Indian J. Agric. Res..

, 46 (3) : 262 - 268, 2012 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICA

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IMPACT OF INTEGRA
IMPACT TED USE OF FERTILIZER AND ENRICHED COMPOST
INTEGRATED
ON YIELD, NITROGEN UPT AKE B
UPTAKE BYY WHEA
WHEATT AND FRACTIONS OF SOIL
NITROGEN IN SEMI ARID CONDITION
S.K. Singhal, R.D. Singh, V.K. Shar
V.K. ma and S.K. Shar
Sharma ma
Sharma
Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, India
Received: 14-08-2011 Accepted: 20-07-2012
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted with integrated nutrient management on wheat at IARI
research farm New Delhi. Grain yield of wheat with 50% NPK fertilizer + NPK enriched compost
was significantly higher than that of 100% NPK fer tilizer
tilizer,, it was at par with 50% NPK fer
fertilizer tilizer +
fertilizer
NP enriched compost. The treatment 50% NPK fertilizer along with NPK enriched compost
recorded maximum N uptake (105.0 kg ha-1). Application of fertilizer alone or in combination
with compost led to a significant increase in total N, hydrolysable N (amino sugar-N, amino acid-
N and hydrolysable NH3-N) and nonhydrolysable-N in soil as compared to initial status. The
correlation studies revealed that amino sugar-N, amino acid-N and hydrolysable NH3-N fractions
in soil were better indices of soil-N mineralization. A better correlation was observed between
amino sugar-N with grain yield /N uptake by wheat.
Key words
words: Organics, Fertilizer, Nitrogen fractions, Uptake, Wheat yield.

