BIOLOGY II ASB0205

Topic 7
Circulation System

Nur Atikah Saleh Hodin

Biology Unit
Centre For Foundation Studies In Science Of
Universiti Putra Malaysia
 This lecture note is adapted based on the book by
Mader & Windelspecht
Ebook: https://connect.edu.mheducation.com

Chapter 32
Chapter 01
Circulation &
Cardiovascular Systems

BIOLOGY
Fourteenth Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
Outline

7.1 / 32.3 The Human Cardiovascular System

7.2 / 32.4 Blood component & Capillary Exchange

(32.3) - (32.4): E-Book reference

Learning outcomes
By the end of this lecture, you will be able to:

1. List the major components of the human heart

2. Trace the blood flow in the systemic and pulmonary
circuits
3. Discuss how the SA and AV nodes control the
contractions of the heart muscle
4. Define capillary exchange and describe the two major
forces involved
Let’s have a heart to heart…

How oxygen is transported as

you breath in? How carbon
dioxide is eliminated as you
exhale?

Eating breakfast provides

you with the energy you
need for the day.
But how is that glucose
getting transported
around your body?
W hy is the heart im portant for survival?
7.1 / [32.3] The Human Cardiovascular System
The Human Heart
• Fist-sized
• Cone-shaped
• Located between lungs directly
behind sternum (breastbone)
• Muscular organ (cardiac fibers)
• Lies within a membranous sac
(the pericardium)
 Structure of the Heart
• Septum separates the heart into left and right sides.
• Each side has two chambers.
• Upper two chambers
-atria.
• Thin-walled
• Receive blood from
circulation

• Lower two chambers

-ventricles.
• Thick-walled
• Pump blood away
from heart
External Heart Anatomy

.
 Internal View of the Heart
Valves - control blood flow
through the heart.
•Atrioventricular valves
 Tricuspid valve
 Bicuspid / mitral valve
• Semilunar valves
 Pulmonary semilunar
valve
 Aortic semilunar valve

When atrioventricular valves open,

blood passes from the atria to the
ventricles
When semilunar valves open,
blood passes out of the heart.
Pathway of blood
Blood vessels:
functionally divided into
TWO distinctive circuits:

• Pulmonary circuit
transports oxygen-poor
blood from right ventricle
to the lung

• Systemic circuit
carries oxygen-rich blood
from left ventricle out to
the capillaries (tissues of
the body)
Pathway of blood
 When tracing blood from
right to left side of the heart
in the pulmonary circuit, you
must mention the
pulmonary vessels.

When tracing blood from

digestive tract to the right
atrium in systemic circuit,
you must mention the
hepatic portal vein, hepatic
vein, and inferior vena cava.
 Heartbeat
• Systole – Contraction of heart chambers (ventricles contract)
• Diastole – Relaxation of heart chambers (ventricles fill and
atria contract)

• Cardiac cycle
►Blood collects in atria; the atria contract
• Pushes blood through tricuspid and bicuspid valves into the
resting lower ventricles- Phase (the longer of the two) is
called diastole.

►Second part begins after the ventricles fill.

• Ventricles contract - Phase is called systole.

►After blood moves into the pulmonary artery and aorta, the
ventricles relax.
 Stages in the Cardiac c.When heart is relaxed, both atria and
ventricles are filling with blood. The
Cycle atrioventricular valves are open, and
semilunar valves are closed.

a.When atria contract,

the ventricles relaxed
and filling with blood.
The atrioventricular
valves are open,
semilunar valves are
closed.

b.When ventricles
contract,
atrioventricular
valves are closed,
semilunar valves are
open, and blood is
pumped into
pulmonary trunk and
aorta.
Pulse and Conduction System
Pulse - wave effect passing down walls of the arterial
blood vessels when aorta expands and recoils following
ventricular systole.
►Sinoatrial node (SA) keeps the heartbeat regular.
• It is called the pacemaker.
►Atrioventricular node (AV) signals ventricles to contract.

