JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

EXPERIMENT-2

COMPASS SURVEY

Object: To plot a traverse of a given area with the help of a Compass and a chain.

Apparatus: Surveyor’s compass or prismatic compass, chain (30m), arrows (5 in number),

Plumb bob, ranging rods and tripod stand.

Theory: Compass Surveying is that branch of surveying in which the directions of survey
lines are determined by a compass and their length by chaining directly on the ground.

Bearing: The horizontal angle between the reference meridian and the survey line is called
bearing. There are two types of compass used in the compass surveying.

Surveyor Compass

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Surveyor’s Compass:

This type of compass consists of a circular box of about 100mm diameter. (see fig. 1) It has a
graduated ring attached to circular box. The magnetic needle moves freely on the pivot. The
ends of the compass needle are made pointed for taking the reading correctly. There is a
simple metal vane with the fine hole used as eye vane. The object vane carries a vertical hair
attached to the suitable frame. The circular ring is graduated in quadrantal bearing system.
The object is to be sighted first with the object and eye vanes and the reading is then taken
against the North end of the needle, by looking through the top glass vertically.

Prismatic Compass:

This type of compass consists of same arrangement as in case of surveyor’s compass except
that a triangular prism is fitted below the eye slit. The magnetic needle is attached to the
circular ring. Reading is taken in whole circle bearing system.

Prismatic Compass

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Procedure:

Initially survey stations are fixed. Compass is kept on a tripod and is kept over one of the
station (say station A). Some temporary adjustment such as centering, leveling and focusing
are performed on the compass. Centering is a process of marking the pivot exactly over the
ground station mark. It is done by hanging plumb bob from the pivot and centering it over
station. After performing the adjustment, bring the object vane in line with the eye vane and
then readings are taken against the North end of the needle or according to the compass
available. Take fore bearings as well as back bearing. Measure the distance between two
stations with the help of chain as done in chain surveying. Take all the readings of different
stations and lines by repeating the same procedure.

Observation Table:

Fore bearings, back bearings and length of lines are to be noted down. Necessary corrections
are to be made if there is any error in measurements.

LINE FORE BEARING

AB 65̊ 00̍

BC 125̊30̍

CD 200̊ 00̍

DE 265̊ 15̍

EA 330̊ 00̍

Calculations:

1) Calculate the included angles between consecutives lines of traverse eg. Angle between
AB & BC ABC = α = (F.B of BC – B.B of AB)
2) Find the sum of all included angles.

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

3) Check that sum of included angles = (2n-4) x 90° Where, n= no. of sides of traverse.
4) If not make the necessary corrections by dividing the error proportionately in all angles.
5) Calculate the corrected bearings of lines.
6) Plot the traverse on the sheet.
7) If closing error is encountered, balance the traverse testing Graphical method.
LINE FORE BEARING BACK BEARING

AB 65̊ 00̍ 245̊ 00̍

BC 125̊30̍ 305̊ 30̍

CD 200̊ 00̍ 20̊ 00̍

DE 265̊ 15̍ 85̊ 15̍

EA 330̊ 00̍ 150̊ 00̍

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Result: Final traverse is to be plotted with bearings as well as lengths between the stations.
Method of chain surveying is useful when the area to be surveyed is small, more or less
leveled and has less obstruction in chain chaining. But when the area to be surveyed is large,
then it is not possible to do the survey work by chain survey only. In such circumstances,
angle measuring instruments are also used for measuring the angle between the chain lines at
survey stations.
Discussion:

Precautions:

1. There should not be any metallic material in the vicinity of the compass to prevent local
attraction. The chain should not be pulled more than the standard pull.
2. Adjustments of the compass i.e. cantering, levelling and focusing of the prism should be
done carefully.
3. Bubble should be in center before taking reading.

