern for all departmental undertakings
rather than relying on chance in an operational environment. It is the preparation and development of
procedures and techniques in accomplishing of each of the primary tasks and functions of an organization.

What is Police Operational Planning?

Police Operational Planning is the act of determining policies and guidelines for police activities
and operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and operations in the department.
It may also be the process of formulating coordinated sequence of methodical activities and allocation of
resources to the line units of the police organization for the attainment of the mandated objectives or goals.

Objectives are a specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a specific period of
time. Goals are general statement of intention and typically with time horizon, or it is an achievable end
state that can be measured and observed. Making choices about goals is one of the most important
aspects of planning. Relate this definitions with their description as defined in chapter one.

The process of police operational planning involves strategies or tactics, procedures, policies or
guidelines. A Strategy is a broad design or method; or a plan to attain a stated goal or objectives. Tactics
are specific design, method or course of action to attain a particular objective in consonance with strategy.
Procedures are sequences of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired. A policy is a product of
prudence or wisdom in the management of human affairs, or policy is a course of action which could be a
program of actions adopted by an individual, group, organization, or government, or the set of principles on
which they are based. Guidelines are rules of action for the rank and file to show them how they are
expected to obtain the desired effect.

STRATEGIC PLANNING

Strategic Planning is a series of preliminary decisions on a framework, which in turn guides

subsequent decisions that generate the nature and direction of an organization. This is usually long ranged
in nature. The reasons for Strategic Planning are:

1. VISION - A vision of what a police department should be.

2. LONG-RANGE THINKING - Keeping in mind that strategy is deciding where we want to be
3. STRATEGIC FOCUS
4. CONGRUENCE
5. A STRATEGIC RESPONSE TO CHANGE
6. A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK

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What is the Strategic Planning process?

 TASK 1 - Develop Mission and Objectives

 TASK 2 - Diagnose Environmental Threats and Opportunities
 TASK 3 - Assess Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses
 TASK 4 - Generate Alternative Strategies
 TASK 5 - Develop Strategic Plan
 TASK 6 - Develop Tactical Plan
 TASK 7 - Assess Results of Strategic And Tactical Plan
 TASK 8 - Repeat Planning Process

In the process, the police administrator can use the potent tool of alternatives. Alternatives
(options) are means by which goals and objectives can be attained. They maybe policies, strategies or
specific actions aimed at eliminating a problem. Alternatives do not have to be substitutes for one another
or should perform the same function. For example, our goal is to “improve officer-survival skills.” The plan
is to train the officers on militaristic and combat shooting. The alternatives could be:

Alternative 1 - modify police vehicles

Alternative 2 - issuing bulletproof vests
Alternative 3 - utilizing computer assisted dispatch system
Alternative 4 - increasing first-line supervision, etc

What are the Objectives of Police Planning?

1. To increase the chances of success by focusing on results and not so much on the objectives.
2. To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for better decisions.
3. To establish a framework for decision making consistent with the goal of the organization.
4. To orient people to action instead of reaction.
5. To modify the day-to-day style of operation to future management.
6. To provide decision making with flexibility.
7. To provide basis for measuring original accomplishments or individual performance.

What can be expected in planning?

1. Improve analysis of problems

2. Provide better information for decision-making
3. Help to clarify goals, objectives, priorities
4. Result is more effective allocation of resources
5. Improve inter-and intradepartmental cooperation and coordination
6. Improve the performance of programs
7. Give the police department a clear sense of direction
8. Provide the opportunity for greater public support

What are the characteristics of a good police plan?

1. With clearly defined Objectives or Goals.

2. Simplicity, Directness and Clarity
3. Flexibility
4. Possibility of Attainment

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 5. Must provide Standards of Operation
6. Economy in terms of Resources needed for implementation

What are the guidelines in Planning? The five (5) W’s and one (1) H

1. What to do – mission/objective
2. Why to do – reason/philosophy
3. When to do – date/time
4. Where to do – place
5. Who will do – people involve
6. How to do – strategy

What are the approaches in Police Planning?

A variety of approaches are employed in the planning processes. Each is unique and can be
understood as a method of operationalizing the word planning. There are basically five major approaches
to planning which are:

1. Synoptic Approach
2. Incremental Approach
3. Transactive Approach
4. Advocacy Approach
5. Radical Approach
What is Synoptic Planning?

Synoptic planning or the rational comprehensive approach is the dominant tradition in planning. It
is also the point of departure for most other planning approaches.

This model is based on a problem-oriented approach to planning especially appropriate for police
agencies. It relies heavily on the problem identification and analysis of the planning process. It can assist
police administrators in formulating goals and priorities in terms that are focused on specific problems and
solutions that often confront law enforcement.

Steps in Synoptic Planning

1. Prepare for Planning - The task of planning should be detailed in a work chart that specifies (a)
what events and actions are necessary, (b) when they must take place, (c) who is to be involved in
each action and for how long, and (d) how the various actions will interlock with one another.