INTRODUCTION nitrogen in soil (Duhan et al., 2005). Some studies

Fertilizers play vital role in production and
productivity of any crop but continuous and
imbalanced use of high analysis chemical fertilizers
in intensive cultivated area badly influences
production and soil health. Subsequently, most of
the productive soils become unproductive. Use of
chemical fertilizer in combination with organic
manure is essentially required to improve the soil
health (Bajpai et al., 2006). The organics not only
serve as sources of plant nutrients, but also improves
the physical, chemical and biological health of soil
(Chouksey et al., 1995).
Nitrogen is the key element among the major
nutrients in crop production and most of the Indian
soils are deficient or low in this nutrient. Most of the
nitrogen in the plough layer of arable soils is present
in a continuum of complex organic form (Kelley and
Stevension, 1995), hence only a small portion of total
nitrogen is present in inorganic form. To supplement
N, along with organic sources, extensive and
continuous application of mineral fertilizers stimulate
mineralization and immobilization, thereby
influencing the biological transformation of the
shows that addition of NPK fertilizer alone or in
combination with farm yard manure (FYM)
enhanced the contents of both hydrolysable and
non-hydrolysable-N in inceptisol under maize-
wheat system (Kamat et al., 1982). Little is known
about the bioavailability of the different forms of
organic N in soils because these compounds are
so complex and their availability depends upon
mineralization (Johnson et al., 1999). During the
initial years, N gets distributed in the easily
mineralizable fractions such as amino acids and
amino sugars. Therefore, information on the
amount of these mineralizable fractions and its
dynamics would be helpful in nitrogen nutrition
(Mulvancy et al., 2001) for different crops. The
variation in different forms and fractions of
nitrogen as affected by integrated use of fertilizer
and enriched compost in wheat are limited.
Therefore, the present study was undertaken to
investigate the effect of integrated use of fertilizer
and enriched compost on various fractions of
nitrogen contributing to the nitrogen nutrition
under wheat.
 Vol. 46, No. 3, 2012
MA TERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
A field experiment was conducted during
2008-09 at IARI research farm, New Delhi with
wheat (cv: HD-2285) by using ordinary compost
and enriched compost as an organic source of
nutrients and chemical fertilizer. Soil (Typic
Haplustep) of IARI research farm belongs to sub-
tropical semi arid agro climatic zone (annual rainfall
651 mm) of Upper Gangatic Plain (280 30’N, 770
10’E;) 250 m above mean sea level. The soil have
sandy loam in texture with pH 7.9, EC 0.42 dS m-1,
organic carbon 4.3 g kg-1, available N 186 kg ha-1, P
13.7 kg ha-1 and K 208 kg ha-1. The NH4+-N, NO3–
-N and total N content of the soil before sowing of
wheat was observed 8.6, 15.8 and 587 mg kg-1,
respectively. Four composts were prepared from rice
straw alone and by mixing 2% N, 2% N + 2% P
and 2% N + 2% P + 2% K along with rice straw on
dry weight basis. The sources of N, P and K used for
enrichment were urea, rock phosphate and waste
mica respectively. The P and K content in rock
phosphate and waste mica were 8% and 10%
respectively. Sample of composts were analyzed for
organic carbon and total N, P and K contents on
dry weight basis by using standard procedures
(Jackson, 1973). The composition of organic
carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and C/N ratio
in ordinary and enriched composts were given in
Table 1.
Wheat (cv: HD 2285) was grown with six
treatments in randomized block design having three
replications.
Tr e a t m e n t
T1 Control
T2 50% RDF + 5 t ha-1, ordinary compost
T3 50% RDF + 5 t ha-1, N enriched compost
T4 50% RDF + 5 t ha-1, N and P enriched compost
T5 50% RDF + 5 t ha-1, N, P and K enriched compost
T6 RDF
The recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)
of N, P2O5 and K2O were 120, 60 and 60 kg ha-1,
respectively. 1/3rd of N and full dose of P and K were
TABLE 1: Nutrient composition of composts
Composts O.C. (%)
Ordinary compost 25.98
N enriched compost 24.32
N ,P enriched compost 24.12
N, P and K enriched compost 24.18
263
applied as basal and remaining dose of N was
divided into two split and applied at 30 and 45 days
after sowing as per treatments. The sources of N, P
and K were urea, SSP and MOP respectively.
Composts were incorporated in soil one week before
sowing. Surface soil samples (0- 15 cm) were
collected before sowing and after harvest and
analyzed for different fractions of nitrogen and
mineralizable N. Available N was estimated by the
alkaline permanganate method by Subbiah and Asija
(1956). Mineral nitrogen (NH4+-N and NO3-N) and
total N in soil were determined by the method of
Bremner (1960). The method by Bremner (1965)
also adopted in order to determine the various
organic N fractions of soil. Unidentified hydrolysable
N (total hydrolysable N minus sum of hydrolysable
NH3-N, amino sugar N and amino acid N); non
hydrolysable N (total N minus total hydrolysable N
fractions) were obtained by computing the data
observed. After harvest the crop, nitrogen content in
grain and straw samples was determined by standard
procedure. Concentration of N was multiplied by
yield for calculation of N uptake. The contents of
different N fractions were correlated with grain and
straw yield and N uptake by wheat. Statistical
analysis of data obtained from the experiment was
carried out according to the standard procedure
outlined in Gomez and Gomez (1984). Correlations
and regression analysis was carried out with the help
of Microsta package.
RESUL
RESULTS TS AND DISCUSSION
Grain and straw yield
Perusal of data in Table 2 indicates that the
grain yield of wheat increased from 32.6 to 84.2 %
over control (27.3 q ha-1) with the application of
compost + 50% NPK and the corresponding
increase in straw yield was 41.9 to 82.3% over
control (50.8q ha-1). The highest grain yield of wheat
recorded with 50% NPK + 5 t ha-1 N, P and K
enriched compost treatment (T5) and it was greater
than 100% NPK alone (45.7 q ha-1) indicating the
possibilities of harnessing the values at the cost of
N(%) P(%) K(%) C:N
1.16 0.52 2.15 22.39
1.90 0.55 2.18 12.80
1.93 2.46 2.20 12.49
1.95 2.48 3.22 12.40
 Vol. 46, No. 3, 2012
50% NPK in the form of chemical fertilizer. The
treatments T4 (50% NPK + NP enriched compost)
and T6 (100% NPK) registered grain yields of wheat
44.7 and 45.7 q ha-1 which was statistically at par.
Application of ordinary compost along with 50%
NPK showed lower grain yield of wheat (36.2 q ha-1)
as compared to other treatments. Ordinary compost
could be attributed to the slow rate of nutrient supply
that failed to match the demands of the nutrients.
Substituting a part of inorganic nitrogen through N,
NP and NPK enriched composts compared
favourably with 100% NPK (T6) alone. Wheat straw
in treatments T4, T5 and T6 with the values of 84.8,
92.6 and 86.8 q ha-1, respectively was observed non-
significant. The finding indicates that the combined
application of well decomposed enriched composts
as organic source and chemical fertilizers was
superior to sole inorganic fertilizer application.
Pathak et al. (2005) also observed the similar
findings.
Nitrogen content and uptake
Nitrogen content in wheat grain was found
non significant in treatments T2 (1.47%), T3 (1.43%),
T 4 (1.46%), T 5 (1.48%) and T 6 (1.42%). The
significantly lowest value of N content (1.32 %) was
recorded under control (T1) as compared to other
treatments. The nitrogen content in wheat straw
264
(0.27-0.36%) followed the similar trend as in wheat
grain and significantly higher over the control.
Significant effect of integrated use of mineral
fertilizers with enriched compost was observed and
the maximum N uptake (74.44 kg ha-1) in wheat
grain was recorded under the treatment T5 (50%
NPK and NPK enriched compost) followed by T4
(Table 2). Nitrogen uptake by wheat grain under the
treatments T4 and T6 (65.26 and 64.89 kg ha-1) were
at par. The lowest N uptake (37.67 kg ha-1) by wheat
grain was recorded under control (T1). N uptake by
wheat straw increased from 13.72 kg ha-1 in control
to 30.56 kg ha-1 under treatment T5. Treatments T4
and T6 were statistically at par in respect of total N
uptake (94.09 and 91.80 kg ha-1). The lower total N
uptake by wheat (77.0 kg ha-1) was noticed under
the treatment 50% NPK + ordinary compost (T2) as
compared to enriched compost. Increase in N uptake
with integrated use of organics with mineral fertilizers
might be due to early release of N as a result of
decomposition of organics. Application of N through
N, NP and NPK enriched compost along with 50%
NPK resulted in higher N uptake by wheat. This could
be explained by the ability of these treatments to
provide higher amounts of readily available N to meet
the crop demand. Addition of organic sources
increased the microbial population which resulted
in enhanced availability of N . Prasad et al. (2010)

