TS_C - Concretor (2019)

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
FOR
CONCRETOR
PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION –
AT 7-9A CHEUNG WAH STREET, CONCRETOR
CHEUNG SHA WAN, KOWLOON
DESIGN AND BUILD OF FOUNDATION WORKS
1 STANDARD
Unless otherwise specified, all concrete works shall comply with the “Code of Practice for
Structural Use of Concrete 2013” issued by the Buildings Department (the Conc Code),
BS8007:1987 and BS5400:Part 4:1990 as appropriate. For all standards specified in this
Specification the applicable versions shall be deemed to include all amendments, revisions and
standards superseding the standards listed herein, current and published before the date of first
tender invitation for the Contract unless otherwise specified.
In the case of any conflict, ambiguity or contradiction between the Conc Code and the British
Standards or other approved standards, the Conc Code shall prevail unless otherwise stated in
this Specification.
2 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Unless otherwise specified, all definitions and abbreviations comply with those used in the Conc
Code.
Term / Abbreviation Meaning

Approval /approved Approval or approved means approval in writing by the
Architect
BS British Standard
BS EN British Standard European Norm
The Conc Code Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013
Contractor’s Professional Registered Professional Engineer in Civil or Structural
Engineer (CPE) Discipline employed by the Contractor
CS Construction Standard
GGBS Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
HKAS Hong Kong Accreditation Service
HOKLAS The Hong Kong Laboratory Accreditation Scheme
ISO International Organization for Standardization Publication
PC Portland Cement
PCCS-MR Product Conformity Certification Scheme For Mesh
Reinforcements, Hong Kong Concrete Institute
PFAC Portland Fly Ash Cement
PFA Pulverised Fuel Ash
QSPSC Quality Scheme for the Production and Supply of Concrete
issued by the Hong Kong Quality Assurance Agency (HKQAA)
SF Silica fume
SRPC Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement
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3 CEMENTITIOUS CONTENT
Cementitious content of concrete, for the purpose of this Specification, is defined as:
3.1 The mass of Portland cement per cubic metre of compacted concrete if the sub-clause below is
not applicable; or
3.2 The combined mass of :
a. Portland cement;
b. Either pulverised fuel ash (PFA) or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS); and
c. Silica fume (if any)
per cubic metre of compacted concrete.
4 CEMENT
4.1 SUBMISSIONS
Submit for approval, a sample for each type of cement, PFA and GGBS together with a
certificate issued by an approved laboratory not more than six months before the submission,
showing the following:
(i) For each type of cement:
a. The manufacturer’s name;
b. The date and place of manufacture; and
c. With test results that the cement complies with the requirements of this Specification.
(ii) For PFA:
a. The manufacturer’s name;
c. With test results that the PFA complies with the requirements of this Specification and the
tests required in Clause 14.1 of BS 3892: Part 1:1997.
(iii) For GGBS:
a. The manufacturer's name;
c. With test results that the GGBS complies with the requirements of this Specification and
the tests required for factory production control.
4.2 PORTLAND CEMENT (PC)
(i) To BS EN 197-1:2000: type CEM I with strength class of cement for structural concrete to be
52.5N, unless otherwise approved by the Architect; and
(ii) Comply with the limiting values given in Table NC.1 of National Annex NC of BS EN
197-1:2000 for acceptance inspection of cement at delivery.
4.3 SULPHATE RESISTING PORTLAND CEMENT (SRPC)
To BS 4027:1980
4.4 USE OF PFA, PFAC AND GGBS
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(i) PFA shall not be used in addition to PFAC.

(ii) GGBS shall not be used in combination with PFA or PFAC.
4.5 PULVERISED FUEL ASH (PFA)
To BS3892:Part 1:1997 with the following modifications:
(i) Lime content in PFA:
a. PFA shall contain up to 10% total lime content; or
b. High lime PFA shall contain up to 20% total lime content and with soundness value not
more than 10 mm.
(ii) Water requirement and strength factor at 28 days: not requirements of this Specification, but the
values as determined shall be stated in the certificates for submission.
(iii) Cement to be used to determine water requirement, strength factor at 28 days, soundness and
initial setting time: Portland cement CEM I (strength class 52.5N) to BS EN 197-1.
4.6 PORTLAND FLY ASH CEMENT (PFAC)
(i) To BS EN 197-1:2000: types CEM II/A-V and CEM II/B-V with strength class of cement for
structural concrete to be 42.5N or higher, unless otherwise approved; and
(ii) Comply with the limiting values given in Table NC.1 of National Annex NC of BS EN
197-1:2000 for acceptance inspection of cement at delivery.
4.7 USE OF PULVERISED FUEL ASH
(i) Incorporate PFA to Portland cement (PC) as a partial cement replacement:
a. In all structural concrete for foundation works including caissons, bored piles, caisson caps,
pile caps (including pile caps to driven piles), tie beams and footings of all structures. PFA
content shall not exceed 35% by mass of the cementitious content of the concrete.
b. In all structural concrete shown as PFA concrete up to grade C60 on the Drawings, PFA
content is to be 25% by mass of the cementitious content of the concrete.
c. In all concrete, with the exception of sprayed concrete, for external works including
concrete carriageway, other paving and hard landscaping unless otherwise specified, PFA
content is to be 25% by mass of the cementitious content of the concrete.
d. Submit for agreement on the striking period of vertical formwork for PFA concrete, but in
no case less than 1 day.
(ii) Subject to the Architect’s approval and compliance with this Specification the Contractor may
incorporate PFA to PC as a partial cement replacement not exceeding 35% of the total
cementitious content in structural concrete.
(iii) Prior to the use of PFA concrete:
a. Carry out necessary tests and trials to provide evidence to the satisfaction of the Architect
that the use of PFA concrete shall not adversely affect the construction cycle, curing of the
concrete and the application of finishes; and
b. Submit details for sub-clause (iii)(a) for approval before carrying out the tests and trials.
(iv) PFAC may be used instead of PFA concrete where the PFA concrete with PFA content of 25% by
TS/C3
mass of the cementitious content of concrete is specified or permitted.

(v) Use of PC without PFA in the concrete specified in sub-clauses (i) above may be accepted
provided that:
a. The highest grade of PC concrete for bored piles does not exceed C35; and
b. For pile caps, footings or transfer structures submit a detailed method statement of the
proposed temperature control and monitoring plan for prior approval at least 7 days before
concreting.
4.8 GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG (GGBS)
To BS EN 15167-1:2006 with the following modifications:
(i) Cement to be used to determine initial setting time and activity indices at 7 days and 28 days:
Portland cement CEM I (strength class 52.5N) to BS EN 197-1:2000;
(ii) Factory production control: In the absence of autocontrol testing, proof of the GGBS
manufacturer's testing on the quality control for Class S95 in accordance with Chinese National
Standard GB/T 18046:2008 is acceptable; and
(iii) Subject to the Architect’s approval the proportion of GGBS replacement shall not exceed 35 %
of the total cementitious content.
4.9 SILICA FUME (SF)
In mix design to be submitted to the Architect, the Contractor shall verify with evidence that risk
of spalling of concrete at elevated temperature for use of SF is acceptable in compliance with
recognized engineering principles. Unless otherwise permitted by the Architect, do not use SF in
structural concrete.
5 AGGREGATES
5.1 SUBMISSIONS
Submit a certificate for each nominal maximum aggregate size showing:
(i) Results of tests carried out by HOKLAS laboratories and presented in HOKLAS endorsed test
reports of all the typical properties listed in CS3:2013 Clause 6.2.2 with the following validity
period on the test data:
a. Not older than three months:
- Grading
b. Not older than six months:
- All other properties
5.2 SOURCES OF AGGREGATES
(i) Obtain crushed rock aggregates for each approved designed mix from a single approved source
which may be either an approved quarry or an approved source of rock;
(ii) Where the aggregates are obtained through a crushing plant, the rock from which the aggregates
for the approved designed mix are obtained must be from the same single approved source; and
(iii) Obtain natural sand fine aggregates for each approved designed mix from a single approved
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locality within a defined boundary agreed with the Architect.

5.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
Clean, hard, durable crushed rock complying with CS3:2013 except for the requirement of
Aggregate Impact Value and Los Angeles Value.
5.4 FINE AGGREGATE
(i) Clean, hard durable crushed rock, complying with CS3:2013; and
(ii) Do not use natural sand unless with prior agreement of the Architect.
6 WATER
(i) Use only clean fresh water from Water Supplies Department mains supply for making concrete.
Unless otherwise specified, do not use recycled water.
(ii) If the water from Water Supplies Department mains supply is not available, submit for approval:
a. The source of water; and
b. A certificate showing that the water complies with the requirement of this Specification.
7 ADMIXTURES
7.1 ADMIXTURES GENERALLY
Ensure that the chloride ion content of admixtures for concrete containing embedded metal or for
concrete made with SRPC does not exceed 2% by mass of the admixture or 0.03% by mass of
the cement, whichever is the less.
7.2 SUBMISSIONS
Submit for approval:
(i) Manufacturer's information on admixtures;
(ii) Confirmation from the manufacturer that the admixtures comply with the requirements of this
Specification;
(iii) Details of toxicity, proposed dosage, detrimental effects, if any, of under-dosage or over-dosage;
(iv) Details of chloride content and method of adding to the concrete mix; and
(v) One sample of each type of admixtures.
7.3 PIGMENTS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT AND PORTLAND CEMENT PRODUCTS
To BS 1014:1975
7.4 ADMIXTURES AND SUPERPLASTICISERS
To BS EN 934-2:2009+A1:2012
8 CURING COMPOUNDS
8.1 GENERAL
(i) Of an approved type and:
a. Having an efficiency index of at least 85% when tested to BS 7542:1992; and
b. Either wax or aluminised resin based and containing a fugitive dye.
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Do not use curing compound containing organic solvents for roads and the like.
8.2 SUBMISSIONS
Submit for approval:
(i) Manufacturer's information on curing compounds showing that the curing compounds comply
with the requirements of this Specification;
(ii) Test certificates prepared by an approved testing laboratory, to show that the curing compounds
will provide the required efficiency index; and
(iii) A sample of each type of curing compound.
8.3 PROPERTIES
The compound when applied according to the manufacturer's recommendations must:
(i) Be stable and impervious to evaporation of water from the concrete surface within 60 minutes
after application;
(ii) Not react chemically with the concrete to be cured and not crack, peel or disintegrate within 1
week after application; and
(iii) Degrade completely within 3 weeks after application.
8.4 CONCRETE CARRIAGEWAY CONSTRUCTION
Non-pigmented liquid resin or wax-resin based membrane curing compound of a proprietary
brand, and available both with and without a fugitive dye.
8.5 STRUCTURES TO CONTAIN POTABLE WATER
Concrete curing compound for use on concrete surfaces against which potable or fresh water will
be stored or conveyed must be non-toxic and incapable of imparting a taste to the water.
9 SOURCES OF SUPPLY OF CONCRETE

