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EO and GIS Standards for Establishing a National N...

Conference Paper · October 2005

DOI: 10.2514/6.IAC-05-B1.6.01

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 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session

EO & GIS STANDARDS FOR ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL NATURAL

RESOURCES REPOSITORY – THE INDIAN EXPERIENCES IN NNRMS

Mukund Rao(1), PS Roy (2), Rajeev Kumar Jaiswal(3) & AR Dasgupta (1)
(1)
Navayuga Spatial Technologies Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
(2)
National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad
(3)
Indian Space Research Organisation, Bangalore
(4)
Formerly with Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad

Contact Author Email: mukundr@blr.vsnl.net.in

ABSTRACT

In India, the NNRMS has the responsibility of establishing, managing and implementing
natural resources management, which is coordinated by the Planning Commission and
Department of Space acts as the nodal agency. One of the major elements of NNRMS is to
establish a National Natural Resources Repository (NRR) – wherein spatial datasets at
various scales derived from aerial and satellite images, would be archived in a systematic
database. This calls for standardization for the total process of spatial information generation
upto its final delivery that enables uniformity and flexibility in mapping and GIS database
organisation. Many standards already exist but it is valid at the project requirement level and
will not serve for the national requirements. These standards needs to be enhanced and
updated to incorporate variety of improvements and changes in image resolutions, mapping
scales, spatial frameworks, datum and projection parameters, content definition and
schematics, GIS designing and quality assessment methods, so that the uniformity in the
standards adoption for national projects can be brought in. NNRMS Standard process has
been defined for a ‘common framework’ and has standard parameters for images, thematic
mapping, GIS database and services/outputs. Seamlessness (either real or virtual) has been
kept as a critical element in the total standardization process allowing both geographical and
multi-scale seamlessness definition. National spatial framework design guidelines have also
been defined. According to this, the GIS database of the repository will be in geographic
coordinates so that the final delivery can be in a variety of formats or frameworks (even user
definable). However, images and thematic maps would comply to nationally-used
frameworks.

The standards for various layers and its content have been identified for 7 scales, viz.,
1:250,000 scale for a quick national perspective, 1:50,000 scale for core content of thematic
information, 1:10,000 scale for urban planning requirements, 1:4,000 scale for cadastral and
large scale urban information, 1:2,000 scale for urban zonal plan and ‘spot areas’ study and
any other ‘odd’ scale specific to user-request. The NNRMS Standards is flexible enough to
be able to incorporate any spatial data but confirming to a basic set of parameters. The
present paper discusses the spatial framework, spatial data accuracy parameters for maps
and GIS database, GIS designs parameters, content schema and codification scheme,
quality standards, methods for spatial transformation. The paper also discusses how the
standards can be implemented through a software/utility that controls the repository
activities.

1. INTRODUCTION development; disaster management

support; environmental monitoring; natural
Spatial information - images and maps, resources management; business
forms the foundation and basis for most geographics and many other national
planning and implementation of activities. Even common citizens require
developmental activities; infrastructure maps and spatial information for their
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session