TABLE 2: Yield, N content and N uptake of wheat influenced by integrated nutrient supply
Treatment Yield (q ha -1) N content (%) N uptake ( kg ha-1)
Grain Straw Total Grain Straw Grain Str aw Total
T1 27.3 50.8 78.1 1.38 0.27 37.67 1 3.72 51.39
T2 36.2 72.1 108.3 1.47 0.33 53.21 2 3.79 77.00
T3 40.1 81.3 121.4 1.43 0.36 57.34 2 9.27 86.61
T4 44.7 84.8 129.5 1.46 0.34 65.26 2 8.83 94.09
T5 50.3 92.6 142.9 1.48 0.33 74.44 3 0.56 105.00
T6 45.7 86.8 132.5 1.42 0.31 64.89 2 6.91 91.80
CD at 5% 2.6 7.9 8.1 0.09 0.03 3.4 8 1.78 5.27

TABLE 3: Different forms of nitrogen (mg kg-1) after harvest of wheat

Treatments Total N Available N NH4+-N NO3–-N
T1 566 75.6 7.4 14.8
T2 618 99.4 8.8 20.2
T3 642 96.8 9.4 22.6
T4 636 94.8 9.6 25.4
T5 634 96.6 9.9 28.8
T6 624 89.6 9.2 26.0
CD at 5% 12.0 5.1 0.62 1.3
 Vol. 46, No. 3, 2012 265
TABLE 4: Status of different hydrolysable N fractions (mg kg-1) after harvest of wheat
Treatment Amino Amino NH3-N Unidentified Total Acid Total
acid-N sugar-N hydrolysable-N hydrolysable-N insoluble-N organic-N
Initial 138 18.5 1 29 144 429.5 123.5 55 3
T1 136 15.5 1 26 141 418.5 121.5 54 0
T2 141 20.8 1 36 131 428.8 160.2 58 9
T3 143 21.3 1 43 126 433.3 176.7 61 0
T4 145 22.8 1 44 124 435.8 160.2 60 3
T5 153 23.2 1 51 127 454.2 156.8 61 1
T6 161 25.6 1 63 114 468.6 128..4 59 3
CD at 5% 8.1 1.2 7.8 6.9 8.1 8.4 10.8