Unless otherwise directed by the Architect all designed mix concrete shall be supplied by a
supplier certified under QSPSC.
9.1 READY MIXED CONCRETE
Ready-mixed concrete and any concrete batched off site may be used only with approval and
must comply with all requirements of this Specification in respect of materials, quality and
strength of such concrete.
9.2 SUBMISSION FOR APPROVAL
(i) Submit the following information for approval, upon commencement of the Contract or during
the course of Contract when concrete supply from a new source is to be used, at a minimum time
specified below:
a. A statement advising whether the concrete is to be site-batched or ready-mixed. In case
on-site concrete batching is proposed, submit further details on suitability of the plant
complying with statutory requirements and possible effects on adjoining properties;
b. The name(s) of the proposed concrete supplier(s) and details of the concrete supply;
c. A certificate showing “Quality Scheme for the Production and Supply of Concrete”
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(QSPSC) issued by the Hong Kong Quality Assurance Agency (HKQAA) and mixing and
transporting concrete shall comply with their quality control manual; and
d. For high strength concrete works (concrete grade higher than C60), a quality assurance
proposal with sufficient preliminary test results is required to confirm that reliable and
consistent concrete can be produced. The proposal should include a detailed assessment of
the concreting materials, the mix design and the quality control procedures of the batching
plant. In this respect the designed mean resistance to crushing shall initially exceed the
specified resistance to crushing by a margin of not less than 12 MPa. Details of any
subsequent revision of the mix design are to be submitted.
(ii) The time of submission for approval for the respective concrete shall be at least:
a. Concrete to be ready-mixed: 7 days before placing concrete or 7 days before the trial mixes
if trial mixes are made.
b. Concrete to be site-batched: 52 days for the first submission and a further 45 days for each
re-submission before the commencement of batching plant erection.
9.3 SUPPLIER'S CERTIFICATE
(i) Obtain ready-mix concrete only from suppliers who have achieved QSPSC certification in
respect of each batching plant supplying concrete under the Contract.
(ii) Submit a copy of the certificates as stated above in respect of each batching plant to the
Architect. All certification bodies shall be accredited by The Hong Kong Accreditation Service
(HKAS) or an accreditation body which has entered into a mutual recognition agreement with
HKAS to QSPSC in the category of product certification system.
10 CHLORIDE CONTENT
The total chloride content of the concrete must not exceed the limits shown in the Table below,
expressed as a percentage relationship between chloride ion and cementitious content of mix:
Chloride Content
Type of Concrete Maximum Total Chloride Content %
Prestressed concrete 0.1
Steam cured structural concrete
Reinforced concrete 0.35
Concrete with embedded metal
Concrete made with SRPC 0.2
11 USE OF SULPHATE RESISTING PORTLAND CEMENT

Do not use pulverised fuel ash with Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement.
12 USE OF HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT
TS/C7
Do not use High Alumina Cement in any concrete.
13 CONTROL OF ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTIONS

13.1 SUBMISSION
(i) Submit measures to control the occurrence of alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete for approval.
(ii) In the absence of alternative proposals, the reactive alkali of concrete expressed as the equivalent
sodium oxide (Na2O) per cubic metre of concrete shall not exceed 3.0 kg and calculated as
follows:
a. The equivalent Na2O shall be calculated by the expression: Equivalent Na2O = A + B + C
Where A is the same of the acid-soluble alkalis (expressed as

equivalent Na2O) of cement, admixtures and water;
B is equal to either 1/6 the total alkalis of PFA or 1/2

the total alkalis of GGBS (expressed as equivalent
Na2O); and
C is equal to 0.76 times the chloride ion of the

aggregate.
b. The acid-soluble alkali content of the cement shall be determined in accordance with BS
EN 196-21:1992 and shall be taken as the average of the latest 25 daily determinations of
equivalent sodium oxide plus twice the standard deviation of the results.
c. The acid-soluble alkali content of admixtures shall be determined in accordance with BS
1881:Part 124:1988.
d. The acid-soluble alkali content of water shall be determined in accordance with BS EN
1008:2002.
e. The total alkali content of the PFA or the GGBS shall be determined in accordance with BS
EN 196-21:1992 and shall be taken as the average of 25 weekly determinations plus twice
the standard deviation of the results. For a casting yard where there are less than
twenty-five weekly determinations available, use the average and the standard deviation of
all the available weekly determinations for calculation.
f. The equivalent Na2O content of the coarse and fine aggregates shall be calculated from the
quantity of chloride ion present which shall be measured in accordance with CS3:2013
Clause 21.3.
(iii) Submit the following particulars for each concrete mix:
a. At Contract commencement:
a1. HOKLAS-endorsed test certificates, issued in less than six months' time from the date
of commencement of the Works, giving the results of tests required in sub-clauses
(ii)(b) to (ii)(f) above; and
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a2. Calculation of the reactive alkali of the proposed mix.

b. At quarterly intervals after approval:
b1. HOKLAS-endorsed test certificates giving the results of tests required in sub-clauses
(ii)(b) to (ii)(f) above; and
b2. Any further calculations necessary to demonstrate that the mix continues to comply
with the limit on reactive alkali.
14 NO FINES CONCRETE
14.1 COMPOSITION
(i) Cement: Portland cement
(ii) Aggregate: nominal maximum size 20 mm of which not more than 15% by mass is retained on a
20 mm BS test sieve, and not more than 10% by mass passes a 10 mm BS test sieve.
14.2 AGGREGATE/CEMENT CONTENT RATIO
Lying within the range 10 to 15 by weight.
14.3 CEMENT CONTENT
The cement content is such that each particle of aggregate is coated with cement paste but the
compacted concrete has an open texture which permits the flow of water through the hardened
concrete.
15 DESIGNED MIXES
15.1 CONTRACTOR'S RESPONSIBILITY
The Contractor's attention is drawn to his full responsibility in ensuring compliance with the
strength, workability and all other requirements for designed mixes, taking due consideration of
the characteristics of the materials used in the mix, and the Specification provisions allowed for
Contractor's design within specified ranges.
15.2 SUBMISSIONS
(i) Submit details of mix design for provisional approval. Details submitted shall include:
a. Type and source of cement;
b. Source of aggregates;
c. Source of PFA, GGBS and SF (if SF permitted by the Architect);
d. Admixtures;
e. Nominal grading details of the fine and coarse aggregates in tabular and graphical form;
f. Nominal grading details, in tabular and graphical form, of the combined aggregates together
with details of the proportions in which the fine and coarse aggregates are combined;
g. Cement content of concrete in kg/m3;
h. PFA content of concrete in kg/m3;
i. Aggregate content of concrete in kg/m3 for each size of aggregate. The maximum permitted
variation in the quantity of fine aggregate shall be ±20 kg of fine aggregate per 100 kg of
cement;
j. Free water / cement ratio;
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k. Designed workability in terms of slump or flow value, having due regard to the final location
and dimensions of the concrete element;
l. Type of plant to be used, location and plant standard deviation if ready-mixed off site;
m. Test or trial mix data for the designed mix concrete of the same grade and with similar
constituents and properties, if available;
n. Test data for designed mix concrete of the same or other grade produced in the plant or plants
proposed to be used, if available;
o. A certificate not older than 6 months for each type of cement, PFA, GGBS and SF (if SF
permitted) showing the source and name of the manufacturers of the materials and showing
that they comply with the requirements stated in the Contract. The certificate for GGBS shall
include results of tests for:
- 7-day and 28-day activity indices of a 50% combination of the GGBS with 50% of test
cement, determined in accordance with BS EN 15167-1. The test cement shall conform
to BS EN 197-1 and shall be subject to the following restrictions:
It shall be a type CEM I, of strength 42.5N or higher;
The Blaine fineness shall be at least 300 m2/ kg;
The tricalcium aluminate shall be between 6% and 12%; and
The alkali content (expressed as equivalent Na2O) shall be between 0.5% and 1.2%.
- Initial setting time of a 50% combination of the GGBS with 50% of test cement;
- Initial setting time of the test cement and its 7-day and 28-day strength;
- Chemical oxide composition of the GGBS, comprising the contents of calcium oxide
(CaO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO),
titanium dioxide (TiO2) and manganese oxide (Mn2O3);
- Total content of alkalis determined in accordance with BS EN 196-2, and expressed as
equivalent Na2O;
- Fineness value determined in accordance with the air permeability method in BS EN
196-6;
- Relative density determined in accordance with BS EN 196-6;
- Glass content and the method used for its determination;
- The method(s) of rapid cooling used to produce the granulated blastfurnace slag(s)
during the manufacture of the GGBS (Rapid cooling includes quenching in water
(granulation) and projecting through water and air (pelletisation); and
p. Measures to control alkali-aggregate reactions.
16 MAXIMUM CEMENT CONTENT
The cementitious content of any mix must not exceed 550 kg/m3.
17 MINIMUM CEMENTITIOUS CONTENT
Designed mix of grade C20 or greater in reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete to have the
required minimum cementitious content, in kg/m³, given in the Table below:
TS/C10
Grade Strength C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C60

(MPa)
PC / PFA / Nominal 10mm 340 340 350 370 390 415 440
GGBS Maximum 20mm
Reinforced 290 290 310 330 350 375 400
Aggregate
Concrete Size 40mm 2402 260 280 300 320 345 370
60
Prestressed Grade Strength C35 C40 C45
Concrete (MPa)
Nominal 10mm 400 420 445
Maximum 20mm 340 360 385
Aggregate
Size 40mm 340 360 385
18 LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES
Subject to the limits set out for designed mix above, comply with the following additional
requirements:
(i) Comply with BS8007:1987.
(ii) Minimum cementitious content is to be 325 kg/m³.
(iii) Maximum cementitious content is to be:
a. 420 kg/m3 for concrete without any PFA or GGBS content; or
b. 450 kg/m3 for concrete containing either
b1. PFA and PC
b2. GGBS and PC or
b3. PFAC
(iv) PFA, GGBS or PFAC should be used.
(v) PFA content is to constitute 25% or above of the total cementitious content.
(vi) Water / cement ratio should not exceed 0.45.
(vii) Slump shall be greater than 75 mm.
19 INCREASING CEMENTITIOUS CONTENT
After approval of the designed mixes, the approved cementitious content may be increased by up
to 20 kg/m³, provided that the specified maximum and minimum limits for cementitious content
are maintained.
20 MAXIMUM WATER / CEMENT RATIO
20.1 Do not exceed the following maximum free water to cementitious material ratio figures for
concrete grade C20 and above:
(i) Unreinforced concrete: 0.60
(ii) Reinforced concrete: 0.55 or the ratio stipulated in Table 4.2 of the Conc Code, whichever is the
less
21 MINIMUM SLUMP VALUE
21.1 The designed slump value shall not be less than 75 mm except:
(i) Blinding, unreinforced mass concrete and road pavement concrete; or
(ii) Where otherwise permitted by the Architect.
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22 CEMENT CONTENT IN CONCRETE WITH PFA OR GGBS

22.1 When PFA is used as a partial cement replacement and incorporated into the concrete as a
separate material, unless otherwise specified ensure that:
(i) For foundation works, 65% by mass of the cementitious content of the mix is Portland cement to
BS EN 197-1:2000: type CEM I.
(ii) For all other works, 75% by mass of the cementitious content of the mix is Portland cement to
BS EN 197-1:2000: type CEM I.
22.2 When GGBS is used as a partial cement replacement and incorporated into the concrete as a
separate material for the production of precast concrete facade, ensure that 65% by mass of the
cementitious content of the mix is Portland cement to BS EN 197-1:2000: type CEM I.
23 ADJUSTMENT OF FINE AGGREGATES IN DESIGNED MIXES
After approval of the designed mixes, the approved fine aggregate content may be adjusted up to
a maximum of ±20 kg per 100 kg of cementitious content provided that the adjusted mixes
comply with all requirements of this Specification in respect of materials, quality and strength of
such mixes.
24 MATERIALS FOR REMEDIAL WORK
Obtain approval for all materials for remedial work.
25 HANDLING AND STORAGE OF MATERIALS
25.1 BAGGED CEMENT
Store cement in bags:
(i) In a dry, weatherproof store with a raised floor;
(ii) Cover every stock of more than 20 bags of cement or dry pulverized fuel ash (PFA) or dry
ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) entirely with impervious sheeting or place them in
an area sheltered on the top and the three sides;
(iii) With each delivery identified and kept separate; and
(iv) Use in the order of delivery.
25.2 BULK CEMENT, PFA AND GGBS
Store bulk cement, PFA and GGBS:
(i) In dry, weatherproof and closed silos fitted with overflow detection device so that when the silo
is approaching overflowing, a high level audible alarm is triggered and the material filling stops
automatically within one minute. Do not overfill silos.
(ii) Carry out the loading, unloading, transfer, handling or storage of bulk cement or dry PFA or dry
GGBS; or any cement or dry PFA during or after the debagging process in a totally enclosed
system or facility and fit any vent or exhaust with fabric filter or equivalent air pollution control
system or equipment.
(iii) Of different types and from different sources in separate silos clearly marked to identify the
different contents of each.
26 WATERPROOF CONCRETE
TS/C12
26.1 For concrete specified as "waterproof," incorporate water-proofing material strictly in

accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, and comply with the requirements for concrete
for liquid retaining structure.
26.2 All basement screen walls, basement slabs, water tanks and other structural concrete works in
contact with earth or water shall be waterproof concrete.
27 SITE RECORDS ON CONCRETE DELIVERY