localized decision-making. Generating the NNRMS Standards define a

information on the nation’s natural standardisation of the total process.
resources and its infrastructure; updating
and maintaining the information sets and Right from inception, NNRMS has
integrating these with administrative and recognised the importance of
social datasets provides the most optimal standardising the applications activity by
and scientific decision alternatives in the generation of methodology manuals
support of national development. It is to and standard classification systems for
this goal that the National Natural thematic mapping. Details of all these
Resources Management System NNRMS applications methodology
(NNRMS) is oriented to. Through various standardisation can be found in
NNRMS projects/applications carried out www.nnrms.gov.in. In these
by a number of agencies, national level standardisation processes, the thrust has
spatial databases on a variety of natural been towards developing standard
resources have been generated and classification system for the thematic
many, for the first time, have provided a mapping activity and also for quality
full, national perspective of the natural assessment of the mapping activity. The
resource. With a wealth of spatial data different standards, need to be now
already available – some for the whole enhanced and updated to incorporate
country and some for specific project variety of improvements and changes in
areas, NNRMS is establishing a national image resolutions, mapping scales, spatial
GIS asset as a national-level Natural frameworks, datum and projection
Resources Repository (NRR). This asset parameters, content definition and
will become the main resource for spatial schematics, GIS designing and quality
data and enable application services and assessment methods. There is also a
solutions – supporting government, private need to bring in uniformity in the
and citizen demand for spatial information. standards adoption for national projects
and position a national GIS
Standards are a fundamental requirement standardization process through the
for this national GIS. These standards NNRMS.
enable technologies – imaging, GIS, GPS
and applications – thematic mapping, The efforts at standardization in other
services and outputs etc. to work together. countries – especially in USA (through the
Standards are important not only to US-NSDI and USGS National Map);
facilitate data sharing and increase Europe (through the IGN Standards of
interoperability, as is understood from France and Eurogi Standards for Europe);
many international efforts, but also to Australia (through the AUSLIG NSDI
bring a systematization and “automation” Standards) and the international efforts of
into the total NNRMS process of mapping GSDI, ISO, OGC, CEOS, ISPRS etc. have
and GIS itself. Now it is realized that a been studied. Most of these
comprehensive standardisation of the standardization efforts are
“process of activities” that are undertaken “compartmentalized” and address
in NNRMS to generate the spatial separately for images, cartographic
information and also for making them mapping, thematic mapping, GIS and
available need to be assessed. A outputs – thus many even face difficulty of
Repository process starts much before the internal inter-operability. Internationally,
GIS database – right from the images there are efforts to define super-structure
through the thematic mapping activity and over-arching standards that “relate”
(where the images are converted into these individual efforts and bring about a
spatial “map” information), creation of the harmony.
GIS database and archiving the spatial
data, mechanisms for access and outputs With a view to develop a comprehensive
and also addressing quality of the data – set of standards for images, thematic
even as a vertical and horizontal seamless mapping, GIS and outputs/services –
national GIS is organised. Thus, the especially in the context of NNRMS
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session
activities, a national-level consultation
process to formalize the NNRMS
Standards has started. The focus is on
open standards to ensure a high level
interoperability across platforms,
databases, development languages, and
applications. The NNRMS Standards is
based on the value of being "open," the
evolution of spatial standards with the
development of new technologies,
including the future of Web Services, and
provides an overview, where NNRMS is
concentrating its efforts with regard to GIS
databases and NRR.
2. STANDARDS – INDIAN
PERSPECTIVE
India has also been developing its own
operational guidelines for EO and GIS
Standards over time. Some of the notable
ones are:
a. NNRMS Mapping Guidelines and
Manuals: NNRMS has provided
valuable information on natural
resources and interrelated aspects for
decision making at the national and
state level. While executive national
level projects, on various themes such
as wasteland, land use coastal land
use, forests, biodiversity, hydro-
geomorphology, etc., the emphasis
was also on development of procedure
manuals. These manuals provided
standardized classification systems,
map representation scheme,
interpretation key and process of
generating output in a format desired
by users. This helped NNRMS
community in generating thematic
information in a systematic manner. It
provided basis for evolving the next
level of GIS Standardisation.
b. NRIS Standards of NNRMS:
Establishment of a Natural Resources
Information System (NRIS) has been
the major element of NNRMS and has
been conceptualised as the main
information-base for NNRMS. NRIS
has developed a network of GIS based
nodes, which have 22 layers of
thematic thematic information
integrated and linked to 8 major
parameters of socio-economic
datasets. The system encompasses
information on natural resources
related to land, water, forests,
minerals, soils etc. and socio-
economic information such as
demographic data, amenities,
infrastructure etc. NRIS promotes and
encourages the use of these GIS
databases for planning and
implementation decision-making at
state, district and even sub-district
(taluk, watersheds, etc.) levels. Since
1999, the NRIS Standards have
become the de-factor GIS Standards
in India and have not only been the
core standards for the NRIS in several
states but have also been in use in
many organisations and agencies who
have undertaken GIS activities.
c. Metadata Standards: As a major
effort towards establishment of a
Spatial Data Infrastructure in India,
NNRMS has developed the Metadata
Standard in 2002-2003. Metadata is
first element and interface of the user
to a repository– which enables a user
to find, on-line, spatial data that is
available with NNRMS. The NNRMS
Metadata Standard defines the
schema and design for the NSDI
Metadata. The Metadata standards
contain a set of relational tables that
standardise the layer Metadata, the
geographic search metadata, the
access metadata etc. The Metadata
Standards have been adopted by
many agencies of NNRMS and have
enabled for generating Metadata
content in a systematic manner (NSDI
Metadata, 2003).
2.1 Learning for NNRMS Standards
From a survey of the global initiatives for
standardisation in GIS and also the Indian
experiences, it is noted that most efforts
are towards:
a. Making recommendatory standards
that can be adopted by data
generators, application providers, data
users and services on the web.
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session
b. The standardisation is an ‘inclusive”
process and brings together
government, industry and other non-
governmental agencies – but much of
it is led by the efforts of national
standards mechanism.
c. The standards efforts do not call for a
“massive over-hauling” and re-
structuring of data holdings but more
of a “declarative nature” – where a
data and its attributes are declared –
for which standards are defined.
d. Definition of content standards for
Metadata and GIS is the key direction
and thus efforts are made to develop
standard references for different
thematic layers.
e. Most of the standards process are
generic and are independent of and
not-linked to any specific commercial
software package – be it image
processing, GIS, Photogrammetry or
web-mapping tools. The concept is to
have flat standards that any software
or any user can adapt for his need.
f. Standards are also addressing
generation of “seamless” GIS
databases and bringing in “free of
scales but driven by content details”
concept. The concept of a National
Grid or a National Framework is the
way ahead.
g. While the international efforts are
taken as a guideline, many national
efforts at adapting to local needs and
local GIS culture drives national
efforts. However, integration of the
national efforts to the international
efforts needs to be addressed.
3. TOWARDS NNRMS STANDARDS
The scope of the NNRMS Standards is
guided by broadly considering the type of
content that would be populated in the
NNRMS Repository. The concept
envisages over-arching Repositories –
which, in fact, would be a suite of
databases (representing architecture or
logical schema and even organisational
database servers – all linked/networked to
provide the Repository framework). The
conceptual framework is shown in
FIGURE-1. As part of the NNRMS activity,
presently the following is included:
a. Spatial information in the form of
satellite and aerial images through the
Indian Remote Sensing and other
satellites and specific aerial surveys
conducted for users.
b. Thematic maps from satellite images
depicting various themes at different
scales. From a user perspective, these
thematic maps have high content and
quality but are generally accepted at
lesser than the stringent cartographic
quality.
c. Cartographic quality maps – mainly