TABLE 5: Correlation coefficient (r) among nitrogen fractions

Parameters Total N Available N NH4+-N NO3–-N
Total organic-N 1.00 0.88** 0.96** 0.84**
Amino acid-N 0.50 0.25 0.61 0.87**
Amino sugar-N 0.81* 0.62 0.84* 0.97**
Hydrolysable NH3-N 0.65 0.38 0.71 0.95**
Unidentified-N -0.72 -0.46 -0.71 -0.94**
Total hydrolysable-N 0.50 0.27 0.62 0.87**
Acid insoluble-N 0.75* 0.82* 0.64 0.28
* Significant at 5%
** Significant at 1%

and Kumar and Prasad (2008) also observed the
similar findings.
Soil Studies
Total and available N:
Application of fertilizer along with compost
influenced the different forms of N after harvest of
wheat. Maximum total N in soil was recorded under
T3 (642 mg kg-1) followed by T4 (636 mg kg-1).
Treatments T4, T5 and T6 were statistically at par in
respect of total N (Table 3). Lowest total N (566 mg
kg -1) was observed under control. Available N
increased significantly with the integrated application
of compost (94.8 to 99.4 mg kg-1) and chemical
fertilizer over control (75.6 mg kg-1). The increase in
available N content with the application of composts
could be explained by the synergistic effect of
enrichment of composts on N mineralization due to
enhanced multiplication of microbes for the
conversion of organically bound N to inorganic form.
The NH4+-N in soil varied from 7.4 to 9.9
mg kg . The highest NH4+-N was observed under
-1
the treatment 50% NPK + NPK enriched compost
(T 5) whereas lowest in control. Treatments T2, T 3,
T4, T5 and T6 were statistically non significant but
had significantly higher amount of NH4+-N over
control. The NO 3–-N varied between 14.8 and
28.8 mg kg-1. A positive effect of N substitution
through composts was observed in terms of
improved NH4+-N and NO3–-N of the soil. Adding
compost along with inorganic fertilizer had a
favourable impact on NO 3–-N as compared under
T3, T4 and T 5 treatments and it supports the earlier
results obtained by Khankhane and Yadav (2000).
Application of enriched composts resulted in a
higher microbial activity and enhanced
mineralization resulting in the accumulation of
NH 4 + -N in soil. This was in tune with the
observation made by Santhy et al. (2001). The
treatment T5 maintained the highest level of NH4+-
N (9.9 mg kg-1) and NO3-N (28.8mg kg-1) in the
soil after harvest of wheat. Supplementing organic
with inorganic N enhances the available N of soil
(Sharma and Gupta, 1998) as a result of the
hastening mineralization, once the requirement
of N by microbes was fulfilled through inorganic
nitrogen.
 Vol. 46, No. 3, 2012 266
Organic fractions of soil N:

insoluble-
Acid

0.36

0.46

0.43

0.42

0.66

0.52
(X11)
There was a slight decrease in total organic

N
N (540 mg kg-1) and total hydrolysable N (418.5 mg
lysable-N kg -1 ) of soil in control at harvest of wheat as
compared to its initial status (Table 4). The extent of
hydro-

0.79*

0.77*

0.78*

0.77*
Total

(X10 )

0.60

0.73
depletion of non-hydrolysable-N in soil (by 1.6%)
was less as compared to total hydrolysable-N over
its initial status. It supported the view that
Uniden-
tified-N

-0.80*

-0.83*

-0.83*

-0.75*

-0.75*
-0.72
hydrolysable-N was more susceptible to
TABLE 6: Correlation coefficient (r) among yields, N uptake and inorganic and organic fractions of N of the soil