2. Describe the present situation - Planning must have a mean for evaluation. Without an accurate
beginning database there is no reference point on which to formulate success or failure.

3. Develop projections and consider alternative future states - Projections should be written with an
attempt to link the current situation with the future, keeping in mind the desirable outcomes. It is
important for the police executive to project the current situations into the future to determine
possible, probable and desirable future states while considering the social, legislative, and political
trends existing in the community.

4. Identify and analyze problems - The discovery of the problems assumes that a system to monitor
and evaluate the current arena is already on place. Closely related to the detection and
identification of issues is the ability of the police to define the nature of the problem, that is to able
to describe the magnitude, cause, duration, and the expense of the issues at hand. A complete
understanding of the problem leads to the development of the means to deal with the issues.

5. Set goals - Making choices about goals is one of the most important aspects of planning. It makes
no sense to establish a goal that does not address a specific problem. Remembering that the

26
 police departments are problem oriented, choices about goals and objectives should adhere to the
synoptic model.

6. Identify alternative course of action – As stated earlier, alternatives are means by which goals and
objectives can be attained. These are options or possible things to be done in case the main or
original plan is not applicable.

7. Select preferred alternatives – there are techniques to select alternative like:

 Strategic Analysis – this includes the study on the courses of actions; suitability studies;
feasibility studies; acceptability studies; and judgment.
 Suitability – each course of action is evaluated in accordance with general policies, rules and
laws. Feasibility - these include the appraisal of the effects of a number of factors weighed
separately and together. Acceptability – those judged to be suitable and feasible are then
analyzed in acceptability studies.
 Cost-effectiveness Analysis - This technique is sometimes called cost-benefit or cost
performance analysis. The purpose of this form of selection is that the alternative chosen
should maximize the ratio of benefit to cost.
 Must-wants Analysis – This method of selecting a preferred course of action combines the
strengths of both strategic and cost effectiveness analysis. Must wants analysis is concerned
with both the subjective weights of suitability, feasibility, and acceptability and the objectives
weights of cost versus benefits.

8. Plan and carryout implementation - The police administrator must be aware that the
implementation requires a great deal of tact and skill. It maybe more important how an alternative
is introduced to a police department than what actually is.

9. Monitor and evaluate progress - Evaluation requires comparing what actually happened with what
was planned for- and this may not be a simple undertaking. Feedback must be obtained
concerning the results of the planning cycle, the efficiency of the implementation process, and the
effectiveness of new procedures, projects or programs. This is an important step of synoptic
planning, trying to figure out what, if anything happened as a result of implementing a selected
alternative.

10. Summation of the synoptic planning approach – This can be done by making a summary of the
presentation, could be tabular or other forms of presentation.

11. Repeat the Planning Process – repetition of the process of planning enables the planner to thresh
out possible flaws in the plan.

What is Incremental Planning?

Incrementalism concludes that long range and comprehensive planning are not only too difficult,
but inherently bad. The problems are seen as too difficult when they are grouped together and easier to
solve when they are taken one at a time and broken down into gradual adjustments over time.

What is Transactive Planning?

Transactive planning is carried out in face-to-face interaction with the people who are to be
affected by the plan and not to an anonymous target community of beneficiaries. Techniques include field
surveys and interpersonal dialogue marked by a process of mutual learning.

What is Advocacy Planning?

Beneficial aspects of this approach include a greater sensitivity to the unintended and negative
side effects of plans.

27
What is Radical Planning?

The first mainstream involves collective actions to achieve concrete results in the immediate future.
The second mainstream is critical of large-scale social processes and how they permeate the character of
social and economic life at all levels, which, in turn, determine the structure and evolution of social
problems.

CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICE PLANNING

a. Primary Doctrines

 Fundamental Doctrines – These are the basic principles in planning, organization and
management of the PNP in support of the overall pursuits of the PNP Vision, mission and
strategic action plan of the attainment of the national objectives.
 Operational Doctrines – These are the principles and rules governing the planning,
organization and direction and employment of the PNP forces in the accomplishment of basic
security operational mission in the maintenance of peace and order, crime prevention and
suppression, internal security and public safety operation.
 Functional Doctrines – These provide guidance for specialized activities of the PNP in the
broad field of interest such as personnel, intelligence, operations, logistics, planning, etc.

b. Secondary Doctrines

 Complimentary Doctrines – Formulated jointly by two or more bureaus in order to effect a

certain operation with regard to public safety and peace and order. These essentially involve the
participation of the other bureaus of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP),
Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC), National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI) and other law enforcement agencies.
 Ethical Doctrines – These define the fundamental principles governing the rules of conduct,
attitude, behavior and ethical norm of the PNP.

c. The Principles of Police Organization

The principles of organization are presented in chapter three. These principles are considered in
police planning in order not to violate them but rather for the effective and efficient development of police
plans.

d. The Four (4) Primal Conditions of the Police Organization

 Authority – The right to exercise, to decide, and to command by virtue of rank and position.
 Doctrine – It provides for the organizations objectives. It provides the various actions. Hence,
policies, procedures, rules and regulations of the organization are based on the statement of
doctrines.
 Cooperation or Coordination
 Discipline – It is imposed by command or self-restraint to insure supportive behavior.