from aerial images (though today, high
resolution images can also provide
cartographic quality images). From a
user perspective, these maps follow
the stringent cartographic quality.
Based on the activities of NNMRS (and
the past experience in satellite and aerial
images) and also considering the user
segment needs, the Repository would
have database content at 7 major scales
and categorised into 2 levels of
Repositories:
a. National Repository:
• 1:250000 scale spatial data that
provides a national/regional
perspective of the images and themes.
These would be mostly an outcome of
using coarse resolution (55/188m IRS
images) or appropriate aggregation
from larger scales.
• Any other “odd” or smaller scales of
spatial data generated on specific
user-request basis for national
coverage.
b. State Repository
• 1:50000 scale spatial data, which is
the core content of image and
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session
thematic information. These would be
mostly an outcome of using moderate
resolution (23/5m IRS images) or
appropriate ground/survey.
• 1:10000 scale spatial data which will
be the newer type of systematic maps
amenable from high resolution images
(2.5/1m images)
• 1:4000 scale spatial data – mainly
thematic or cartographic quality maps
that would form the base for cadastral
and large scale urban information.
• The 1:4000 thematic information is
possible from the use of 1m
images fused with 4m XS images
and
• The 1:4000 cartographic maps
would be mainly from aerial
surveys.
• 1:2000 scale spatial data that would
be mostly in “spot areas” from aerial
surveys
• Any other “odd” scales of spatial data
generated on specific user-request
basis.
3.1 Standardisation of the “Process”
Over the past 5 years, experience has
demanded the improvement of the
Standardisation process – especially
considering that technological advances
now allowed creation of:
a. Seamless national-coverage
databases as repositories of spatial
data – allowing geographical
seamlessness in the databases.
b. Advanced EO images from IRS
systems that allowed coarse-,
moderate- and high-resolution imaging
– all spatially referenced and thus
needing a nested approach at
handling the multi-scaled thematic and
cartographic spatial data.
c. Aerial survey based large-scale
Cartographic quality spatial data that is
mainly from photogrammetric analysis
and where the content and precision
are much higher than thematic data.
d. Need to address a “process approach”
to standardisation – where standards
define the end-to-end process of
imaging, thematic mapping, GIS
databases, Quality and Spatial
outputs/services.
e. Web services – which require a
fundamentally new framework and set
of standards that envision a network of
distributed computing nodes, which
can include servers, workstations,
desktop clients, and lightweight
"pervasive" clients (phones, PDAs,
etc.).
With the thrust on the National GIS Asset,
it is felt that the total process needs a
“common framework” and thus the
standards need to include:
• Images (both satellite and aerial) that
are used for NNRMS activities. The
Image Standards must be able to
define a most commonly acceptable
framework of parameters that will be
able to generate images that comply
with the process of NNMRS
information generation and thus
amenable to standardization of
subsequent steps.
• Thematic Mapping Standards that can
define the parameters for thematic
mapping from the Images (which are
already in standard form) so that the
spatial maps generated are in
conformity for the repository of
NNRMS.
• GIS Database Standards that define
the GIS design parameters for the
NNRMS repository using the images
and thematic maps (which are already
in standard formats).
• NNRMS Outputs/Service Standards –
defining the parameters for the outputs
- either in electronic (on-line or back-
office) or analog form from the
repository.
There are a few important technical
considerations for the Process
Standardisation – which are foundation to
the NNRMS Standards:
a. Datum: The Datum of choice for the
Standards is an important issue. In
India, till now the Everest Datum has
been prevalent and widely used as
SOI toposheets were mainly available
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session
across this datum. Of late, the World
Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) is
seen as a commonly accepted and
absolute global geodetic positioning
system where coordinates are defined
with reference to the centre of Earth.
All these developments indicate that
the datum standards are contemporary
and for the purpose of NNRMS
Standards the datum chosen would be
WGS 84 datum (RRSSC-N, 2002).
The SOI Open Series Maps are also
on WGS 84 datum and thus complete
inter-compatibility would be achieved.
a. Map Projections: Map Projections are
equally important parameters in the
standardisation process – especially
when different process elements are
involved – images, thematic and
cartographic maps, GIS databases,
outputs in digital or analog formats and
so on. When defining spatial data
standards, the problem of choosing
the most suitable Map Projection
becomes important – though, today
with the availability of automated tools,
it is easy to re-project spatial
information from one Map Projection to
another.
b. Seamlessness: (either real or virtual)
is critical in the total standardization
process – allowing – both
geographical and multi-scale
seamlessness definition. The 2-
dimension seamlessness will enable
electronic access to the repository –
making spatial frameworks and scales
transparent to the user but at the same
time maintaining the internal “rigidity”
and accuracies of the GIS database.
The NNRMS Standardisation has
considered and embedded this
important chrematistics in the
definition.
Thus, the NNRMS Standards needs to
address the above important technical
issues, as shown in FIGURE-2, and it is
felt that the total process standardization
is essential and founding principle for the
NRR.
4. NATIONAL SPATIAL FRAMEWORK
The definition of the National Spatial
Framework (NSF) is the most critical
aspect for the seamlessness of the multi-
scale spatial database of the repository.
The Framework has to be a combination
of datum, projection and bounding limits
definition (with assessment of accuracy) –
that allows the most easy and accurate
registration, transformation and
visualization of the spatial information in
the repository. In its simplest form, any
spatial framework would be a frame of
geographical coordinates with link points
aimed at providing an invariant reference
for all spatial data sets. However, with
multi-scale and “seamless” geographical
coverage, the NSF would have to be a
combination of sub-frameworks that
correspond to the nation, states (or
regions) and lower units.
The NSF definition has been studied and
the following design guidelines have
driven a conceptual framework (FIGURE –
3):
• The GIS database of the repository
can be in geographic coordinates so
that the final delivery can be in a
variety of formats or frameworks (even
user definable). This will allow
tremendous flexibility in design and
outputs.
• However, it is recognized that images
and thematic maps would most
probably comply with nationally used
frameworks (presently SOI framework)
and thus this will continue.
• Thus, maps generated would get
transformed to geographic framework
for archival.
• A 2-level framework would constitute
the NSF, as follows:
• A small-scale nationally
“seamless” framework for
1:250000 scale spatial information
– conforming to a set of national
parameters
• Individual state-level frameworks
for 1:50000 scale and larger
(1:10000, 1:4000 and 1:2000)
NNRMS has decided to adopt Standard
boundary “template” of India – obtained
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session
from SOI in digital format – a boundary
template that would defined from SOI
topographic maps on 1:250K scale.
Similarly, NNRMS NSF would use a
Standard boundary “template” for each
state – obtained from SOI in digital format
– a boundary template that would be
defined from SOI topographic maps on
1:50K scale. NNRMS would generate a
software utility that will allow NNRMS user
community to generate their respective
image, map and GIS design parameters
and provide the template for the image,
mapping and GIS activity. This software
would utilise the NSF boundary templates
and based on the NSF design provide an
output coverage template (with proper
boundaries, tie-points, registration-points,
coordinate origins etc) for the user to
adapt/utilise as a standard base
framework and onto which user can add
more content.
5. NNRMS REPOSITORY DESIGN
STANDARDS
Towards the NNRMS Standards, about 44
parameters (including basic and quality
parameters) have been identified for the
different scales and the values (at 3-sigma
limits) identified. The Standards
parameters correspond to image, thematic
maps, GIS database and
outputs/deliverables. The TABLE – 1
shows the NNRMS Standard parameters
and their values. The parameters have
been defined based on the past Thematic
Mapping and NRIS/GIS applications
experience and are the most
comprehensive set of parameters. The
values for these parameters have been
defined based on the past experience and
the simulation exercises carried out to
determine limits of precision required.
5.1 Image Standards
Images, either from satellites or aerial
surveys, are the primary source of input
and the starting point for the NNRMS
Repository. The images are used to
generate the basic content of the NNRMS
– the different thematic and cartographic
quality maps.
a. Generic/Standard Resolution – the
recommended generic resolution most
suited for the particular scale
application. This is the ideal
requirement for the scale – but
data/image may not always be
