Asistensi Statistika

Ekonomi dan Bisnis

Pertemuan 01
Aji Putera Tanumihardja
Statistics
→Methodology of extracting useful
information from a data set.

Descriptive
Statistics
Branches of
Statistics
Inferential
Statistics.
Descriptive Statistics
→Describe collecting, organizing, and
presenting the data
Collect
Ex : Survey, Primary
Observation, Ex : Observation,
Experiments Survey

Descriptive Describe
statistics Ex : Charts and Data
Graphs
Secondary
Characterize Ex : BPS, WB, IFLS
Ex : Mean, Median,
Mode
Inferential Statistics
→Drawing conclusions about a population
based on sample data from the population.
The Need for Sampling
- Samples need to be representative to reflect population
of interest
- Samples need to be random to ensure that each subset
of fixed size is equally likely to be selected

Unable to use population data :

→Obtaining information on the entire population is
expensive
→It is impossible to examine every member of the
population
Types of Data
- Time Series Data
A subject over several time periods.
- Cross Section Data
Many subjects at the same point in time, without regard to
differences in time.
Variables
→ General characteristic being observed on a set of
people, objects, or events, where each observation varies
in kind or degree.
Data

Example : race,
profession Qualitative Quantitative
(Defined (Categorical) (Numerical)
categories)

Discrete Continuous

Example : 3 Example : Weight, height,

children in time, investment return.
family (Measured characteristics)
(Counted items)
Variables
Qualititave variable are typically expressed in words but
may be coded into numbers later on for purposes of data
processing.
Quantitative variable assumes meaningful numerical
values.

In order to choose the appropriate statistical methods for

summarizing and analyzing data, need to distinguish
between different measurement scales.
Nominal and Ordinal scales → Qualitative variables
Interval and Rasio scales → Quantitative variables
Scales of Measurement
Nominal Scale Ordinal Scale
Categorize or group the data Categorize or rank the data
but not ordered. with respect to some
Ex : characteristic.
Ex :
Nama Gender Nama Rank
A Pria Adi 01
B Pria Ana 02
C Wanita Ari 03
D Pria Dea 04
E Wanita Ali 05
 Scales of Measurement
NOTES!
Weakness with ordinal-scaled data is that we cannot
interpret the difference between the ranked values because
the actual number used are arbitrary.

Classification Score Classification Score

Excellent 4 Excellent 100
Good 3 Good 80
Fair 2 Fair 60
Poor 1 Poor 40
Differences between categories are meaningless with ordinal data
 Scales of Measurement
Interval Scale Ratio Scale
Differences between scale Like interval scale, but with a
values are equal, natural zero
differences are meaningful, Ex : Amount of money, firm
no “natural zero” profits.
Example : Temperature
60 degrees hotter than 50
degrees
Data Measurement Levels
Organizing Numerical Data

Numerical Data

Ordered Frequency Cumulative

Array Distributions Distributions
Ordered Array
→A sequence of data, in rank order, from the
smallest value to the largest value.

Show range (minimum value to maximum value)

Help identify outliers (unsual observations)
Frequency Distribution
→Summary table in which the data are
arranged into numerically ordered classes
Give attention to :
1. Number of class
groupings
2. Width of a class
grouping
3. Boundaries of each
class grouping
Frequency Distributions
NOTES!
- Different class boundaries may provide different pictures
for the same data
- Shifts in data concentration may show up when different
class boundaries are chosen
- As the size of the data set increases, the impact of
alterations in the selection of class boundaries is greatly
reduced
- When comparing two or more groups with different
sample sizes, you must use either a relative frequency or
a percentage distribution
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
→Records the number of observations that
falls below the upper limit of each class
 Class of Frequency Distributions

Largest value = 735

Smallest value = 330

735 − 330
= 81
5
Visualizing Qualitative Data
Qualitative Data

Visualizing Data

For one variable For two variables

Pareto Side by side bar

Bar Chart Pie Chart
Chart chart
Visualizing Qualitative Data
Bar Chart
Pie Chart

Pareto Chart
Visualizing Quantitative Data
Quantitative Data

Visualizing Data

For two variables

Frequency Distributions and Cumulative
Distributions

Stem and Leaf

Display

Ogive Polygon Histogram

Stem and Leaf display
→Organizes data into groups (called stems)
so that the values within each group (the
leaves) branch out to the right on each row
 Histogram

X axis → class boundaries/ class midpoints

Y axis → frequency/ relative frequency/ percentage
In a histogram there are no gaps between adjacent bars,
since continuous data
 Polygon

X axis → class midpoints

Y axis → frequency/ relative frequency/ percentage
 Ogive

X axis → upper limit class boundaries

Y axis → Cumulative relative frequency
Scatterplots

Graphical tool that helps in determining whether or not two

variables are related in some systematic way
Describing Data Using
Numerical Measures
Framework
Arithmetic Mean
Population Mean Sample Mean

=  x i
x =
 x i

N n

Affected by extreme values (outliers)

Median

Not Affected by extreme values (outliers)

If n or N is odd, the median is the middle number
If n or N is even, the median is the average of the two
middle numbers
Mode

Not Affected by extreme values (outliers)

Used for either numerical, categorical, qualitative
data
There may be no mode, may be several modes
Weighted Mean
Used when values are grouped by frequency or
relative importance
Geometric Mean
→Multiplicative average that incorporate
compounding
Useful in finding the average change of percentages,
ratios, indexes, or growth rates over time
Geometric Mean Return

Average Growth Rate

Skewed Distributions
Thank you!
Asistensi Statistika Ekonomi dan Bisnis
Pertemuan 01
Aji Putera Tanumihardja