The Archaeology and

History of the Carpi

from the Second to the
Fourth Century A.D.

Part i

Gh. Bichir

revised by the author

translated from the Romanian by
Nubar Hampartumian

BAR Supplementary Series I 6(i)

1976
 British Archaeological Reports
122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS

A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil.

Mrs. Y. M. Hands D. R. Walker, M.A.

B .A.R. Supplementary Series 16 (i), 1976: "The Archaeology and

History of the Carpi from the Second to the Fourth Century A .D.", Part i
© Gh. Bichir and Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania, Bucure§ti,
1976.

Previously published as "Cultura Carpica", Editura Academiei Republicii

Socialiste Romania, Bucure�ti, Romania, 1973.

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright,

Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored,
sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted
in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781407387390 (Volume I) paperback

ISBN 9781407387406 (Volume II) paperback
ISBN 9780904531558 (Volume set) paperback
ISBN 9781407331805 (Volume set) e-format
DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531558
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

 CONTENTS

Page

Par
t i

L
ist o
f f
igures

B
ibl
iograph
ica
l Abbrev
iat
ions

F
oreword

Preface 1

CHAPTER

I I
ntroduct
ion 3

I S
ett
le men
ts 5

I
I Ce meter
ies 1
8

I
V Ma
in o
ccupa
tions o
f t
he i
nhab
itan
ts 3
3

V Cra
fts 3
8

V
I P
ottery 5
0

WI Ob
jects d
iscovered i
n s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
e meter
ies 8
8

V
III Co
ins 1
18

I
X Mag
ica
l a
nd c
ult p
ract
ices 1
26

X Chrono
logy a
nd d
ating o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture 1
37

X
I Who w
ere t
he C
arp
i? 1
45

X
II Traces o
f t
he C
arp
i i
n Mun
ten
ia, S
cyth
ia M
inor
Ro man Dac
ia a
nd i
n Pannon
ia 1
52

X
[II The s
ocia
l s
truc
ture o
f t
he Carp
ic p
opu
lat
ion 1
59

X
IV Re
lat
ions b
etween t
he Carp
i a
nd o
ther p
eop
les 1
61

F
ootno
tes 1
74

Par
t i

Maps a
nd P
lates 2
13
 L
IST OF F
IGURES

Page

F
ig. 1 P
lan o
f P
oiana 6

F
ig. 2 P
oiana
; s
ect
ion 9

F
ig. 3 P
oiana (
The Transformer
) s
ect
ion 1
0

F
ig. 4 P
oiana
; p
lan o
f s
unken-f
loored h
ut n
o. 2 1
2

F
ig. 5 P
oiana
; p
lan o
f p
it n
o. 3
6 1
5

F
ig. 6 P
oiana
; p
lan o
f p
it n
o. 4
5 1
6

F
ig. 7 Po
iana
; i
ron c
hise
ls 3
9

F
ig. 8 Butnärep
ti; b
one t
ool 3
9

F
ig. 9 Bu
tnärep
ti; s
ect
ion o
f l
arge k
i
ln 4
1

F
ig. 1
0 Bu
tnäreet
i; r
econs
truc
tion o
f k
i
ln 4
3

F
ig. 1
1 P
oiana
; v
esse
l 1n
o. 5 5
3

F
ig. 1
2 P
oienept
i; r
ed u
rn 6
1

F
ig. 1
3 P
oiana
; h
and- made p
ot 6
2

F
ig. 1
4 P
oiana
; Ro man p
atera 8
7

F
ig. 1
5 P
oiana
; g
rey j
ug 7
0

F
ig. 1
6 P
oiana
; j
ug 7
2

F
ig. 1
7 P
oiana
; n
eck o
f amphora 8
2

F
ig. 1
8 P
oiana
; f
ragmen
ts o
f amphorae 8
3

F
ig. 1
9 P
oiana
; f
ragmen
t o
f amphora 8
5

F
ig. 2
0 P
iatra Nean4
; Ro man p
atera 7
0

F
ig. 2
1 C
ioara-Onceet
i; f
ibu
la a
nd b
ell 8
5

F
ig. 2
2 P
oienept
i; b
rooch. P
iatra Nea
rq, f
ibu
la 9
5

F
ig. 2
3 P
oienept
i; s
i
lver p
endan
t 9
5

F
ig. 2
4 P
oiana
; p
it n
o. A
6 1
28
 ABBREV
IAT
IONS

AArch Ar
ta §
i a
rheo
log
ia, I
ai, I-
XIV
, 1
927-1938.
ACMIT Anuaru
l Co m
isiun
ii monu men
telor i
stor
ice p
entru
T
rans
ilvan
ia, C
luj.
Ac
taArch A
cta Archeo
log
ica
, Budapesta.
Ac
ta-
Ljub
ljana Arheo
logk
i V
estn
ik (
Acta Arheo
log
ica
, L
jub
ljana
).
Ac
ta P
hil
ippopo
litana A
cta An
tigua Ph
ilippopo
litana - S
tud
ia H
istor
ica e
t
P
hilo
log
ica
, S
ofia.
Actes-Be
lgrad A
ctes d
u V
IIIe Congres I
nterna
tiona
l d
es S
ciences
P
reh
istor
igues e
t Protoh
istor
igues - T
o me I
er -
Rappor
ts g
eneraux
, Be
lgrad
, 1
971.
Ac
tes- Moscova A
ctes d
u Vi
le Congres I
nterna
tiona
l d
es S
ciences
An
thropo
log
igues e
t E
thno
log
igues
, Moscova
, 1
970.
Acyes-Praga A
ctes d
u V
IIe Congres I
nternat
iona
l d
es S
ciences
P
r6h
istor
igues e
t Protoh
istor
iques
, Prague
, 2
1-27
Aoü
t, 1
966
; I
, Prague 1
970
, I
, Prague
, 1
971.

A'
Ü Archeo
log
iai Er
tes
itö
, Budapes
ta.
AFSB Arbe
its u
nd F
orschungsber
ich
te z
ur s
U
.chs
ischen
Bodendenkma
lpf
lege
, Ber
lin
.
A
ISC Anuaru
l I
nst
itutu
lui d
e s
tud
ii c
las
ice
, C
luj-S
ibiu
,
I
-V, 1
928-1948.
AM Arheo
log
ia Mo
ldoven
i, I
asi.
A MN A
cta Muse
i Napocens
is, C
luj •
AP A
pxeoxormx
iecKze n
ams
aTHic
xx YPCP, K
iev.
AR Archeo
log
icke Rozh
ledy
, Praga.
ArchC1 Archeo
log
ia C
lass
ica
, Ro ma.
ArchHung Archaeo
log
ia Hungar
ica. A Magyar Ne mzet
i Müzeu m
Rege
szet
i K
iadvänya
i. Ac
ta Archeo
log
ica Muse
i
N
ationa
lis Hungar
ici.
Arch-K
iev A
pxeoJorzg,K
iev.
ArchPo
lsk
i Archeo
log
ia P
olsk
i, Warszawa- Wroc
law
.
ArhS A
pxeoxor
itr
-
leci“o C
6opi m
c,Len
ingrad-Herm
itage.
Arh-Sof
ia A
pxeoa
lorzs
g /S
ofia.

A
thenaeu m A
thenaeu m. S
tud
ii p
eriod
ici d
i L
etteratura e S
tor
ia
d
ell
'An
tich
ita
, Pav
ia.
At
ti A
tti d
el V
I Congreso I
nternaz
iona
le d
elle S
cienze
P
reis
tor
iche e Pro
tos
tor
iche
, Ro ma 2
9 a
gosto-
3s
ette mbre 1
962
; I
, 1
962
; I
, 1
965
, I
I, 1
966.
AS A
HTpono
.Aorv
iz
iecKm: C
6opH
ruc
, Moscova.

AU A
pxeo
.zorv
is
q Y
rpa m
ici
co;
7
' P
CP, K
iev
, 1
971.
Izvoare I Izvoare privind istoria Rom..aniei, I, Bucure§ti, 1964.
Jahrbuch-Mainz Jahrbuch des RtJmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums,
Mainz.
Klio Klio, Beitrltge zur alten Geschichte, Berlin.
KS K paTKH�_coo6meH HH HHC T HTy T a HCTOpHH MaT epHa.JibHOV
Ky.JI:oTyphl_AKaAeM HH .!_i a y� CCCP , Moscova.
MArch Materialy A rcheologiczne, Krakovia.
Materiale Materiale arheologice privind istoria veche a R.P.R.,
I, 1953; Materiale �i cercetari arheologice Il-IX,
1956-1970.
Matt H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the
British Museum, 4 vol., London, 1923-1940.
:MIA MaTepHa.Jihl H Hcc.JieAoaaHHH no apxeo.JiorHH CCCP
:MIA-Chisinau MaTepHa.JI@ H Hcc.JieAoaaHHH no a pxeo.JiorHH �ro-3anSAa
CCCP H PyMhIHCK0!1 Hapo.zrno� Pecny6JH1 K H, Chi�inau.
MN Muzeul Na�ional, Bucure§ti, I-II, 1974, 1975.
NEH Nouvelles etudes d'histoire, Bucuresti, I-Ill, 1955,
1960, 1965.
ORL Der Obergermanisch-Raetische Limes des RtJmer­
reiches, Heidelberg.
PA Pamatky Archeologicke, Praga.
PraceArch Prace Archeologiczne, Krakovia.
PrzegArch Przeglad Archeologiczny, Poznan-Wroclaw.
PZ Prtthistorische Zeitschrift, Berlin.
RA Revue Archeologique, Paris.
RAC Revue A rcheologique du Centre, Vichy.
RE Pauly-Wissova, Real-Encyclopltdie der Klassischen
Altertumswissenschaft.
RlC H. Mattingly and E. A. Sydenham, Roman Imperial
Coinage, London, 1924, sq •
RM Revista Muzeelor, Bucure§'ti.
RRH Revue roumaine d'hist.oire, Bucure§ti.
SA CoseT cKa H A p xeo.Jior�rn, Moscova-Leningrad.
Sarmatenzeit, I, II, III M. Parducz, Denkm?:tler der Sarmatenzeit Unga.ms,
I, Archeologia Hungarica, XXV, Budapesta, 1941;
II, Archeologia Hungarica, XXVIII, 1944; Ill,
Archeologia Hungarica, XXX, 1950.
SBWien Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Wien.
SCIV Studii �i cercetari de istorie veche, Bucure,ti.
SCIVA Studii �i cercetari de istorie veche si arheologie,
Bucure�ti.
SCN Studii �i cercetAri de numismatic�, Bucure�ti.
SCSibiu Studii �i comunicari, Sibiu.
SCSCluj Studii �i cercetirri �tiinjifice, Cluj.
SCSia�i Studii �i cercetari �tiintifice, Ia)'i.
SHA Scriptores Historiae Augustae.
SlovArch Slovenska A rchaeologia, Bratislava.
SprawArch Sprawozdania Archeologiczne - Wroclaw - Krak6w.
 FORE WORD

T
he I
nst
itu
te o
f Archaeo
logy o
f t
he Un
ivers
ity o
f Buchares
t warm
ly
w
elco mes t
he i
n
itia
tive o
f Br
itish Archaeo
log
ica
l Repor
ts i
n p
ubl
ish
ing i
n t
he
Eng
lish l
anguage a n
u mber o
f a
rchaeolog
ica
l monographs p
roduced i
n
Ro man
ia s
ince t
he s
econd Wor
ld War
. T
he l
ast d
ecades o
f t
he e
xistence o
f
t
his I
nst
itu
tion (
which u
nder i
t
s p
resen
t f
orm d
irect
ly c
ont
inues t
he r
esearch
w
ork c
arr
ied o
ut f
or o
ver a c
entury b
y t
he Na
tiona
l Museu m o
f An
tiqu
ities
,
n
ow merged w
ith t
he Museu m o
f t
he H
istory o
f t
he S
ocia
list Repub
lic o
f
Ro mania
) represen
t ap er
iod of tru
ly intense act
ivity r
esu
lting i
n many excava-
t
ions as wel
l as i
n alarge nu mber of p
ublicat
ions. I tcan be s
aid t
hat t
h
is
act
ivity embraces t
he whole o
f the archaeology of t
he c
ountry a
nd part
icularly
t
he p
eriod of t
he migra
tions
, which h
ad p
rev
iously b
een l
it
tle i
nvestiga
ted
,
a
nd t
he history o
f t
he Romanian l
ands
, t
he impor
tance o
f which must b
e
emphas
ised
. T
he work o
f G
h. B
ich
ir, wh
ich i
s t
he s
econd o
f t
he p
rojected
t
rans
lat
ions
, b
elongs t
o t
he l
ast o
f t
hese c
ategor
ies. I
tis d
evoted t
o t
he
c
ivi
lisation o
f the Carpi
, to t
hat par
t of t
he ind
igenous populat
ion w h
ich was
n
ot sub
jected by the Romans on the occas
ion of?t
he conquest o
f Dacia a nd wh
ich
c
ontinued t
o li
ve to the Eas
t o
f the Carpathians u
ntil t
he end o
f Ant
iqu ity.
T
he Carp
i t
ook p
art i
n a
l
l t
he c
oal
itions d
irected a
gainst t
he D
anub
ian p
rov
inces
o
f t
he Ro man Emp
ire a
nd a
t t
he s
a me t
ime t
hey c
ontr
ibu
ted t
o t
he p
rocess o
f
a
ssim
ila
tion w
ith s
o me o
f t
heir o
ccas
iona
l a
ll
ies
; t
hey p
layed a
n i
mpor
tan
t
r
ole i
n t
he e
volu
tion o
f t
he h
istor
ica
l c
ircumstances wh
ich l
ater s
aw t
he d
eve
lop-
i
ng p
rocess o
f t
he f
orma
tion o
f t
he Ro man
ian p
eop
le a
nd l
anguage.