27.1 REQUIREMENT
(i) Provide delivery notes on Site, relating to each delivery of concrete available for inspection by
the Architect at all times and containing the following information:
a. Serial number of delivery note;
b. Date;
c. Name of supplier and location of batching and mixing plant;
d. Registration number of delivery vehicle;
e. Name of purchaser;
f. Name and location of the Site;
g. Sources and actual quantities of each constituent, including admixtures, if any;
h. Designation of concrete mix and approved workability value;
i. Quantity of concrete; and
j. Time of introduction of cement to the mix.
(ii) Keep records of concreting operations on the Site available for inspection by the Architect at all
times, and containing the following details:
a. Date;
b. Designation of concrete mix and approved workability value;
c. Serial number of delivery note;
d. Arrival time of delivery vehicle;
e. Time of completion of discharge;
f. Position where concrete is placed;
g. Results of workability tests in terms of measured slump or flow table values as appropriate;
h. Details of test cubes markings, and whether test cubes were taken from the delivery;
i. Total quantity of each concrete mix placed that day; and
j. Temperature of fresh concrete when it is placed in position where temperature control is
required. (For practical reasons the Architect may accept that the temperature of concrete
measured immediately before it is placed in position is taken as the temperature of concrete
when it is placed in position.)
28 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING CONCRETE

28.1 GENERAL
TS/C13
(i) Transport and place concrete by approved methods which ensure that there is no contamination,
segregation or loss of the constituent materials; and
(ii) Place and compact concrete in such a way as to avoid disturbance to the formwork and
reinforcement. Where sections of the work are carried out in lifts, support the reinforcement
projecting above the lift being cast to prevent movement of the bars during the casting and
setting of the concrete.
28.2 CONCRETE BATCHED OFF-SITE
For concrete batched off-site:
(i) Carry the concrete in purpose made agitators operating continuously, or in truck mixers; and
(ii) Submit for verification details of the methods for agitating the concrete during transport and
immediately prior to placing.
28.3 CLEANLINESS AND WATER-FREE FORMWORK
(i) Clean all areas where concrete is to be placed and, except for concrete placed under water,
remove all standing water immediately before placing the concrete;
(ii) Protect slab formwork surfaces from concrete droppings and spillage during concreting; and
(iii) All water must be drained out from formwork before concrete placing.
28.4 APPROVAL BEFORE PLACING CONCRETE
(i) Do not place concrete in any part of the structure until approval has been given; and
(ii) Obtain approval again if concreting is not started within 24 hours of approval being given.
28.5 PROCEDURE
(i) Place concrete continuously between construction joints as close as practicable to its final
position;
(ii) Do not allow concrete to free fall in excess of 2.7 m unless otherwise approved;
(iii) Deposit concrete in horizontal layers to a compacted depth not exceeding 450 mm where internal
vibrators are used or 150 mm in all other cases unless otherwise approved. Do not force concrete
into place by vibrator;
(iv) Do not place fresh concrete against insitu concrete which has been in position for more than 30
minutes unless the insitu concrete has been kept damp with a layer of wet hessian and protected
from the weather to the satisfaction of the Architect;
(v) When insitu concrete has been in place for 4 hours or in the opinion of the Architect the concrete
has stiffened to such an extent that it no longer responds to the action of an internal vibrator, do
not place further concrete against it for a further 20 hours unless otherwise approved and form a
construction joint as appropriate;
(vi) Compact concrete in its final position within 2½ hours of the introduction of cement to the mix.
Concrete, which in the opinion of the Architect is no longer sufficiently workable, will be
rejected;
(vii) Place concrete by skip or such other approved methods as specified by the requirements of the
Specifications; and
TS/C14
(viii) Do not place concrete in flowing water.

28.6 USE OF TRUNKING AND CHUTES
Keep trunking or chutes clean and use them in such a way as to avoid segregation.
28.7 TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN MASSIVE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
(i) Submit for approval details of measures on control of fresh concrete to a temperature not higher
than 30oC for mixes of grade strength greater than 20 MPa. The Architect may reject any
concrete for which the temperature, as measured on Site exceeds 30oC.
(ii) Submit the following for approval on the temperature control for massive structural elements as
specified at least two months before concreting:
a. A method statement of the proposed temperature control; and
b. A monitoring strategy and its substantiation.
29 FORMING CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

29.1 LOCATION OF JOINTS
(i) Obtain approval for the position and details of any construction joints not specified.
(ii) Arrange such joints so as to minimise the possibility of the occurrence of shrinkage cracks.
(iii) Arrange construction joints horizontally or vertically unless otherwise approved.
29.2 LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES
(i) Cast the bottom slab and walls of liquid retaining structure in one operation where no
pre-determined construction joints are specified, unless otherwise approved.
(ii) Where construction joints are shown on Drawings, provide approved proprietary type waterstops
at construction joints and:
a. Securely fix waterstops in position to formwork in such a manner that compaction of the
concrete will not be affected;
b. Make in-situ joints with waterstops using methods and equipment recommended by the
manufacturer;
c. Protect exposed waterstops from exposure to conditions that may affect the waterstops; and
d. Keep the waterstops free from rust, hydrocarbons and other deleterious material.
29.3 WALLS AND COLUMNS
Finish the upper surface of lifts of concrete walls and columns horizontally and clean the
formwork of adhering concrete before the next lift is placed.
29.4 EXPOSING AGGREGATE
Remove laitance and all loose material and expose the aggregate by an approved method as soon
as is practical after casting, subject to the following conditions:
(i) Where an air jet is used-allow a minimum period of 4 hours after casting to elapse.
(ii) Where a water jet is used-allow a minimum period of 12 hours after casting to elapse.
29.5 FOOTINGS AND PILE CAPS PREPARED BY OTHERS
Where the footings or pile caps have been constructed by others:
TS/C15
(i) Hack off and expose aggregate by an approved method of all construction joints of columns and
walls on footings and pile caps prepared by a previous contractor; and
(ii) Remove the cement slurry coating on column and wall starter bars.
29.6 PLACING ADJACENT CONCRETE
Ensure the surface of the construction joint is clean and moist when fresh concrete is placed
against it.
29.7 INTERRUPTED POURS
If placing of concrete has to be unexpectedly stopped, form construction joints in accordance
with the provisions of the preceding clauses.
29.8 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS FOR CONCRETE CARRIAGEWAY AND PAVED AREA
Arrange construction joints normal to the axis or plane of the element being constructed unless
otherwise directed by the Architect.
30 COMPACTION
30.1 GENERAL
Compact concrete to produce a dense homogeneous mass with vibrators unless otherwise
approved and:
(i) Provide types of vibrating equipment which will effectively compact the concrete; and
(ii) Provide a sufficient number of vibrators in serviceable condition on Site to ensure that reserves
are always immediately available in the event of breakdowns.
30.2 VIBRATING EQUIPMENT
To BS 2769:Part 2:1984 and:
(i) Internal vibrators: operating at a minimum of 10,000 cycles per minute.
(ii) External vibrators: operating at a minimum of 3,000 cycles per minute.
(iii) Vibrating tables: operating at a minimum of 5,000 oscillations per minute may be used for
pre-cast elements subject to approval.
(iv) Do not use external clamp-on type vibrators without approval.
30.3 USING VIBRATORS
Use vibrators in such a manner that vibration is applied continuously and systematically during
placing of the concrete until the expulsion of air has practically ceased and:
(i) Do not use vibrators in a manner which will result in segregation.
(ii) Do not apply vibration by way of the reinforcement.
(iii) Where vibrators of the immersion type are used, avoid all contact with reinforcement, formwork
and inserts as far as is practicable.
(iv) Do no use vibration as a means of distributing concrete into position.
30.4 NEW CONCRETE
Do not vibrate concrete between 4 and 24 hours after compaction.
30.5 COMPACTING NO-FINES CONCRETE
TS/C16
Compact using a minimum amount of punning.
31 PUMPING CONCRETE
31.1 APPROVAL
Do not use concrete pumps without prior approval.
31.2 PUMPING EQUIPMENT
Operate and maintain concrete pumps in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations
and:
(i) Keep pumps and pipelines maintained in a clean condition.
(ii) Do not use pipelines with internal surfaces of aluminium.
(iii) Ensure joints in pipelines are tightly fixed and do not permit grout loss.
31.3 PIPELINES
Position concrete pumps such that pipelines are as short and straight as practicable and require as
little repositioning as practicable and arrange bends in such a manner that the concrete,
formwork, reinforcement or built-in components are not disturbed.
31.4 LUBRICATING PIPELINES
Lubricate pipelines by passing cement grout or concrete through the pipeline before the concrete
is pumped. Do not place the initial discharge of pumped concrete in the permanent work.
32 PLACING CONCRETE UNDER WATER

32.1 GENERAL
Do not place concrete underwater without prior approval.
32.2 STANDARD
Place underwater concrete in accordance with the recommendations given in BS 8004:1986.
32.3 TREMIES
Securely support tremies used to place concrete in position and ensure the joints are watertight.
Use a temporary seal of an approved type to keep the water and the concrete separate at the start
of concreting.
32.4 PROCEDURE
After the concrete is flowing, raise the tremie in an approved manner and:
(i) Keep the lower end of the tremie immersed in the concrete to a depth of a least 1 m.
(ii) Prevent water, mud and other deleterious material from entering the tremie after concreting has
started.
32.5 DEALING WITH BLOCKAGES
Unless otherwise approved, stop concreting immediately if the tremie becomes blocked or is
removed from the concrete and:
(i) Do not recommence concreting for at least 24 hours without approval.
(ii) Remove contaminated concrete before concreting recommences.
TS/C17
32.6 SURCHARGE AND CONTAMINATED CONCRETE

(i) Surcharge concrete placed by tremie above the specified level by an amount which is sufficient
to allow for the removal of any contaminated concrete; and
(ii) Remove contaminated concrete.
33 CURING AND PROTECTION OF NEW CONCRETE

33.1 METHODS OF CURING - GENERAL
(i) Immediately after compaction, protect finished concrete against the harmful effects of weather,
running water and drying out.
(ii) Close any cracks developed on the concrete surface immediately while the concrete is still
plastic with suitable methods such as trowelling and brushing before curing.
(iii) Unless otherwise approved, ensure proper protection by using one of the following methods
which are minimum requirements and apply them for the minimum periods stated in sub-clause
33.9.
a. Methods A, B, C, D or E: At the Contractor's option for all other concrete elements
including floor slabs and transfer structures.
b. Method F: For caps or footings where the least dimension exceeds 500 mm.
(iv) Where concrete is to be kept moist by spraying water for curing methods stipulated, or during
temporary removal of the protection to facilitate construction, take due consideration and
necessary measures to avoid thermal shock to the concrete.
33.2 CURING - METHOD A
Cover the concrete with approved waterproof tarpaulin sheets of good quality and condition
suitable for the intended purpose, and:
(i) Make tarpaulin sheets to size to suit the shape, size and number of slab panels such that the
number of tarpaulin sheets to cover the area is as few as is practical.
(ii) Lap tarpaulin sheets 600 mm (minimum) at joints.
(iii) Effectively hold down the tarpaulin sheets during the curing period in such a manner as not to
damage the concrete surface.
(iv) Ensure the concrete is constantly moist.
(v) For strips not more than 300 mm wide around walls or columns, use hessian or similar absorbent
material in lieu of tarpaulin sheets and keep constantly wet.
33.3 CURING - METHOD B
Except for surfaces against which concrete or applied finishes have subsequently to be placed,
cure the concrete by the application of an approved liquid curing compound and apply:
(i) By means of a low-pressure spray at the rate recommended by the manufacturer;
(ii) On horizontal surfaces immediately after finishing the concrete; and
(iii) On vertical surfaces immediately after removing the formwork.
33.4 CURING - METHOD C
TS/C18
After thoroughly wetting, cover the concrete with polyethylene sheeting, lapped and securely
held in position in such a manner as not to damage the concrete surface, and ensure the concrete
is kept constantly moist.
33.5 CURING - METHOD D
Cover the concrete with a layer of fine aggregate minimum 25 mm thick, then hessian, sacking,
canvas or similar absorbent material, lapped and securely held in position in such a manner as
not to damage the concrete surface. Keep this covering layer constantly wet.
33.6 CURING - METHOD E
(i) Cover the concrete with polythene sheeting, lapped and securely held in position in such a
manner as not to damage the concrete surface, until the concrete has hardened sufficiently for
water curing to be carried out; and
(ii) Water cure by spraying the concrete surface continuously with water or by ponding immediately
after the sheeting is removed.
33.7 CURING - METHOD F
(i) Formwork is to be stripped at least 3 days after concreting.
(ii) After thoroughly wetting the concrete, cover the concrete with polyethylene sheeting, lapped and
securely held in position in such a manner as not to damage the concrete surface, then cover the
polyethylene sheeting with hessian bags, and ensure the hessian bags are kept wet throughout the
curing period. This also applies to the locations of columns and walls with starter bars.
33.8 PROTECTION OF NEW CONCRETE FROM THE WEATHER
Provide adequate amount of polyethylene sheets to protect freshly placed concrete against heavy
rain as required or directed.
33.9 MINIMUM PERIODS OF CURING AND PROTECTION OF CONCRETE
Maintain the following minimum curing periods after the concrete has been placed:
Minimum Periods of Curing of Concrete