(X9)

mineralization than non-hydrolysable-N (Subba Rao

and Ghosh, 1981). This could be attributed to the
continuous mineralization process and removal of
Hydro-

NH3-N
lysable

0.85*

0.85*

0.85*

0.80*

0.79*
0.72
(X8)

N from soil by crop uptake and various loss

mechanisms. Sammi Reddy et al. (2003) reported
that continuous cultivation led to losses in total
sugar-N

0.90**

0.94**

0.93**

0.88**

0.89**
Amino

hydrolysable N. Total organic N varied from 540 to

0.85*
(X7)

611 mg kg-1 and it was maximum under the treatment

T5 (50% NPK + NPK enriched compost). The highest
amino acid N content (161 mg kg-1) was obtained
Amino
acid-N

0.79*

0.76*

0.78*

0.75*

0.60

0.71

under the treatment T 6 (100% NPK) whereas

(X6)

integrated use of NPK fertilizer along with enriched

compost or ordinary compost increased the content
organic-N

of amino acid-N, amino sugar-N, NH3-N in soil as

0.92**

0.91**

0.89**

0.99**

0.95**
0.86*
Total

(X5)

compared to control. Application of 100% NPK (T6)

increased significantly the status of hydrolysable
amino acid-N, amino sugar-N and NH 3 —N
NO3–-N

0.95**

0.96**

0.96**

0.87**

0.90**

0.90**

fractions in soil as compared to all other treatments.

(X4)

This might be attributed to higher amount of N (120

kg N ha-1) added to wheat. The rate of increase in
the content of amino acid-N and ammonia-N with
NH4+-N

0.94**

0.97**

0.97**

0.92**

0.99**

0.97**
(X3)

the application of enriched compost along with 50%

NPK was the highest as compared to hydrolysable
amino sugar-N. Organic manures are also known
to enhance the content of hydrolysable-N (Asami,
Available-N

0.78*

0.82*

0.81*
0.59

0.73

0.68

1971). Unidentified hydrolysable-N fraction in soil

(X2)

was decreased in different treatments as compared

to control. Acid insoluble-N fraction in treatments
comprised of compost increased significantly over
Total-N

0.91**

0.89**

0.98**

0.91**
0.84*

0.84*
(X1)

control except treatment T 6 (100% NPK). It

supported the view that non hydrolysable-N is not
susceptible to mineralization than hydrolysable-N
N uptake by grain + straw (Y6)
(Y2)

(Y3)

(Y4)

(Y5)
(Y1)

(Subba Rao and Ghosh, 1981). It means that

tendency for the chemical composition of the
organic-N pools to be preserved in the soil,
** Significant at 1 %
Parameters

Grain + straw yield

* Significant at 5%
N uptake by straw
N uptake by grain

irrespective of the application of inorganic and

organic sources of N. Total hydrolysable-N was
Straw yield
Grain yield

found to be highest under T6 (468.6 mg kg-1) and

lowest under control (418.5 mg kg-1) with the rest of
the treatments falling in between. The above results
 Vol. 46, No. 3, 2012 267
TABLE 7: linear regression equations for yields and N uptake by wheat
Linear regression equation R2
Y1 = 3.059+1.640 X4 0.895**
Y2 = -112.269 +13.61X3+ 0.459 X6 0.997**
Y3 = -95.109 +26.469 X3 – 0.186 X11 0.996**
Y4 = -60.56 +13.07 X3 0.951 **
Y5 = 23.75 + 0.033 X2 + 6.784 X3 - 0.220 X8 - 0.249 X9 0.987**
Y6 = -98.25 + 20.11 X3 0.965**
** Significant at 1%
Where,
Y1 = Grain yield; Y2 = Straw yield; Y3 = grain + straw yield; Y4 = N uptake by grain; Y5 = N uptake by straw and Y6 = N uptake
by grain + straw
X1 = Total-N; X2 = Available-N; X3= NH4+-N; X4 = NO3–-N; X5 = Total organic-N; X6 = Amino acid-N; X7 = Amino sugar-
N; X8 = Hydrolysable NH3-N; X9 = Acid insoluble-N; X10 = Total hydrolysable-N and X11= Acid insoluble-N