T
he a
uthor h
as r
evised t
he t
ext a
nd s
upp
le men
ted t
he f
ootnotes a
nd t
he
i
l
lus
tra
tions f
or t
he Eng
lish e
dit
ion
, s
o t
hat i
tref
lects v
ery a
ccura
tely t
he
p
resen
t s
tage o
f r
esearch
.

It
hank Dr
. An
thony H
ands a
nd Mr. Dav
id Wa
lker f
or t
heir c
ourageous
a
nd useful i
nit
ia t
ive, a
nd a
lso Mrs. E. Hil
l f
or h
er contr
ibut
ion to t
he p
repara-
t
ion o
f the English v
ers
ion and Iexpress t
he h
ope t
hat t
hese f
irs
t monographs
w
ill b
e f
ollowed b
y o
thers a
t s
hor
t i
nterva
ls f
or t
he c
onven
ience o
f t
hose i
n-
t
eres
ted i
n t
he i
nterna
tiona
l p
rogress o
f Archaeo
logy
.

D
. M. P
ipp
idi
D
irector o
f t
he I
nst
itu
te o
f
Archaeo
logy
, Buchares
t
 PREFACE

T
he d
iscovery o
f t
he c
ivil
isa
tion o
f t
he Carp
i i
s o
ne o
f t
he mos
t i
mpor
tan
t
r
esu
lts o
f Ro man
ian a
rchaeo
logy d
uring t
he l
ast q
uar
ter o
f t
h
is c
entury
.

T
he p
resen
t work i
s as
ynthes
is o
f C
arp
ic h
istory a
nd c
ulture. I
n wr
iting
t
h
is book
, we have t
aken i
n
to a
ccount a
l
l t
he archaeologica
l fi
nds, b
ut bas
ic-
a
lly o
ur own r
esearch c
arr
ied o
ut a
t t
he s
ett
lemen ts and c
e meter
ies o
f
P
oiana-Dulcepti a
nd Butnäre e
i in t
he d
istr
ict o
f NeamI, Pädureni a
nd Bon
Iesi
i
n t
he d
istrict o
f Vrancea, and Mindr
i ra i
n t
he dis
trict o
f Bacäu
. I n t
he f
irs
t
p
art of t
he work we d eal with the mater ia
l culture of t
he Carp
i and discuss all
t
he proble ms connected with the his
tor ical a
nd c ul
tural a
nalysis o
f the co m-
p
lexes and objects which h ave been discovered a nd draw t
he necessary con-
c
lus
ions. I
n t
he s
econd p
art we c
ons
ider t
he h
istory o
f t
he Carp
i, o
n t
he b
asis
o
f t
he archaeologica
l, e
pigraph
ical
, numis ma
tic and l
i
terary ev
idence. We
d
eal w
ith the ev
idence i
n t
his o
rder s
ince t
his work i
s an a
rchaeolog
ical mono-
g
raph
, a
nd b
ecause n
one o
f t
he ma
jor p
rob
le ms o
f Carp
ic h
istory s
uch a
s
t
heir o
rig
in a
nd g
eograph
ica
l a
rea c
an b
e s
olved w
ithou
t t
he c
ontr
ibu
tion o
f
a
rchaeo
logy
; f
or t
here a
re f
ew a
ncien
t s
ources
, a
nd t
hey a
re s
omet
i mes
t
runca
ted a
nd c
ontrad
ictory. I
n t
h
is way w
e c
an a
void r
epet
ition i
n d
iscuss
ing
t
he a
rchaeolog
ical material and Carp
ic h
istory a
ppears a
s al
ogica
l c
onclus
ion
b
ased o
n the e
vidence presented.

We h
ave made a
n a
tte mp
t t
o i
l
lustra
te a
s much o
f t
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l ma-
t
erial as p
ossible which w
e or o
ur c
olleagues h
ave discovered , so t
hat s
cholars
c
an form a n a
ccurate impress
ion o
f t
he C arp
ic cu
lture and history. T he
majority o
f t
he il
lustrat
ions h
ave b
een produced a
t the I
nstitute o
f Archaeology
a
nd a
re b
ased o
n t
he o
rig
ina
l ma
ter
ial
, a
nd p
lans
, maps a
nd d
raw
ings made b
y
t
he a
uthor
.

I
tis unnecessary t
o point o
ut t
he importance o
f a work wh
ich d
eals with
t
he h
istory and c
ulture o
f so me o
f t
he ancestors o
f t
he Ro man
ian p
eople
; t he
Carp
i w
ere t
he most p
ower
ful o
f t
he f
ree Dac
ians f
ro m t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.
T
he s
pec
ial
ist l
i
terature l
acks s
uch a s
tudy
, a
nd t
h
is work
, wh
ich r
eflects
o
ur presen
t sta
te o
f k
now
ledge
, w
ill e
nrich o
ur u
nderstand
ing o
f t
he c
ivi
lisa
tion
o
f t
he Carpi.

We have t
o t
hank our c
olleagues f
or a
llow
ing us a
ccess t
o both p
ubl
ished
a
nd unpubl
ished mater
ial (
S.. Morin
tz, V
. Cäpitanu
, Magda Tzony, A. Buz
ilä,
V
ictor Bob
i e
tc.). We a
lso t
hank t
he D
irectors o
f t
he I
nst
itute o
f Archaeo
logy
w
ho h
ave a
ided t
he p
ubl
ica
tion o
f t
h
is w
ork a
nd a
l
lowed u
s t
o u
se ma
ter
ial
f
ro m t
he f
i
le o
f d
raw
ings o
f t
he I
nst
itu
te.

G
h. B
ich
ir
 I
. I
NTRODUCT
ION

H
ISTORY OF RESEARCH

The a
rchaeolog
ica
l r esearch carr
ied o
ut i
n t
he terr
itory o
f Moldav
ia d
uring
t
he l
ast 2
1 years h
as revealed a n
ew mater
ial cu
lture which i
s k
nown by s
pe-
c
ial
ists a
s t
he P
oienee
ti, o
r V
irt
ieco
iu-Po
ienee
ti c
ulture o
r a
s t
he C
arp
ic
c
ulture, a
s we p
refer t
o cal
l it
, Iafter t
he name of t
he peop
le to who m i
tis
a
ttribu
ted. The Carpi are a
ttested by t
he a
ncien
t li
terary sources
; a nd fro m
t
hese s
ources
, t
he ma
jor
ity o
f s
cho
lars b
elieve t
hat t
he Carp
i w
ere l
oca
lized
t
o t
he East o
f t
he Carpa
thians
, a
s w
e w
ill s
how i
n as
pec
ial c
hap
ter o
f t
h
is
w
ork
.

T
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l f
inds f
ro m r
ecen
t t
imes a
t
test t
he e
xis
tence o
f t
he Carp
i
i
n Mo
ldav
ia i
n t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D. a
nd t
races o
f t
he m s
ee m t
o b
e a
lso
p
resen
t i
n t
he a
rea b
etween t
he Pn
it a
nd t
he Dn
ies
ter
. Th
is i
s s
uggested b
y
j
ugs o
f Carp
ic t
ypes d
iscovered i
n s
evera
l S
arma
tian t
o mbs i
n t
he Mo
ldav
ian
S
.S.R
. b
y S
oviet s
cho
lars a
t Bocan
i (
d
istr
ict o
f F
äleet
i), eldänee
ti (
d
istr
ict
o
f Rez
ina
), Pra
jila (
d
istr
ict o
f F
lore g
i) e
tc. I
tsee ms t
hat Carp
ic s
ett
le-
men
ts e
xisted a
t S
oldänee
ti a
nd B
5.
1ä.banes
,t
i, n
ot f
ar f
ro m t
he Dn
iester •
2

The f
irst ma
ter ia
l known t
o us o
f t
he c
ulture o
f t
he Carp
i co mes f
ro m s
tray
f
inds a
nd small excavat
ions c
arried ou
t b
etween the t
wo World Wars a
t VIrtieco
iu
i
n 1
926 a
nd 1
929
, P
oieneeti i
n 1
929 a
nd 1
936
, Bu
tnäreet
i i
n 1
932 a
nd Po
iana-
Du
lceeti i
n 1
940. 3 I
n t
he l
igh
t o
f the smal
l amount o
f ev
idence a
vailab
le at
t
hat t
ime, Gr. An
itescu
, I
. L. Neagu and C. C
ihodaru p
ubl
ished t
he ma ter
ial
o
f Vir
tieco
iu and P
oieneeti 4 wh
ile the mater
ial f
rom Butnäree
ti a
nd Po
iana-
Du
lceeti r
e ma
ined unpub
lished i n t
he museu m o
f Pia
tra Nea m
I. C . C
ihodaru
e
ven atte mpted t
o p
lace a
t P o
ieneet
i t
he c
itade
l of Ta mas
idava men
tioned b
y
P
tole my (VI
I I, 1
0, 8
) and a
ttribu
ted b
y h
im to the Carpi.
5

T
he f
irs
t s
yste mat
ic a
nd e
xtens
ive e
xcava
tions o
nly b
egan i
n 1
949 when t
he
Academy o
f t
he S
ocia
lis
t R
epub
lic o
f Ro man
ia t
ook o
ver t
he o
rgan
iza
tion a
nd
manage ment o
f a
rchaeo
log
ical r
esearch. R . Vu
lpe excava
ted a
t P o
ieneet
i
(
distr
ict o
f Vaslu
i) i
n 1
949 a
nd i
dent
ified a
rchaeolog
ical t
races d
ating f
ro m d
if-
f
eren
t p
eriods
, n
a me
ly a s
ett
le men
t o
f t
he C
ucu
ten
i t
ype
, a Bas
tarn
ian n
e-
c
ropol
is, ac e me
tery dat
ing f
ro m t
he 3rd c
entury A
.D. ( Carpic
) and a s
ett
le-
men
t of S
intana de Muree-Cerneahov t
ype, da
ting f
ro m t
he 4th cen
tury
. Stray
f
inds f
ro m o
ther p
eriods w
ere a
lso d
iscovered.

R. Vu
lpe 6 c
onsidered i
n t
he d
etai
led r
eport p
ublished i
n 1
953 t
hat t
he
f
our
th-century set
tle men
t o
f t
he S
rntana d
e Mure§-Cerneahov t
ype i
n f
act
b
elonged t
o t
he C
arp
i a
nd d
ated f
ro m t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. ,wh
ile h
e a
lso
t
hough
t t
hat t
he c
e metery w
as l
ater t
han t
he s
ett
le men
t a
nd d
ated t
o t
he e
nd
o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. (
pos
t 2
95-297
) a
nd f
ro m t
he 4
th c
entury A .
D. 7 None-
t
heless
, t
he r
epor
t o
f R
. V
ulpe i
s u
sefu
l f
or r
esearch a
nd i
tcan b
e c
ons
idered
a
s t
he f
irs
t s
tudy d
evo
ted t
o t
he Carp
ic c
ulture.

3
 Ev
idence o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture b
egan t
o i
ncrease f
rom t
he y
ear 1
950
, w
ith
b
oth s
yste ma
tic research and c
hance f
inds resu
lting f
ro m t
he var
ious projects
n
ecess
itated by t
he socia
lisat
ion o
f agr
iculture and t
he modernisation o
f co m-
mun
icat
ions. Over 1
70 s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
e me
ter
ies (
Pla
te I
)have b
een i
den-
t
i
fied d
uring t
wo d
ecades o
f i
nvest
iga
tion
, b
ut s
yste ma
tic e
xcavat
ion h
as o
nly
b
een c
arr
ied o
ut i
n af
ew o
f t
hese s
i
tes
, a
nd e
spec
ial
ly i
n t
he c
e me
ter
ies.
For t
his r
eason B. M
itrea had t
o write t
he chap
ter devoted t
o the Carpi i
n t
he
H
istory o
f Ro man
ia pub
lished i
n 1959 8 s
ole
ly on t
he bas
is of grave goods
,
mos t o
f wh
ich were unpubl
ished . On the bas
is of o
ur own i
nvestiga
tions in
1972, we su mmarised t
his c
ulture i
n ap aper p
resented a
t t
he VIth I
nternationa
l
Congress of Pro
to- and Preh
is tor
ic Sc
iences (Rome , 1
962). 9 During the
l
ast t
en years w e have been much preoccupied with t
he cul
ture o
f t
he Carpi,
a
nd during t
his p
eriod we h ave p
ublished a n
umber o f s
tudies o
f i
t
,10 as we
ll as
ageneral work i
n 1967. 1 I
. Nestor,12 a
nd other researchers w
ho have
c
arr
ied o
ut e
xcava
tions a
nd t
r
ial s
ound
ings a
t v
arious s
i
tes a
nd p
ubl
ished
b
rief a
rtic
les a
nd p
rel
iminary r
epor
ts, h
ave a
lso c
ontr
ibuted t
o o
ur k
now
ledge
o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture.