Minimum Period of Curing
(Days)
Method of Concrete not Concrete
Type of Structure
Curing Containing containing
PFA, PFAC or PFA, PFAC or
GGBS GGBS
Liquid retaining and watertight structure B 7 7
Liquid retaining and watertight structure C, D, E 7 9
Pile cap or footing where the least B 7 7
dimension exceed 500 mm F 10 10
Others B 7 7
Others A, C, D, E 4 5
Transfer structure (including transfer A 10 10
beam and transfer plate)
(ii) The figures given in the above table may be reduced by the number of days during which
TS/C19
formwork has been left in place subject to agreement of the Architect.

33.10 TEMPORARY REMOVAL OF CURING AND PROTECTION
Where protection to concrete slabs must temporarily be removed to facilitate setting out or other
follow-up operations, ensure that the exposed concrete is adequately sprayed with water and kept
moist for the duration of these operations and that the protective covering is restored as soon as
practicable.
33.11 ENHANCED CURING CONTROL IN ROOF SLAB
In addition to the curing measures, provide the following enhanced curing control to roof slabs:
(i) Artificial fogging from nozzles to the concrete slab surface immediately after concrete is cast
until the slab is proper protected; and
(ii) Ensure that the protection is implemented at the shortest possible time but shall not be more than
two hours under all circumstances.
34 LOADING NEW CONCRETE STRUCTURES

34.1 Unless otherwise specified, do not subject concrete at any time to a loading which will induce a
compressive stress exceeding 33% of the compressive strength of the concrete at the age of
loading, or of the grade strength whichever is the least and:
When determining the loading, make due allowance for the self-weight of the concrete.
34.2 For the purpose of this clause, the assessment of the strength of concrete and the stresses
produced by the loads are subject to approval.
35 FINISHES FOR CONCRETE

35.1 Samples
Provide samples of at least 1m2 of any exposed formed or worked finishes required, and obtain
approval.
35.2 Fair-faced finish
Fair-faced finish shall be produced as follows:
(i) Obtain an even finish with a sheet material (e.g. plywood).
(ii) Arrange panels in pattern as specified.
(iii) The finished surface shall be left as struck. Do not make good until inspected by the Architect.
(iv) Blowholes not exceeding 10mm diameter will be permitted, but otherwise surface shall be free
from voids, honey-combing or other large defects.
(v) Variations in colour will be permitted when the finished concrete is to receive an applied
decoration.
(vi) Make good small defects, and fill blowholes and formwork-tie holes with mortar.
35.3 Rough board finish
Rough board finish shall be produced as follows:
(i) Formwork or formwork linings to consist of approved rough textured seasoned wood boards
TS/C20
with moisture content of between 10% and 20%.

(ii) Arrange boards of varying textures to give uniform overall effect.
(iii) Assemble boards to prevent penetration of grout between them.
(iv) Soak formwork with water before erecting, and keep damp until concrete is placed.
(v) Position cover spacers and bolts to the satisfaction of the Architect.
(vi) The number of uses of formwork lining shall be limited to its ability to provide the required
finish.
(vii) The finished surface shall be left as struck. Do not make good until inspected by the Architect.
Fill minor voids and irregularities on surfaces with a matching mortar to approval, using a
sponge rubber faced float.
(viii) Discolouration will not be permitted.
35.4 Worked surface finishes
Surface of concrete after casting shall be finished with one of the following surface finishes,
level or to falls and currents as specified:
(i) Wood float to give an even textured surface.
(ii) Steel trowel or power float to give a smooth untextured surface.
(iii) Scratch with a stiff brush to give a slightly roughened even texture.
(iv) Tamp with the edge of a board to give an even texture of parallel ribs.
(v) Other finishes as specified and executed in an approved manner.
Do not wet the surface to assist working and do not add cement to produce the specified finish
without approval.
35.5 Applied surface treatments
Where specified the wearing characteristics of concrete shall be enhanced by one of the
following:
(i) Mixing the concrete with an approved hardening admixture in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
(ii) Applying an approved liquid surface hardener in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
(iii) Applying an approved metallic or mineral surface treatment in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
36 TRIALS OF DESIGNED MIXES

36.1 REQUIREMENT FOR TRIAL MIXES
(i) Trial mixes are not required for designed mix of grade C20 and below.
(ii) Where a designed mix of grade above C20 is to be used, carry out trial mixes to determine the
suitability of the proposed mix proportions for production of concrete of the required quality, at
the intended workability for compaction of the concrete in the position, shape and location as
described on the Drawings.
TS/C21
36.2 TIMING OF TRIALS

Prepare trial mixes on receipt of the provisional approval of the mix design and complete at least
35 days before commencement of concreting.
36.3 PLANT AND LABORATORY TRIALS
Testing arrangements:
(i) Make trial mixes for mix designs:
a. Using the plant proposed for the Works for Plant Trials; and
b. In an approved laboratory for Laboratory Mix Trials.
Sample the concrete, make and test concrete cubes in accordance with CS1:2010.
(ii) Plant Trials may be required, if test or trial mix data for designed mix of the proposed grade with
similar materials to that of the proposed mix and produced in a plant other than that proposed for
the Works are submitted and are acceptable to the Architect.
(iii) Laboratory Mix Trials may be required, if test or trial mix data for designed mix of similar grade
or with different materials to that of the proposed mix and produced in a plant proposed for the
Works are submitted and are acceptable to the Architect.
(iv) Laboratory Mix Trials may be required in addition to Plant Trials, if no satisfactory test or trial
mix data for designed mix concrete or if test or trial mix data submitted do not demonstrate the
suitability of the proposed plant and mix design.
36.4 PROCEDURE OF PLANT TRIALS
Testing samples:
(i) Make one trial mix on each of three different days for each mix design using materials typical of
the proposed supply, the volume of each to be at least 60% of the nominal volume of the mixer's
discharge.
(ii) Take three samples on each day from each mix in accordance with the sampling method
stipulated in CS1:2010.
(iii) Allow sufficient size of each sample for the following:
a. Carry out one slump test or one flow table test as instructed by the Architect to determine the
workability.
b. Make two test cubes for compressive strength test at 28 days.
(iv) For the GGBS concrete in the production of precast facade, make two additional test cubes on
each day for compressive strength test at the time of demoulding.
36.5 PROCEDURE OF LABORATORY MIX TRIALS

Testing samples:
(i) Make 3 separate batches of concrete for each mix design using materials typical of the proposed
supply.
(ii) Take one sample from each batch in accordance with the sampling method stipulated in
CS1:2010.
TS/C22
(iii) Allow sufficient size of each sample for the following:

a. Carry out two slump tests or two flow table tests as instructed by the Architect to determine
the workability.
b. Make six test cubes for compressive strength test at 28 days.
36.6 STANDARD FOR APPROVAL OF PLANT TRIALS
(i) The results of tests for compressive strength at 28 days of the test cubes must comply with the
following requirements:
a. The average strength of the eighteen test cubes exceeds the specified characteristic strength
by at least 12 MPa; and
b. The compressive strength of each individual test cube exceeds the specified characteristic
strength by at least 5 MPa.
(ii) The results of tests for workability must comply with the following requirements:
a. Slump test:
a1. The range of the three measured slump values for each day must not exceed 20% of the
average of the three measured slump values; and
a2. The average of the nine measured slump values for the three days must fall within ±20
mm or ±25% of the designed slump value, whichever is the greater.
b. Flow table test:
b1. The range of the three measured flow values for each day must not exceed 70 mm;
and
b2. The average of the nine measured flow values for the three days must fall within ±50
mm of the designed flow value.
(iii) The results of tests for compressive strength of concrete in precast facade at demoulding of the
test cubes must comply with the following requirement:
a. The compressive strength of each individual test cube attains a compressive strength of at
least 15 MPa.
36.7 STANDARD FOR APPROVAL OF LABORATORY MIX TRIALS
The results of tests for compressive strength at 28 days of the test cubes must comply with the
following requirements:
a. The average strength of the eighteen test cubes exceeds the specified grade strength by at
least 14 MPa, or 10 MPa if test data submitted show that the operating standard deviation of
the proposed plant does not exceed 5.5 MPa and the data are acceptable to the Architect; and
b. The compressive strength of each individual test cube exceeds the specified grade strength by
at least 7 MPa, or 3 MPa if test data submitted show that the operating standard deviation of
the proposed plant does not exceed 5.5 MPa and the data are acceptable to the Architect.
(ii) The results of tests for workability must comply with the following requirements:
a. Slump test: the average of the six measured slump values for the three batches must fall
within ±20 mm or ±25% of the designed slump value, whichever is the greater; and
TS/C23
b. Flow table test: the average of the six measured flow values for the three batches must fall
within ±50 mm of the designed flow value.
36.8 APPROVAL OF PLANT AND LABORATORY MIX TRIALS
Provisional approval of the proposed mixes based on 7-days cube results may be given provided
that the following are satisfied:
(i) Prepare test cubes (from the corresponding batch of concrete taken for 28-days strength test) for
compressive strength test at 7 days;
(ii) The results of tests for compressive strength at 7 days of the test cubes must be satisfactory
except that the specified grade strength (and the difference between average strength/individual
compressive strength and specified grade strength) can be reduced by 25%;
(iii) The results of tests for workability comply with the specified requirements; and
(iv) If the results of tests for compressive strength at 28 days of the test cubes are subsequently found
not satisfactory, the approval of concrete shall be nullified. The concrete cast for the works based
on the approval shall be deemed to be unacceptable and where necessary, carry out approved
remedial works and bear all the cost and time of such works.
36.9 NON-COMPLIANCE
If the result of any test for workability or strength of trial mix concrete does not comply with the
specified requirements, further trial mixes are to be made until the results of every test complies
with the specified requirements of trial mix concrete.
36.10 VARIATIONS TO APPROVED MIXES
When the mix has been approved do not make variations in the proportions and sources of
materials or in the type, size and grading of aggregates without the consent of the Architect.
36.11 PRACTICAL TESTS FOR SUITABILITY OF THE MIX
The Architect may also require practical tests to be made on Site by filling trial moulds or by
pumping to confirm the suitability of the mix for the Works. Ensure that, in such tests, the type
of plant used for mixing, transporting and placing, the method of compaction used, the formwork
face to the mould and the size and disposition of reinforcement are similar in all respects to those
intended for use in the Works.
36.12 CERTIFIED EVIDENCE OF MIX SUITABILITY
Trial mixes need not be made, if test or trial mix data for a designed mix of the proposed grade
with similar materials to that of the proposed mix and produced in the plant proposed for the
Works are submitted and are acceptable to the Architect.
37 SAMPLING OF CONCRETE FOR TESTS