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

EXPERIMENT: 3

LEVELLING

Object: Leveling: Using Tilting/ Dumpy/ Automatic Level

a) To determine the reduced levels in closed circuit.
b) To carry out profile levelling and plot longitudinal and cross sections for road.
Equipment and Accessories:
1) Tilting/ Dumpy/ Automatic Level,
2) Levelling staff
3) Measurement tape/chain
4) Lime powder
5) Pencil and eraser

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Theory:
Levelling is a branch of surveying, the object of which is to establish or verify or measure the
height of specified points relative to a datum. It is widely used in cartography to measure
geodetic height, and in construction to measure height differences of construction artefacts.
Levelling is the general term applied to any of the various processes by which elevations of
points or differences in elevation are determined.
Levelling Basic terms:
Vertical line - A line that follows the local direction of gravity as indicated by a plumb line.
Level surface - A curved surface that, at every point is perpendicular to the local plumb line
(the direction in which gravity acts).
Level line - A line lying in a level surface is a level line. It is thus a curved line normal to the
plumb at all points. In field surveying, it is defined by the direction of a freely suspended
plumb-bob.
Horizontal plane - A plane perpendicular to the local direction of gravity. In plane
surveying, it is a plane perpendicular to the local vertical line.
Procedure:
1) Set-up the level at point ‘P’ near to the Bench Mark (BM) (the R.L of BM is given or
assume 100.000 m)
2) Focus the telescope towards BM and bisect the staff correctly and take the back sight (BS)
on it and record the reading in the Leveling book.
3) Keep the leveling staff at a convenient intermediate point(S) and take the intermediate
sight (IS) and enter the reading.
4) Before shifting the instrument to the next station enter the last staff reading in the FS
column.
5) Shift the instrument to the next station ‘Q’ and follow the steps from 3 to 4.
6) Calculate the Reduced levels by Height of Instrument Method and also by Rise and Fall
Method which can be shown in Table 1 & 2 respectively.

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Observations and Calculations:

a) Height of Instrument Method:
Height of Instrument (H.I.) = R.L. of A.B.M. + B.S.
R.L. of a station = H.I. – I.S. or F.S.
CHECK: Sum of B.S. – Sum of F.S.
Table 1: To determine the reduced levels in closed circuit
Station Point BS IS FS HI RL Remark
(43.00 + 0.771)
1 TBM 0.771 +43.000
43.771
(43.771-1.552)
1,2 A 0.802 1.552 43.771 CP1
42.219
(42.219 + 0.802) (43.021 – 2.311)
2 B 2.311
43.021 40.710
(43.021 – 1.990)
2,3 C 3.580 1.990 43.021 CP2
41.031
(41.031 + 3.580) (44.611 – 1.220)
3 D 1.220
44.611 43.391
(44.611 – 3.675)
3 E 3.675 44.611
40.936
(44.611 – 4.020)
3,4 F 2.408 4.020 44.611 CP3
40.591
(40.591 + 2.408) (42.999 – 0.339)
4 G 0.339
42.999 42.660
(42.999 – 0.157)
4 H 0.157 42.999
42.842
TOTAL 7.561 7.719

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

b) Rise and Fall Method:

If the difference of successive observations is +ve, it indicates fall, otherwise it indicate
rise.
R.L. of a station = R.L. of B.M. + Rise or (– fall)
Check: Sum of B.S. – Sum of F.S.= Sum of Rise – Sum of Fall = First R.L. – Last R.L
Station Point BS IS FS RISE FALL RL Remark
1 TBM 0.771 +43.00
(0.771 – 1.552) (43.771-1.552)
1,2 A 0.802 1.552 CP1
0.781 42.219
(0.802 – 2.311) (43.021 – 2.311)
2 B 2.311
1.509 40.710
(2.311 – 1.990) (43.021 – 1.990)
2,3 C 3.580 1.990 CP2
0.321 41.031
(3.580 – 1.220) (44.611 – 1.220)
3 D 1.220
2.360 43.391
(1.220 – 3.675) (44.611 – 3.675)
3 E 3.675
2.455 40.936
(3.675 – 4.020) (44.611 – 4.020)
3,4 F 2.408 4.020 CP3
0.345 40.591
(2.408 – 0.339) (42.999 – 0.339)
4 G 0.339
2.069 42.660
(0.339 – 0.157) (42.999 – 0.157)
4 H 0.157
0.182 42.842
TOTAL 7.561 7.719 4.932 5.090

Results and Discussion:

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

EXPERIMENT- 4

TO STUDY THE VARIOUS ELECTRONIC SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

Object:- To study and take measurements using various electronic surveying instruments like
EDM, Total Station etc.