Abou
t 226 Carpic s
ites h
ave so f
ar b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he t
erritory o
f
Mo
ldavia, co mpr
ising 177 s
ett
le men
ts a
nd 4
9 ce meter
ies (
see P
late I)
. T he
ma
jor
ity o
f t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
e me
ter
ies a
re l
oca
lized i
n t
he c
entra
l a
rea
o
f Mo
ldav
ia, a
nd t
he l
arges
t n
u mber o
f c
oin-hoards d
ating f
ro m t
he s
econd
h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury a
nd t
he f
irs
t h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. h
ave a
lso
b
een r
ecovered f
ro m t
h
is a
rea. 8
9 o
f t
he 17 s
ett
lemen
ts a
re s
i
tua
ted b
etween
t
he S
iret a
nd t
he Carpa
thians a
nd t
he r
est a
re c
oncen
tra
ted b
etween t
he S
ire
t
a
nd t
he Pru
t. 2 1 c
e meteries a
re s
ituated b
etween t
he Siret a
nd t
he Carpath
ians
a
nd 2
8 are be
tween t
he Siret a
nd t
he Prut (
see Pla
te II
). Many o f t
he set
tle-
men
ts a
nd c
e me
ter
ies h
ave b
een p
art
ial
ly, a
nd s
o me
ti mes a
l mos
t e
ntire
ly
d
estroyed b
y s
uch a
ctiv
ities a
s t
he p
lan
ting o
f v
ines (
Vir
ti§co
iu, P
aduren
i,
Po
iene§
ti, Bo
rrteet
i, I
väneet
i-Go
logof
ta e
tc.), t
he l
aying o
ut o
f o
rchards
(
Butnäreet
i a
nd Därmäneet
i-P
iatra Nean4
) o
r n
urser
ies (
Tifeet
i), t
he b
uild
ing
o
f dwe
lling h
ouses a
nd a
gricu
ltura
l b
uild
ings (
Pia
tra N
ean4-Lutär
ie, P
oiana-
Du
lc e
t) a
nd p
art
icu
lar
ly d
eep p
lough
ing b
y t
ractors (
Cälugära
, M
indr
ieca
,
S
loboz
ia-Roznov e
tc.).

We wi
ll deal s
uccessively with t
he s
ett
le ments a
nd t
he ce me
ter
ies
, b ased
p
articularly on o
ur own invest
iga t
ions, b
ut o
f course a
lso t
aking i
n
to account
a
ll t
he discoveries s
o far made.

4
 I
. S
ETTLE MENTS

I
nvest
igat
ion o
f t
he s
ett
le men
ts b
egan r
ather l
ater t
han i
n t
he c
e meter
ies
a
nd t
r
ial p
its o
nly h
ave b
een d
ug i
n t
he l
arge ma
jor
ity o
f s
i
tes
, n
ame
ly
F
ede
leeen
i (
1950
), 1
3 Bon
Ies
_t
i (
1956
), 1
4 Hangu-Cetä
luie (
1956-1958
), 1
5
P
äduren
i (
1957
), 1
6 L
utär
ie a
nd Där mänegt
i -
Pia
tra Nea m
I (
1957-1958
), 1
7

Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära (
1957-1958
), 1
8 T
ifee
ti-Panc
iu (
1959
), 1
9 Cä
lugära-Bacäu
(
1959-1960
), 2
0 ,MTndr
i9ca (
1960
), 2
1 Bu
tnäreg
ti (
1961
) 2
2 e
tc t s
ee P
late I
)
.
More e
xtens
ive i
nvest
iga
tion b
egan i
n 1
961 a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti, d
istr
ict o
f
N
ean4
, i
n t
wo s
ett
le men
ts s
i
tua
ted i
n t
wo d
ifferen
t p
osit
ions
, a
t S
iBe
te t
o t
he
Nor
th-Eas
t o
f t
he v
il
lage a
nd a
t Varn
ig t
o t
he S
outh o
f t
he v
illage
, a
nd e
x-
c
ava
tions c
arr
ied o
ut a
t t
he E
lectr
ic Transformer i
ndica
te t
hat t
he s
econd
s
ett
le men
t c
o mpr
ised a l
arge p
art o
f t
he t
err
itory o
f t
he p
resen
t-day v
il
lage
(
f
ig. 1
)
.

On
ly t
he mater
ials o
f F
ede
leyen
i (
which h
ave b
een a
ttr
ibu
ted t
o t
he
C
ostobocae 2
3 b
y N
. G
ostar
) a
re p
ubl
ished i
n f
ull a
nd t
here i
s ap
art
ial p
ub-
l
i
cat
ion o
f t
he r
esu
lts o
f t
he e
xcava
tion a
t Po
iana-Du
lcey
ti.
24 The o
ther s
et-
t
l
e men
ts h
ave e
ither b
een men
tioned i
n p
ass
ing i
n r
epor
ts o
r a
re e
ntire
ly
u
npub
lished
, a
s i
s t
he impor
tan
t s
ett
le men
t o
f Cä
lugära
, d
istr
ict o
f Bacgu.

T
he t
opograph
ica
l s
tudy o
f Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts l
eads t
o t
he c
onc
lus
ion
t
hat t
hey w
ere s
i
tua
ted b
oth i
n t
he h
illy a
reas a
nd o
n t
he p
lain
, a
nd t
hat t
he
C
arp
i s
ett
led a
nywhere where t
he g
eograph
ica
l e
nviron men
t was f
avourable
a
nd p
art
icu
lar
ly i
n p
laces w
here t
here w
as a s
ource o
f wa
ter
, s
uch a
s as
pring
o
r r
iver
, i
n t
he a
rea. There a
re s
ett
le men
ts o
n t
he h
igh t
erraces o
f r
ivers
(
Mindr
isca o
n t
he S
iret
, S
loboz
ia-Roznov a
nd P
odo
len
i o
n t
he B
istr
ip,
P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti o
n t
he r
iver Mo
ldova e
tc.), o
n h
il
ls (
Poienegt
i, Mo
ldoven
i-
G
äbara
, Butnäree
ti e
tc.) o
r o
n t
he s
lopes o
f h
il
ls (
Cäbee
ti- M
ilee
ti, Vlen
i-
B
ote t
i e
tc.). The Carp
i s
ett
led o
n t
he l
ower t
erraces o
f t
he r
ivers
(
Päduren
i, T
ifee
ti-Panc
iu, P
opeet
i-Vrancea e
tc.) i
n a
reas where h
igh g
round
s
uitab
le f
or s
ett
le men
t was a
bsen
t.

F
ort
ified s
ett
le men
ts a
re n
ot k
nown t
o h
ave e
xisted b
ut i
thas o
ften b
een
d
emons
tra
ted t
hat t
he Carp
i p
referred p
laces d
efended b
y t
heir n
atura
l p
osit
ion.
We r
efer t
o t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f S
il
iete a
nd V
arn
ifg a
t Po
iana-Du
lcee
ti, wh
ich
w
ere s
i
tua
ted o
n t
he h
igh t
errace o
f t
he r
iver Mo
ldova
, t
o t
he s
ett
le men
t o
f
H
angu-Cetäp
ie n
ear B
icaz
, t
o t
he s
ett
le men
t o
f Bon
leet
i i
n t
he S
ub-Carpa
thian
z
one o
f Vrancea a
nd t
o t
he s
ett
le men
t o
f C
äheyt
i i
n t
he r
egion o
f t
he h
igh h
ills
s
i
tua
ted t
o t
he Wes
t o
f B
irlad
.

T
he s
ett
le men
ts a
t Po
iana-Du
lcee
ti w
ere p
rotected b
y t
he h
igh a
nd s
teep
s
lope o
f t
he t
errace o
f t
he r
iver Mo
ldova a
nd b
y t
he b
eech f
ores
t wh
ich s
t
ill
s
urrounds t
he v
il
lage o
f Po
iana o
n t
hree s
ides t
oday
. T
he r
iver Mo
ldova
,
w
hich l
ooks o
ut o
n t
o t
he w
hole v
alley b
etween t
he r
ivers Mo
ldova a
nd S
ire
t,
p
rotected t
he f
our
th s
ide. T
he t
errace i
s c
rossed i
n t
his a
rea b
y l
ong
itud
ina
l
d
eep v
alleys s
uch a
s Va
lea Cr
ingu
les
i a
nd R
ipa V
arn
iSe
i w
ith b
rooks s
upp
lied

5
 1
.
• S
i
i4te 3
.
• T
r
ans
format
or
2
.
• V
arn
itä 4
.
• B
r
ost
eanu

F
ig. I
. P
lan o
f t
he v
il
lage o
f P
oiana (
co mmune o
f Du
lceet
i) a
nd t
he p
osit
ion o
f
t
he Carpic (
1-3
) a
nd L
a T
ene (
4
) s
ett
le men
ts, i
n r
ela
tion t
o t
hat o
f t
he
v
il
lage.

6
 w
ith wa
ter b
y t
he n
u merous s
prings s
itua
ted o
n t
he s
ides o
f t
he v
alleys
, a
nd
t
hese v
alleys were a
lso d
ificu
lt o
bstac
les t
o c
ross. T
he s
ett
le men
t a
t Hangu-
Cetk
luia i
n the reg
ion of t
he lake d
a m med f
or the h
ydro-electric s
tat
ion of
B
icaz was situa
ted at t
he highest a
ltitude o
f a
ll t
he Carp
ic sites. T he set
tle-
ment a
t Bontest
i w as p
rotected by t
he Merey valley
, by the Ripa Nucetu
lui,
b
oth d
eep and w
ith s
teep b
anks, and b
y the huge f
orest wh
ich stil
l stretches
a
s f
ar as t
he mounta
ins o
f Vrancea. T he sett
le men
t of Cäbeg
ti, at Milegti 25
i
s s
i
tua
ted o
n t
he r
igh
t b
ank o
f t
he b
rook P
eresch
iv a
nd i
tis e
nclosed b
y t
he
h
ills
; g
round s
lopes g
ent
ly t
o t
he East g
iving t
he impress
ion o
f ah
uge amph
i-
t
hea
tre w
ith t
he s
ett
le men
t p
laced i
n t
he c
entre. T
he s
ett
le men
t a
t Cäbeet
i-
Mile9t
i was a v
eritab
le refuge due t
o its g
eographica
l pos
ition
; i twas
p
ro tec
ted b
y t
he high hi
lls of B
ujorului
, Pu treden
ilor a
nd Caprei a
nd i
t was
s
ituated f
ar f
ro m t
he ma
in r
oads r
unn
ing a
long t
he r
ivers S
ire
t a
nd B
irlad
.

Dwe
lling-houses

T
he Carp
i l
ived i
n b
oth s
urface dwel
ling-houses a
nd i
n s
unken-f
loored
h
uts g
rouped w
ith
in t
he s
a me s
ett
le men
t. F
or t
he f
irs
t t
ime i
thas b
een
s
tra
tigraph
ica
lly d
e mons
tra
ted a
t Po
iana-Du
lcegt
i t
hat t
here a
re t
wo o
ccupa
tion
l
eve
ls b
elong
ing t
o t
he Carp
ic p
eriod a
nd t
he f
orm o
f t
he dwe
lling-houses h
as
b
een shown. Two o ccupa
t ion l
eve
ls have a
lso b
een s
uggested at t
he set
tle men
t
o
f But
rar e i where t
wo storage p
its c
ut e
ach o
ther (
Pl. X
IX ), bu
t since t
here
i
s s
o f
ar v
ery l
i
ttle e
vidence
, b
ased o
n as
ing
le t
r
ial p
it
, t
h
is s
i
tua
tion mus
t
b
e c
onf
irmed b
y f
uture i
nves
tiga
tion
. B
ecause o
f t
he s
lop
ing g
round p
loughed
w
ith t
he t
ractor
, the s
ect
ion c
onta
ined on
ly the b
ase o
f t
he cul
tural l
ayer
, t he
r
est b
eing d
estroyed b
y t
he p
lough a
nd washed away b
y t
he waters o
f t
he river
Danc
iulu
i. The o
ccupa
tion l
ayer i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti i
s p
oor
i
n a
rchaeo
log
ica
l r
e ma
ins
; r
ela
tive
ly l
arger q
uan
tit
ies o
f ma
ter
ial o
ccur i
n
t
he s
torage-p
its
, s
unken-f
loored h
uts a
nd s
urface dwe
lling-houses (
Pl. MI,
XV a
nd XV
I). T
he g
rea
ter p
art o
f t
he h
ighest o
ccupa
tion l
eve
l h
as b
een d
es-
t
royed b
y d
eep p
lough
ing a
nd i
n t
he c
ase o
f S
i
li‚pte a
lso b
y h
abi
tat
ion f
ro m t
he
V
II-
IX c en
turies and d
uring t
he M
iddle Ages (
t
he XV-XVI
I centur
ies, set
tle-
ment a
nd ce metery
). The complexes wh
ich cu
t e
ach o
ther are f
requen
t, both
s
unken-f
loored h
uts a
nd storage-p
its
, a
nd t
hey a
ttest t
he e
xistence o
f a
n i
n-
t
ense o
ccupat
ion (P
l. LX/1-5
).

S
urface dwe
lling-houses

S
unken dwel
ling-houses have been i
dent
ified i
n b
oth occupat
ion levels a
t
Po
iana-Du
lc W i (
at S
il 9te a
nd at Varn
ig.) whi
le t
he sur
face dwe l
ling-houses
h
ave b
een f
ound o
nly i
n t
he l
a
ter l
eve
l. S
even s
urface dwe
lling-houses (
t
hree
a
t Varn
ifä
, t
wo a
t t
he Trans
former a
nd t
wo a
t S
i
li te
, P
l. V
II, V
III
, X
E/1
a
nd X
II/1) h
ave b
een d
iscovered s
o f
ar. T
he h
ouses were b
uilt o
f w
att
le a
nd
t
erre p
ise w
ith w
ooden p
ost s
uppor
ts p
laced a
t t
he c
orners
, a
ccord
ing t
o t
he
e
vidence o
f t
wo dwe
lling-houses d
iscovered a
t Varn
ig, (
sur
face dwe
lling n
o. 3
)
a
nd a
t t
he T
ransformer (
sur
face dwe
lling n
o. 1
).

T
he dwe
lling-houses a
re o
f r
ectangu
lar o
r s
quare f
orm (
Pl. V
II a
nd V
III
).
I
n t
he c
ase o
f t
he dwe
lling-house i
n wh
ich t
he p
osts h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t
t
he c
orners, t
he f
orm has b
een e
stabl
ished on t
he b
asis o
f the posit
ion of t
he
a
rchaeo
logica
l mater
ial s
uch a
s fragments o
f t
erre p
is6, agglo merations o
f
r
ubb
ish a
nd s
o me
ti mes e
ven i
n
tact v
esse
ls o
r p
ottery wh
ich c
an b
e r
estored
.