37.1 Arrangement:
(i) Sampling of concrete for testing is to be carried out as follows:
a. Location of batches to be sampled: as required by the Architect.
b. The times of day at which samples are taken will be at random.
TS/C24
c. Frequency of sampling for compressive strength testing:

c1. Except for concrete of grade C20, the sampling rates are as set out in the table below,
provided that a minimum of one sample is taken from each mix of concrete produced
on any one day. Where the type of structure is not specified all concrete is deemed to be
for 'other types' of structure.
Sampling Rates of Fresh Concrete for Compressive Strength Testing

Types of Structure Approximate Quantity of Concrete to be
represented by Each Sample
3
Masts, cantilevers with span greater than 10 m or 10 batches whichever is the
3m, prestressed elements, columns and smaller volume
shear walls, transfer beams and transfer
plates, other critical elements
Other types 25 m3 or 25 batches whichever is the
smaller volume
Solid rafts, pile caps, mass concrete 100 m3 or 100 batches whichever is the
smaller volume
c2. For concrete of grade C20, make four test cubes for compressive strength testing on
each concreting day, two to be tested at 7 days and two at 28 days.
c3. For concrete of grade 15 or below, take a minimum of one sample per 100 m³,
irrespective of concreting day, for compressive strength test.
c4. For high strength concrete of grade higher than C60, take at least one sample of
concrete from every ready mixed vehicle arriving on Site. If the concrete is site
batched, take a minimum of one sample per every 10 m³, irrespective of concreting
day, for compressive strength test.
d. To determine the workability of the concrete: one sample of concrete from each batch of
concrete.
e. The Architect may agree to a reduced frequency of sampling for exceptionally large pours.
f. For concrete used for construction of hoardings and associated covered walkways and
gantries, the frequency of sampling may be reduced at the discretion of the Architect.
37.2 FACILITIES FOR SAMPLING FRESH CONCRETE
Provide at the normal point or points of discharge of trucks or mixers a mobile shelter/shelters to
accommodate workability tests and cube making processes.
38 TESTS FOR WORKABILITY
38.1 STANDARD
(i) Samples for workability testing shall:
a. Be in accordance with CS1:2010;
b. Not be taken from the first 0.3 m³ and the last 0.3 m³ of concrete discharged from the truck;
and
c. Be remixed and divided into two specimens. Each specimen shall be tested to determine the
workability of the concrete either by the slump test or by the flow table test all in accordance
TS/C25
with CS1:2010.
(ii) Unless otherwise specified adopt the testing method for workability below:
Normal Workability High Workability

(designed slump value 20 mm to 175 mm) (designed flow value 340 mm to 600 mm)
Slump Test Flow Table Test
(iii) Notwithstanding the sampling requirement specified above, the first 0.3 m³ discharged concrete
may be used in the Works provided that:
a. The discharged concrete is properly protected from contamination to the Architect's
satisfaction; and
b. The measured workability of the concrete complies with this Specification.
38.2 ACCEPTANCE VALUES
(i) The approved workability value is that used to produce the mix approved.
(ii) For prescribed mixes: the average of two measured slumps shall be within the corresponding
range specified.
(iii) For designed mixes:
a. Where slump test is used to determine the workability, the average of the two measured
slumps must fall within ±25 mm or ±33% of the approved designed slump value, whichever
is greater, and no correction to the nearest 5 mm shall be made in determining the average of
the measured slumps and the acceptance limits.
b. Where flow table test is used, the average of the two measured flow values must fall within
±50 mm of the approved designed flow value, and no correction to the nearest 10 mm shall be
made in determining the average of the measured flow values.
(iv) The Architect may reject any concrete for which the measured workability falls outside the limits
specified.
39 TESTS FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
39.1 STANDARD FOR CUBE TESTS
For compressive strength testing, take samples, make, cure and test concrete cubes of 150mm
size in accordance with CS1:2010, except section 7.1.
39.2 SAMPLES FROM DESIGNED MIXES
Testing samples:
(i) Take two cubes from a single sample taken from a batch of concrete selected at random as
follows:
a. At the point of discharge from the mixer; or
b. In the case of ready-mixed concrete, at the point of discharge from the delivery vehicle; or
c. Elsewhere as directed by the Architect; and
d. In no case to be from the first 0.3 m³ of concrete discharged from the truck.
(ii) Approved identification tag shall be provided and installed on the surface of each cube to
authenticate the identity of the cube throughout the whole testing process.
TS/C26
(iii) On completion of curing for 28 days, the two tagged cubes will be tested and the average of the
two results taken as the test result.
(iv) If the Architect instructs that the concrete is to be tested for compressive strength at ages other
than 28 days, provide additional samples.
(v) Take cubes with approved identification tags for 7 days compressive strength tests at a frequency
of 2 cubes per concrete mix used per day for all concreting days, or at any other frequency as
considered appropriate by the Architect.
39.3 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR DESIGNED MIXES
The results of tests for compressive strength of designed mix concrete shall comply with the
requirements stated in the Conc Code.
39.4 FURTHER TESTS ON DESIGNED MIX CONCRETE
If the strength requirements of this Specification are not satisfied, comply with instructions of the
Architect for further testing, including chemical analysis of samples of hardened concrete in the
structure, that he considers necessary.
40 CORE TESTING
40.1 GENERAL
Provide all necessary facilities and attendance for coring and testing of concrete cores as directed
by the Architect.
40.2 STANDARD
(i) Comply with CS1:2010 in respect of the method of preparing, inspecting and testing concrete
cores to determine compressive strength.
(ii) Witness the sampling of cores and avoid the following concrete as far as practicable:
a. The top 50 mm or 20% layer of concrete in a lift, whichever is the greater, where the depth of
lift is less than 1.5 m.
b. The top 300 mm layer of concrete in a lift, where the depth of lift is 1.5 m or more.
(iii) Agree with the Architect on the section of the core samples to be selected as test specimens,
including those cores sampled from concrete in thin lift where such layer stated in sub-clause (ii)
cannot be avoided.
40.3 MAKING GOOD CORE HOLES
Make good core holes to approval with concrete of similar strength to that originally specified
for the parent concrete.
41 ADDITIONAL TESTS
41.1 GENERAL
(i) During the progress of the Works, the Architect has the power to order tests other than cube tests
and core tests. Comply with the Conc Code where CS1:2010 does not apply.
(ii) The method of sampling, preparing and testing of hardened concrete to determine cement
TS/C27
content shall comply with CS1:2010.

41.2 LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES
Test liquid retaining structures such as water tanks in accordance with clause 9.2 of BS
8007:1987.
42 TESTS FOR REPAIR MORTAR

42.1 SAMPLES FROM REPAIR MORTAR
When instructed, take testing samples in accordance with the following:
(i) A set of two 100 mm or a set of three 70.7 mm cubes from a single sample taken from a batch of
repair mortar selected at random for compressive strength tests for each testing age as directed
by the Architect.
(ii) Approved identification tag shall be provided and installed on the surface of each cube to
authenticate the identity of the cube throughout the whole testing process.
(iii) Take the average of the cube test results in the set as the test result.
43 FALSEWORK AND FORMWORK
43.1 LOADING
Design and construct falsework and formwork to withstand any combination of loading to
maintain stability, position and shape of the formwork and to achieve the required shape and
finish of the hardened concrete. The loads shall include:
(i) Total weight of formwork, falsework and wet concrete;
(ii) Construction loads including dynamic effects of placing, compacting and construction traffic;
(iii) Wind loads in accordance with the latest Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong issued
by the Buildings Department;
(iv) Unbalanced distribution of loads including unsynchronized jacking of works against falsework;
(v) Hydrostatic pressure and flowing current;
(vi) Lateral earth pressure;
(vii) Differential movements of supports and swaying effects of falsework;
(viii) Any other relevant loading described in BS 5975:2008+A1:2011
43.2 STANDARD
Comply with the requirements of BS 5975: 2008+A1:2011 regarding design, construction and
dismantling of falsework and formwork.
43.3 INCLINED SURFACES
Provide formwork to the top surface of concrete where inclined at a slope exceeding 15° to the
horizontal.
43.4 DISMANTLING AND REMOVAL
Design falsework and formwork so that they can be dismantled and removed without disturbing
or overloading the finished concrete work or the structure. To enable timely inspection of
completed works, unless otherwise approved by the Architect, formwork covering columns and
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walls shall be removed earlier than twice the minimum periods of curing of concrete stated in
Clause 33.9.
43.5 TRANSFER STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
(i) Where specified by the Architect, employ a Registered Professional Engineer (Civil or
Structural) to design and supervise temporary works for construction of transfer structures. Plans
on such temporary works shall be submitted to the Architect for agreement.
(ii) The plans shall include drawings and supporting calculations and shall be submitted to the
Architect not less than 4 weeks before commencement of the temporary works. Do not
commence the proposed works without prior consent of the Architect. Such consent shall,
however, in no way relieve the Contractor of any of his responsibilities for the temporary works.
(iii) Monitor falsework levels and stability. Make any necessary strengthening and adjustments for
settlement, deflections or movements.
(iv) Unless otherwise approved, the falsework supporting system for any transfer structure shall be
carried down directly to the foundation or pile cap levels and shall not impose any additional
loading on the floors, columns or walls.
44 TEMPORARY WORKS SPANNING PUBLIC HIGHWAYS
44.1 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY
Employ a Registered Professional Engineer (Civil or Structural) to take responsibility for design
and construction of all temporary works and falsework spanning public highways. No consent or
dissent of the Architect will relieve the Contractor of his sole responsibility for design,
construction and obtaining approval of the temporary works.
44.2 TEMPORARY WORKS SPANNING PUBLIC HIGHWAY
(i) Ensure that temporary works (including falsework) do not interfere with normal traffic flow and
do not reduce the width of the traffic lanes unless otherwise approved. Temporary works design
should comply with the headroom and clearance requirements specified in the Structures Design
Manual for Highways and Railways issued by the Highways Department, and the Transport
Planning and Design Manual Volume 2 - Highway Design Characteristics issued by the
Transport Department.
(ii) For excavation to be carried out on public roads maintained by the Highways Department,
the Contractor shall proceed timely application for excavation permit complying with the
Excavation Permit Processing Manual of the Highways Department.
44.3 APPROVALS
(i) Take responsibility for preparing plans and obtaining all necessary approvals of any proposed
temporary works design and construction, through the Architect, from authorities concerned,
including the Highways Department, the Commissioner of Police and the Commissioner for
Transport.
(ii) The plans for submission should be in the form of proper, numbered and fully dimensioned
drawings accompanied by full structural calculations endorsed by the Contractor’s Professional
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Engineer employed by the Contractor.