available at that generic resolution.
The generic resolution also indicates
the application-requirements of
resolution for the application (which
could be used by Satellite designers to
design imaging capability).
b. IRS Image Resolutions
recommended - This is the most
suited IRS image resolution
recommended for the particular scale
applications. The resolution ranges
from the 55m AWiFS to the 2.5m
Cartosat-1 and through better
resolutions from aerial data.
c. National Spatial Framework –
defining the framework to be used for
the images.
d. Projection for image outputs. This
indicates what Map Projection is most
suited for NNRMS and this is what
needs to be applied for generating
images by NRSA/NDC for NNRMS
users. The Projection recommended
are either LCC for 1:250k at National
framework and LCC/TM for 1:50K at
state framework. NRSA could have a
category of Image Products – NNRMS
Products those users can order and
procure.
e. Datum for image products. The
recommended datum for the Image
Products is WGS-84.
f. Image Frames (geometrically
corrected; important for
seamlessness). The recommended
size of framing images for the relevant
scale – ranging from degree to smaller
frames at larger scales.
g. Image Position (Planimetric)
Accuracy – indicating the limits of
Precision of position tolerable in the
images (anything worse than this
would be non-conformal to standard).
This is taken as 0.5 mm of scale in m
and thus ranges from 125m to 0.25 m
for largest scales. This parameter can
cascade into larger errors downstream
at mapping and GIS database if
stringency is not maintained for
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session
tolerable precision.
h. Band-to-Band Registration for XS
data – indicating the tolerable
registration accuracy for multi-spectral
images. This parameter is important
as it can impact the interpretability and
classification of images – especially in
the digital domain and result in errors
of classification. The tolerable limit for
this parameter is defined at 0.25 pixel
in m and thus this parameter ranges
form ~14m to ~0.1m at largest scales.
5.2 Thematic Mapping Standards
Thematic Maps are a result from the
interpretation and analysis of the images,
either from satellites or aircrafts, and are
the primary source of input for the GIS
database of the NNRMS Repository. The
stringency in the parameter values in the
mapping is maintained to enable a good
GIS establishment.
a. National Spatial Framework –
defining the framework to be used for
the mapping.
b. Minimum Map Frame size for
incorporation to NRR. This defines the
minimum frame-size for a map to be
incorporatable into NRR – thus small
area maps, not conforming to this
frame-size, would not be candidates
for NRR.
c. Image Registration accuracy –
defining the tolerable limits of
registration of image to NSF (1:250K
or 1:50K) and defines how accurately
images match the framework and thus
how the generated maps would
register to the framework. This is
defined at 0.5 pixel (RMS) in m and
thus ranges from 125m to 0.5m at
large scales.
d. Projection for Maps. This indicates
what Map Projection is most suited for
thematic maps and this is based on
the images sued – which is either LCC
for 1:250K at National framework and
LCC/TM for 1:50K at state framework.
e. Datum for image products. The
recommended datum for the Map
generation is WGS-84.
f. Position (Planimetric) Accuracy –
indicating the limits of Precision of
position tolerable in the maps
(anything worse than this would be
non-conformal to standard). This is
taken as 1 mm of scale in m and thus
ranges from 250m to 1 m for largest
scales. This parameter can cascade
into larger errors downstream at GIS
database if stringency is not
maintained for tolerable precision
(1mm of scale) in m
g. Minimum Mappable Unit (MMU) –
defining the smallest size that would
be mapped at that scale and is defined
at 3 x 3 mm of scale in sq mts. This
also means that features that are
smaller than this size would generally
not be mapped and would be
acceptable for the Repository.
h. DEM Z-Spacing – mainly for DEM and
defining the horizontal spacing at
which elevation is sampled and
determines the density of the DEM.
This is defined at 1mm of scale in m.
i. DEM Z-Accuracy – again a DEM
parameter and defining the tolerable
accuracies in elevation and thus the
resolution of the DEM. This is defined
in units of metres.
j. Thematic Accuracy of
Classification/Mapping – defining the
accuracy of mapping – both
classification accuracy and mapping
accuracy. This defined in %age and
probability.
k. Map Formats – defining in what
formats Maps would be generated and
acceptable to Repository. This is a
mainly digital format but in exceptional
cases scanned paper would also be
incorporated.
5.3 GIS Database Standard
GIS database are the core of the
Repository and result from the
digitalisation and ingest of thematic maps,
either from satellites or aircrafts, into the
GIS database of the NNRMS Repository.
The stringency in the parameter values in
the images and mapping have
considerable bearing on the precision
achievable at GIS database end. Further,
the accuracies of the outputs/services
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session
from the NNRMS would depend upon the
GIS database Standards.
a. National Spatial Framework –
defining the framework to be used for
the GIS database.
b. Tie-Point Intervals for Spatial
Framework – defining the intervals for
tie-points – this is generally a part of
the NSF itself (and if the NNRMS
Software is used then the Framework-
tie points is linked).
c. Coordinate units – defining the
coordinate values in the GIS database.
As the GISDB will have Geographic
coordinates, the precision is
maintained at DDMMSS (degree,
minutes, seconds).
d. Projection for GISDB. This indicates
what Map Projection is most suited for
the GIS Database and this is being
based on Geographic Coordinate
system.
e. Datum for image products. The
recommended datum for the GIS DB is
WGS-84.
f. Coordinate Precision defining either
Single Precision or Double Precision
for storage in the GIS.
g. Minimum Frame size – defining the
minimum limits of tiling in the GIS
database and the framing achieved.
h. GIS DB Tic Registration Accuracy -
defining the tolerable precision of Tic-
Points Registration – while thematic
map is incorporated into the GISDB.
This determines the precision with
which features “locate’ in feature-
space of the NSF and is defined as
0.25mm of scale in m
i. Position (Planimetric) Accuracy –
indicating the limits of Precision of
position tolerable in the GISDB
(anything worse than this would be
non-conformal to standard). Thus, this
determines the limits of feature
movement tolerance during GIS
operations and determines the rigidity
of precision in the GISDB. This is
taken as 1 mm of scale in m and thus
ranges from 250m to 1 m for largest
scales. This parameter can impact into
larger errors downstream at
Output/Service if stringency is not
maintained for tolerable precision
(1mm of scale) in m
j. Coordinate Movement Tolerance
(CMT) – linked to Position accuracy
and defines the limits upto which
features in the GISDB can move
during various GIS operations – thus,
impacting position. This is defined as
0.125mm of scale in m and has to be
orders better than Position Accuracy
tolerable limits.
k. Weed Tolerance (WT) – again linked
to position precision and indicates the
minimum distance between 2 adjacent
vertices would collapse and get
weeded out. This could impact shape
and also position. This is defined as
0.125mm of scale in m
l. Sliver Polygon Tolerance (SPT) –
defines the limits for removal of small
sliver polygons generated in GIS
during various GIS operations. This is
generally related to MMU and is
defined at orders better than MMU
limits. The maximum limit for SPT is
defined as that it has to be less than
MMU in m, so that MMU is
conformed.
m. Grid Size (for Image/Raster/DEM
Layers) – defining at what pixel-size
or grid-size raster layers 9images,
DEM etc) would be maintained in
NRR. This is generally related to scale
and is maintained at orders better than
MMU too. It is defined as 0.5mm of
scale in m
5.4 Output Standards
The GIS database would be the core for
NNRMS Outputs and Services.
a. Output Formats – basically
digital/analog/web outputs and this
would be a filter as defined by National
Map Policy
b. Output Framework – which are user-
defined. A large number of frameworks
- geographic, administrative, cadastral,
SOI tiles referenced are possible
because of the vertical and horizontal
seamlessness of the GISDB.
c. Output Media – is user-defined and
could include CD, DVD, ftp, paper-
print etc.
d. Output Projection – as the GISDB is
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session
in Geographic coordinate system, the
output projection could be user-
defined and a wide variety of
projections can be standardised.
e. Output Datum – limited by the GISDB
datum – WGS 84.
f. Output Formats – defining the
exchange format – either compliant to
a GIS format or a free-form open
source formats.
g. Output Symbology – any layer-
specific symbology to be used for the
layer is left to be standardised by the
respective projects.
5.5 Quality Certification Standards
As the NNRMS Standards have been
developed as a process standard –
involving various elements, the Quality
Certification (QC) of the NNRMS products
would be a function of the Quality
Assurance (QA) at the individual process
level and the final Quality Evaluation of
the product that would be given to the
user. The NNRMS Metadata would have
all the Quality Assurance and Certification
parameters – where the concept will be to
integrate the individual Quality Evaluation
parameters for the total process. Thus, it
is expected that each process of the