Classifications of Police Plan

According to coverage - Police Plans could be Local Plans (within police precincts, sub-stations,
and stations), Regional Plans, and National Plans.

28
 According to Time - Police Plans are classified as:

1. Strategic or Long Range Plan – It relates to plans which are strategic or long range in application,
and it determine the organization’s original goals and strategy.

Example: Police Action Plan on the Strategy DREAMS and Program P-O-L-I-C-E 2000, Three
Point Agenda, and GLORIA (These are discussed on the latter part of this Chapter).

2. Intermediate or Medium Range Planning – It relates to plans, which determine quantity and quality
efforts and accomplishments. It refers to the process of determining the contribution on efforts that
can make or provide with allocated resources.

Example: 6 Masters Plans:

 Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo (Anti-Crime Master Plan)
 Master Plan Sandugo (Support to Internal Security Operations Master Plan)
 Master Plan Banat (Anti-Illegal Drugs Master Plan)
 Master Plan Sang-ingat (Security Operations Master Plan)
 Master Plan Saklolo (Disaster Management Master Plan)
 Sangyaman (protection and Preservation of Environment, Cultural Properties, and
Natural Resources Master Plan)

3. Operational or Short Range Planning - Refers to the production of plans, which determine the
schedule of special activity and are applicable from one week or less than year duration. Plan that
addresses immediate need which are specific and how it can be accomplished on time with
available allocated resources.

Examples of OPLANS

 Oplan Jumbo – Aviation Security Group Strategic Plan against terrorist attacks
 Oplan Salikop – Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) Strategic Plan against
Organized Crime Groups
 The TMG through its "OPLAN DISIPLINA" that resulted in the apprehension of 110,975
persons, the confiscation of 470 unlawfully attached gadgets to vehicles, and rendering
various forms of motorists’ assistance.
 OPLAN BANTAY DALAMPASIGAN that sets forth the operational guidelines on the
heightened security measures and sea borne security patrols.

TYPES OF PLANS in general

1. Reactive Plans are developed as a result of crisis. A particular problem may occur for which the
department has no plan and must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful preparation.

2. Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of problems. Although not all police problems are
predictable, many are, and it is possible for a police department to prepare a response in advance.

3. Visionary Plans are essential statements that identify the role of the police in the community and a
future condition or state to which the department can aspire. A vision may also include a statement
of values to be used to guide the decision making process in the department.

4. Strategic Plans are designed to meet the long-range, overall goals of the organization. Such plans
allow the department to adapt to anticipated changes or develop a new philosophy or model of
policing (e.g. community policing). One of the most important aspects of strategic planning is to
focus on external environmental factors that affect the goals and objectives of the department and

29
 how they will be achieved. Important environmental factors include personnel needs, population
trends, technological innovations, business trends and demand, crime problems, and community
attitudes.

5. Operational Plans (OPLANS) are designed to meet the specific tasks required to implement
strategic plans. There are four types of operational plan:

a. Standing Plans provide the basic framework for responding to organizational

problems. The organizational vision and values, strategic statement, policies,
procedures, and rules and regulations are examples of standing plans. Standing plans
also include guidelines for responding to different types of incidents; for example, a
civil disturbance, hostage situation, crime in progress, and felony car stops.

b. Functional Plans include the framework for the operation of the major functional units
in the organization, such as patrol and investigations. It also includes the design of the
structure, how different functions and units are to relate and coordinate activities, and
how resources are to be allocated.

c. Operational-efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity plans are essentially the

measures or comparisons to be used to assess police activities and behavior (outputs)
and results (outcomes). If one of the goals of the police department is to reduce the
crime rate, any change that occurs can be compared to past crime rates in the same
community or crime in other communities, a state, or the nation. If the crime rates were
reduced while holding or reducing costs, it would reflect an improvement not only in
effectiveness but also in departmental productivity.

d. Time-specific Plans are concerned with a specific purpose and conclude when an
objective is accomplished or a problem is solved. Specific police programs or projects
such as drug crackdown, crime prevention program, and neighborhood clean-up
campaign are good examples of time-specific plans.

KINDS OF POLICE PLANS

1. Policy and Procedural Plans – to properly achieve the administrative planning responsibility within
in the unit, the Commander shall develop unit plans relating to policies or procedure, tactics,
operations, extra-office activities and management.

Further, standard-operating procedures shall be planned to guide members in routine and field
operations and in some special operations in accordance with the following procedures:

a. Field Procedure – Procedures intended to be used in all situations of all kinds shall be
outlined as a guide to officers and men in the field. Examples of these procedures are
those related to reporting, to dispatching, to raids, arrest, stopping suspicious persons,
receiving complaints, touring beats, and investigation of crimes. The use of physical force
and clubs, restraining devices, firearms, tear gas and the like shall, in dealing with groups
or individuals, shall also be outlined.

b. Headquarters Procedures – Included in these procedures are the duties of the dispatcher,
jailer, matron, and other personnel concerned which may be reflected in the duty manual.
Procedures that involve coordinated action on activity of several offices, however, shall be
established separately as in the case of using telephone for local or long distance calls, the
radio teletype, and other similar devices.