7
The w
idth o
f t
he ho
les in wh
ich t
he corner p
osts were f
ixed var
ied between
0
.29-0.35 m a
t surface-dwell
ing n
o. 1 (
the Transformer) a
nd 0.24-0.32 m
a
t s
urface-dwe
lling n
o. 3 (
Varn
iS
.ä). The h
oles were o
f s
quare o
r c
ylindr
ica
l
f
orm and the t
hickness of t
he p
osts may b
e c
alcu
lated a
ccord
ing t
o t
he w
idth
o
f t
he respect
ive holes.

T
he i
nterna
l a
nd e
xterna
l f
aces o
f t
he wa
lls o
f t
he dwel
lings w
ere c
oated
w
ith y
ellow c
lay (
accord
ing t
o s
urface-dwe
lling n
o. 1f
ound a
t t
he Transformer
).
The coa
ting was c
arefully made o
f c
lay withou
t impurit
ies. T he d
i mensions
o
f the s
urface dwe
lling-houses v
aried b
etween 3 x 3 m (t
he smal
lest roo m
) and
5x 5
.85 m (
t
he l
arges
t r
oo m
). The max
i mum d
epth r
eaches 0
.40 m. T
he
h
ear
th, o
f s
quare o
r o
val f
orm
, was p
laced i
n t
he c
entre o
f e
very dwe
lling h
ouse
a
nd i
t
s s
ize was i
n d
irect p
ropor
tion t
o t
he a
rea o
f t
he r
oo m
: 0
.66 x 0
.70 m
;
0
.70 x 0
.72 m; 0
.80 x 0
.85 m
; 0
.90 x 0
.97 m
; 0
.90 x 1
.05 m
; 0
.90 x 1
.10 m
a
nd 1
.00 x 1
.20 m. T
he l
eve
l o
f t
he h
ear
th w
as 0
.03-0.05 m h
igher t
han t
he
f
loor o
f t
he r
oo m.

T
he hear
ths were bu
ilt o
f c
lay d
irect
ly on t
he g
round or o
n abed of p
ebbles
whose s
ize does n
ot e
xceed 0.13 m (
Pl. XIV/1-4
, XVII
I/7); the l
ast s
yste m
o
ccurs mos
t f
requen
tly a
t P
oiana-Du
lce9
ti. T
he h
ear
th o
f dwe
lling-house n
o. 1
a
t t
he Transfor mer had t
he b
order a
ccura
tely c
oated (P
l. XIV/1); it was 0
.04 m
h
igher t
han the f
loor
. T he g
round u
nder t
he h
earth was b
urnt red t
o ad ep
th
o
fb e
tween 0.06 and 0
.014 m. The dwe l
ling-houses no. 1 - S
i
li§te a
nd no. 1
-the Transformer had t
he f
loor c
oated with y
ellow c
lay. The fl
oor c
oated with
c
lay i
s a
lso a
ttested i
n t
he conte mporary s
ett
le men
t'of 5c
heia-Suceava and at
Po
iana-Tecuc
i fro m t
he Geto-Dacian La Tene p
eriod. 2
6 S
urface dwe
lling-
h
ouses o
f r
ectangu
lar f
orm h
ave a
lso b
een f
ound a
t L
utär
ie-P
iatra Nean4
,
(
one) a
nd a
t Säbäoan i (
three).27 Dwelling-houses of unknown form have b een
d
iscovered a
t Cä1ugära, 28 Mänoaia-Cost4a, 29 Gura 0cna 3 ° a
nd in
o
ther p
laces. 3
1 The s
ituation a
t Hangu-Cetäl-u
ie where five s
urface dwe lling-
h
ouses a
nd o
ne s
emi-sunken f
loored h
ut h
ave b
een d
iscovered
, s
hows t
hat t
he
s
urface-dwe
lling h
ouse t
ype was preferred i
n t
he mountains which were
r
egions w
ith a h
igh d
egree o
f humidity. T he s
urface dwel
ling-houses are a
lso
a
ttes
ted among t
he f
ree Dac
ians f
rom Mun
ten
ia (Mä
täsaru
, Ma
ldär
, S
corn
iceg
ti
a
nd Buchares
t- Mä
icän W
i) a
nd among t
he Ro man p
opu
lat
ion o
f t
he p
rov
ince
o
f Dac
ia. 3
2 T
hey h
ave a
lso b
een i
den
tif
ied w
ith
in t
he L
ip4a c
ulture (
Zale§
ti
a
nd N
ezv
isko
), 3
3 i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a r
ene (
Piscu
l Cräsan
ilor
, 34 Po
iana-
T
ecuc
i, 35 Os
trovu
l §
imian
, 3
6 Ce
t ken
i37 a
nd C4e
lu Nou-Buchares
t) 3
8 a
nd
a
t GrXdi9
tea Muncelu
lui
, 39 Cuciulata 4 ° a
nd Bi
tca Doa mnei4
1 where t
he
b
uild
ing of s
uch h
ouses was explicable in mountainous reg
ions with mo
ist
a
nd stony s
oil. S
o me a
ncient l
i
terary s ources mention t
he e
xistence o
f sur
face-
dwe
llings i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian r
egions. Ov
id (
Trist
ia, I
I, 1
0, 6
6) c
all t
he m
c
asa
. T he e
xistence o
f th
is t
ype of dwe
lling-house among t
he Geto-Dacians
a
l
lows u
s t
o presu me t
hat t
he s
urface-dwellings wh
ich have b
een at
tested a
t
P
oiana-Du
lce9
ti o
nly i
n t
he l
ater Carp
ic l
eve
l migh
t e
xist a
lso i
n t
he p
eriod
c
orrespond
ing t
o t
he f
irst o
ccupat
ion l
eve
l f
ro m t
h
is s
i
te. Ow
ing t
o t
he f
act
t
hat t
hese dwe
llings w
ere b
uil
t o
n t
he o
ccupa
tion l
eve
l o
f t
he a
ncien
t g
round
,
i
tis p
robab
le t
hat t
hey w
ere d
estroyed b
y t
he l
ater dwe
llings o
f t
he s
econd
l
eve
l; h
owever w
e c
anno
t e
xclude t
he p
oss
ibi
lity t
hat i
n t
he f
uture s
uch
c
o mp
lexes may a
lso b
e f
ound i
n t
he f
irs
t l
eve
l‚e
ither a
t Po
iana-Du
lcejt
i o
r
i
n o
ther s
ites.

8
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S
unken-f
loored h
uts

At p
resent t
he nu mber o
f t
he sunken dwe
lling-hu
ts is g
reater t
han t
hat o
f
s
urface dwe
lling-houses wh
ich suggests t
hat t
he Carpi p
referred t
he t
ype o
f
dwe
lling-house cut i
nto t
he ground. H owever, we mus
t take i
nto accoun
t
t
he possib
ility t
hat s
o me sur
face-dwe
lling houses h
ave been d
estroyed, being
v
ery s
hal
low
, b
y a
gricu
ltura
l work
, e
spec
ial
ly b
y d
eep p
lough
ing
.

We have ment
ioned that t
he sunken-floored h
uts, i
n contrast w
ith the s
ur-
f
ace dwe
llings a
re at
tested in bo
th occupation l
evels a
t Poiana-Dulce§ti. T he
s
unken-f
loored huts are o
f ova
l o r o
val-round f
orm , more rarely rectangu
lar,
w
ith r
ounded c
orners
; as
unken-f
loored h
ut (
Varn
ig, n
o. 1
0) h
ad a f
orm
s
im i
lar t
o ah
orseshoe
: t
h
is f
orm i
s a
lso e
ncoun
tered w
ith
in t
he L
ipila
c
ulture 4
2

25 sunken-f
loored h
uts h
ave been discovered un
til n
ow a
t Po
iana-Dulce9ti
:
1
8 a
t Varnig, two a
t t
he Transfor mer and 5 a
t S
i
li§te. 5 o
f t
he s
unken-floored
h
uts f
ound a
t Van
illa
, b
eing l
ess d
eep
, (
no. 7 - 0
.72 m; n
o. 9 - 0
.75
; n
o. 1
-0.70 m; no. 15 -0.68 and no. 1
7 -0
.65 m) c
an b
e considered a
s semi-
s
unken; they a
re of r
ectangular f
orm w
ith r
ound
ing corners (
nos. 7
, 9, 1, 1
7)
o
r o
val f
orm (
no. 1
5). T
he d
epth o
f t
he o
ther s
unken-f
loored h
uts v
aries
b
etween 2
.08 i
n (
Varn
i , n
o. 2
)
, c
alcu
lated f
ro m t
he p
resen
t l
eve
l o
f t
he g
round
a
nd 1.
10 m (
Varn
ig, n
o. 1
2); No. 2 i
s t
he most d
eep s
unken-f
loored h
ut,
1
.80 m c
alcu
lated f
ro m t
he d
igg
ing l
eve
l. P
its b
elong
ing t
o t
he s
econd (
l
ater
)
o
ccupat
ion level cu
t through so me s
unken-f
loored h
uts (Varnig, nos. 3 and 4
)
a
nd t
he sunken-floored hut n
o. 1 o ver
lies t
he p
it n
o. 54 (Pl. V
II and V
III
).
T
he d
i mens
ions o
f t
he s
unken-f
loored h
uts v
ary f
ro m 2
.35 x 2
.65 m (
Varn
ita
,
n
o. 4
) wh
ich i
s t
he sma
lles
t s
ize a
nd 5
.45 x 6
.40 (
S
ili ne n
o. 2
)
, wh
ich i
s t
he
l
argest. So me of t
he s
unken-f
loored h
uts (S
ili te n
o. 1 and 2
, Varnig
. n
o. 5
a
nd 13
) have ins
ide "beds" o
f e
arth p
reserved e
ither around t
he wal
ls
(
Varn
ig , n
o. 5) o
r on
ly on o
ne or two s
ides (
Si
li9te
, no. 1 a
nd 2
, Varn
is5
,
n
o. 1
3). T he w
idth o
f t
hese "beds" v
aried f
ro m 0
.45 t
o 1.25 m a
nd t
he h
eigh
t
was be
tween 0
.25 and 0
.50 i
n. T he "
beds" which were w
ider were u
sed f
or
s
leeping a
nd t
hose wh
ich were n
arrower served f
or vesse
l-benches. The
s
unken-f
loored h
ut n
o. 1 s
hows a s
ign
ifican
t s
i
tua
tion
: t
he s
outhern s
ide was
f
or s
leep
ing a
nd t
he w
estern s
ide
, wh
ich was n
arrower
, s
erved f
or v
esse
ls
a
nd o
ther d
o mes
tic o
bjec
ts (
Pl. X
[II a
nd XV/4-5
).

H
oles f
or t
he p
osts s
upport
ing t
he r
oof h
ave b
een i
den
tif
ied i
n s
evera
l
s
unken-floored huts
; t he d
epth o
f the h
oles v
aried b
etween 0.45 a
nd 0.65 m
(
calcu
lated fro m t
he l
evel o
f the f
loor
) and t
he wid
th between 0
.40 and 0
.60 m
a
t t
he s
unken-f
loored h
ut n
o. 1
3, Varn
is5
.. T
he h
oles were e
ither r
ound o
r
s
tra
igh
t-s
ided (
Pl. X
III a
nd XV/4-5
).

T
he sunken-f
loored h
uts nos. 1
, 2
, 4, S
ili§
te,nos. 1, 2, 3, 4
, 8
, 10, 1
2,
1
3, Varn
ig' and n
o. 1
, Transformer belong t
o the f
irst l
evel. All t
hese
s
unken-f
loored h
uts w
ere o
f r
ound-ova
l f
orm
, w
ith t
he e
xcep
tion o
f n
o. 8
wh
ich was r
ectangular (
Pl. VII
). We s hou
ld mention t
hat t
he s
unken-f
loored
h
uts o
f t
he f
irst l
evel c
ontained a q
uan
tity o
f p
ottery wh
ich was much more
a
bundan
t t
han t
hat d
iscovered i
n t
he s
econd l
eve
l. T
he s
unken-f
loored h
uts
o
f l
arge s
ize a
lso b
elong t
o t
he f
irs
t l
eve
l (
no. 1
3, Varn
ig). The s
unken-
f
loored h
uts o
f r
ectangu
lar form, Varnig
, nos. 7, 9
, 1, a re a l
i
ttle more
f
requent i
n t
he s
econd occupat
ion l
evel
. Steps b
uilt o
f n
atural e
arth and

1
I
>
(
r
)

C
.)