revealed that all the forms of hydrolysable-N viz.
amino acid-N, amino sugar-N and ammonia-N were
recorded at higher level under the treatment T6 (100%
NPK) followed by T5, T4, T3 and T2 where composts
were applied along with fertilizers. This emphasizes
the need to go for N application in balanced and
integrated manner to ensure continuous N supply to
the crop through the hydrolysable N fraction.
Relationship between organic fractions of N
and mineral N:
Simple linear correlation were calculated to
disclose N fractions contribute to mineralizable soil
N. Total organic N, amino acid N , amino sugar N,
hydrolysable ammonia N and total hydrolysable N
fractions were significantly related to the
mineralizable N (Table 5). Among the fractions of N
the best correlation of mineralized NO3–-N was found
with amino sugar N (r=0.97**) followed by
hydrolysable ammonia-N (r=0.95**). Acid
insoluble-N fraction is also significantly correlated
with available mineral-N (r=0.82*) this indicated
that non-hydrolysable-N in soil may be degraded
microbiological to potentially available N source.
Total N was found to be highly correlated with
inorganic and organic fractions of N in soil which
proved the dynamic equilibrium among these forms.
Relationship among different fractions of N,
grain and straw yield and N uptake by wheat:
Simple linear correlations were computed to
find out which N fractions contributed to grain and
straw yield and N uptake by the wheat. The grain
yield of wheat exhibited significant correlations with
NO3–-N (r=0.95**), NH4+-N (r=0.94**), amino
sugar-N (r=0.90**), total organic-N (r=0.86*),
hydrolysable NH 3 -N (r=0.85*) and total N
(r=0.84*) content of soil (Table 6). The straw yield
of wheat showed a significant correlation at 1% level
with total-N, NH4+-N, NO3–-N, total organic N and
amino sugar N content of soil. The N uptake by wheat
grain were highly correlated with NH 4 + -N
(r=0.92**), NO3–-N (r=0.87**), total organic N
(r=0.89**) and amino sugar N (r=0.88**). Among
hydrolysable N fractions amino sugar N strongly and
positively influenced the wheat yield and N uptake.
No significant relationship could be obtained
between acid insoluble N and yield and N uptake
by wheat. Unidentified-N fraction of soil organic N
was found to be correlated with both yield and N
uptake but the relationship was negative. These
results clearly showed that organic N fractions such
as amino sugar-N, hydrolysable ammonia-N and
amino acid-N controled the availability of N in soil
and were major sources of nitrogen to crop uptake.
Linear regression related to yield and N uptake
with various fractions of N:
Stepwise linear regression equations were
workout and NO3–-N was found to influence grain
yield of wheat to the extent of 89.5% (Table 7).
Inclusion of NH 4+-N and amino acid-N in the
regression equation increased the predictability of
straw yield of wheat to 99.7%. NH4+-N and acid
insoluble-N could predict the grain plus straw yield
of wheat to the extent of 99.6%. Nitrogen uptake by
wheat grain was explained to the tune of 95.1% by
the NH4+-N. In case of straw available-N, NH4+-N,
hydrolysable ammonia-N, unidentified hydrolysable-
N and acid insoluble-N together accounted for
98.7% variability in N uptake. Total N uptake by
 Vol. 46, No. 3, 2012
grain plus straw of wheat could be better explained
by soil NH4+-N form which accounted for 96.5%
predictability.
It is concluded that the organic N fractions
progressively increased in soil with the integrated
use of composts along with chemical fertilizer. Amino
sugar-N, hydrolysable ammonia-N and total organic-
N in soil were found to be better indices of soil-N
mineralization and its availability. These results also
268
suggest that there is a need for supplying N as per
crop requirement along with other nutrients and
organic manure to sustain N reserves and enhance
the N availability in soil. Therefore, the integrated
use of inorganic fertilizers with enriched composts
could be the better option in view of the above
findings as well as creating a favourable environment
in terms of improved physical and biological
properties of soil.

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