30
 c. Special Operation Procedures – Certain special operations also necessitate the
preparation of procedures as guides. Included are the operation of the special unit
charged with the searching and preservation of physical evidence at the crime scenes and
accidents, the control of licenses, dissemination of information about wanted persons,
inspection of the PNP headquarters, and the like.

2. Tactical Plans – These are the procedures for coping with specific situations at known locations.
Included in this category are plans for dealing with an attack against buildings with alarm systems
and an attack against the PNP headquarters by lawless elements. Plans shall be likewise be
made for blockade and jail emergencies and for special community events, such as longer public
meetings, athletic contests, parades, religious activities, carnivals, strikes, demonstrations, and
other street affairs.

3. Operational Plans – These are plans for the operations of special divisions like the patrol,
detective, traffic, fire and juvenile control divisions. Operational plans shall be prepared to
accomplish each of the primary police tasks. For example, patrol activities must be planned, the
force must be distributed among the shifts and territorially among beats, in proportion to the needs
of the service, and special details must be planned to meet unexpected needs. Likewise in the
crime prevention and in traffic, juvenile and vice control, campaigns must be planned and
assignments made to assure the accomplishment of the police purpose in meeting both average
and regular needs. Each division or unit has primary responsibility to plan operations in its field
and also to execute the plans, either by its own personnel or, as staff agency, by utilizing members
of the other divisions.

Plans for operations of special division consist of two types, namely: (1) those designed to
meet everyday, year-round needs, which are the regular operating program of the divisions; and
(2) those designed to meet unusual needs, the result of intermittent and usually unexpected
variations in activities that demand their attention.

Regular Operating Programs – These operating divisions/units shall have specific plans to
meet current needs. The manpower shall be distributed throughout the hours of operation and
throughout the area of jurisdiction in proportion to need. Assignments schedules shall be prepared
that integrate such factors as relief days, lunch periods, hours, nature, and location of regular work.
Plans shall assure suitable supervision, which become difficult when the regular assignment is
integrated to deal with this short time periodic needs.

Meeting unusual needs – The unusual need may arise in any field of police activity and is
nearly always met in the detective, vice, and juvenile divisions by temporary readjustment of
regular assignment.

4. Extra-office Plans – The active interest and the participation of individual citizen is so vital to the
success of the PNP programs that the PNP shall continuously seek to motivate, promote, and
maintain an active public concern in its affairs. These are plans made to organize the community
to assist in the accomplishment of objectives in the fields of traffic control, organized crime, and
juvenile delinquency prevention. The organizations may be called safety councils for crime
commissions and community councils for the delinquency prevention. They shall assist in
coordinating community effort, in promoting public support, and in combating organized crime.
Organization and operating plans for civil defense shall also be prepared or used in case of
emergency or war in coordination with the office of the Civil Defense.

31
 5. Management Plans – Plans of management shall map out in advance all operations involved in the
organization management of personnel and material and in the procurement and disbursement of
money, such as the following:

a. Budget Planning – Present and future money needs for personnel, equipment, and capital
investments must be estimated. Plans for supporting budget request must be made if needed
appropriations are to be obtained.
b. Accounting Procedures – Procedures shall be established and expenditure reports be provided
to assist in making administrative decisions and in holding expenditures within the
appropriations.
c. Specifications and Purchasing Procedures – Specifications shall be drawn for equipment and
supplies. Purchasing procedures shall likewise be established to insure the checking of
deliveries against specifications of orders. Plans and specifications shall be drafted for new
building and for remodeling old ones.
d. Personnel – Procedures shall be established to assure the carrying out of personnel programs
and the allocation of personnel among the component organizational units in proportions need.
e. Organization – A basic organizational plan of the command/unit shall be made and be posted
for the guidance of the force. For the organization to be meaningful, it shall be accompanied
by the duty manual which shall define relationships between the component units in terms of
specific responsibilities. The duty manual incorporates rules and regulations and shall contain
the following: definition of terms, organization of rank, and the like, provided the same shall not
be in conflict with this manual.

FIELD OPERATIONS: How planning affects them?