1
2
c
oated w
ith c
lay h
ave b
een d
iscovered o
nly a
t t
he e
ntrance o
f t
wo s
unken-
f
loored huts ( Varnig, n os. 5 and 1
4) o
f atota
l of 25 f
ound at Poiana-Dulceet
i.
No hear
ths a re i n s
itu
, b ut f
rag ments o
f c
rust have been found i
n the s
unken-
f
loored huts. 43 Two sunken-floored hu
ts a
t V arn e (nos. 3 a
nd 5) had d
ished
a
reas i
n t
he c
entre o
f t
he r
oo m i
n wh
ich t
he f
ire b
urn
t d
irect
ly o
n t
he '
g
round
w
hich was n
ot c
oated w
ith c
lay
; t
he s
oil was b
urn
t a
t ad
epth o
f a
bou
t 0
.02 m
(
Pl. X
IV/4
). H
ear
ths
, p
roper
ly s
peak
ing
, h
ave b
een d
iscovered o
uts
ide
s
unken-f
loored h
uts a
t ad
istance o
f a
bout 3 m (
Pl. V
II a
nd X
I/2
), b
ut i
tshou
ld
b
e n
oted t
hat t
he h
ear
ths h
ave n
ot b
een f
ound a
round a
l
l t
he s
unken-f
loored h
uts
,
b
ut on
ly in af
ew cases. T hey were b
uilt i
n t
he s
ame t
echnique a
s t
he h
earths
d
iscovered i
n t
he sur
face-dwell
ing houses; the h
ear
ths w
ith a b
ed o
f r
iver
s
tones predo m
inated a
nd th
is syste m i
s a
lso encountered i
n the set
tle men
ts
o
f Hangu-Cetä pie
, Boto9ani-Dealu
l Carm idär
iei and Mätäsaru and in t
he
G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene a
t P
oiana- T
ecuc
i, Bi
tca Doamne
i a
nd O
strovu
l
T
he h
ear
ths a
re o
f r
ound-ova
l o
r r
ectangu
lar f
orm
, a
bou
t 0
.70-0.90 m i
n
s
ize. S
o me h
ear
ths h
ave b
een r
epa
ired t
wo o
r t
hree t
imes
, a
ttes
ted b
y t
he
e
xistence o
f s
uccess
ive c
oat
ings a
nd b
urn
t l
ayers
; s
o met
i mes t
he r
epa
ir i
s
p
art
ial a
nd made w
ith s
tones a
nd c
lay wh
ile a
t o
ther t
imes t
he who
le h
ear
th
i
s r
epa
ired. T
he s
oil u
ndernea
th t
he h
ear
th i
s b
urn
t b
rick-red t
o ad
epth o
f
0
.03-0.10 m; t
h
is f
act s
hows t
he i
ntense u
se o
f t
he h
ear
th. Ow
ing t
o t
he
f
act t
hat t
he h
ear
ths w
ere v
ery n
ear t
he s
urface many o
f t
he m h
ave b
een d
es-
t
royed b
y a
gricu
lture. H
ear
ths a
re a
lso o
ften a
bsen
t i
n s
ett
lemen
ts o
f
C
hil
ia- M
ilitar
i t
ype a
nd i
n L
a f
ene s
ett
le men
ts. 44

Two ovens f
or b
aking bread have b
een found a
t Poiana-Dulc ei, one a
t
Varn 01,ano
ther a
t Si
lise. Bo th ovens were o
f horseshoe f
orm a nd made
b
y hol
lowing ou
t und
isturbed ear
th . T he o
ven at S
il
ipte had been d
ug in
to
t
he wa
ll o
f s
unken-f
loored h
ut n
o. 3 a
nd t
he o
ven a
t V
arn4K was i
n a
n o
pen
s
pace a
t adis
tance o
f 6
.50 m f
ro m t
he n
earest sunken-f
loored hu
t (
no. 4
).
Ow
ing t
o t
he fac
t t
hat t
he o
ven a
t Varn
i g was o
nly at adepth o
f 0
.50 m, i
thad
b
een p
art
ial
ly d
estroyed b
y p
lough
ing a
nd f
or t
h
is r
eason we c
anno
t e
stab
lish
i
t
s h
eight
. T
he d
i mens
ions o
f t
his o
ven were 0
.60 x 0
.80 m. T
he o
ven a
t
S
i
lie
te w
as 0
.42 m i
n h
eigh
t a
nd t
he d
i mens
ions o
f t
he h
ear
th 0
.48 x 0
.68 m.
O
vens f
or b
aking b
read (
"kitchen o
vens"
) a
nd d
ating f
rom t
h
is p
eriod h
ave
b
een d
iscovered i
n Mun
ten
ia a
t Ch
ilia
, Mätäsaru
, Bä
lten
i a
nd f
ro m t
he G
eto-
D
acian p
eriod a
t P
opee
ti a
nd P
oiana-Tecuc
i.4
5

Oval o
r r
ound-ova l s
unken-f
loored h
uts o
f Poiana-Dulce e t
ype have been
d
iscovered a
t Cäbe9t
i- Mi
le .
e
ti. Vä
leni a
nd S
äb-a
oani and t
hose o
f rectangu
lar
t
ype w
ith r
ounded corners h
ave been r
ecovered a
t Cucoran
i, 45 a S
ähäoan
i
a
nd Mänoa
ia-Costiea (two s
emi-sunken
). S unken-f
loored hu
ts whose form
i
s more s
imi
lar t
o at
rapez
iu m t
han t
o ar
ectang
le h
ave b
een f
ound a
t
F
ede
leyen
i a
nd M
indr
i ca
. T
he s
hor
t d
istance (
0.20-0.30 m
) b
etween t
he
s
unken-f
loored h
uts n
os. I
, I
V a
nd I-
III a
t F
ede
les e
ni 46 i
s a
n a
rgumen
t f
or
t
he h
ypo
thes
is t
hat t
here w
ere t
wo p
eriods o
f c
ons
truct
ion
, p
oss
ibly b
elong-
i
ng t
o t
wo o
ccupa
tion l
eve
ls.

Sunken-floored h
uts o
fu nknown f
orm have b
een iden
tif
ied f
ro m t
he Carpic
p
eriod at Pädureni a
nd R-
adeni-Drago m
iree
ti. T hose o
f ova
l f
orm have also
b
een d
iscovered i
n s
ett
le men
ts o
f Ch
ilia- M
ilitar
i t
ype
, a
t Mätäsaru a
nd
Ma
ldär a
nd w
ith
in t
he Roman p
rov
ince o
f Dac
ia a
t Obre
ja a
nd Arch
iud
. 47

1
3
 On
ly rectangu
lar o
r square s
unken-f
loored h
uts are a
ttested i
n the set
tle-
men
ts wh
ich h ave b
een l
ess i
nveg
tigated n
amely Ch
ilia, Militar
i, Scorniceeti
a
nd Uden
i. S
emi-sunken h
uts h
ave b
een f
ound a
t Buchares
t, M
ilitar
i, Ch
ilia
,
Mä
täsaru a
nd S
corn
ic e
i a
nd i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene p
eriod a
t P
oiana-
T
ecuc
i a
nd Cäb e
ti-Coc
iuba.

Ova
l o r r
ound-oval sunken-f
loored h
uts f
ro m t
he G
eto-Dac ian L
a T ene
p
eriod have b
een iden
tif
ied at Piscu
l Cräsan
ilor, G
iurgiu- Ma
lu Roeu, Mätäsaru
,
C4elu Nou, 48 Tinganu, 49 Cernatul d
e Jos
,50 Bäicen
i51 e
tc. Oval s
unken-
f
loored h
uts c oexist w
ith those of r
ectangu
lar o
r square f
orm with r
ound
ing
c
orners a
t C4e
lu Nou
, T
inganu a
nd Mätäsaru-Päne9
ti.
52

When S
trabo (VI
I, 5, 12, C. 318) mentioned t
hat s
o-called Trog
lodytes
i
nhabited t
he t
erritory to t
he North of Ca
llatis, h
e probab
ly alluded t
o t
he
Getae o
f t
he Dobroud ja who l
ived in s
unken-floored hu
ts. However , w e c
anno
t
e
xclude t
he p
oss
ibi
lity t
hat S
trabo r
eferred a
lso t
o G
etae who l
ived i
ncaves
,
b
ear
ing i
n m
ind t
he f
act t
hat a
rchaeo
log
ica
l t
races o
f t
h
is p
eop
le h
ave b
een
r
ecovered i
n t
he c
aves o
f L
i manu
, n
ear Manga
lia
, 5
3 a
t Che
ia (
t
he c
ave o
f
I
zvoru
) a
nd a
t G
ura-Dobroge
i. 5
4

S
unken-f
loored hu
ts h
ave a
lso b
een ident
ified a
t Bä
lteni .5
5 The s
unken-
f
loored hu
ts a
t Bälten
i a
nd Po
iana-Dulceeti do n
ot h
ave hearths, a
re d
eep,
a
nd h
ave i
nside e
arth-beds. Accord
ing t
o t
he p
ottery-f
inds t
he s
unken-f
loored
h
uts o
f Bä
lten
i b
elong t
o t
he Daco-Carp
ic p
opu
lat
ion o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
a
nd t
hose o
f r
ectangu
lar f
orm f
ound a
t t
he s
ame s
i
te b
elong t
o t
he S
intana d
e
Murejs
-Cerneahov c
ulture. I n my opin
ion there are two d
if
ferent c
ultural
l
ayers, a
nd two o
verlaid set
tle ments a
t Bä
lteni and not merely o
ne cultura
l
l
ayer
, a
s t
he D
irec
tor o
fthe e
xcavat
ions b
elieves.

The ex
istence o
f t
wo cu
ltural l
ayers i
s a
lso s
upported by s
tra
tigraph
ical
o
bservat
ions for c
o mp
lexes cu
t each o
ther a
nd t
he f
i
lling o
f the s
unken-f
loored
h
uts d
iffer i
n cons
istency and c
ontents. 5
7 Un
til now
, t he o
val a
nd round-ova
l
f
orms h ave b
een f
ound to p
redo minate i
n the Carpic cu
lture. Ifw e t
ake in
to
a
ccount t
he p
osit
ion of t
he s
ett
le ment a
t P
oiana-Dulceetiywh
ich i
s s
i
tua
ted o
n
t
he h
igh t
errace of t
he r
iver Moldova a
nd where t
he wind b
lows p
ermanen
tly
,
t
hen we c
an presu me t
hat t
he r
ound-oval f
orm was preferred t
o t
he rec
tangu
lar
o
r square o
ne because a c
onica
l roof was e
asier t
o b
uild on t
he r
ound-ova
l
s
unken-floored h
uts a
nd was also more r
esisten
t to s
trong wind t
han t
he d
oub
le
o
r quadruple s
lop
ing roofs o
f rec
tangular o
r square dwel
lings.

T
he roof was bu
ilt o
n a wooden f
ramework and made of r
eeds a
nd t
hatch
wh
ich e
xisted i
n abundance i
n th
is reg
ion
, both i
n t
he river meadows o
f t
he
Mo
ldova a
nd i
n t
he v
alley o
f t
he Cr
ingu
les
i a
nd R
ipa V
arn
iIe
i. T
he a
nalys
is
o
f t
he a
shes and t
he p
resence o
f r
eed-s
talks i
n s
o me p
its o
f dwe
lling-houses
c
onf
irm th
is.

S
torage p
its

S
torage p
its
, wh
ich h
ave b
een c
are
ful
ly e
xcava
ted a
nd a
re o
f c
ylindr
ica
l o
r
"
bott
le" f
orm, more r
arely i
n t
he form o
f atruncated c
one or b
arrel shaped
(
Pl. XV
II) h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
round t
he dwel
ling-houses o
f Poiana-Dulceet
i
a
nd o
ther Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts. T
he p
it n
o. 4
3 -S
i
lipte was t
he d
epes
t a
t 3 m.
Un
til n
ow 1
30 p
its h
ave b
een i
den
tif
ied a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti, 2
7 a
t S
in e a
nd

1
4
 i
m

F
ig. 5 Po
iana-Du
le e
i, Varn
ig, p
it n
o. 3
6 (
Gr. 3
6); 1
-10, p
ottery
;
1
1, q
uern
; 1
2, q
uern o
f p
rim
itive t
ype
; 1
3, s
nai
ls; 1
4, f
rag men
ts
o
f t
erre p
i
se

1
5
F
ig. 6 P
oiana-Du
lcesl
i, Varn
ip.
, p
it n
o. 4
5 (
Gr. 4
5), d
epos
it o
f v
esse
ls
(
1-15
), b
roken i
n s
itu

1
6
1
03 a
tVarn
i.g
. (
94 t
o t
he S
outh o
f t
he v
il
lage a
nd 9 a
t t
he T
ransformer
). T
he
f
act t
hat 2
0 o
f t
he p
its f
ound a
t Varn
i_
th c
ut t
hrough e
ach o
ther p
roves t
he
e
xis
tence o
f t
wo l
iv
ing l
eve
ls i
n t
his s
ett
le men
t. P
its wh
ich c
ut t
hrough e
ach
o
ther h
ave a
lso b
een f
ound a
t S
i
li te. F
ive s
torage-p
its
, t
wo o
f w
hich c
ut
t
hrough each o
ther
, have been d
iscovered i
n t
he t
r
ial excava
tions c
arr
ied o
ut
i
n t
he set
tle men
t o
f Butnär et
i (
pits n
o. 1 a
nd 2
, see P
l. XIX).

The walls o
f the s
torage-pits were not burnt
, since t
he so
il in which they
w
ere e xcavated i
s not d
a mp and was strong enough t
o keep t
he sides firm.
The e
xistence of astorage p
it with b
urn t wa
lls at T
if ei, i
n the South of
Mo
ldov
ia s
hows t
hat t
he Carp
i f
ired t
he p
its w
hen t
he s
oil i
n wh
ich t
hey were
e
xcava
ted was n
ot s
uitab
le f
or t
he p
reserva
tion o
f c
erea
ls.

With r
egard t
o t
he advantages o
f preserving f
ood i
n p
its
, w e c
onsider
t
hat t
he i
nformat
ion of Tac
itus concerning t
he Germans 5
8 a
lso a
pplies t
o t
he
Carp
i. T
acitus s
ays t
hat t
he G
ermans p
reserved f
ood i
n p
its wh
ich were
c
overed w
ith r
ubb
ish i
n o
rder t
o p
rotect t
he m a
gainst t
he f
ros
t a
nd t
o c
oncea
l
t
he m f
ro m a
n e
ne my. A
fter t
heir d
eter
iora
tion s
o me s
torage-p
its w
ere u
sed
a
s rubbish-pits. Rough pits w
ith h
ollowed wa
lls f
ro m wh
ich clay was e
xtracted
f
or d
ifferent do mest
ic works h
ave b
een found i
n t
he set
tle men
ts o
f P o
iana-
Du
lce9t
i (
Varn
i0. p
it n
os. 2
5, 3
8) a
nd Butnäre e
i (
p
it n
o. 4
). T
he f
ol
low
ing
s
torage-pits cal
l f
or more at
tent
ion: n os. 3
1, 3
6, 45 and 80
, for t
hey con-
t
ained q
uan t
ities o
f p
ottery (
Pl. XIV/6
; XV I, f
ig. 4
-6). O ther o
bjects
, mill-
s
tones o
f pr
imitive t
ypes
, s na
ils (
Hel
ix po ma
tia L a
nd Cepaea V
indobonensis
P
feif
f59 )
and f
ish s
cales wh
ile on
ly po
ttery was f
ound i
n p
its n
os. 3
1 and 45
(
Pl. XV
I/4 a
nd f
ig. 6
). 1
3 b
roken p
ots
, 8o
f wh
ich h
ave b
een r
estored
, w
ere
f
ound i
n s
itu i
n p
it n
o. 3
1 a
nd 1
6 v
esse
ls, 1 o
f wh
ich h
ave b
een r
estored
,
were d
iscovered i
n p
it n
o. 4
5.