Equipment and Accessories:-

1. EDM
2. Total Station,
3. Tripod
4. Reflecting prism
5. Other available electronic equipments
Theory:-
Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM) Instruments: Direct measurements of distances
and their directions can be obtained by using electronic instruments that rely on propagation,
reflection and reception of either light waves or radio waves. They may be broadly classified in
to three types:-a. Infra red wave instruments b. Light wave instruments c. Microwave
instruments Infrared wave instruments:- The instruments measure distances by using amplitude
modulated infrared waves. At the end of the line, prisms mounted on targets are used to reflect
the waves. These instruments are light and economical and can be mounted on the theodolites for
angular measurements. The range of such an instrument will be 3km and the accuracy achieved
is +10mm. Eg: Distomat D1 1000 and Distomat D1 5 It is a very small , compact EDM,
particularly useful in building construction and other civil engineering works where distance
measurements are less than 500m . Linear measurements can be taken without the use of
conventional tapes and chains thus reducing the number of instruments. To measure distances,
one has to simply point the instrument to the reflector , and a the touch of a key the
measurements are displayed.
Light wave instruments: These are instruments which measures distances based on
propagation of modulated light waves based on propagation of modulated light waves. The
accuracy of such an instrument varies from 0.5 to 5 mm / km distance and has a range of nearly 3

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 JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE

JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

km. Eg : Geodimeter This instrument which works base on the propagation of modulated light
waves, was developed by E Bergstand of the Swedish geographical Survey in collaboration with
the manufacturer M/s AGA of Sweden. The instrument is more suitable for night time
observations and requires a prism system at the end of the line for reflecting the waves.
Microwave instruments: These instruments make use of high frequency radio waves .these
instruments were invented as early as 1980 in South Africa by Dr.T L Wadley. The range of
these instruments is up to 100 km and can be used during both day and night. Eg : Tellurometer
It was the first successful microwave electronic distance measurement equipment. The name
derives from the Greek tellus, meaning Earth. The Tellurometer emits an electronic wave: the
remote station reradiates the incoming wave in a similar wave of more complex modulation, and
the resulting phase shift was a measure of the distance travelled. The results appear on a cathode
ray tube with circular sweep. This instrument penetrates haze and mist in daylight or darkness
and has a normal range of 30–50 km but can extend up to 70 km. For measuring distance using a
Tellurometer, two such instruments are required, one to be stationed at each end of the line, with
two highly skilled persons, to take observations. One instrument is used as a master unit and the
other as a remote unit. Just by pressing a button a master can be converted to a remote unit and
vice versa. A speech facility (communication facility) is provided to each operator to interact
during measurement.
Total Station: A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying. The
total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter
(EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. It can perform the
following functions:-
• ∙ Distance measurement
• ∙ Angular measurement
• ∙ Data processing
• ∙ Digital display of point details
• ∙ Sorting of data in an electronic field book.
The important features of total station are
Key board Control

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JECRC Campus, Shri Ram Ki Nangal, Via-Vatika, Jaipur

Digital panel: The panel displays the values of distance, angle ,height and the coordinates of
the observed point where the reflector is kept.
Remote height object: The heights of some inaccessible objects such as towers can be read
directly. The microprocessor provided in the instrument applies the correction for curvature and
mean refraction automatically.
Traversing program: The co-ordinates of the reflector and the angle of bearing of the
reflector can be stored and can be recalled for next set up of the instrument.
Setting out for distance, direction and height: Where ever a particular direction and a
horizontal distance is to be entered for the purpose of locating the point on the ground, using a
retarget, then the instrument displays the angle through which the theodolite has to be turned and
the distance by which the reflector should move.
Automatic level: An automatic level is a special surveying (leveling) instrument which
contains an optical compensation which maintains a horizontal line of sight or line of collimation
even though the instrument is slightly tilted.
Observations and Calculations:
Result: The horizontal and vertical measurements were taken to a given point using total
station.
Horizontal angle is …………
Vertical angle is …………
Vertical distance is………..
Horizontal distance is ……...

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