(iii) Do not commence any temporary works spanning a public highway, unless the temporary works
design and construction method have been approved by the authorities concerned.
45 STRIKING FORMWORK
45.1 GENERAL
Strike formwork and falsework without disturbing, damaging or overloading the finished
concrete work or the structure and without affecting other formwork and falsework.
45.2 CONTRACTOR'S RESPONSIBILITY
Notwithstanding any other clauses in this Specification accept sole responsibility for the safe
removal of formwork and falsework.
45.3 MINIMUM PERIODS BEFORE STRIKING FORMWORK
Minimum periods for retaining formwork and falsework in position are as follows:
Type of Formwork Concrete without PFA, Concrete with PFA,
GGBS or PFAC GGBS or PFAC
Vertical formwork to 24 hrs 30 hrs
columns, beams and
walls (unloaded)
Soffit formwork to slabs 4 days 4 days
(props left under)
Props to slabs (unloaded) 10 days 10 days
Soffit formwork to beams 7 days 7 days
(props left under)
Props to beams 16 days 16 days
(unloaded)
Props to cantilevers 14 days 14 days
Inclined formwork to top 12 hrs 12 hrs
surface
(i) These periods are for concrete with Portland cement, at 15oC temperature. Increase these periods
for lower temperatures as instructed by the Architect.
(ii) Where the props shall be left in place whilst the soffit formwork to slabs and beams shall be
removed, such props shall either be designed to remain in position throughout the striking
process without having to be temporarily removed or alternatively, if agreed by the Architect, be
so designed that a few can be removed at a time and replaced immediately.
(iii) Do not place construction loads on any unshored portion of the structure under construction. The
number of floors requiring propping shall be as instructed by the Architect according to the
design loads of such floors.
46 ANCILLARY MATERIALS
46.1 SHEATHING
Material against which the concrete will be cast must be suitable for providing the specified
concrete finish, formed for example, in metal, timber, plywood, film faced plywood or plastic.
46.2 RELEASE AGENT
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An approved type which will not:

(i) Stain or colour the concrete; and
(ii) Affect the adhesion between the concrete and any subsequent finishings.
46.3 SURFACE RETARDERS
An approved type which will not stain or colour the concrete.
46.4 HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS FOR SLABS
Manufactured as follows:
(i) Concrete:
a. Mix comprising cement, granite fines and granite aggregate passing a 10 mm sieve but
retained on a 5 mm sieve; and
b. Grade: 20/10.
(iii) Dimensions:
a. Outer casing and web: 25 mm thick; and
b. With a 25 mm x 5 mm groove formed along both sides for key.
46.5 MATERIAL FOR SEALING FORMWORK TIE HOLES
(i) The material shall be one-part prebagged non-shrink cementitious mortar mixed on Site with
water to form a trowellable consistency in application;
(ii) In accordance with mortar manufacturer's specified application procedures; and
(iii) The mortar shall be subject to tests specified in the Conc Code.
46.6 UNDERLAYS TO CONCRETE PAVINGS AND SLABS ON HARDCORE
Either:
(i) Subsoil grade reinforced waterproof building paper to BS 1521:1972, grade B1F; or
(ii) 0.125 mm nominal thick impermeable polythene sheet.
46.7 POLYETHYLENE SHEETING FOR CURING
Impermeable and of a minimum thickness of 0.125 mm.
46.8 BITUMASTIC PAINT
Tar based complying with BS 1070:1993, type B.
46.9 REPAIR MORTAR
(i) Of proprietary manufacture and certified to the "Product Conformity Certification Scheme for
Repair Mortars" (PCCS-RM) published by the Hong Kong Concrete Institute. The product
conformity certificate shall be issued by a certification body accredited by Hong Kong
Accreditation Service (HKAS) or its Multilateral Recognition Arrangement (MRA) partners;
(ii) Cement based product comprising Portland cement, fines /sand, admixture and/or non-shrink
additives packed in bags and complying with the performance characteristics given in the Table
below:
Properties Testing Method Performance Characteristics

Compressive strength at CS1: Section 12, using 100 At least grade strength of
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28 days (MPa) mm cube test specimens parent concrete +7 MPa

Elastic modulus (GPa) CS1: Section 17 At least 23 GPa
Chloride ion content CS1: Section 21 Less than 0.05%
Expansion within 24 ASTM C827-01a(05) Between 0% and 4%
hours
Expansion between 3 days ASTM C1090-01(05) Between 0% and 0.4%
to 28 days
(iii) The repair mortar shall not release substances hazardous to health, hygiene and environment.
(iv) Submit the following for Architect’s record:
a. The original or a certified true copy of the product conformity certificate to PCCS-RM.
Certified true copy shall be certified true by the issuer of the original copy; and
b. A summary of the results on tests stipulated in the 'initial type test' and 'audit testing' of the
PCCS-RM. The summary shall be prepared by the accredited laboratory who carried out
the testing or by the certified manufacturer. If so directed by the Architect, submit a full set
of the audit test reports to the Architect for information.
46.10 COVER SPACERS
Quality requirements:
(i) Unless specified elsewhere, cover spacers shall be as small as practicable, consistent with their
purposes, capable of supporting the weight of reinforcement and construction loads without
breaking, deforming or overturning.
(ii) Be one of the following types:
a. Plastic: approved type(s)
b. Concrete (for foundations only): precast or proprietary concrete of strength and durability
not less than that of the surrounding concrete. Provide evidence of the grade of concrete for
approval.
46.11 CHAIRS AND SUPPORTS
(i) To BS7973:Part 1:2001; and
(ii) Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, to be steel with plastic-coated feet or approved
anti-rust treatment if not properly protected by concrete. Steel is cut and bent to BS8666:2005.
46.12 REINFORCEMENT TYING WIRE
(i) Diameter of annealed iron wire:
a. For bars up to and including 16 mm diameter: 0.9 mm
b. For bars of 20 mm diameter and over: 1.2 mm
46.13 WATER STOPS
Unless otherwise specified, water stops shall be ‘Tricosal’ P.V.C. water stops or similar
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approved, of the sizes as shown on the drawings or directed by the Architect. Carefully cut, mitre
and joint by the method recommended by the manufacturer to allow concrete to be placed and
compacted to form water tight joints.
46.14 FIXINGS, OPENING AND INDENTATIONS IN CONCRETE
(i) No openings, chases, holes or other voids other than those shown on drawings shall be formed or
cut in the concrete without the approval of the Architect. Where approval is given the
reinforcement shall, if necessary, he adjusted to maintain the strength of the concrete and the
cover to the reinforcement.
(ii) Fixing lugs, timber or breeze plugs and all fixings shall be of such type and in such positions
not to weaken the structural concrete nor encourage corrosion of the reinforcement. No fixings
shall be inserted into the structural concrete by means of explosives without the approval of the
Architect. Approval may be given for low velocity, piston type fastening systems such as
Ramset 50, Hilti etc. High velocity gun type tools will not be approved.
47 REINFORCEMENT GENERALLY
47.1 STOCKIST'S OR SUPPLIER'S CERTIFICATION
Submission requirements:
(i) For bar reinforcement, submit certificates from quality assured stockist and/or supplier to
demonstrate that the bar reinforcement supplied complies with the requirements of CS2: 2012
Section 4.
(ii) For fabric reinforcement, submit a certificate from the manufacturer to the Architect, stating:
a. That the fabric reinforcement supplied has been tested and complies with the requirements of
BS 4449:2005, BS 4483:2005 and this Specification; and
b. Evidence that the cold reduced steel wire in fabric reinforcement has complied with the bond
classification as specified in BS 4449:2005.
47.2 VERIFICATION OF SOURCE
When instructed provide evidence that each load of steel reinforcement which includes the bars
for fabric reinforcement delivered to site forms part of the same consignment and originates from
the same source as that in respect of which the specimen and the manufacturer's certificate relate.
47.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE SCHEME FOR FABRIC REINFORCEMENT
(i) Obtain a quality assurance scheme from the manufacturer and submit for approval. Details of the
scheme must include a routine inspection complying with BS 8666:2005 Annex A.
(ii) Unless the quality assurance scheme has been certified under ISO 9001, it shall be assessed by
an approved third party certification authority who shall audit the manufacturer's inspection
records in accordance with BS 8666:2005 Annex B. If Instructed, submit the audit report to the
Architect.
47.4 PRODUCT CONFORMITY CERTIFICATION SCHEME FOR FABRIC REINFORCEMENT
(i) Submit original or a certified true copy of the product conformity certificate to the "Product
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Conformity Certification Scheme For Mesh Reinforcements" (PCCS-MR) published by the

Hong Kong Concrete Institute. The product conformity certificate shall be issued by a
certification body accredited by the Hong Kong Accreditation Service (HKAS) or an
accreditation body which has entered into a multilateral recognition arrangement with HKAS. If
a photocopy of the product conformity certificate is submitted, it shall be certified true by the
certification body.
(ii) The product conformity certificate shall either be submitted before the first delivery to Site or
precast concrete casting yard whichever the earlier, unless otherwise agreed by the Architect.
(iii) When directed by Architect, submit full set of original or certified true copy of the test reports
under the audit testing of the PCCS-MR:
The test reports shall be issued by a laboratory accredited by Hong Kong Laboratory
Accreditation Scheme (HOKLAS) or an accredited laboratory which has entered into a mutual
recognition arrangement with HOKLAS, showing full compliance with the requirements of
PCCS-MR. If a photocopy of the test report is submitted, it shall be certified true by the
accredited laboratory carried out the testing.
48 BAR REINFORCEMENT
48.1 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS:
(i) Hot rolled steel bars: to CS2:2012
(ii) Cold reduced steel wire used for fabric reinforcement: to BS 4449:2005
49 FABRIC REINFORCEMENT
Quality Requirements: to BS4483:2005
50 REPLACING FABRIC REINFORCEMENT TO BAR REINFORCEMENT
Do not replace the fabric reinforcement by bar reinforcement. Where bar reinforcement proposed
for replacement in the event of non-availability of fabric reinforcement, the bar reinforcement
proposed for replacement conforming with the equivalent standards set for fabric reinforcement
as shown on drawings will be acceptable subject to approval.
51 EPOXY COATED REINFORCEMENT
51.1 MANUFACTURER'S DOCUMENT AND TEST RESULTS
Submission requirements:
(i) Submit the following particulars, including certificates and test results, for each batch of epoxy
coated reinforcement bars at least 60 days before the first delivery of the epoxy coated
reinforcement bars to Site:
a. Name and location of the coating factory;
b. Mill sheets of the steel reinforcement bars complying with CS2:2012;
c. Date and place of the coating application;
d. Certificate of the coating materials in compliance with BS ISO 14656, including:
- Corrosion resistance;
- Chemical resistance;
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- Cathodic disbonding of coating;

- Adhesion;
- Abrasion resistance;
- Impact strength;
- Hardness.
(ii) Re-submit the particulars in sub-clause (i)(d) when the relevant tests have been carried out over 5
years or when there are changes in the composition of the coating materials, whichever the
earlier.
51.2 EPOXY COATING TO REINFORCEMENT
(i) Epoxy coatings to reinforcement and patching materials for epoxy coatings shall comply with
BS ISO 14654 and BS ISO 14656 unless otherwise directed by the Architect. The coatings shall
be applied by the electrostatic spray method in accordance with BS ISO 14654.
(ii) The bond classification of coated bars determined in bond performance tests shall not be less
than that of uncoated bars.
51.3 CHAIRS, SUPPORTS AND SPACERS
(i) Steel coated with nylon, epoxy, plastics or other dielectric material for epoxy coated
reinforcement.
51.4 TYING WIRE
(i) 1.6 mm diameter soft annealed steel wire coated with nylon, epoxy, plastic or other dielectric
material.
52 MECHANICAL COUPLER
52.1 TYPE OF MECHANICAL COUPLER
Quality Requirements of mechanical coupler: Type 1 and Type 2 mechanical couplers as
stipulated in the Conc Code.
52.2 SUBMISSION
(i) Commencement of the mechanical coupler works is subject to the Architect’s written
permission.
(ii) Submit the following details for approval at least 45 days prior to the commencement of the
mechanical coupler works:
a. The name and model number of the mechanical coupler;
b. The name of the manufacturer and the address of manufacturing factory;
c. The information / documents of a quality assurance scheme;
d. A description of the sampling procedures including the arrangement from collecting samples
to delivery of samples to laboratory for testing the quality of the mechanical splice
assemblies; and
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e. For Type 2 mechanical coupler, a quality supervision plan.