NNRMS activity would generate a process
Quality Assurance report – which would
evaluate all the parameters of the
Standards at that process level. For
example, the image generation process
would evaluate 8 standard parameters;
the mapping process would evaluate 11
standard parameters; the GIS database
process would evaluate 12 standard
parameters and the Output/Service
process would evaluate 7 standard
parameters.
a. National Spatial Framework
Accuracy – A measure of the
tolerable limits for deviation in area of
standard administrative units (national
area, state area, district area, taluk
area, etc) – as against the standard
tables of the NSF administrative unit
values.
b. Position (Planimetric) Accuracy – A
measure of the location accuracy of
the product – which should be better
than (Or equal to) 1.5 mm (this is a 1.5
times of the nominal position accuracy
of the image, thematic map and GIS
database and assuming that the total
process would not degrade the
position by more than 0.5 mm of the
scale) in metres.
c. Accuracy of Classification/Mapping
– A measure of the classification
accuracy as evaluated by the mapping
process and reproduced from the
Metadata.
d. Minimum Map Unit (MMU) – A
measure of the smallest unit in the
database output – which will be not
less than (3 x 3 mm of scale) in sq
metres.
e. Scale Distortion Factor for Analog
Outputs only – A measure of the
scale distortion in the final product
which should be Better than (Or Equal
to) the specified limits.
The procedure of the QC for the above 5
parameters would be to a random sample
check on the final product and document
the parameter values for the user.
6. NNRMS CONTENT STANDARD
NNRMS is an inter-agency programme
and content would get generated by
various agencies participating in NNRMS.
As far as content is concerned, both
images and maps are visualized to be a
part of the Repository. The content is
categorised for the various scales and
includes a total of ~87 layers, as of now –
out of which 16 layers conform to 1:250K
standards; 53 layers conform to 1:50K
standards; 14 layers conform to 1:10K
standards and 4 layers conform to 1:2K
standards. The NNRMS content includes
the following categories:
a. Base layers refer to the basic map
layers that are mainly utilized to
reference RS images and are mainly
derived from SOI topographical maps,
FSI Forest maps and other sources.
There are a total of 18 Base Layers as
of now.
b. Thematic layers refer to those that
are generated from the
interpretation/analysis of RS images
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session
and are thematic maps from NNRMS.
Most of these layers would get
generated from NRR projects and
future NNRMS activities. There are a
total of 27 Thematic Layers as of now.
c. Image layers refer to layers in image
formats (pixel, scan-line) and denoting
either standard images, classified
raster outputs or other Value-Added
images. There are a total of 6 Image
Layers as of now.
d. Heritage layers refers to the already
completed projects maps/layers -
which fulfils NRR criterion of data that
exists in digital GIS format AND GIS
Data that conforms to published
standards (even of projects) AND GIS
data that forms a fairly large area
coverage i.e. a state or more. There
are a total of 36 Heritage Layers as of
now.
The NNRMS Content of 87 layers have
been standardised for naming
conventions, layer type, layer-code and
layer-description. Naming Convention for
layers are also standardised so that the
name will include an easily
understandable typology and this can
include: A short acronym of the Layer
(say, “Luse” for Landuse/Landcover or
“Geom” for Geomorphology or “Soil” for
Soil layer and so on), Scale of Layer as
250k, 50k, 10k, 4k and 2k (as same layer
may be occurring at different scales),
Source of Project from which the layer is
obtained (say, “NRC” for NRC layers,
“NRIS” etc – same layer may also be
obtained from different project sources),
Year of Images used for generating the
layers.
It is important to have a NNRMS Content
Thesaurus – that defines the class-
categories and enables a common
understanding and also links the
categories to the purpose and use of the
classification system. The classification
system must address the hierarchy and
must be “inclusive” of all possible
categories. Some important parameters
that could be included in the Content
Thesaurus are on applicability,
repeatability of the classification, suitability
and flexibility of the classification system
to add/include/modify class categories.
(CW Manual, 1991). The NNRMS Content
Thesaurus must be generated for all
NNRMS layers and it is recommended the
respective Responsible Agency for the
layer would generate the Content.
NNRMS would generate a software utility
that will allow NNRMS user community to
adopt standardised description and coding
as per the Content Standard. This utility
(compatible to GIS and Image Analysis)
would allow users to select the layer, class
category (through drop-down combo box)
and automatically record the code for the
layer and category in the database. This
would eliminate the entry of the texts and
codes by users – thus bringing in
uniformity and standardisation of the
database/mapping.
7. NNRMS METADATA STANDARDS
A major difficulty in the spatial data
community is the lack of information that
helps prospective users to determine what
data exist, the fitness of existing data for
planned applications, and the conditions
for accessing existing data, and to transfer
data to a user's system. Today’s large
distributed geographic databases require
some form of cataloguing in order to
document the types of data held by the
database, the entities and attributes, the
spatial reference and location, the quality
and many other descriptive elements that
makes the database unique from others
and provide the information that
determines its fitness for use.
NNRMS metadata essentially provides
three key functions – provision of an
overview of NNRMS data content, ability
to compare multiple geographic data sets,
collections, or series, and thirdly, provision
of detailed descriptions of individual data
items. First and foremost requirement for
NRDB would be the development of a
Metadata – a process by which the
information of the available spatial data is
organised into a systematic database so
that users can locate and find the data
that they require.
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session
The fundamental aspects of the NNRMS
Metadata will be:
• Consisting of Framework Spatial data
– map and image data from different
NNRMS agencies. This could be at
different scales – 1:250K to 1:2K
through 1:50K, 1:10K and 1:4K.
• Consisting of Non-Framework Spatial
data, cadastral data and other data
like attribute information, ground
survey data, reports etc.,
• The Metadata format must be GIS
independent but will be compliant to
most (if not all) GIS packages. Thus
the NNRMS database engine has to
be an independent one.
• Web-enabled so that on-line access
on www.nnrms.gov.in is possible. This
has opened up information about
spatial data availability.
8. CONCLUSIONS
A comprehensive standardisation of the
“process of activities” that are undertaken
in NNRMS to generate the spatial
information and also for making them
available have been assessed and
specific parameterization defined. It is
recognized that a Repository process
starts much before the GIS database –
right from the images that are available
from NRSA through the thematic mapping
activity (where the images are converted
into spatial “map” information), creation of
the GIS database and archiving the spatial
data, mechanisms for access and outputs
and also addressing quality of the data –
even as a vertical and horizontal seamless
national GIS is organised.
For the first time a comprehensive
standards covering EO images, Mapping,
GIS databases and Outputs have been
defined. This Standard only defines a
template and detailed documentation for
the standards need to be developed.
The adoption of the NNRMS Standard is a
process of several reviews that would
result in the final adoption. The Review
process will follow the following sequence:
a. Committee level definition, updation,
review and assessment
b. ISRO/DOS level inter-Centre team
review – as an independent exercise –
within 1-month of issue of drafts
c. Discussion and Endorsement in the
NNRMS Standing Committees – as
and when it happens
d. For the first time a wider user-
Workshop to discuss on the NNRMS
Standards is essential. Discussion on
NNRMS Standards with the NNRMS
community (GSI, FSI, Rural
Development, Urban Development,
States, SOI, Academia, private Sector
and many others), and obtain
comments/suggestions..
e. Publish Draft Version of NNRMS
Standards and Call for Public
Comments/Suggestions – after
ISRO/DOS inter-Centre Review.
f. Final Text of NNRMS
Standards/Updates – within 2-months
of posting on web.
g. Endorsement and Adoption at PC-
NNMRS level
h. Final Release of Standard and
updates.
An Annual review of the NNRMS
Standards is suggested so that the
experience and inputs of implementing in
each year is taken into consideration and
the Standards Reviewed.
The draft NNRMS Standards document
can be accessed in the Reports section of
www.nnrms.gov.in
ACKNWOLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to Mr Madhavan
Nair, Chairman, ISRO/Secretary, DOS for
having given us the opportunity in writing
this paper for presentation at the 56th IAC
Congress, Fukuoka. We are also grateful
to the NNRMS Standards Committee and
many colleagues of national and
international agencies for support and
encouragement.
The views expressed in this paper are
from a Committee report where the
authors played a major role. The authors
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session

