MODULE - 6

AMT-216

ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM

1.AIR SYSTEMS.

Airflow section, the main airflow through the gas turbine engine is act as a cooling
medium.While only small proportion of air is used to support combustion process.

Gas turbine engine only became practical power units when airflow was discovered to be used
to insulate structural materials. Many engine parts are made from light alloy or ferrous metals
and must be protected from high temperatures.

Efficient and effective cooling system is needed, this is provided by ducted cooling air.where as
the airflow is used to pressurise oil seals and bearing to prevent oil leakage.

Independent airflow are taken from engine compressor to provide.

*Low pressure for sealing

*Intermediate pressure air for cooling

*High pressure air for cooling functions.

1.2 INTERNAL COOLING AIRFLOW.

Because gas turbine engines have different design, cooling varies from one engine type to
another. Where as basic principles remain the same.

LOW PRESSURE AIR

Air is taken from low-pressure compressor outlet and ducted to engine for sealing and cooling
airflow.
The airflow also.

*Pressurise main bearing oil seals to

prevent oil leakage.

*Provided cooling for low pressure

compressor shaft, front half of the high-

pressure compressor shaft and turbine

Shaft.

INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE AIR

Airflow is taken from an intermediate stage of a high pressure compressor. And is transfered to
ports for cooling rear half of high pressure compressor shaft, rear face of last disc of
compressor.Flows out through tubes to mix with bypass air.

HIGH PRESSURE AIR

Air is taken from high pressure compressor outlet, and ducted to all faces of turbine discs to
maintain temperature with in the required limits.

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE SEALS

High pressure air is required at turbine discs to reduce flow hot exhaust gases and low pressure
air used to seal bearing to prevent leakage of oil.

The air at different pressures must be prevented from mixing. This done inserting differential
pressure seals at appropriate points. The seal are of multi-groove rotating type.

SEALING

Low pressure air is used for sealing main shaft bearings and prevent oil leakage. For effective
sealing, air pressure must always be greater than that of the oil.
COOLING

Outward flow of cooling air is controlled by air seals of multi-groove construction and
arrangement. Turbine discs obtain maximum possible cooling from airflow

High pressure cooling air is also directed to engine's nozzles guide vanes and turbine blades.
These components which externally heated by high temperature gas stream are cooled by
ducting air through air passage.

TURBINE CASE COOLING-DISCRIPTION AND OPERATION

PASSIVE CLEARANCE CONTROL SYSTEM.

Compressor discharge air and HP compressor air provide cooling airflow to protect turbine
casing against rapid temperature changes.

Stationary parts in high pressure turbine section expand and contract rapidly than rotor due to
pressure and temperature changes.

ACTIVE CLEARANCE CONTROL SYSTEM.

The system provides fan discharge air for cooling core compartment and low pressure turbine
case.

At low altitudes core engine requires more cooling and LPT case requires less cooling to prevent
rub.

At high altitude core engine requires less cooling and LPT requires more close clearance.

Active clearance control is a method used in large aircraft gas turbine to improve fuel efficient
during cruise.

It is done by controlling gap between rotor blade tips and the shroud.
Passive clearance sets clearance for only one operating conditions. Where as active clearance
control optimize clearance for more than one operating point.

LOW PRESSURE TURBINE CLEARANCE CONTROL VALVE OPERATION.

At take-off and low, altitude valve is in normal closed position for cooling core compartment.
When altitude is 19,000 feet 5000 feet, altitude sensor switches to supply compressor
discharge pressure to signal port of valve b, causing valve piston to move to open position,
allowing cooling airflow to low pressure turbine.

EXTERNAL COOLING.

EXTERNAL SKIN OF AERO-ENGINE

Cooling the external skin of aero-engine is achieved by design of aircraft airframe; layout will
depend upon where engine is fitted and the kind of compartment used.

Cooling and ventilating of an engine by or pod is achieved by ducting atmospheric air round the
engine.

COOLING OF ACCESSORIES.

Number of aircraft accessories produce sufficient heat in normal use to require a cooling system
to prevent overheating.

Good example is aircraft electrical generator which produces considerable heat under normal
operating conditions.

HP AIR FOR AIRCRAFT SERVICES.

Air is drawn compressor at various places to provide air for airframe needs such as cabin
pressurisation.

It can be used within the fuel control system to meter fuel and in Compressor bleed valve
system to control bleed valve.
It can provide heating air for fuel heaters and muscle air to drive motor.

EXTERNAL AIR TAPPINGS

Engine vary as to the number of external air tappings and their usage.

FAN AIR.

Utilised for the pre-cooling of air conditioning air, cooling the ignition system and on some
engine the passive and active tip clearance control.

HP COMPRESSOR

Utilised for pneumatic cabin bleeds at concise RPM's on the JT9D, this can also supply air for
nose cowl anti-icing on the other engine. Noise cowl anti-icing may have a separate manifold
from another Compressor stage.

PRESSURE RELIEF

Should the high pressure stage bleed valve fail in open position, pressure relief valve is provided
to protect pre-cooler from over-pressure damage.

Valve is normally would include a pressure switch connected to a PRESSURE RELIEF warning on
the pneumatics.

TEMPERATURE CONTROL

The system normally consist of a pre- cooler temperature sensor and controller, pre-cooler and
control valve. This system stabilises air going to airframe system, by keeping it constant at a
value.

ANTI-ICING SYSTEMS

Generally on gas turbine the engine anti-icing system prevents the formation of ice in engine
intake and on the aircraft structure by the circulation of hot air from engine.
SPINNER ANTI ICING

Thermal anti-icing of spinner is often provided by using hot oil. Ice formation can also be used
to minimised by the shape of spinner and a flexible rubber coating which tends to shed any ice
that forms.

NAME : JARED HASING

SECTION:303 CESSNA

AMT: YEAR TWO