Field Operations shall be directed by the police commander and the subordinate commanders and
the same shall be aimed at the accomplishment of the following primary tasks more effectively and
economically:

Patrol – The patrol force shall accomplish the primary responsibility of safeguarding the community
through the protection of persons and property, the preservation of the peace, the prevention of crime, the
suppression of criminal activities, the apprehension of criminals, the enforcement of laws and ordinances
and regulations of conduct, and performing necessary service and inspections.
Investigation – The basic purpose of the investigation division unit shall be to investigate certain
designated crimes and clear them by the recovery of stolen property and the arrest and conviction of the
perpetrators. To this end, the investigation division shall supervise the investigation made by patrolman
and undertake additional investigation as may be necessary of all felonies.
Traffic Patrol – Police control of streets or highways, vehicles, and people shall facilitate the safe
and rapid movement of vehicles and pedestrians. To this end, the inconvenience, dangers and economic
losses that arise from this moment, congestion, delays, stopping and parking of vehicles must be lessened.
Control of traffic shall be accomplished in three (3) ways:

 Causes of accidents and congestion shall be discovered, facts gathered and analyzed for this
purpose;
 Causes shall be remedied, charges shall be made in physical condition that create hazards,
and legislation shall be enacted to regulated drivers and pedestrians; and
 The public shall be educated in the provisions of traffic and ordinances. Motorists and
pedestrians shall be trained in satisfactory movement habits, and compliance with regulations

32
 shall be obtained by enforcement. The police shall initiate action and coordinate the efforts of
the agencies that are concerned in the activities.

Vice Control – It shall be the determined stand of the PNP in the control of vices to treat vice
offenses as they shall do to any violation, and to exert efforts to eliminate them, as there attempt to
eliminate robbery, theft, and public disturbance. Control of vice, shall be based on law rather than on moral
precepts, and intensive operations shall be directed toward their elimination. A primary interest in vice
control results from the close coordination between vice and criminal activities. Constant raids of known
vice dens shall be undertaken.
Juvenile Delinquency Control – Effective crime control necessitates preventing the development of
individuals as criminals. The police commander shall recognize a need for preventing crime or correcting
conditions that induce criminality and by rehabilitating the delinquent.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPs)

Standard Operating Procedures or SOPs are products of police operational planning adopted by
the police organization to guide the police officers in the conduct of their duties and functions, especially
during field operations.

The following are Police Security Service Package of the PNP with the following standard
operating procedures and guidelines:

1. SOP #01 – POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES - This SOP prescribes the basic procedures
to be observed by all PNP Units and mobile patrol elements in the conduct of visibility patrols.
2. SOP #02 – BANTAY KALYE - This SOP prescribes the deployment of 85% of the PNP in the field
to increase police visibility and intensifies anti-crime campaign nationwide.
3. SOP #03 – SIYASAT - This SOP prescribes the guidelines in the conduct of inspections to ensure
police visibility.
4. SOP #4 – REACT 166 - REACT 166 was launched in 1992 as the people’s direct link to the police
to receive public calls for assistance and complaints for prompt action by police authorities. This
SOP prescribes the procedures in detail of Duty Officers, Telephone Operators and Radio
Operators for REACT 166; and their term of duty and responsibilities.
5. SOP #5 – LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING) - With the creation of the Presidential Anti-Organization
Crime Task Force (PAOCTF), the PNP is now in support role in campaign against kidnapping in
terms of personnel requirements. SOP #5 sets forth the PNP’s guidelines in its fight against
kidnapping activities.
6. SOP #6 – ANTI-CARNAPPING - This SOP prescribes the conduct of an all-out and sustained anti
carnapping campaign to stop/minimize carnapping activities, neutralize syndicated carnapping
groups, identify/prosecute government personnel involved in carnapping activities, and to
effectively address other criminal activities related to car napping.
7. SOP #7 – ANTI-TERRORISM - This prescribes the operational guidelines in the conduct of
operations against terrorists and other lawless elements involved in terrorist activities.
8. SOP #8 – JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY ACTION COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK ROBBERY) - This
SOP provides overall planning, integration, orchestration or coordination, and monitoring of all
efforts to ensure the successful implementation.
9. SOP #9 – ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY ROBBERY - This SOP sets forth the guidelines and
concepts of operations to be observed in the conduct of anti-highway robbery/hold-up/hijacking
operations.
10. SOP #10 – PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE - This SOP sets forth the concept of operations
and tasks of all concerned units in the campaign against Partisan Armed Groups and loose fire.
11. SOP # 11 – MANHUNT BRAVO (NEUTRALIZATION OF WANTED PERSONS) - This SOP sets
forth the objectives and concept of operation tasks of all concerned units in the neutralization of
wanted persons.

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 12. SOP #12 – ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING - This SOP sets forth the operational thrusts to be
undertaken by the PNP that will spearhead the fight against all forms of illegal gambling
nationwide.
13. SOP #13 – ANTI-SQUATTING - This SOP sets forth the concept of operation in the campaign
against professional squatters and squatting syndicates.
14. SOP #14 – JERICHO - This SOP prescribes the operational guidelines to be undertaken by the
National Headquarter (NHQ) of PNP in the establishment of a quick reaction group that can be
detailed with the office of the Secretary of Interior and Local Government (SILG), with personnel
and equipment requirements of that reaction group supported by the PNP.
15. SOP #15 – NENA (ANTI-PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY) - This SOP sets forth the operational
thrusts to be undertaken by the PNP that will spearhead the fight against prostitution and vagrancy.
16. SOP #16 – ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY - This prescribes the guidelines to be followed by tasked PNP
Units/Offices in enforcing the ban on pornographic pictures, videos and magazines.
17. SOP #17 – GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF ARREST, SEARCH, AND SEIZURE -This SOP
prescribes the procedures and manner of conducting an arrest, raid, search and/or search of
person, search of any premises and the seizure of properties pursuant to the 1987 Philippine
Constitution, Rules of Court, as amended and updated decision of the Supreme Court.
18. SOP #18 – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SANDIGAN MASTER PLAN
19. SOP #19 – ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING
20. SOP #20 – ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING
21. SOP #21 – ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS

