Structure and Bonding

1. Bond structures and properties

Bond Structure Properties
Melting and Conductivity Solubility Electrical
boiling points conductivity
Ionic Giant ionic High Solid: Poor Water: Yes Does not conduct in
e.g. sodium Molten: Good Other Solvents: No solid state. Conducts
chloride Aqueous: Good in molten or aqueous
state due to mobile
ions
Covalent Giant atomic High Solid: Water: No Poor except graphite
e.g. graphite, Molten: Other Solvents: No which has delocalized
diamond, silicon Aqueous: valence electrons
(IV) oxide

Molecular Low Solid: Water: No Poor

e.g. ethanol, water, Molten: Other Solvents: Yes
iodine, Aqueous:
phosphorous
Metallic Giant metallic High Solid: Water: No Good due to the
(All metals) Molten: Other Solvents: No presence of
Aqueous: delocalized valence
electrons
II.Indicators, acids, bases and salts
TERM MEANING
Indicator A substance that gives a definite colour when added to an acid and a different and distinct colour when added to a
base
Salt A compound formed when an acid reacts with a base

Base A substance that dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions as the only negatively charged ions

Acid A substance that dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions as the only positively charged ions

Alkali A soluble base

Normal salt A salt that does not contain a replaceable hydrogen atom

Acid salt A salt that contains a replaceable hydrogen atom

Hygroscopy Process by which salts absorb water vapour from the atmosphere but do not dissolve to form a solution

Deliquescence Process by which salts absorb water vapour from the atmosphere and dissolve to form a solution

Efflorescence Process by which salts lose their water of crystallization when exposed to the atmosphere and turn into a powder

Strong acid A substance that completely ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions as the only positively charged ions

TERM MEANING
Weak acid A substance that partly ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions as the only positively charged ions

Strong base A substance that completely ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions as the only negatively charged ions
Weak base A substance that partly ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions as the only negatively charged ions

Precipitation A chemical reaction in which two soluble salts in aqueous solution combine and one of the products is an insoluble
salt
Spectator ions Ions that are present during the reaction but are unchanged by the reaction, and so are present in the same state on
both sides of the equation.
Net ionic equation The net ionic equation is a chemical equation for a reaction that lists only those species participating in the reaction.

Thermal decomposition A chemical reaction that happens when a compound breaks down when heated.

Fractional crystallization the process of separating the components of a solution on the basis of their different solubilities, by means of
evaporating the solution until the least soluble component crystallizes out

Term Meaning

Conductor A substance that allows an electric current to flow through

Nonconductor A substance that does not allow an electric current to flow through

Oxidation Addition of oxygen to a substance

Reduction Removal of oxygen from a substance

Redox reaction A chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously

Term Meaning

Galvanizing Is the process of applying a protective layer of zinc on a metal.

Sacrificial protection Sacrificial protection is a corrosion protection method in which a more electrochemically active metal
 is electrically attached to a less active metal by means of a conductor. The highly active metal donates
electrons to replace those which may have been lost during oxidation of the protected metal. This
reverts the protected metal back to its original form, and thereby prevents it from corroding.
Alloying Mixing of metal with other substances (usually other metals) to modify its properties.

Electrorefining A process in which materials, usually metals, are purified by means of an electrolytic cell.

Relative atomic mass

Isotopes

Allotropes

Allotropy

Bond

Structure

Ionic bond

Covalent bond

Co-ordinate bond

Hydrogen bond

Metallic bond

Van der Waals forces

Rate of reaction

Photochemical reaction

Catalyst