NBHS1213

ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY 2

E-TUTORIAL 2
15.6.2024
TOPIC 1
NERVOUS SYSTEM
(PART 2)

Y.S. PEK
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INTRODUCTION

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 1.4 SPINAL CORD

• Extends from foramen

magnum to 2nd lumbar
vertebra
• Protected by vertebral
column
• Spinal nerves allow
movement & sensation
• If damaged paralysis
can occur

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 1.4 SPINAL CORD
• Gray Matter:
✓ center of spinal cord
✓ looks like letter H or a butterfly
• White Matter:
✓ outside of spinalcord
✓ contains myelinated fibers

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1.4 SPINAL CORD

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 White Matter in Spinal Cord
• Located in the white matter of the CNS are three
columns: dorsal, ventral, and lateral.
• Columns contain ascending and descending
tracts.
• Ascending tracts:
✓ axons that conduct action potentials toward the brain
• Descending tracts:
✓ axons that conduct action potentials away from the
brain
Grey Matter in Spinal Cord
• The grey matter has a letter H shape with horns.
• Posterior horns:
✓ contain axons which synapse with interneurons
• Anterior horns:
✓ contain somatic neurons
• Lateral horns:
✓ contain autonomic neurons
• Central canal:
✓ Fluid-filled space in center of cord
Spinal Cord Cross Section
Internal Structures of The Spinal Cord

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Ascending and Descending Tract of the Spinal Cord

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 1.5 BRAIN

The brain consists of 4

major parts:
I. Cerebrum
II. Diencephalon
III. Brain stem
• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla oblongata
IV. Cerebellum

Parts of the central nervous system

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Brain: Major Parts

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Brain: Major Parts

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 PROTECTION OF THE BRAIN
• The brain is protected by
the cranium and cranial
meninges
• Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
protects brain cells from
harmful substances and
pathogens
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
further protects the brain
from chemical and physical
injury

Meninges 15
 MENINGES
Three enveloping connective tissue layers that
enclose the brain:

• Dura mater
(outermost)

• Arachnoid mater
(middle)

• Pia mater
(innermost)

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 CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
• CSF circulates through the subarachnoid space,
around the brain and spinal cord, and through
cavities in the brain known as ventricles
• There are 4 ventricles:
✓2 lateral ventricles
✓1 third ventricle
✓1 fourth ventricle
• Pathway
✓From the fourth ventricle → central canal of the
spinal cord and within subarachnoid space
→reabsorbed through arachnoid villi into the
blood in the superior sagittal sinus
• Cushions brain and provides nutrients
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Brain Ventricles

Figure 8.35
 1.5.1 BRAIN STEM

• The brainstem has four functional sections:

1. Medulla oblongata
2. Pons
3. Midbrain
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4. Reticular formation
1.5.2 CEREBELLUM

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 1.5.3 DIENCEPHALONS

• Located between the brainstem and cerebrum

1. Thalamus
2. Subthalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Epithalamus 21
Diencephalon
1.5.4 CEREBRUM

• Largest portion of
brain
• Divisions:
✓Right hemisphere
✓Left hemisphere
- separated by
longitudinal
fissure
• Lobes: frontal,
parietal,occipital,
temporal

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1.5.4 CEREBRUM

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 Cerebrum • 4 lobes:
1. Frontal
Parieto-occipital
Central sulcus sulcus 2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal
Parietal
Frontal
• Eachlobe is divided
Temporal
by fissure:
Occipital
- Lateral sulcus
- Central sulcus
- Parieto-occipital
Lateral sulcus sulcus

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1.5.5 FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN

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1.5.5 FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN

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BRAIN

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1.6 NERVES

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1.6.2 NERVES of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

(a) Spinal Nerves

• Arise along the spinal cord
from the union of dorsal
roots and ventral roots
• Contain axons sensory and
somatic neurons
• Located between vertebra
• Categorized by region of the
vertebral column from which it
emerges (C for cervical)
• 31 pairs
• Organized in 3 plexuses

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1.6.2 NERVES of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

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Dermatome
• The nerves arising from each region of the
spinal cord and vertebral column supply specific
body regions.
• A dermatome is the area of skin supplied with
sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves.
• Each spinal nerve except C1 has a specific
cutaneous sensory distribution.
Dermatome
Dermatome
1.6.2 NERVES of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

(b) Cranial Nerves

• 12 pairs of cranial nerves
• Named by Roman numerals
• 2 categories of functions: sensory and motor

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1.6.2 NERVES of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
(b) Cranial Nerves

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(b) Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory (sensory)
II. Optic (sensory)
III. Oculomotor (motor)
IV. Trochlear (motor)
V. Trigeminal (mixed)
VI. Abducens (motor)
VII. Facial (mixed)
VIII. Vestibulocochlear /
auditory (sensory)
IX. Glossopharyngeal
(mixed)
X. Vagus (mixed)
XI. Accesory (motor)
XII. Hypoglossal (motor) 37
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No Name Functions
I Olfactory Smell

II Optic Vision

III Oculomotor Eye movement; Pupil dilataion

IV Trochlear Eye movement

V Trigeminal Somatosensory information fr the face & head; chewing

VI Abducens Eye movement

VII Facial Taste (anterior 2/3 of tougue); somotosensory info fr ear;

contorl muscles used in facial expression
VIII Vestibulo-cochlear Hearing; balance

IX Glossopharyngeal Taste (posteriro 1/3 tongue); somatosensory info fr

tongue, tonsils, pharynx; contorol muscles for swallowing
X Vagus Sensory, motor & autonomic functions of viscera

XI Spinal accessory Controls muscles used in head movement

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XII Hypoglossal Controls muscles of tongue
I. Olfactory (Sensory) Mnemonics to help you
II. Optic (Sensory) remember
III. Oculomotor (Motor)
• On Old Olympus
IV. Trochlear (Motor)
V. Trigeminal (Both)
Towering Top A Fin
VI. Abducens (Motor) And German Viewed
VII. Facial (Both) Some Hops
VIII. Vestibulocochlear /
Auditory (Sensory) S (sensory) M (Motor)
IX. Glossopharyngeal
B (Both sensory & motor)
(Both)
X. Vagus (Both) • Small Ships Make
XI. Accesory / Spinal Money, But My
accesory (Motor) Brother Says Big
XII. Hypoglossal (Motor Boats Make More 40
1.6.2 NERVES of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
(b) Cranial Nerves

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1.7 SENSORY RECEPTORS

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1.7 SENSORY RECEPTORS

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1.7.1 SENSATION

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1.7.1 SENSATION

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THANK YOU

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