DISASTER AND EMERGENCY PLANNING

Emergency and disaster planning is one of the most important interrelated function in a security
system. It is important in any organization as physical security, fire protection, guard forces, security of
documents and personnel security.
Emergency and disaster planning refers to the preparation in advance of protective and safety
measures for unforeseen events resulting from natural and human actions.

Disaster plans outline the actions to be taken by those designated for specific job. This will result
in expeditious and orderly execution of relief and assistance to protect properties and lives. These plans
must also be rehearsed so that when the bell ring, there will be speed and not haste in the execution.
Speed is the accurate accomplishment of a plan as per schedule, while haste is doing a job quickly with
errors. Plans therefore must be made when any or all of the emergencies arise. Those plans, being special
in nature, must be prepared with people whose expertise in their respective field is legion together with the
coordination and help of management, security force, law enforcement agencies, and selected employees.

Planning is necessary to meet disaster and emergency conditions and it must be continuing and
duly supported by management. One aspect of the plans will be to consider recovery measures to be
undertaken by the organization. Being prepared for the eventuality gives better chances of protection and
eventual recovery than those not prepared. Without planning, the emergency or disaster can become
catastrophic. With a good, suitable plan to follow, the unusual becomes ordinary, hence, the mental
preparedness for easy survival and recovery.

Understanding Disaster

A DISASTER is a sudden, unforeseen, extraordinary occurrence. It can be considered as an

EMERGENCY but an emergency may not always be a disaster. An EMERGENCY falls into 2 broad
categories:

floods, earthquake, famine, typhoon, diseases,

volcanic eruption, crashes, industrial accident, fires,
Disaster
landslide, avalanches, tsunamis, etc.

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 (Natural Crisis)

Induced arson, bombing, kidnapping, robbery, hostage-taking,

Catastrophe skyjacking, assassination, ambush, and other acts
(Man-made Crisis) terrorism

Commonalities:

 Deciding Policy
 Assessing Threat
 Identifying Resources
 Selecting crisis team personnel
 Locating crisis management center
 Equipping the crisis center
 Testing contingency plans and emergency procedures
 Dealing with the media
 Dealing with victims and their families
 Dealing with other affected person (such as employees)
 Getting the organization’s normal work done
 Returning to normal after the crisis

Plan Checklist

 Identify the type of crisis/disaster/induced catastrophe

 Identify which operation, facility, personnel at risk
 Prioritize accordingly
 Determine effects of emergencies in the operation
 Identify broad categories that must be addressed in your contingency planning
 Review existing emergency plans to identify gaps
 Consider the environment with in which your emergency plans will be implemented.
Assessing the Risk

Pro-crisis Actions - “The planning process begins with an understanding of the situation and
recognition that a number of policy decisions must be made before the actual planning can begin.”; “Many
emergencies can be prevented completely with adequate thought and action. Others can be anticipated –
often by doing nothing but mere common sense. REMEMBER! It was not raining when NOAH build the
ark.”

Checklist for a Disaster Action Plan

 Identify the type of disaster occurred in the area

 Identify those that could affect your operation in the area
 Determine which scenarios are plausible
 Survey your physical facilities and operating procedures to determine preparedness
 Survey surrounding area to determine if there are operations or facilities near which might create
emergencies
 Establish a liaison with law enforcement agencies and emergency response groups
 Know where to get help, how to get help, and what help you can expect
 Know who currently has authority to make key decisions with in your organization and who control
access to decision makers in an emergency
 Review emergency procedures, its completeness and accuracy

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Phases in Emergency/Disaster Planning

Phase I - Assessment of the Situation

This will be a research in depth by a knowledgeable and specially trained group on the
vulnerabilities as well as the resources available for the disaster plan. Surveys and Inspection may be
conducted

Phase II – Writing the Plan

The plan will have to be written based on the findings in phase I. The plan can be code title,
management will just call for the name of the plan.

Phase III – Testing the Plan

Dry runs of the emergency plan is a part of the entire process of planning to determine plan
reliability and to identify deficiencies and make neceassry corrections or adjustments.

Phase IV – Critique the Plan

This involves the analysis of feedbacks. The unworkable procedures should be noted and finally
corrected.