have been closely studying the efforts of 7. ISO documents from

many nations/agencies in the issue of http://www.isotc211.org/Outreach/Over
Standardisation and have referred to the view/Overview.htm
many publications brought out by many
agencies on this issue. We acknowledge 8. ISO-19136 (2004). Geographic
all of these efforts as a source of information – Geography Markup
inspiration for us. Language (GML) Draft Report.

REFERENCES 9. NRIS Standards, 1999. NRIS node

A large number of documents and articles
have been referred in making these
NNRMS Standards. Some of the
important documents and web-links are
mentioned below:
1. http://www.nnrms.gov.in/reports - a
number NNRMS reports, methodology
manuals, standard documents can be
accessed from here.
2. CEN Standards document from
http://www.cenorm.be/CENORM/Busin
essDomains/TechnicalCommitteesWor
kshops/CENTechnicalCommittees/Sta
ndards.asp?param=6268&title=CEN%
2FTC+287).
3. CW Manual, 1991. Manual for
Mapping of Coastal
Wetlands/Landforms & Shoreline
changes using Satellite Data. A 13. RRSSC-N, 2002. Map Projections and
SAC/ISRO Report No. IRS-
UP/SAC/MCE/TN/32/91, March 1991
by S. R. Nayak et. al.
4. FGDC Standards document from
(http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/status/t
extstatus.html#Final)
design & standards. A NNRMS
publication - ISRO-NNRMS-SP-72-99
and available on
http://www.nnrms.gov.in/reports/96-
00.htm
10. NSDI Metadata, 2003. NSDI Metadata
Standard - a NNRMS publication –
ISRO-NNRMS-TR-104-2003 of
October 2003.
11. OGC GML 3.1 document from
http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?a
rtifact_id=4700)
12. RRSSC-N, 1990. Manual of
Nationwide Land use/ Land cover
mapping using digital techniques-Part
II. Technical Report, Regional Remote
Sensing Service Centre, ISRO,
Nagpur.
Datum for a National Spatial Data
Infrastructure by SS Rao, YVN
Krishnamurthy, DS Prakasa Rao.
Design Paper and Presentation at the
NSDI-II Workshop held in Ooty in July,
2002.