Hand- made p
ots predo m
inate in p
it n
o. 3
1 and whee
l- made vesse
ls a
re
p
redo minant i
n p
it n
o. 45; s o me o
f t
he more p
orous vessels w
ere complete
ly
b
roken a
nd c
ould n
ot b
e r
estored
. P
ots o
f l
arge s
ize p
redo m
inate i
n b
oth p
its
;
t
he v
essels n
os. 1
, 8a
nd 1
0 f
ro m p
it n
o. 4
5 r
epresen
t t
he l
arges
t c
onta
iners
wh
ich h
ave s
o f
ar b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he Carp
ic c
ulture. T
hey a
re whee
l-
made
, i
n af
ine f
abr
ic, a
nd g
rey-f
ired (
Pl. LXXXV
I). A
ll p
orous v
esse
ls
f
ound i
n p
it n
o. 3
1 a
re d
ecora
ted w
ith c
ordons w
ith t
hu mb i
mpress
ions.

T
he pits a
re o
f c
ylindrica
l form , p
it n
o. 3
1 be
ing 1.80 m wide a
nd 1
.90 m
d
eep and p
it n
o. 4
5 h
av ing a d
ia meter o
f 1
.65 m and a d
epth o
f 1
.70 m. The
f
our c
arbon
ized w
hea
t g
rains d
iscovered i
n v
esse
l n
o. 7 f
rom p
it n
o. 3
1, t
he
f
ish-sca
les f
ound i
n v
esse
l n
o. 3 f
rom p
it n
o. 8
0 a
nd t
he s
nails f
ro m p
it n
o. 3
6
a
ttes
t t
he p
urpose f
or wh
ich t
he p
its w
ere u
sed. A
ll t
hese "
depos
its" o
f
v
esse
ls i
n wh
ich f
ood was k
ept b
elong t
o t
he f
irs
t (
ear
lier
) o
ccupa
tion l
eve
l.

Tak
ing i
nto a
ccount the c
ontents, so me p
its f
ound i
n t
he set
t le ment a
t
Varn
i.g
. may be connected w
ith rel
igious pract
ices and s
uperstitutions which
w
ill b
e c
ons
idered i
n al
ater c
hap
ter
.

1
7
 I
I . CE METER
IES

T
he c
e me
ter
ies h
ave a
n i
mpor
tan
t p
art t
o p
lay i
n o
ur k
now
ledge o
f t
he
Carp
ic c
ulture.

T
he b
uria
l r
i
tes o
f t
he Carp
i a
re r
ela
tive
ly we
ll k
nown i
n c
ontrast t
o
o
ther e ar
lier o
r later cultures, whose funeral r
ites are n
ot we
ll-attested
even at p
resent
, d esp
ite t he intense r
esearch wh
ich h as b
een carr
ied o ut a
t
t
he di
fferent s
ites. T
he f irst Carpic mater
ials which we k
now w ere dis-
c
overed i
n t
he ce meteries. T h
is materia
l ca me f
rom stray f
inds and smal
l
d
igs c
arried o
ut a
t V ir
tiecoiu
, dis
trict o
f Vrancea and a
t Po
ieneeti
, distric
t
o
f Vas
lu i dur
ing t
he per
iod b
etween t
he two wor
ld wars. T he f
irs
t systematic
a
nd extensive e
xcava
tion was a
lso c
arried o
ut i
n t
he ce meteries a
t Poienee
ti
i
n 1
949
, Päduren
i i
n 1
957
, Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära i
n 1
957-1958
, Bu
tnäre.
e
ti i
n
1
961, Vä
len
i-Bo
tee
ti i
n 1
964-1967
, Bärboasa-Gä
läneet
i i
n 1
965-1967, C
ioara-
Oncep
ti in 1967 e
tc. Finds a
nd excavat
ions are k
nown a
t T
ifeeti
, 6° B
irsee
ti 6
1

and Popept
i6 2 i
n t
he d
istr
ict o
f Vrancea; Liept
i63 a
nd P echioaia
, in f
ront
o
f t
he s
tat
ion o
f Bä
len
i, i
n t
he d
istr
ict o
f G
ala
.
ti; I
väne9
ti-Go
logof
ta, 6
5

Du meet
ii V
ech
i, 6
6 M
icep
ti 6
7 a
nd S
är4en
ii d
e S
us 6
8 i
n t
he d
istr
ict o
f Vas
lui
;
Costest
i, 6
9 T
ibänep
ti, 70 Paecan
i-T
int
irim, 7
1 Pocreaca 72 Conle.e
t
i7 3 a
nd
Co marna 7
4 i
n t
he d
istr
ict of le; Räeätäu
, 7
5 Säucee
ti, 76 Märgineni-Barap 77
a
nd Bacgu lerbänee
ti (
Lutär
ie)
, 7
8 I
zvoare (
"at C
ioa
te"
) 79 a
nd Rä
.zbo
ien
i 8° i
n
t
he d
istr
ict o
f N
ea m.
1and o
ther p
laces (
see P
late I
I).

T
he f
inds a
t Päduren
i, Bu
tnäre p
i, V
irte9co
iu, P
oiene9
ti, T
ife9t
i, Mo
ldoven
i-
G
abära a
nd Vä
len
i-Bote9t
i s
how t
hat t
he C
arp
ic c
emeter
ies were s
i
tuated i
n t
he
immed
iate v
icin
ity o
f t
he s
ett
le men
ts, e
ither o
n t
he s
a me p
lateau (r
äduren
i,
T
ifeet
i), o
r h
il
l-s
lope (
Välen
i-Bo
tef
i
ti) o
r s
epara
ted b
y a smal
l r
iver a
s a
t
Bu
tnäre.e
t
i. I
n s
pite o
f t
he f
act t
hat
, s
o f
ar, o
nly t
he c
e me
tery o
f Po
ienee
ti
i
s publ
ished, we c
an form so me h
istor
ical and c
ultural conc
lusions abou
t the
Carpic c
e meter
ies o
n the b
asis o
f the exam
ination of a
l most t
he who
le ma ter
ial
d
iscovered i
n t
he other c
e meter
ies, except f
or t
he f
inds o
f Va-l
eni-Botegt
i a
nd
S
ähäoani a
nd so me s
tray-f
inds (Pocreaca, Tin
tir
im, Du me9ti
i V ech
i, Sãr eni
i
d
e S
us). I
n p
art
icu
lar
, w
e h
ave b
ased t
he s
tudy o
f t
he c
e meter
ies u
pon o
ur
own o
bserva
tions f
rom Butnäree
ti a
nd Päduren
i (
Pl. )
0(-XX
II).

T
he Carp
i g
enera
lly p
ract
ised t
he r
i
te o
f c
re ma
tion
. I
nhuma
tion i
s
s
carce
ly a
ttested a
nd i
s u
sua
lly c
onf
ined t
o c
hildren
.

Cre ma
tion g
raves

F
our var
ian t f
or ms of c
re ma
tion are d
ist
inguishab
le , t
hree o
f t
he m w
ell-
a
ttes
ted and the f
ourth doubt
ful because o
f t
he l
ack of i
nformation b
ased o
n
f
ie
ld i
nvest
iga
tion
:-

1. Bur
ials i
n c
inerary u
rns w
ith l
id.
2
. The r
e ma
ins o
f t
he c
re ma
tion a
re p
laced d
irect
ly, w
ithou
t u
rns
, i
nthe
g
rave.

1
8
 3
. Bur
ial i
n cinerary urns without l
id.
4
. The r
e ma
ins of the cre ma
tion are p
laced w
ithout u
rns i
n s
tone c
ists.

T
he Carp
i u
sua
lly p
rac
tised t
he f
irs
t t
wo v
arian
ts. The t
h
ird o
ccurs more
r
are
ly a
nd t
he f
our
th i
s "
attested" b
y o
ne s
ing
le g
rave f
ound a
t Mo
ldoven
i-
G
abä
.ra .8
1 Cre mat
ion i
sused f
or b
oth a
dul
ts a
nd c
hildren
.

The graves b
elonging t
o the f
irs
t var
iant c
onsist genera
lly of a
n urn covered
w
ith a s
pecial l
id
, dish, f
ruit-stand w
ith o
r w
ithout pedesta
l, botto ms o
f ves-
s
els o
r with p
orous whee
l- made s
herds. So met
i mes t
he sherds u
sed a
s l
ids
c
a me f
ro m t
he u
pper par
t o
f the s
a me u
rn (
Butnäre9t
i, grave no. 8
). The
d
ishes w
ere l
a
id e
ither w
ith t
he mouth d
own (
Butnär qt
i, g
rave n
o. 7
2 a
nd 1
8
[
Pl. XXI/3
]; Po
iene9ti, g
raves nos. 3
1, 36, 1
01, 15, 2
54, 2
79, 2
88, 3
22
a
nd 327
) or u
p (
Poiene9t
i, graves n
os. 22, 5
3, 7
1, 1
00, 1
46, 2
39, 2
40, 2
51,
3
20, 3
43 a
nd 3
49 [
Pl. LX
[X/2
, 5
]
). A
ll t
he f
ruit-s
tands w
ith o
r w
ithou
t p
edes-
t
als a
re l
aid w
ith t
he mou
th d
own (
Pl. LX
E/2
). I
n as
ing
le c
ase t
he u
rn h
as
b
een covered w
ith a f
la
t m
ill-s
tone w
ith r
ounded e
dges (
Päduren
i, g
rave n
o.
8
2). 8
2

S
econdary v
esse
ls o
ccur s
porad
ica
lly a
nd c
ons
ist o
f s
ing
le h
and
led g
rey
o
r r
ed mugs (
Vir
tipco
iu, P
äduren
i, Butnärept
i, P
oien et
i, Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
and Vg
len
i-Bo teeti
) o
r clay beakers
, (
Päduren
i, grave n
o. 82 and C
ioara-
Once9t
i, grave no. 1
5). T here are a
lso Dac
ian c
ups as secondary v
essels
(
Päduren
i, Butnäre9t
i, P
oiene9
ti).

The s
econdary v
esse
ls w
ere p
laced e
ither i
nside o
r b
eside t
he u
rn. The
u
rn o
f g
rave n
o. 2
30 f
ound a
t Po
iene9
ti h
ad i
nside a g
rey d
ish l
a
id w
ith t
he
mouth d
own over t
he bones
, which p
robably c
onta
ined s
ome f
ood as a
n o
ffer-
i
ng. T he d
ish h
ad no
t played t
he r
ole o
f alid
, as h
as b
een s
upposed, b
ecause
o
f t
he e
xistence o
f af
ruit-s
tand w
ithou
t p
edes
tal wh
ich c
overed t
he mouth o
f
t
he u
rn. 84 T
he c
re ma
ted b
ones a
nd v
arious o
rnamen
ts o
r d
o mes
tic o
bjects
(
knives
) were p
laced i
n t
he u
rns. I
thas b
een n
oticed a
t Päduren
i a
nd p
ar-
t
icular
ly at Butnäre ei t
hat f
irs
t the b
ones were c
arefu
lly co
llected a
nd l
aid
i
nside the u
rns and then t
he re ma
ins of a
shes, c
harcoal a
nd rarely f
ragments
o
f h
ear
th-crust w
ere s
trewn o
ver t
he b
ones. I
n s
o me c
e me
ter
ies t
he r
e ma
ins
o
f t
he f
unera
l p
yres
, f
or w
hich t
here was n
o s
pace i
n t
he u
rn, w
ere s
trewn o
ver
t
he urns and f
ell a
round t
he p
ots. (
P'äduren
i, graves n
os. 1
, 3
, 6, 47, 4 8
;
Butnäre9t
i, graves n
os. 7
, 9, 10
, 1
7). I ti
s i
nterest
ing t
o n
ote t
hat al most
a
ll t
he u
rns w
ith i
ntact l
i
ds a
nd c
onta
ining b
ones o
f a
dul
ts w
ere c
omp
lete
ly
f
ull u
p to the n
eck. Probab ly t
he urn was a
t first f
i
lled e
ntire
ly and t
hen,
owing to s
ett
ling, t
he neck and a p
art o
f t
he i
nterior became emp ty. So me
urns conta
ined bones b
elonging t
o the who
le skeleton, b
ut t
his is n
ot t
ypica
l
o
f t
he majority o
f cases. The bones were c
areful
ly co
llected a
nd p
laced i
n
t
he urns a
nd the f
ragmen ts o
f t
he s
kul
ls have o
ften b
een found t
owards t
he
b
otto m o
f t
he pot. The l
ess deep g
raves and t
hose whose covers w
ere d
am-
a
ged generally c
onta
ined a sma
ller n
u mber o
f bones. F or t
his r
eason
, the
s
i
tua
tion a
t Vä
len
i-Bote9
ti, where a
l mos
t a
ll t
he c
re mat
ion g
raves (
with u
rns
o
r w
ithou
t u
rns
) c
onta
ined f
ew b
ones
, may b
e a
ttr
ibu
ted n
ot o
nly t
o t
he p
ract
ice
o
f s
o me r
i
tua
l b
ut a
lso t
o t
he a
ction o
f c
orros
ive a
gen
ts, t
aking a
ccoun
t o
f t
he
f
act t
hat t
he g
raves were s
hal
low
. The s
tate o
f p
reserva
tion o
f t
he b
ones
(
cre ma
ted o r no
t) a
lso d
epends o
n t
he n a
ture o
f the s
oil
: w e know t
hat hum
id
a
gents act d
ifferen
tly i
n d
if
ferent s
oils. T he s
pecial
ist l
i
terature ment
ions

1
9
t
h
is si
tuat
ion at F
er ige
le and B
irseet
i, where t
he c remated bones i
n s
o me
g
raves f
ro m t
he Late Hal
lsta
tt per
iod w
ere co mpletely d
eco mposed. G ener-
a
lly
, b
ones p
rotected b
y al
ayer o
f a
sh h
ave b
een f
ound i
n ab
etter s
tate o
f
p
reserva
tion. However
, i
tis s
t
ill t
he c
ase t
hat g
raves w
ith f
ew b
ones (
even
i
n c
overed u
rns
) i
n a
ddit
ion t
o u
rns w
ith many b
ones h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t
Butnäre e
i and e
specia
lly at Pädureni; t
his suggests tha
t t
he r
e mains o
f the
f
uneral-pyre were n
ot always carefu
lly c
ollected
, e xcept
ing
, of c
ourse, the
g
rave-goods s
uch a
s o
rna men
ts a
nd t
he a
ccessor
ies o
f c
loth
ing
.