(iii) Upon completion of the mechanical splice works, submit the following documents to the
Architect for record: -
a. An inspection log book; and
b. A copy of mill certificates of the constituent materials used to produce the couplers.
52.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE SCHEME FOR MECHANICAL COUPLER
The quality assurance scheme of the manufacturer shall include adequate information for
consideration.
53 STORAGE OF REINFORCEMENT
Store:
53.1 All reinforcement clear of a levelled, well-drained and maintained hard-standing ground in a
manner that will avoid damage, deformation and contamination of the reinforcement;
53.2 Fabric reinforcement horizontally; and
53.3 Different types and sizes of reinforcement separately.
54 SURFACE CONDITION OF REINFORCEMENT

Clean and free from loose mill scale, loose rust, oil, grease or any substance, which in the
opinion
of the Architect, is likely to reduce the bond or affect the reinforcement or concrete chemically.
55 FIXING REINFORCEMENT
55.1 CUTTING AND BENDING REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement bars are to be cut and bent in accordance with the dimensional requirements of
BS 8666:2005 unless otherwise shown on the Drawings.
55.2 COLD BENDING
Bend bars cold, using a proprietary bending machine, and do not rebend unless permitted by the
Architect.
55.3 LOCATING REINFORCEMENT
Provide sufficient cover spacers, chairs and supports, having regard to Table 3 of BS 8000:Part
2:Section 2.2:1990, to maintain the reinforcement in its correct location and to maintain the
specified cover at all positions.
55.4 WELDING
Do not weld bars without approval.
Where approved, weld in accordance with BS EN ISO 17660-1:2006, and the relevant parts of
the Conc Code.
55.5 INSPECTION
(i) Ensure all completed reinforcement is inspected by the Architect before carrying out subsequent
works, including erecting any formwork adjacent to the reinforcement, which makes access for
inspection difficult.
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(ii) Notify the Architect 24 hours, or a shorter period previously agreed by the Architect, prior to
carrying out such works.
56 QUALIFIED SUPERVISION OF MECHANICAL COUPLERS

56.1 QUALIFIED SUPERVISION
(i) For Type 1 mechanical coupler, submit the details for approval.
(ii) For Type 2 mechanical coupler, submit a quality supervision plan for approval.
(iii) Assign a Mechanical Coupler Quality Control Co-ordinator (MCQCC), with a minimum
qualification and experience of a Grade T1 TCP for Type 1 mechanical coupler and a Grade T3
TCP for Type 2 mechanical coupler under the Registered Contractor’s stream in the Code of
Practice for Site Supervisions, to:
a. Supervise mechanical coupler works and ensure that such works are all carried out in
accordance with approved plans and requirements on quality and workmanship;
b. Devise and complete inspection check list of the mechanical coupler works; and
c. Provide full time continuous supervision of the manufacturing process of the connecting ends
of the steel reinforcing bars and the installation of steel reinforcing bars to the mechanical
couplers.
56.2 INSPECTION LOG BOOK
(i) Record the following details in an inspection log book:
a. The names and qualifications of the supervisory personnel assigned by the Architect and by
the Contractor; and
b. The date, time, items inspected and inspection results.
(ii) Keep the inspection log book on Site for the Architect’s inspection and submit the inspection log
book to the Architect upon completion of the mechanical coupler works.
57 TESTING OF REINFORCEMENT
Testing of reinforcement shall comply with CS2:2012.
57.1 BATCH OF BAR REINFORCEMENT
(i) Subject to the maximum tonnage in sub-clause (ii) below, a batch of bar reinforcement is the
quantity of bar reinforcement delivered to Site within a week under one delivery order, of one
nominal diameter, and one steel grade and produced by the same manufacturer.
(ii) The maximum tonnage of a batch shall not exceed:
a. For bars of diameter 20 mm and above : 200 tonnes
b. For bars of diameter less than 20 mm : 100 tonnes
57.2 BATCH AND LOT OF FABRIC REINFORCEMENT
(i) A batch of fabric reinforcement is any quantity of fabric reinforcement of the same grade,
produced by the same manufacturer with defined bar pattern, covered by the same mill and
testing certificates and produced and properly identified by the Architect in an approved fenced
off area in factory or in the stockholder's yard under one consignment.
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(ii) A lot of fabric reinforcement is any quantity of fabric reinforcement of the same grade, produced
by the same manufacturer with defined bar pattern, covered by the same mill and testing
certificates and delivered to Site at any one time.
57.3 BATCH OF MECHANICAL COUPLER
In this Specification, a batch of mechanical coupler is any quantity of coupler of the same type
and size delivered to the Site as one consignment and covered by the same mill and testing
certificates.
57.4 TESTING PROGRAMME
(i) Allow sufficient time for the testing of specimens.
(ii) Do not cut, bend, fix or incorporate steel reinforcement into permanent works until all relevant
test specimens have successfully passed all tests required.
58 TESTING
58.1 RATE OF SAMPLING
(i) For bar reinforcement, provide adequate test specimens from each batch delivered to the Site in
accordance with CS2:2012. The number of test specimens taken from each batch and the rate of
sampling shall be in accordance with Table 10 of CS2:2012.
(ii) For fabric reinforcement in factory/stockholder's yard, provide samples from each batch as
follows:
Sampling Rate of Fabric Reinforcement
Size of Batch No. of Samples per Batch
0 – 50 tonnes 1
Each additional 50 tonnes or part of 50 tonnes 1
58.2 PROCEDURE
Testing arrangement:
(i) Under the supervision of the Architect,
a. Cut and take test specimens selected at random from bar reinforcement on Site or samples
selected at random from fabric reinforcement (from the same fabric, if feasible) in
factory/stockholder's yard.
b. Ensure size of specimens/samples to be:
- Bar reinforcement: each specimen to be minimum 1 m long
- Fabric reinforcement: each sample to be 1.2 m long x 1.2 m wide containing at least three
wires in each direction
c. Appropriately mark and deliver the test specimens or samples for testing.
(ii) Number of tests on each sample of fabric reinforcement as follow:
Type and Number of Tests
Description
Tensile Bend Rebend Unit Mass Pitch Dimension
Steel fabric
- fabric sheet - - - 1 -
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- longitudinal wire 1 - 1 - 1
- transverse wire 1 - 1 - 1
59 RE-TESTS
59.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR BAR REINFORCEMENT
Non-compliance:
If the result of any test for bar reinforcement does not comply with the specified requirements for
the property, provide additional test specimens from the same batch for additional tests for the
property in accordance with CS2:2012. The number of additional specimens must be as stated in
CS2:2012.
59.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRIC REINFORCEMENT
Non-compliance:
(i) If the result of any test for fabric reinforcement for elongation, tensile strength, bending,
rebending, unit mass and pitch dimension does not comply with the specified requirements for
the property, provide additional samples from the same batch for additional tests for the
property. The number of additional samples is the total number of samples taken and each
additional sample shall comprise 2 pieces of 1200 mm x 1200 mm fabric reinforcement.
(ii) Test in accordance with the following:
a. Number of tests on each additional sample of fabric reinforcement in accordance with the
following table:
Type and Number of Tests
Description
Tensile Bend Rebend Unit Mass Pitch Dimension
Steel fabric
- fabric sheet - - - 2 -
- longitudinal wire 2 - 2 - 2
- transverse wire 2 - 2 - 2
59.3 STANDARD FOR REJECTION

The batch or lot of reinforcement is considered as not complying with the specified requirements
for any particular property if the result of any additional test does not comply with the specified
requirements for that property, then:
(i) The non-complying batch of bar reinforcement or lot of fabric reinforcement shall be removed
from Site.
(ii) The non-complying batch of fabric reinforcement shall not be delivered to Site.
60 TESTS FOR MECHANICAL COUPLERS
60.1 Strength tests on a representative number of the splicing assemblies, as directed by the Architect,
are to be carried out by a laboratory under HOKLAS for the particular tests concerned. All
results of the strength tests shall be submitted to the Architect within 45 days of delivery of the
splicing components or the partially fabricated assemblies to site. Each set of test results shall be
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appended with a statement certified by the quality control co-ordinator of the Contractor that the
splicing assemblies have compiled with the related acceptance criteria.
60.2 RATE OF TESTS
(i) For Type 1 mechanical coupler:
Number of Couplers to be Minimum Number of Splicing Assemblies
Used (Nos.) Tests as per the Conc Code
Less than or equal to 100 3
101st – 500th 3
501st – 1000th 3
Every 1st to 500th thereafter 2
(ii) For Type 2 mechanical coupler:

Number of Couplers to be Minimum Number of Splicing Assemblies
Used Tests as per clause 3.2.8.4 (b), Tests as per clause
(Nos.) (c) & (d) of the Conc Code 3.2.8.4(a) of the Conc Code
(per test)
Less than or equal to 100 5 3
101st – 500th 2 3
501st – 1000th 2 3
Every 1st to 500th thereafter 2 2
60.3 METHOD OF TESTING
The testing for splicing assemblies of Type 1 and Type 2 mechanical couplers shall comply with
the Conc Code.
60.4 COMPLIANCE CRITERIA
(i) A batch of Type 1 mechanical coupler is deemed to comply with the specification if the test
results of all the splicing assemblies meet the requirements of clause 3.2.8.3 of the Conc Code.
(ii) A batch of Type 2 mechanical coupler is deemed to comply with the specification if the test
results of all the splicing assemblies meet the requirements of clause 3.2.8.4 of the Conc Code.
(iii) For Type 2 mechanical coupler, if any one of the tests as specified in sub-clause (ii) above
cannot be completed due to the reinforcement breakage with the testing load below 125% of the
characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement, disregard the test result and provide another
test specimen for repetition of that particular test.
(iv) For Type 2 mechanical coupler, further repetition of tests may be carried out if there is
subsequent failure with reinforcement breakage at below 125% of the characteristic yield
strength of the reinforcement.
(v) Any non-complying batch is to be removed from Site.
60.5 TIME REQUIRED FOR TESTING
(i) Allow minimum 15 days for availability of test results after delivery of the test specimens.
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(ii) Allow extra time for carrying out repetition of tests.

(iii) Do not use the batch of mechanical couplers until the relevant test specimens have passed all
tests.
61 PRESCRIBED MIX CONCRETE
61.1 GENERAL
(i) Prescribed mix concrete is used in minor structural or non-structural works.
(ii) Prescribed mix concrete shall be denoted by the specified grade (grade strength in MPa) with the
suffix P, e.g. grade 20P.
(iii) Prescribed mix concrete shall be made using mix proportions as shown in the PRESCRIBED
MIX TABLE below depending on its intended use:
PRESCRIBED MIX TABLE

Specified grade Material Weight of aggregate per bag of cement (kg)
(Batched by Weight)
45 kg bag of cement 50 kg bag of cement
10P Fine aggregate 145 160
20 mm coarse aggregate 185 205
(iv) The cement used in prescribed mix concrete shall only be Ordinary Portland Cement. PFA,
GGBS or SF is not permitted as partial cement replacement.
(v) Prescribed mix concrete shall comply with requirements in sections on aggregates, water,
reinforcement, formwork and minimum cover to reinforcement.
61.2 BATCHING OF PRESCRIBED MIX CONCRETE
(i) Cement shall be measured in whole bags as supplied by the manufacturer. Fine and coarse
aggregates shall be measured by weight. The weight required shall be determined from the
PRESCRIBED MIX TABLE above, and the weight per cubic meter of the aggregate.
(ii) The mix proportions given in the PRESCRIBED MIX TABLE above are for dry aggregates.
When the aggregates are moist, due allowance must be made for bulking.
61.3 MIXING PRESCRIBED MIX CONCRETE
(i) All concrete shall be mixed in approved type mechanical batch mixer equipped with a water tank
and an accurate water measuring device.
(ii) Mixers which have been out of use for more than 30 minutes shall be thoroughly cleaned before
any fresh concrete is mixed.
(iii) The mixer shall be operated at the speed recommended by the mixer manufacturer, and the time
of mixing shall be not less than 2 minutes after all materials are in the drum.
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(iv) No remixing of set or partially set concrete or mortar shall be permitted.