5. Geo Connections Standards document

from
(http://www.geoconnections.org/public
ations/reports/PlanAndProcess/Recom
mendations_E.pdf)

6. GSDI Cook Book ver 2.0 from

www.gsdiassociation.org
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session

TABLE-1: LIST OF PARAMETERS/VALUES FOR NNRMS STANDARD

Parameter (All values at 3σ) THEMATIC CARTOGRAPHIC

1:250,000 1:50,000 1:10,000 1:4000 1:4000 1:2000
Recommended source for Satellite image Satellite image Satellite image Satellite image Aerial data Aerial data
NNRMS Activities

A] IMAGE STANDARDS
Generic/Standard Resolution ƒ 125m XS or ƒ 25m XS or ƒ 5m XS or ƒ 1m PAN ƒ 0.4m ƒ 0.2m
better better better ƒ 4m XS
IRS and Aerial Image 55 m XS - AWiFS 23.5 m XS 2.5 m Pan fused 1 m Pan fused - -
Resolutions recommended supported by 5.8 XS XS
for NNRMS activities m Pan / XS
NSF National State State State State State
Projection for image outputs LCC LCC/TM LCC/TM LCC/TM LCC/TM LCC/TM

Datum for image products WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84
o o
Image Frames (geometrically 1 X1 15’ X 15’ 3’ 45” X 3’ 45” 1.5’ X 1.5’ 1.5’ X 1.5’ 45” X 45”
corrected; important for
seamlessness)
Image Position (Planimetric) 125 25 5 2 1 (0.25mm of 0.5 (0.25mm of
Accuracy (0.5 mm of scale) scale) scale)
in m
Band-to-Band Registration ~14 ~6 ~1.5 ~1.5 ~1 ~0.1
for XS data (0.25 pixel) in m

B] THEMATIC / CARTOGRAPHIC MAPPING STANDARDS

NSF National State State State State State
Minimum Map Frame size for 1o X 1 o 15’ X 15’ 3’ 45” X 3’ 45” 2’ X 2’ 2’ X 2’ 1’ X 1’
incorporation to NRR
Image Registration accuracy 27m 12m 1.25m 0.5m 0.2m 0.1m
@ 0.5 pixel (RMS) (@ 0.25 pixel (@ 0.25 pixel
RMS) RMS)
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session

Parameter (All values at 3σ) THEMATIC CARTOGRAPHIC

1:250,000 1:50,000 1:10,000 1:4000 1:4000 1:2000
Map Projection LCC LCC/TM LCC/TM LCC/TM LCC/TM LCC/TM
Datum WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84
Position (Planimetric) 250 50 10 4 1 (0.25mm of 0.50 (0.25mm
Accuracy (1mm of scale) in scale) of scale)
m
Minimum Mappable Unit 562500 22500 900 144 16 (1mm X 4 (1mm X 1mm)
(MMU) (3 x 3 mm of scale) in 1mm)
sq mts
DEM Z-Spacing as 1mm of 250 50 10 4 4 2
scale in m
DEM Z-Accuracy in m 50 10 5 2 2 1
Thematic Accuracy of 90/90 90/90 90/90 90/90 90/90 90/90
Classification/Mapping
Map Formats ƒ Digital GIS ƒ Digital GIS ƒ Digital GIS ƒ Digital GIS ƒ Digital GIS ƒ Digital GIS
compliant compliant compliant compliant compliant compliant
ƒ Paper ƒ Paper ƒ Paper ƒ Paper ƒ Paper ƒ Paper

C] GIS DATABASE STANDARDS

Spatial Framework Seamless - Seamless - Seamless - Seamless – Seamless – Seamless –
National National National Local Local Local
Tie-Point Intervals for 15’ X 15’ 5’ X 5’ 45” X 45” 30” X 30” 30” X 30” 15” X 15”
Spatial Framework &
3’ 45” X 3’ 45”
Coordinate units for Decimal- Decimal-Seconds Decimal- Decimal- Decimal- Decimal-
Precision Seconds Seconds Seconds Seconds Seconds
Projection Geographic Geographic Geographic Geographic Geographic Geographic
Datum WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84
Coordinate Precision Single Single Single Double Double Double
Minimum Frame size for 1o X 1 o 15’ X 15’ 3’ 45” X 3’ 45” 1.5’ X 1.5’ 1.5’ X 1.5’ 45” X 45”
NRR
GIS DB Tic Registration 62.5 12.5 2.5 1 1 0.5
Accuracy (0.25mm of scale)
(RMS) in m
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session

Parameter (All values at 3σ) THEMATIC CARTOGRAPHIC

1:250,000 1:50,000 1:10,000 1:4000 1:4000 1:2000
Position (Planimetric) 250 50 10 4 1 (0.25mm of 0.5 (0.25mm of
Accuracy (1mm of scale) in scale) scale)
m
Coordinate Movement 31.25 6.25 1.25 0.5 0.5 0.25
Tolerance (CMT) (0.125mm
of scale) in m*
Weed Tolerance (WT) 31.25 6.25 1.25 0.5 0.5 0.25
(0.125mm of scale) in m*
Sliver Polygon Tolerance <562500 <22500 <900 <144 <16 <4
(SPT) (LESS-THAN MMU) in
m*
Grid Size (for 125 25 5 2 2 1
Image/Raster/DEM Layers)
(0.5mm of scale) in m
NOTE: * Depending upon thematic requirements, the range of these parameters may be made further stringent.

D] OUTPUT STANDARDS
Output Formats (Filter as ƒ Digital GIS ƒ Digital GIS ƒ Digital GIS ƒ Digital GIS ƒ Digital GIS ƒ Digital GIS
defined by National map compliant compliant compliant compliant compliant compliant
Policy) ƒ Digital web- ƒ Digital web- ƒ Digital web- ƒ Digital web- ƒ Digital web- ƒ Digital
compliant compliant compliant compliant compliant web-
• Paper • Paper • Paper ƒ Paper ƒ Paper compliant
• Paper
Output Framework • Admin • Admin • Admin • Admin • Admin • Admin
Units – State, Units – State, Units –District, Units –Taluk, Units –Taluk, Units –
District, Taluk District, Taluk, Taluk, Villages Villages, Villages, Villages,
• Natural Villages • Cadastre Wards Wards Wards
Regions • Cadastre Reference • Natural • Natural • Cadastr
• User Reference • Natural Regions Regions e Reference
defined region • Natural Regions • Cadastr • Cadastr • Natural
polygon Regions • User e Reference e Reference Regions
• Spatial • User defined region • User • User • User
Framework defined region polygon defined region defined region defined
grids polygon • Spatial polygon polygon region
• Spatial Framework • Spatial • Spatial polygon
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session