T
he f
orm a
nd t
he d
i mens
ions o
f t
he g
raves h
ave b
een d
eterm
ined a
t
Butnarest
i and
, i
n so me c
ases
, at Padureni. The g
raves were of t
runca
ted-
cone (w
ith n
arrower bot
to m
) or c
ylindr
ical f
orm. T he max
i mu m d
iameter
was a
bou
t 0
.60 m a
nd t
he m
ini mu m d
ia meter d
id n
ot e
xceed 0
.40-0.50 m. A
t
Boteeti, t
he graves were o
f cy
lindrica
l o r s
l
ightly o
val f
or m. The width o
f
t
he g raves d
epended frequen
tly on t
he size o
f t
he urn a
nd on the d
epth o
f t
he
h
ole d
ug i
n t
he g
round
. T
he d
epth o
f t
he g
raves v
aried b
etween 0
.50 a
nd
0
.70 m a
t Vrr
ti.p
coiu
, 0.49 a
nd 1
.44 m a
t Poieneet
iwhere t
he ma
jor
ity, about
6
6% of g
raves, were a
t adep
th o
f 0
.70-0.90 m, 0.50 a
nd 1
.20 m a
t Moldoveni-
G
abära
, 0
.45 a
nd 1
.05 m a
t Päduren
i, 0
.41 a
nd 1
.15 m a
t Butnä
,reet
i a
nd
a
bou
t 0
.50 m a
t Bärboasa-Gä
läne9
ti.

Two t
ypes of t
his var
iant of c
re ma
tion a
re d
istinguishable
: graves con-
t
ain
ing who le urns c
overed with a s
pecia
l l
id, d
ish, fruit-s
tand o
r sherd and
g
raves containing as u
rn par
t of avessel o
nly, t
hat i
s the l
ower par
t, or a
s
herd b
elong
ing t
o t
he wa
ist o
f t
he p
ot a
nd c
overed w
ith a
nother s
herd o
r w
ith
afragmen
tary dish (Butnäre e
i, g
raves no
. 2a nd 4
). This second t
ype may
i
ndica
te e
ither poor people
, or c
erta
in pract
ices of t
he b
uria
l rite a
nd r
itua
l;
t
he v
essels p
laced b
eside t
he f
unera
l p
yre t
o s
erve a
s c
inerary u
rns c
ould
n
ot be r
eplaced ifthey broke and the b
ones w ere la
id on t
he largest s
herd.
Graves w
ith covered urns occur most frequently i
n Carpic c
e meteries a
nd
c
ontain t
he r
ichest "grave furniture". S uch graves a
re also at
tested i
n t
he
G
eto-Dac
ian c
e meter
ies c
onte mporary w
ith t
he G
eto-Dac
ian ma
ter
ial c
ulture
a
nd f
or t
h
is r
eason a
re n
ot s
pec
ifica
lly i
ndica
tive o
f t
he Carp
i.

2
. We p resu med in 1
961 t
he ex
istence o
f t
he second var
iant of bur
ial-r
ite
o
n t
he basis o
f t
he discovery a
t P
oieneeti8
5 of "
seven graves in which t
he u
rns
h
ad v an
ished w ithout a
ny s
ign t
hat t
hey broke o
n the s
pot, for sherds h
ave
n
ot been f
ound". T h
is varian
t has now been a
ttested i
n a
ll t
he c
e me
ter
ies re-
c
ent
ly invest
igated
, n amely a
t Butr
iäree
ti, Dochia, Bärboasa
, Välen
i-Bote,
e
ti
e
tc. T
he f
orm i
s a
lso p
resen
t i
n t
he n
ecropo
lis a
t Paduren
i. 8
6 T
he f
ol
low-
i
ng d
ata may sugges
t t
he proportion o
f t
h
is var
iant i
n t
he ce meteries
: t hree
o
f 1
8 graves f
ound a
t Butnäreet
i in 1
961 be
long t
o t
his v
ariant (graves n
os. 5,
6
, 1
4); four b
urials h
ave b
een discovered a
t Dochia
: t hree were in u
rns
,
o
ne was w
ithou
t urn; 91 o
f 290 bur
ials a
t Bärboasa were without u
rns; ap-
p
rox
i mate
ly 4
5% o
f t
he t
ota
l o
f t
he c
rema
tion-bur
ials a
t Vä
len
i-Bo
te .
e
ti b
elong
t
o t
h
is v
arian
t.8
7 We b
elieve t
hat s
uch b
uria
ls a
lso e
xisted i
n t
he c
e me
tery
o
f Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
, b
ut t
hat t
hey h
ave n
ot b
een o
bserved.

G
enera
lly t
he g
raves c
onta
ined f
ew b
ones. S
omet
i mes t
he b
ones were
g
athered i
n t
he c
entre o
f t
he g
rave a
nd a
t o
ther t
imes t
hey w
ere s
cat
tered
o
ver t
he who
le s
urface o
f t
he g
rave. T
he b
ones w
ere d
eco mposed more
e
asi
ly b
y c
orros
ive a
gen
ts ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat t
hey l
a
id d
irect
ly o
n t
he

2
0
g
round. The b
ones were be
ter p
reserved a
nd i
n l
arger p
ropor
tion when t
he
a
shes were i
n ag
rea
t q
uan
tity (
Butnäree
ti, g
rave n
o. 5
).

Frequen
tly t
he g
raves o
f t
h
is v
arian
t o
f b
uria
l-r
ite d
id n
ot c
onta
in g
rave-
g
oods a
nd belonged t
o t
he p
oor p
eople o
f Carp
ic s oc
iety; those o
f Butnäreet
i
c
onta
ined o
nly cre ma
ted b
ones
; t hree o
f t
he seven graves d
iscovered a
t
Po
ieneeti conta
ined cre mated bones (
graves nos. 31, 46 and 326) a
nd four
h
ave the fo
llowing grave-goods: ab ead of g
lass (grave no. 142), a f
ragment
o
f iron f
ibula (
grave no. 307), a b
one bead (
grave n o. 1
40). Many o f t
he
g
raves f
ound a
t Vä
leni-Boteet
i c on
tained,i
n a
ddit
ion t
o the a
shes and c
alc
ined
b
ones, f
ragments o
f po
ttery belonging t
o o
ne o
r even more v
essels.

T
he graves f
ound a
t B
utnäreeti a
re o
f cy
lindr
ical form and t
he d
ia meter
d
oes no
t exceed 0
.55 m. The fi
nds at Z
i mn
icea 8
8 at
test t
hat t
his v
ariant oc-
c
urs i
n t
he G
etan b
uria
ls i
n Mun
ten
ia e
ven i
n t
he La T
ene p
eriod a
nd t
hose a
t
Mätäsaru, Scornic e i a
nd Chi
lia 8
9 prove t
he exis
tence of th
is var ian
t i
n the
s
a me region i
n the 2nd-3rd c
entur
ies A.D . T his var
iant occurs in Transylvan
ia
i
n the c
e meteries o
f Soporul d
e dimple and Lechinp. de Mure2. 9 ° The g
rave-
t
ype i
s a
ttested a
lso w
ith
in t
he L
ipi
Sa a
nd Przeworsk c
ultures .
91

3
. The t
hird v
arian
t i
ncludes t
he g
raves w
ith u
rns w
ithou
t l
id a
nd o
ccurs
a
t P
oienee
ti (
f
ive g
raves
), Bu
tnäree
ti (
grave n
o. 7
1), Pgduren
i (
graves n
os.
1
9, 2
1, 2
4, 3
1, 4
3, 5
4, 7
5) a
nd V
5len
i-Bo
t et
i. 9
2 T
he f
orm o
f t
he g
raves i
s
i
dent
ical t
o t
hat o
f the graves be
long
ing t
o the f
irst v
arian
t. T he graves of
Bu
tnareet
i and Pädureni conta
ined f
ew c
alcined bones. Th is v
arian
t of b
urial
r
i
te i s a
lso a
ttested w
ith
in t
he Ch
ilia- M
ilitar
i c
ultures a
t Mä
täsaru
, Ch
ilia
,
S
corn
iceeti e
tc .
93

4
. The fourth v
ariant
, the l
aying o
f the r
e mains, without u
rn, in acis
t
improvised o
f f
lag-s
tones, may be presu med t
o occur in one s
ingle case i
n the
c
e metery o
f Moldoveni-Gabä
.ra. T he grave i
s at adepth of 1
.20 m. The t ype
o
f g
rave s
ee ms t
o b
e i
den
tica
l w
ith g
rave n
o. 7 f
ro m L
ech
inp d
e Muree. 94

The p
lann
ing o
f t
he c
e meter
ies

There a
re n
o b uria
l-barrows within t
he Virt
iyco iu-Po
ien eti cu
lture; al
l
t
he c
e meter
ies c
ontain on
ly f
lat-graves. S o me graves a
t Pädureni
, Bu tng
.r-
e.e
t
i a
nd Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära a
re b
ased o
n f
amily g
roups. T
he e
xistence o
f
s
o me s
igns o
f w
ooden-pos
ts, s
tones o
r h
ear
ths o
f e
arth may b
e s
upposed.
S
o me o
f t
he s
tones f
ound a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära a
t ad
epth o
f 0
.20-0.30 m p
rob-
a
bly s
erved a
s g
rave-s
igns
; t
hey d
o n
ot b
elong t
o t
he r
e ma
ins o
f t
he f
unera
l-
p
yre a
s I
ulian An
tonescu s
uggests. Ow
ing t
o t
he o
blong f
orm o
f t
he h
il
lock
"
Dea
lul T
eilor" a
t Po
ienee
ti, t
he g
raves w
ere a
rranged s
o mewha
t i
n r
ows.
The ce metery a
t Pä
.-d
ureni was g
rouped i
nto l
arge areas b
oth t
o t
he North a
nd
t
o the South, w
ith approx
i mate
ly 2/3 o
f t
he graves s
i
tuated i
n t
he n
orthern
g
roup (
Pl. XX
). Accord
ing t
o t
he p
lan o
f t
he c
e me
tery a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
,
t
he g
roups o
f g
raves w
ere a
rranged s
o mewha
t i
n ac
irc
le; t
he g
raves a
re
a
bsent i
n t
he c
entre o
f t
he ce metery a
nd a
lso between two g
roups a
t Päduren
i.
We c
ould n
ot a
scerta
in whether the s
a me was t
rue a
t Butnäree
ti: here t
he
c
e metery h
as b
een p
art
ial
ly d
estroyed b
y t
he o
rchard a
nd t
he r
oad a
nd we
c
ould o
nly i
nvest
iga
te i
t
s e
astern p
art
. We c
anno
t d
iscuss t
he o
ther c
e me-
t
eries s
ince t
heir p
lans a
re u
npub
lished.

2
1
The c
re ma
tion-p
lace

T
he p
lace o
fburn
ing t
he d
ead i
s a
lso ap
rob
le m w
ith t
he c
e me
ter
ies o
f
V
irtiecoiu t
ype. Unti
l n
ow t
here has b
een n
o r
elevan
t observation a
t any
c
e metery which c
an b
e u
sed t
o e
nligh
ten t
he ma
tter. I
tis poss
ib le t
o p
ut for-
ward the hypothesis t
hat t
he dead were cremated i
n ovens 95 on t
he bas
is of
t
he discovery of fragments of hear
th-crust t
ogether with bones i
n the s
ame
graves at Butngreeti (
graves nos. 16,19
), a
nd Päduren i (
graves nos.46, 4
8, 5
0,
5
7, 6
8). Hear
ths o
f o
vens wh
ich a
re v
ery h
ard-burn
t a
nd wh
ich c
an b
e c
on-
n
ected w
ith other t
races of occupation h
ave been d
iscovered with
in t
he c
eme-
t
eries o
f Bärboasa and Butnäre§ti
; o ne hear
th has been d
iscovered a
t
Bu
tnäre e
i a
nd f
ive h
ear
ths h
ave b
een f
ound a
t Bärboasa. I
n c
ontras
t t
o t
he
s
ize o
f t
he h
ear
th o
f t
he o
ven f
ound a
t Bu
tnäree
ti wh
ich measured 0
.75 x
1
.40 m, those o
f Bärboasa were much sma
ller: 0.50 x 0
.80 m. T he f
ind
ing
o
f c
re ma
tion-ovens at Z
i mn
icea and Po
ieneet
i da
ting f
ro m t
he 4
th c
entury
B
.C. 97 and t
he fact t
hat n
o t
races o
f f
unera
l p
yres h
ave b
een f
ound u
ntil n
ow,
s
upports t
his hypothes
is.