Checklist for Reviewing Policies, Procedures, and Plans

 Compile and review your organization”s policies on various contingencies before establishing your
plans
 Ensure that these policies are known throughout the organization and that they are included in your
emergency manuals
 Ensure that your procedures and plans are consistent with your organization’s established policies
and goals
 Identify appropriate outside consultants and other sources of assistance in developing and
implementing your plans and procedures
 Ensure that appropriate personnel have any security clearances or background cheks which might
be required
 Establish a viable record-keeping system and procedures to ensure they are followed

Organizing Disaster Management Team

Disaster Team Leadership

Disaster team leadership is vested in one person, who should designate an alternate capable of
acting independently in his or her absence. One of the team leader’s primary tasks is to ensure that control
is maintained over the team’s activities, information flow, and the implementation of decisions and
organizational policies. For these reason, the team leader should be a person who has demostarted ability
to function under pressure, must have sufficient authority to make on the spot decisions with in the
framework of overall organization’s policy, access to decision makers when required, and the ability to
recognize which decisions to make independently and which to refer to upper management.

Disaster Action Team Members

Depending on the size of the organization and the number of people available, the following team
mebers maybe considered:

 Team leader/ Alternate

 Executive Assistance

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  Public Affairs
 Liaison Officers
 (for family/victim/government/International)
 Administrative Support
 Communications Specialist
 Legal Specialist
 Medical and Relief Operations Officer
 Financial Specialist

Each disaster team member must be oriented and trained on their respective role and the
functional requirements for disaster management.

Disaster Action Team Duties

On Pre-event

 Supervise the formulation of policies

 Ensure the development of procedures
 Participate in preparing plans
 Oversee and participate in exercise of plans
 Select crisis management/disaster center
 Participate in personnel training
 Review preparation of materials
 Delegate authority
 Brief personnel
 Ensure the assembly of supplies
 Ensure preparation of rest, food, medical areas

During the Event

 Establish shift schedules immediately

 Delegate tasks
 Focus on underlying problem
 Maintain control
 Follow organizational policies
 Use prepared procedures
 Innovate as needed
 Ensure that information is shared with the entire team
 Review all press release and public statements
 Double check or confirm informations if possible
 Aid victim and their families
 Try to anticipate future consequences
 Control stress of team members
 Ensure log maintenance

On Post Event (After the Incident)

 Evaluate effectiveness of plans

 Evaluate adequacy of procedures
 Debrief personnel
 Evaluate equipment and training used
 Revise plans and procedures in the light of new experience
 Reward personnel as appropriate
 Assist victims as appropriate
 Document events
 Prepare after-action reports
 Arrange an orderly transition to normal conditions

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  Retain archives

The chain of events during a disaster is simplified as follows:

 Security receives initial report of emergency

 Security notifies Disaster Team Leader
 Team leader decides if immediate action is required
 If action is required, he notifies the other team members to convene at the crisis management
center
 Initial liason established and actions taken: create log, contact of family, employees involved,
government or law enforcement liaison contacts, prepare contingency press guidance, others.
 Respond to event

Crowd Control and Riot Prevention

Riot, in general is an offense against the public peace. It is interpreted as a tumultuous disturbance
by several persons who have unlawfully assembled to assist one another, by the use of force if necessary,
against anyone opposing them in the execution of some enterprise of a private nature; and who execute
such enterprise in a violent manner, to the terror of the people.

Under the law, it is punishable for any organizer or leader of any meeting attended by armed
persons for the purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable under the Revised Penal Code, or any
meeting in which the audience is incited to the commission of the crimes of treason, rebellion or
insurrection, sedition or assault upon a person in authority or his agents (Art. 146, RPC). It is also
punishable for any person who shall cause any serious disturbance in a public place, office, or
establishment, or shall interrupt or disturb public functions or gatherings or peaceful meetings (Art 153,
RPC).

Some Basic Definition of Terms

Tumultuous – The disturbance or interruption shall be deemed tumultuous if caused by more than
three persons who are armed or provided with means of violence.
Outcry – The means to shout subversive or proactive words tending to stir up the people to obtain
by means of force or violence.
Crowd – It consists of a body of individual people with no organization, no single partnership. Each
individual’s behavior is fairly controlled and ruled by reason. All the participants have been thrown by
circumstance into a crowd for some common purpose that may give them at least one thing in common.
Mob – A mob takes on the semblance of organization with some common motive for action, such
as revenge for a crime committed on the scene where the crowd assembled, an aggravated fight, or a
confrontation with the police. At times like this, there is already a strong feeling of togetherness (“we are
one” attitude).
Riot – It is a violent confusion in a crowd. Once a mob started to become violent, it becomes a riot.

What is the Role of Planning in Crowd Control or Riot Prevention?

A sound organizational planning, training, logistical support and a high departmental morale are the
essential success elements in modern counter-riot operations.

The control of violent civil disorder involving large segments of the population, especially in
congested urban areas, requires a disciplined, aggressive police counter-action which at the same time
adheres to the basic law enforcement precepts. This is done through effective police operational planning.

