3/27/2018

Introductory Lecture
Transportation Engineering-I

Transportation Engineering – I
CE-310

6th Semester ((2018))

Session 2K15

Course Instructor
Dr. Naveed Ahmad

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Recommended Books

• “Highway
g y Engineering”
g g 2nd Edition
by “Clarkson H. Oglesby & Laurence I. Hewes”

• “Principles of Highway Engineering & Traffic Analysis

by “Fred L. Mannering & Walter P. Kilareski”

Course Contents

Introduction
 Highway Planning.
 An Approach to Urban Highway Planning.
 Location Survey in Rural & Urban Areas.
 Location Controls.
 Elements of a Typical Cross-Section of Road.
 Types of Cross-Section.
 Classification of Highways.
Highways
 Highway Materials, Types & Characteristics, Specification & tests.
 Highway Drainage.

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Course Contents

Geometric Design

 Sight Distance Requirements.

 Vertical Curves.
 Grade Line.
 Horizontal Curves.
 Super Elevation.
Elevation
 Transition Curve
 Curve Widening.

Course Contents

Traffic Engineering
 Design Speed.
 Traffic Estimates.
 Traffic Lane Capacity.
 Traffic Survey.
 Road Signs & Signals.
 Channelization
 Design of Intersections at Grade & Grade Separated Intersections.
 Drivers Characteristics.
 Traffic Control Devices.
 Parking and Accident Studies.
 Traffic Management.
 Highway Safety.

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Course Contents

Railway Engineering

 Elements of Track. Types of Gauge;

 Types of Rail Section. Rail Joints. Creep and Wear of Rail.
 Fish Plate, Bearing Plates and Check Rails.
 Types of Sleepers, their Merits and Demerits. Sleep Density,
 Spacing and Stiffness of Track.
 Types of Ballast. Requirements for Good Ballast, Renewal of Ballast.
Formation of Single and Double Track. Formation Failures.
 Selection of Site for a Railway Station. Layout of Station and
 Yards. Points and Crossings.Various Layouts Signaling and Inter-Locking.
 Modern Methods for Construction of Tracks. Maintenance, Tools and
Organization.

Transportation
 Life in communities has changed over the
years.
years
 One of those changes is in transportation.
 Transportation is a way of moving people
or things from one place to another.

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Modes of Transportation
 Land

 Water

 Air

Modes of Transportation
Land Water Air
 C
Covered d  C
Canoe • H Ai
Hot Air
Wagon  Steamboat Balloon
 Train  Ferry • Plane
 Subway  Passenger • Helicopter
 Bicycle Ship • Rocket
 Motorcycle  Submarine • Space Shuttle
 Car
 Bus

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Elements of Transportation
There are three main elements of
automobile transportation:

 The road users (Drivers and pedestrians)

 The vehicle
 The road way and geometric design

Elements of Transportation
 The three basic elements of transportation has
the following accident distribution
percentages.
Accident Distribution Percentages

5%
15%
Vehicle
Road Way
Driver
80%

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The Good Old Days!

Keep the water out!

History
 The need for roads stem from the invention of
the wheel some 5000 years ago. A brief
introduction on early roads from different parts
of the world may include:
 Chinese Civilization: One of the earliest and
best known Chinese silk route, dates back to
2600 BC
 Persian Empire: Silk, porcelain, and wood ware
p
imported from China and exported
p to different
parts of Europe through roads
 India: Archaeologists discovered brick roads
around the Indus valley

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History
 Roman Roads: Greatest road building era. They built
around 5000 miles of roads. They had;
◦ Levelled earth
◦ Gravelled Surface and
◦ Paved Roads

 Thomas Telford: Sub-base formed to camber but

the formation was horizontal

 John Macadam: Formation was shaped to the road

camber and was a cheaper form of construction

Relevant Terms
 Road:
This is a recent term onlyy used since the
Civil Wars. It is derived from ‘Ride’ then
‘Rode’
 Street:
The Romans called their roads VIA
STRAETA meaning a route built up in layers.
VIA was later dropped
pp and STRAETA
became street. Town roads were called
streets as in the past only the towns roads
were paved (built in layers).

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Relevant Terms
 Pavement:
The topp layer
y of a Roman road consisted of largeg
stone slabs and these were referred to as the
PAVIMENTUM. In Victorian times stone slabs
were used for footways, hence the term
pavement is used in modern English, although
strictly pavement is the actual road structure.
 Highway:
g y
In mediaeval times all-weather and all-year-round
routes were established on high grounds to avoid
drainage problems and were referred to as
highways.

History
 The modern concept of pavement
construction was pioneered by the
Romans
 The concept used by the Romans is not
very different to the typical multi-layer
flexible pavement layout

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Modern Highways

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Modern Road Systems

 Mid-twentieth Century Roads: The
outstandingg development
p at this time was
the construction of dual-carriageway roads,
with controlled access at infrequent intervals

 America; Superhighways, throughways or

freeways
 Germany; Autobahn
 Italy; Autostrada
 Britain; Motorways

Modern Road Systems

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Modern Road Systems

 Motorways:
Main Features
◦ Grade Separated Junctions
◦ Elimination of Steep Gradient
◦ Elimination of Sharp Curve
◦ Reasonably direct routes between large cities
Advantages:
◦ Greater safety
◦ Higher
H h average journey speeds d
◦ More comfort and Convenience for drivers and
passengers
◦ Lower vehicle operating costs

Pavement Material
 Asphalt has been used in road
construction since the early 1800s
 It typically comprises graded aggregate
mixed with a bituminous binder which
results in a strong but flexible material
with good durability
 Initially tar was used as the binder which
was later replaced by bitumen which is
refined from crude oil

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Asphalt
 Bitumen
Viscoelastic organic
g liquid
q comprised
p
predominantly of hydrocarbon molecules

 Asphalt
Combination of bitumen, aggregate
((stone)) and air with visco-elasto-plastic
p
properties

Rock

Crushed Rock

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Glue it together
again!

A Typical Pavement
Asphalt Aggregate Base Course

Natural Soil (Subgrade)

Aggregate Subbase Course

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Pavement
 A pavement is a structure which
separates the wheels of vehicles from the
underlying foundation material
 Pavements over soil are normally of multi-
layer construction with relatively weak
materials below and progressively
stronger ones above
 Similarly, pavement layers thickness varies
from top to bottom

What is Pavement Engineering?

 A pavement is the footpath at the side of a road,
but in engineering language Pavement Engineering is
concerned with pprovidingg man-made surfaces to
the ground so that 'objects' can move across the
ground in an efficient and clean way.
 Pavement Engineering is the technological field
responsible for designing, constructing, maintaining
and re-constructing these. Road pavement
construction, maintenance and reconstruction
require enormous resources
 They must not be too expensive or deteriorate too High
g ppressure
under a tyre
quickly. They should be as sustainable as possible
and easily repairable. This requires a detailed Low pressure at
the bottom of
knowledge of how each element of the pavement the pavement
will behave under the repeated loading applied by
the traffic. The principle of load spreading by
an efficient pavement

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