Parameter (All values at 3σ) THEMATIC CARTOGRAPHIC

1:250,000 1:50,000 1:10,000 1:4000 1:4000 1:2000
Framework grids Framework Framework • Spatial
grids grids grids Framework
grids
Output Media • On-line • On-line • On-line • On-line • On-line • On-line
download download download download download download
• Off-line • Off-line • Off-line • Off-line • Off-line • Off-line
Download Download Download Download Download Download
• CD-ROM • CD-ROM • CD-ROM • CD-ROM • CD-ROM • CD-
• DVD • DVD • DVD • DVD • DVD ROM
• DVD
Output Projection LCC / UTM / LCC / UTM / UTM / Polyconic / UTM / Relative / UTM / Relative / UTM / Relative /
Polyconic / User Polyconic / User User defined User Defined User Defined User Defined
defined defined
Output Datum WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84 WGS 84
Output Formats GIS format, GIS format, GIS format, GIS format, GIS format, GIS format,
GeoTIF, TIF, GeoTIF, TIF, GeoTIF, TIF, GeoTIF, TIF, GeoTIF, TIF, GeoTIF, TIF,
Shape file, Jpeg, Shape file, Jpeg, Shape file, Jpeg, Shape file, Shape file, Shape file,
NSDE and others NSDE and others NSDE and others Jpeg, NSDE and Jpeg, NSDE and Jpeg, NSDE
others others and others
Output Symbology As per Layer As per Layer As per Layer As per Layer As per Layer As per Layer
Legend Legend Legend Legend Legend Legend

E] ACCURACY STANDARDS FOR OUTPUTS

National Spatial Framework <0.1% of national <0.1% of state or <0.1% of taluk or - - -
Accuracy - Tolerable limits or state or tile district or taluk or tile areas
for area of standard admin areas tile areas
units
Framework Verification
• CMT and Weed • <31.25 • <6.25 • <1.25 <0.5 <0.5 <0.25
Tolerance • As per 1:250 • As per1:50 • As per 1:50
• Bound Box NSF NSF NSF
Position (Planimetric) 375 75 15 6 6 3
Accuracy- Better than (Or Output to be Output to be Output to be Output to be Output to be Output to be
Equal to) 1.5 mm of scale in sampled and sampled and sampled and sampled and sampled and sampled and
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session

Parameter (All values at 3σ) THEMATIC CARTOGRAPHIC

1:250,000 1:50,000 1:10,000 1:4000 1:4000 1:2000
m certified for certified for certified for certified for certified for certified for
position position accuracy position position position position
accuracy quality quality accuracy quality accuracy accuracy quality accuracy
quality quality
Thematic Accuracy of 90/90 90/90 90/90 90/90 90/90 90/90
Classification/Mapping To be reported To be reported To be reported To be reported To be reported To be reported
from Metadata from Metadata from Metadata from Metadata from Metadata from Metadata
Minimum Map Unit (MMU) – 562500 22500 900 144 16 (1mm X 4 (1mm X 1mm)
Not Less than (Or Equal to) 1mm)
(3 x 3 mm of scale) in sq mts
Scale Distortion Factor for 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%
Analog Outputs only – Not
more than (Or Equal to)
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session

FIGURE – 1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF REPOSITORY

S
E
GEOGRAPHIC
NATIONAL REPOSITORY A
IMAGES/MAPS
FRAMEWORK/
M
NATIONAL LEVEL
LCC FRAMEWORK
DATABASES DATABASES
GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE L
(1:250000) TRANSFORM E
(GEOGRAPHI
DATABASES DATABASES
C TO USER-
S
DEFINED): S
GEOGRAPHIC
STATE REPOSITORY • NATIONAL- O
IMAGES/MAPS NATIONAL
STATE-1 DATABASE STATE-1 DATABASE U
STATE LEVEL LCC/ • STATE-STATE
TM FRAMEWORKS
DATABA DATABAS DATABAS DATABAS
T
(1:50000+)
• STATE-
STATE-1 DATABASE STATE-1 DATABASE
REGION P
DATABAS DATABAS DATABAS DATABAS

• STATE- U
NATIONAL T
S

FIGURE-2: PROCESS FLOW OF FRAMEWORK STANDARDS

TRANS TRANSF
IMAGES (AS PER THEME MAPS NRDB-NATIONAL MAPS ORM NRR SERVICE (AS
FORM
NATIONAL LCC (AS PER (AS PER NATIONAL GEOG PER NATIONAL
FRAMEWORK) NATIONAL LCC TO FRAMEWORK) TO
LCC/USER DEFINED)
GEOG LCC/UD
FRAMEWORK) NRDB- NATIONAL IMAGES
(AS PER NATIONAL LCC
FRAMEWORK)

NRR SERVICE (AS

TRANS PER NATIONAL LCC
IMAGES (AS THEME MAPS FORM NRDB-STATE MAPS ACROSS FRAMEWORK)
STATES
PER STATE (AS PER STATE (AS PER STATE GEOG
TO FRAMEWORK)
LCC/TM LCC/TM GEOG
FRAMEWORK) FRAMEWORK) NRDB-STATE IMAGES
(AS PER STATE WITHIN
NRR SERVICE (AS
LCC/TM FRAMEWORK) STATE PER STATE LCC
/USER DEFINED)
 56th IAC, Fukuoka: Session B1.6: Data Processing and GIS Session

FIGURE – 3: NSF DESIGN CONCEPT

S
FRAMEWORK/ E
NATIONAL DATABASE DATABASE A
NATIONAL LEVEL TRANSFORM
(GEOGRAPHIC M
LCC FRAMEWORK IMAGES/MAPS GISDB
(1:250000) TO USER- L
(LCC/TM) (GEOG.)
DEFINED): E
S
STATE-1 DATABASE • NATIONAL- S
NATIONAL
IMAGES/MAPS GISDB
STATE LEVEL LCC/ (LCC/TM) (GEOG.) • STATE-STATE O
TM SUB- • STATE- U
FRAMEWORKS STATE-2 DATABASE STATE-n DATABASE REGION
(1:50000+ SCALES)
T
• STATE- P
NATIONAL
U
T
S

IMAGES/MAPPING GIS DATABASE OUTPUTS

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