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 Through planning, the law violators can be arrested and processed with in the existing legal
frameworks by the exercise of reasonable force. Without an immediate decisive police action, the
continually recurring conditions of civil unrest and lawlessness could quickly evolve into a full-scale riot.
Police planning could provide the best police reaction and order can be restored with a minimum of
property damage and injury.

What are the Police Purpose and Objectives in Anti-Riot Operations?

Containment – Unlawful assembly and riot are as contagious as a plague unless they are
quarantined from the unaffected areas of the community. In here, all persons who are at the scene should
be advised to leave the area, thereby reducing the number of potential anti-police combatants.

Dispersal – The crowd of unlawful assembly or riot should be dispersed at once. It may appear at
first to be a legal assembly but the nature of the assembly at the time of the arrival of the police may clearly
distinguish it as being unlawful. Once it is determined, the responsibility of the police to command the
people to disperse. Crowd control formations may be done if necessary to expedite their movements.

Prevention of Entry or Reentry- The police have to protect the area once the people have been
moved out or dissipated into smaller groups to prevent them from returning. Enforce quarantine by not
allowing the group to resume their actions.

Arrest Violators – One of the first acts of the police upon arrival at the scene of the disturbance is to
locate and isolate individuals who are inciting the crowd to violate or fragrantly violating the law. Prevent
any attempt by the crowd or mob to rescue those arrested by enforcing total quarantine.

Establish Priorities – Depending upon the circumstances, it is always necessary to establish

priorities. Assessing the situation to determine the nature of assistance and number of men needed is part
of the planning process.

What are the Basic Procedures in Anti-Riot Operations?

Assess the Situation

 determine whether the original purpose of the gathering was lawful or not
 determine also the lawfulness at the time of arrival at the scene
 assess their attitude, emotional state, and their general condition
 determine any state of intoxication and other conditions that may lead to violence
 identify the cause of the problem
 locate and identify leaders or agitators

Survey the Scene

 determine as soon as possible the best position of the command post

 locate the best vintage point for observations
 consider geographical factors such as natural barriers, buildings, and weather condition
 note the best method of approach

Communicate

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  report on your assessment, keeping your assessment brief but concise, giving your superior the
sufficient data with which to proceed for plans of action
 ask for assistance or help from the command post hence remain close to the radio as possible until
additional units arrived or to communicate new developments

Maintain a Watchful Waiting

 make your presence known to the people in the vicinity

 if the crowd is too much to handle, stay near the command post and wait for additional support
units
 use radio or other means of communications to call for assistance
 make preparations for decisive police action.

Concentrate on Rescue and Self-Defense

 take care of the immediate needs of the situation until help arrives
 apply first aid to injured people and self protection must be considered
 remember the primary objective of protecting lives, property and the restoration of order

Maintain an Open Line of Communication

 keep the dispatcher advised on the progress of the scene

 continue directing the support units to the scene and the general perimeter control

Establish a Command Post

 follow what is in your contingency plan for civil disturbance

 make every officer aware of the command post for proper coordination

Take immediate action for serious violations

 arrest perpetrators
 isolate the leaders or agitators from the crowd
 show full police force strength

Give the dispersal order

 disperse the crowd upon order

 anti-riot formations and procedures must be used
 use of force necessary for dispersal maybe considered

What are the General Guidelines in Handling Riot?

1. Preplanning must be high on the agenda whenever the department anticipates any disorder or
major disturbance.
2. Meet with responsible leaders at the scene and express your concern for assuring them their
constitutional guarantees. Request them to disperse the crowd before attempting to take police
action.
3. Maintain order and attempt to quell the disturbance without attempting to punish any of the
violators.
4. Use only the force that is necessary but take positive and decisive action.
5. Post the quarantine area with signs and barricades, if necessary.
6. Keep the traffic lane open for emergency and support vehicle.
7. Consider the fact that most impressive police action at the scene of any type of major disturbance
is the expeditious removal of the leaders by a well-disciplined squad of officers.
8. For riot control, consider the following:

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  Surprise Offensive – The police action in its initial stages at a riot must be dramatic. The
elements of surprise may enhance effectiveness of riot control
 Security of Information – Plans for action and communications regarding the movement of
personnel and equipment should be kept confidential
 Maximum utilization of Force – A show of police force should be made in a well-organized
manner, compact, and efficient in a military-type squad formations.
 Flexibility of Assignments – Officers and teams should be flexibly assigned to various
places where the need is greatest.
 Simplicity – Keep the plan as simple as possible and the instructions are direct to avoid
mass confusion among the officers.

What are the Special Problems in Crowd Control and Anti-Riot Operations?

Snipers – Certain psychopathic people may attempt to take advantage of the mass confusion and
excitement at a riot scene by taking a concealed position and shooting at people with some type of
weapons, usually rifle.

Arsonist – Persons holding torch in their hands are potential arsonists. They must be taken into
custody immediately.

Looters – Acts of simple misdemeanor thefts or may consists of robbery of breaking and entering.
Take the suspects into custody by whatever means are necessary.

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