• Input from brain can increase/decrease the rate/strength

of heart contractions.
• Hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, secreted
into the blood by the adrenal glands, also stimulate the
heart.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Recording of electrical changes occurs in
myocardium during cardiac cycle.
• When SA node triggers an impulse, the
atrial fibers produce electrical charge (P
wave).
• P wave - atria are about to contract.
• QRS complex - ventricles are about to
contract and atria are relaxing.
• T wave - electrical changes occurring as
the ventricular muscle fibers recover.

a.Normal ECG b.Ventricular

fibrillation
 Blood Pressure
• Expressed in the form: Systolic “over” Diastolic
• Less than 120/80 – represents systolic and diastolic
pressures
• Systolic pressure – Blood forced into the arteries during
ventricular systole
• Diastolic pressure – Pressure in the arteries during
ventricular diastole
• Blood pressure falls as;
• Blood flows from aorta into arteries
and arterioles.
• Blood flow in capillaries slow.
• Blood pressure in veins is too low to
move blood back to the heart.
 What factors facilitate the return of
blood to the heart?
• Presence of valves- prevent
backward flow of blood,
regulate blood flow in veins.
• Skeletal muscle contraction
pushes blood in the veins
toward the heart.
• Respiratory pump (pressure
changes in the thorax during
breathing). Contracted Closed valve
skeletal muscle prevents
pushes blood past backward
open valve. flow of blood.
Varicose veins
develop when valves
become ineffective.
Source: veincenteratiowaheart.com
 Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

CVD -leading cause of death in most Western countries

❖ Hypertension – High blood
pressure
• Narrowing of arteries due to
atherosclerosis
(Accumulation of fatty
materials between the inner
linings of arteries)
• Deposits are called plaque.
• A clot, called a thrombus,
may form on an arterial wall.

❖ Stroke – Disruption of blood supply to the brain

• Results when a cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by an embolus
❖ Angina pectoris – Painful squeezing sensation from myocardial
oxygen insufficiency due to partial blockage of a coronary artery
 ❖ Heart attack (myocardial
infarction) – Coronary artery
becomes completely blocked

• Stents/self-expanding wire mesh tubes, can be inserted into

blocked artery to keep it open.
• If stents are unsuccessful, a coronary bypass may be
required - surgeon replaces the artery with a healthy artery
from elsewhere in the body.
 7.2 / [32.4] Blood
• Transports gases, nutrients, waste
products, antibodies, and hormones
throughout the body
• Helps combat pathogenic
microorganisms
• Carries platelets and factors that
ensure clotting to prevent blood loss
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
• Small, biconcave disks
• Lack a nucleus and contain hemoglobin
► Manufactured continuously in bone marrow
of skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long
bones
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• Contain a nucleus and lack hemoglobin
• Important in inflammatory response
• Divided into two categories based on presence or absence of
cytoplasmic granules:
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranular leukocytes
Monocytes and lymphocytes
Platelets
• Result from fragmentation of
megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
• Non-cellular, formed elements
• Involved in blood clotting
 Capillary Exchange

• Capillaries are very narrow and

tiny RBCs must go through
single file.

• Movement of fluid through a

capillary wall: controlled by
osmotic pressure and blood
pressure.

• Walls of capillaries are very thin

to facilitate diffusion of nutrients,
gases, and wastes.

Source: dynamicscience.com.au
Arterial end of a capillary,
► Blood pressure is higher
than the osmotic pressure.
► H2O tends to leave the
bloodstream.
► Midsection, molecules,
including O2 and CO2
follow concentration
gradients.

Venous end of a capillary,

► Osmotic pressure is higher
than the blood pressure
► H2O tends to enter the
bloodstream.
 Capillary Exchange and Lymph
Substances leaving capillaries contribute to interstitial fluid.

Excess interstitial fluid is collected by lymphatic capillaries called lymph.

A lymphatic capillary bed lies near a blood capillary bed.

When lymphatic capillaries take up excess tissue fluid, it becomes lymph.

Summary
References

1. Mader, S. and Windelspecht, M., 2019. Biology. 13th ed. New York: McGraw -
Hill Education.