61.4 MIXING PRESCRIBED MIX CONCRETE BY HAND
(i) In exceptional circumstances hand mixing may be allowed with the prior approval of the
Architect. The concrete batch shall be mixed on a clean, watertight, non-absorbent platform,
using the following procedure:
a. The cement and fine aggregate shall be mixed dry until the mixture is thoroughly blended and
uniform in colour.
b. The coarse aggregate shall then be added and mixed with the cement and fine aggregate until
the coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch.
c. The water shall then be added gradually and the entire batch mixed until the concrete is
homogeneous, is of even colour and has the required consistency.
(ii) The contractor shall add 10% extra quantity of cement at his own cost for all hand-mixed
concrete used in reinforced concrete structural members.
61.5 CONSISTENCY OF PRESCRIBED MIX CONCRETE
(i) The amount of water used for concrete shall be such as to produce a dense concrete of adequate
workability.
(ii) No concrete shall be exposed to rain during mixing, transporting or placing until the concrete has
set.
(iii) The workability shall be controlled by maintaining a water / cement ratio that is determined from
trial mixes to give a concrete which is just sufficiently wet to be placed and compacted without
bringing excess water to the surface or causing segregation. The slump test shall be used
wherever possible as a guide.
(iv) All concrete shall be of such consistency that it can be readily and carefully worked into the
corners and angles of the formworks and around the reinforcement and any other embedded
works without segregation of the materials or excess bleeding of free water at the surface upon
striking the formwork; the concrete shall present a face which is free from honeycombing,
pitting, surface crazing or excessive dusting.
62 LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
62.1 Lightweight concrete shall be an approved material with a density between 640 and 720 kg/m3
unless otherwise specified.
62.2 The Contractor shall provide full particulars of the foaming agent, equipment, proportions of the
mix, methods of mixing, placing and curing for the Architect’s approval. The concrete is to be
mixed and laid in accordance with the manufacturer’s printed instructions. The lightweight
concrete may contain mineral aggregates such as perlite, vermiculite, pulverized fuel ash or fine
sand as fillers. Coarse sand is generally not suitable.
62.3 Two sets of test cubes shall be made for each days work to check the density and compressive
strength. The compressive strengths expected at 28 days are shown below:-
TS/C42
Density kg/m3 Strength at 28 days (MPa)

320 – 400 0.68 – 0.86
400 – 480 0.86 – 1.55
480 – 560 1.55 – 2.40
560 – 640 2.40 – 3.10
640 - 800 3.10 – 5.20
Lightweight concrete shall be laid in alternate bays to allow for shrinkage and shall be cured by
covering with sacking which shall be kept wet for at least 3 days.
62.4 Unless otherwise specified, lightweight aggregate should comply with BS 3797:1990, except not
to use clinker and furnace bottom ash.
63 CONCRETING IN HOT WEATHER
63.1 The contractor shall take precautions to avoid harmful effects of hot weather on the properties of
the plastic concrete and on quality and strength of the hardened concrete.
63.2 In very hot weather the Architect may require concreting to stop or may order additional
precautions before continuing concrete works.
63.3 When the temperature of the surrounding air exceeds 32 degrees C, the temperature of the
concrete when it is placed shall be kept as low as possible by shading the aggregate and the
mixer from the sun and by cooling the mixing water if necessary. The formwork shall be
sprayed with cold water in advance of the concrete and excess water removed from the forms
immediately prior to the placing of the concrete. No concrete shall be placed when the concrete
temperature exceeds 30 degree C.
63.4 Special attention shall be given to planning the work so that the concrete is placed as quickly as
possible after mixing. Standby equipment shall be provided to avoid delays due to breakdowns.
Concreting shall be preferably started in late afternoon to minimize the drying effect of the sun.
Exposed surfaces shall be covered immediately after compacting and kept continuously damp to
control evaporation.
63.5 If ingredients are to be especially cooled or if ice is to be used as a substitute for all or part of the
water content, then details for the scheme shall be submitted to the Architect for approval before
use. Special attention shall be given to large pours. The mass of concrete large enough to
produce cracks and other problems associated with heat or hydration should be timely controlled
to the satisfaction of the Architect.
64 LARGE CONCRETE POUR

64.1 A “large concrete pour” is defined as :
(i) Any concrete pour on a slab (such as voided slab, raft or transfer plate) exceeding 2.5 m thick or
(ii) Any concrete pour in excess of 350 m3 concrete into any part of the structure in one day.
64.2 The Contractor shall submit a concreting proposal to the Architect for prior agreement prior to
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commencement of works for a large concrete pour. Commencement of works for a large
concrete pour should not be proceeded before agreement of the Architect.
64.3 The concreting proposal for a large concrete pour shall include relevant construction details
including methods and sequence of construction, detailed supporting calculations and evidence
for the Architect’s consideration.
64.4 Where the Contractor proposes to include construction joints other than those already shown by
the Architect, the Contractor shall include with his Tender for approval of the Architect, details
of the locations of the such joints which shall comply with the requirements of this Specification
under the heading “Site Requirements”.
Where the Architect has agreed to the Contractor’s proposals in this respect at the time of tender,
the Contractor shall not vary his proposed method of construction without the prior approval of
the Architect.
65 SITE REQUIREMENTS FOR LARGE POURS
65.1 Prior to commencing works on any large pour, the Contractor shall satisfy the Architect on all
arrangements and requirements below:
(i) The source of supply of concrete, capacity of the supply source and ability of continuous supply.
(ii) The number and type of all plant to be used associated with the pour including provision of
standby plant to cover equipment breakdowns.
(iii) Provision for completing the pour under heavy rainfall conditions and the supply of standby
resources in connection therewith.
(iv) Admixtures to be used and the conditions of use. Such admixtures shall only be used with the
express approval of the Architect.
(v) In respect of concreting a slab exceeding 2.5 m thick, provision of all means of maintaining the
specified temperature differential throughout the pour and during curing.
(vi) Incorporation of thermocouples into the pour for monitoring of internal temperatures during
curing for a slab in excess of 2.5 m thick.
66 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
For some structures or parts of a structure the Architect may require particular construction
sequences for the purpose of ensuring stability during construction; ensuring integrity of the
complete structure; and reducing shrinkage or other adverse effects on the works. The
Contractor’s expenses shall be allowed for such requirements.
67 EXPANSION JOINTS
Expansion joints shall be formed according to the dimensions, details and locations shown on the
Drawings. Each expansion joint shall be wire-brushed and cleared form oil and grease. The
back of the joint shall be placed with one layer of ‘EVO-STIK’ “TWINSTIK” double sided
release paper. Unless otherwise stated, joint filler shall be “KORK-PAK” from W.R. Grace
Ltd. or other approved equivalent. Unless otherwise specified, ‘Evode Monopol’ polysulphide
sealant shall then applied using a gun to fill the entire width of the joint and to the thickness as
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required.
68 CONTRACTION JOINTS
Contraction joints shall be formed according to the dimensions, details and locations shown on
the Drawings. The surface of contraction joint shall be coated with an approved compound to
prevent adhesion of new concrete. Contraction joints in slabs laid on the ground may be made
with approved crack inducers set in the forms or as directed by the Architect.
69 PLANT ATTACHED TO BUILDINGS
69.1 Where the Contractor intends to use climbing tower cranes or any type of plant which imposes
any load on the structure other than the loads as-designed by the Architect, the Contractor must
furnish full details of such plant, loads and support fixings to the Architect for approval before
commencement of the plant installation. Loads from such plant or equipment shall only be
imposed on the completed storeys of the structure where the concrete has already attained the
specified grade strength. Notwithstanding the approval by the Architect the structure shall be
strengthened at the Contractor’s expense in order to carry such loads.
69.2 The Contractor shall be responsible for making good to the satisfaction of the Architect any
damage to the permanent structure which may be caused by any plant or equipment. If the
Contractor intends to leave any permanently embedded fixings in the concrete structure for any
temporary works or equipment, he must submit in writing to the Architect exact details of his
proposals together with method and sequence of constructing such fixings. Prior approval must
be obtained from the Architect before constructing the fixings.
70 UNSATISFACTORY TEST RESULTS
If, in the opinion of the Architect, any of the results of the specified tests of concrete or materials
are unsatisfactory, the Architect may order the works to be stopped pending his further
instructions and the works associated with the tests will be liable to rejection. If so directed by
the Architect the works represented by the tests shall be cut out and re-executed at the
Contractor’s expense.
71 DEFECTS IN CONCRETE
71.1 The Contractor shall inspect the concrete works immediately after stripping the formwork and
report any honeycombing or other defects to the Architect.
71.2 If tests show that the strength of the concrete is less than the specified strength or if there should
be serious honeycombing, cracking or excessive creep, or shrinkage, or other defects, the
Architect may order the defective works to be cut out and properly reconstructed at the
Contractors’ expense. Such cutting out shall extend to a position suitable for a construction
joint to be agreed by the Architect.
71.3 When defective works are to be made good without reconstruction, the Contractor shall first
obtain the Architect’s approval of his proposals for remedial works. No remedial works shall
be carried out until the defects have been inspected and the proposals for remedial works have
been approved by the Architect.
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71.4 If the in-situ concrete strength is found less than the specified strength, the Architect may stop
concreting in other parts of the structure which may affect the Architect’s design.
71.5 Minor surface defects apparent on stripping formwork must be made good to the Architect’s
satisfaction at the Contractor’s expense, but no such making good works shall be carried out
before the Architect has agreed to proceed. Works which show signs of having been “made
good” without the Architect’s agreement are liable to rejection.
72 REJECTED WORKS AND DELAYS
72.1 All works which are rejected by the Architect are to be cut out and replaced at the Contractor’s
expense.
72.2 The Contractor shall bear the cost and consequences of all delays resulting from unsatisfactory
test result on concrete or other materials or resulting from rejected works.
END
TS/C46

TS_C - Concretor (2019)

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Term / Abbreviation Meaning

(i) PFA shall not be used in addition to PFAC.

mass of the cementitious content of concrete is specified or permitted.

locality within a defined boundary agreed with the Architect.

9 SOURCES OF SUPPLY OF CONCRETE

11 USE OF SULPHATE RESISTING PORTLAND CEMENT

12 USE OF HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT

Do not use High Alumina Cement in any concrete.

13 CONTROL OF ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTIONS

Where A is the same of the acid-soluble alkalis (expressed as

B is equal to either 1/6 the total alkalis of PFA or 1/2

C is equal to 0.76 times the chloride ion of the

a2. Calculation of the reactive alkali of the proposed mix.

Grade Strength C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C60

22 CEMENT CONTENT IN CONCRETE WITH PFA OR GGBS

26.1 For concrete specified as "waterproof," incorporate water-proofing material strictly in

27 SITE RECORDS ON CONCRETE DELIVERY

28 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING CONCRETE

(viii) Do not place concrete in flowing water.

29 FORMING CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

Compact using a minimum amount of punning.

32 PLACING CONCRETE UNDER WATER

32.6 SURCHARGE AND CONTAMINATED CONCRETE

33 CURING AND PROTECTION OF NEW CONCRETE

Minimum Periods of Curing of Concrete

formwork has been left in place subject to agreement of the Architect.

34 LOADING NEW CONCRETE STRUCTURES

35 FINISHES FOR CONCRETE

with moisture content of between 10% and 20%.

36 TRIALS OF DESIGNED MIXES

36.2 TIMING OF TRIALS

36.5 PROCEDURE OF LABORATORY MIX TRIALS

(iii) Allow sufficient size of each sample for the following:

37 SAMPLING OF CONCRETE FOR TESTS

c. Frequency of sampling for compressive strength testing:

Sampling Rates of Fresh Concrete for Compressive Strength Testing

Normal Workability High Workability

content shall comply with CS1:2010.

42 TESTS FOR REPAIR MORTAR

Engineer employed by the Contractor.

An approved type which will not:

Properties Testing Method Performance Characteristics

28 days (MPa) mm cube test specimens parent concrete +7 MPa

Conformity Certification Scheme For Mesh Reinforcements" (PCCS-MR) published by the

- Cathodic disbonding of coating;

e. For Type 2 mechanical coupler, a quality supervision plan.

54 SURFACE CONDITION OF REINFORCEMENT

56 QUALIFIED SUPERVISION OF MECHANICAL COUPLERS

59.3 STANDARD FOR REJECTION

(ii) For Type 2 mechanical coupler:

(ii) Allow extra time for carrying out repetition of tests.

PRESCRIBED MIX TABLE

(iv) No remixing of set or partially set concrete or mortar shall be permitted.

Density kg/m3 Strength at 28 days (MPa)

64 LARGE CONCRETE POUR

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