T
he e
xistence o
f t
he t
hree a
sh- mounds o
n t
he V
alea Case
lor a
t P
oiene§
tf,
which have not b
een i
nves
tiga
ted s
o f
ar, c
annot c
ontr
ibu
te t
o t
he s
olv
ing o
f
.
t
his proble m.

T
he o
ven f
ound i
n t
he c
e metery o
f Butnares
ti was o
f e
longa
ted h
orseshoe
f
orm
; b
ecause o
f t
he f
act t
hat i
thas b
een d
estroyed b
y p
lough
ing
, o
nly t
he
h
ear
th a
nd a sma
ll p
art o
f t
he wa
ll o
f t
he d
ome a
re p
reserved. T
he d
ome was
made o
f c
lay con
taining much c
haf
f. The hearth o
f t
he oven was bu
ilt o
n a
"
bed" o
f smal
l stones and i
s a
t adepth o
f 0
.25 m f
rom the presen
t-day ground-
l
eve
l. The h
ear
th h
ad b
een r
estored t
hree t
imes
; i
thad b
een r
aised b
y
0
.035 m o
n t
he o
ccas
ion o
f t
he l
ast r
estora
tion when a l
ayer o
f p
ebb
les m
ixed
w
ith e
arth was l
a
id o
n t
he b
ase. Ow
ing t
o t
he i
ntense h
eat
, t
he h
ear
th i
s a
mass o
f s
lag. T he t
hickness o
f t
he r
ed-fired s
oil u
nderneath t
he hearth
v
aried i
n d
epth f
ro m 0.15 m a
t t
he s
toke-hole
, 0.10 m in t
he centre a
nd 0.08 m
a
t t
he e
nd o
f t
he h
ear
th, a
nd s
pecks o
f c
harcoa
l a
nd f
our v
itr
ified s
herds w
ere
f
ound o
n i
t
. T
he s
toke-ho
le o
f t
he o
ven l
i
es t
o t
he S
outh. There a
re n
o
g
raves i
n c
lose p
rox
imity t
o i
t
, t
he n
eares
t g
rave b
eing s
itua
ted 2 m t
o t
he
East (
Pl. X
IX).

T
he p
resence o
f o
vens w
ith
in t
he c
e meter
ies o
f Bu
tnär W
i a
nd Bärboasa
a
llows u
s t
o p
ut f
orward t
wo h
ypo
theses
; e
i
ther t
he o
vens w
ere u
sed t
o c
re-
mate t
he d
ead o
r f
or prepar
ing t
he p
resu med f
unera
l f
easts. 9
8 Future
a
rchaeolog
ica
l f
inds a
nd exa m
ina
tion o
f t
he f
ragmentary bones d
iscovered o
n
t
he h
ear
ths o
f Bärboasa w
ill s
how w
hich h
ypo
thes
is s
hou
ld b
e a
ccepted. T
he
sma
ll s
ize o
f t
he h
ear
ths a
rgues a
gainst t
he f
irst a
nd u
nti
l n
ew d
iscover
ies
a
re made I r
e ma
in c
onv
inced t
hat t
he d
ead w
ere c
re ma
ted o
n p
yres s
i
tuated
i
n t
he o
pen a
ir. T
he g
rave-goods
, e
spec
ial
ly t
hose f
ro m t
he f
irst c
ategory
o
f c
re ma
tion
,cons
isted o
f p
ottery
, a
rticles o
f d
o mes
tic u
se, a
ccessor
ies
f
rom g
armen
ts, t
o
ilet e
quip men
t a
nd o
rnamen
ts (
Pl. CLX
II-CXC
).

P
orous p
ottery
, c
erta
inly o
f Dac
ian t
rad
ition
,is r
epresen
ted b
y t
he u
rns o
f
j
ar t
ype w
ith d
ecora
tion o
r p
lain (
Pl. XX
I/5
, XX
II/3-4
). The ma
jor
ity o
f t
he
u
rns a
re d
ecora
ted w
ith c
ordons w
ith t
hu mb-
i mpressed d
ecora
tion. T
his t
ype
o
furn o
ccurs i
n a
ll t
he c
e meter
ies w
hich h
ave b
een more i
ntens
ively i
nvest
iga-
t
ed. T
he Dac
ian c
up, h
igh
ly c
haracter
ist
ic o
f t
he G
eto-Dac
ian c
ulture
, i
s t
he
s
econd f
orm wh
ich o
ccurs f
requen
tly i
n a
ll t
he c
e meter
ies.

2
2
 P
orous p
ottery i
s much r
arer t
han whee
l- made ware b
oth i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts
a
nd t
he c
e meter
ies. On
ly d
ne s
ing
le g
rave (
grave n
o. 1
) o
f 5
5 wh
ich h
ave b
een
d
iscovered a
t P
oienegt
i c
onta
ined a p
orous u
rn; o
nly a f
ew o
f 6
4 g
raves w
ith
u
rns d
iscovered a
t Moldoveni-Gabära con
tained porous u
rns (
graves no. 2
, 4,
1
0, 2
3, 39); fi
ve of 7
7 graves a
t Pädureni c
onta
ined porous u
rns (graves n
os.
2
, 1
9, 4
0, 5
5, 8
6). T
he p
orous u
rns a
re r
are a
lso a
t Bärboasa- a
länee
ti,
S
ohodor-Horge.e
t
i a
nd C
ioara-Oncegt
i. Whee
l- made p
ottery i
s more n
u merous
o
nly a
t Butnaree
ti a
nd Vä
len
i-Bo
tee
ti‚
accoun
ting f
or a
bout o
ne t
h
ird o
f t
he t
ota
l
u
rns. The fo
llowing graves f
ro m Butnäreg
ti c
ontained porous urns: nos. 9
,
1
0, 13, 1
6 a
nd 19 (Pl. XXI
I/3-4). Grey wheel- made pot
tery invariab
ly pre-
d
ominates i
n a
l
l t
he c
e me
ter
ies ,
red ware b
eing more r
are. Accord
ing t
o t
he
p
ubl
ished materia
l, red-f
ired u
rns, l
ids a
nd jugs h
ave been d
iscovered a
t
P
oienee
ti, Moldoven
i-Gabära, P nureni
, Butnareet
i and B'
ärboasa. One
s
ing
le r
ed mug emp
loyed a
s as
econdary v
esse
l h
as b
een f
ound a
t V
irt
ieco
iu.
The l
argest q
uantity o
f red ware has b
een d
iscovered a
t Poieneet
i: 23 urns,
2
1 li
ds and a mug. T here are grey f
abric c
opies o
f a
ll t
he forms e
xcept the
u
rns with z
oo morphic hand
les (Poieneet
i, Moldoven
i-Gabära, Bärboa_
ea-
G
älänee
ti a
nd I
väneg
ti-Go
logof
ta) o
r w
ith h
and
les w
ith c
upu
lae (
Poieneg
ti).
T
here a
re s
ing
le f
inds c
ons
ist
ing o
nly o
f g
rey p
ottery
, b
ut t
h
is s
i
tua
tion i
s
n
ot c
onclus
ive s
ince i
tconcerns o
nly a f
ew g
raves.

I
t s
hou
ld b
e n
oted t
hatt
he v
esse
ls r
ecovered f
ro m t
he c
eme
ter
ies were
n
ot i
ntended on
ly for a f
unerary f
unct
ion, with t
he excep
tion o
f t
he u
rns w
ith
z
oo morphic h
andles or with h
and
les with p
rotuberances and c
upu
lae wh
ich
h
ave n
ot been s
o far d
iscovered i
n t
he set
tle ments. S o met
i mes t
he vessels
s
erved a
s urns a
fter t
hey had b
een used f
or do mestic p
urposes ; for t
his
r
eason
, t
he l
ack o
f t
he r
im o
f t
he v
esse
l, e
ither p
art
ial
ly o
r e
ntire
ly, a
nd
d
amage t
o t
he mouth
, c
annot b
e e
xpla
ined s
imp
ly a
s ac
onsequence o
f t
he
p
rac
tice o
f s
o me r
itua
l, a
s s
o me r
esearchers t
h
ink
. S
o me v
esse
ls migh
t
h
ave b
een d a maged dur
ing the c
ere monies wh
ich took p
lace on t
he occas
ion
o
f t
he cre mat
ion, others b
eing only s
hallowly b
uried might b
e da maged by
s
ubsequen
t a
gricu
ltura
l a
ctiv
ity
.

T
here i
s s
o me e
vidence wh
ich l
ead t
o t
he c
onc
lus
ion t
hat r
icher p
eop
le
u
sed n
ew v
esse
ls a
s u
rns
. S
o me v
esse
ls (
urns
, l
ids a
nd o
ther o
ffer
ing-
v
esse
ls) d
iscovered a
t Bärboa§a-Gä
länee
ti (
Carp
ica
, I
, p
. 2
06)
, Vä
len
i-
B
otee
ti, Dum i
treeti
i-Gälät
ii (AM, VI, p
. 132) Pädureni and S
ohodor have
h
ad a s
econdary f
ir
ing, probab
ly on t
he o
ccasion of burning t
he dead o
r
d
uring the cere monies wh
ich took place at t
he pyre. F or this r
eason t
he
t
hesis t
hat the secondary fir
ing of vesse
ls fro m graves is t
ypica
l on
ly o
f
t
he Taiphales must b e r
evised as well a
s ethnic a
ttribut
ions made on t
he
b
asis o
f t
his d
eta
il. I
tshou
ld b
e n
oted t
hat s
econdary-f
ired v
esse
ls h
ave b
een
d
iscovered a
t Räcätäu a
nd o
ther s
i
tes d
ating f
ro m t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene
p
eriod (
c
f. M. N
., I
, 1
957, p
. 3
29).

The ex
istence of anumber o
f orna men
ts d
efor med by f
ire o
r with t
races
o
f c
ontact with f
ire s
ugges
ts two h
ypotheses; ei
ther the corpse was c
re mated
t
oge
ther w
ith h
is o
rnamen
ts, o
r t
he d
ead d
id n
ot b
ear t
he o
rnamen
ts d
uring
t
he c
re ma
tion a
nd t
hese w
ere p
laced t
oge
ther w
ith t
he h
eated r
e ma
ins o
f t
he
c
re ma
tion i
n t
he u
rns. T
his m
igh
t e
xpla
in t
he s
l
igh
t d
eforma
tion o
f s
o me
o
bjects
, b
ut i
s n
ot s
uppor
ted b
y t
he f
act t
hat t
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he o
bjects b
ear
t
he t
races o
f c
ontact w
ith f
ire
, a
lthough t
here e
xis
t a
lso o
rna men
ts wh
ich

2
3
h
ave n
o t
race o
f s
uch c
ontact
. T
his f
act i
ndicates t
hat t
he r
e ma
ins o
f t
he c
re-
ma
tion w
ere n
ot a
lways c
ollected when s
t
ill h
ot.

S
o met
i mes t
he g
rave-goods were q
uite r
ich
, a
nd t
he f
ollow
ing h
ave b
een
d
iscovered i
n g
raves
: k
nives o
f i
ron
, s
ewing n
eed
les
, k
eys
, b
elt-buck
les
,
f
ibu
lae, f
rag men
ts of g
old-tex
tiles
, glass-beakers
, mirrors o
f S
armatian
t
ype, p
owder cases
, g o
ld-pendants made in f
il
igree t
echn
ique, e
ar-r
ings of
s
i
lver
, amu
lets o
f meta
l, b
eads i
n d
ifferen
t s
hapes a
nd s
izes made o
f d
iffer-
e
nt ma
ter
ials (
g
lass
, s
tone
, c
ora
l e
tc.). T
hey a
re n
ot c
ons
idered h
ere s
ince
t
hey a
re t
he sub
ject of aspec
ial chapter. G eneral
ly, weapons are absen
t i
n
t
he c
re ma
tion-graves
, only one s
ingle fragmentary i
ron dagger hav
ing been
f
ound i
n g
rave n
o. 3
07 f
ro m Po
iene§t
i. C
oins h
ave b
een f
ound i
n g
raves o
nly
a
t Po
iene e
i a
nd Du m
itrest
ii-Ga
lat
ii, i
n t
wo g
rey u
rns
, o
ne p
iece i
n e
ach p
ot.
The c
oin f
ound at Du m
itre9t
ii-Gä
l ei i
s p
erforated a
nd ithas p
robably b
een
u
sed as a meda
llion. Bo th co
ins a
re v
ery bat
tered and b
urnt
, the p
iece of
Poienesti b
eing a
l mos
t ent
irely destroyed a
nd tha
t of Du m
itre§
tii-Gä
läpi a
barbarian imi
tat
ion of a
n issue o
f Antoninus P
ius (138-161). Five c
oins (
f
our
o
fbronze
, o
ne o
f s
i
lver
) d
ating f
ro m t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. h
ave b
een d
is-
c
overed w
ith
in t
he p
eri meter o
f t
he c
e me
tery a
t P
oiene§t
i/t
wo c
oins o
f Ph
ilip
t
he Arab (
244-249), o
ne bronze o
f Trebon
ianus Gal
lus (
251-253
), o ne b
ronze
f
ro m t
he 3
rd century (
i
llegib
le) a
nd one s
ilver c
oin o
f O
tacil
ia Severa, the
w
ife o
f Ph
ilip t
he Arab.

The major
ity o
f t
he f
ibulae which h
ave been f
ound in t
he cemeter
ies are
u
npublished a
nd f
or t
his r
eason we know the
ir nu mber on
ly at P
oienest
i, 19
p
ieces (9 o
f b
ronze a
nd 10 o
f iron
), Pädureni, 1
2 pieces (6 o
f b
ronze, 5of
i
ron
, 1o
f b
ronze w
ith i
ron p
in), Butn ee§
ti, 3p
ieces f
rom wh
ich t
wo a
re
i
ntact (
2 o
f bronze and 1 o
f i
ron
) a
nd V
irt
i9coiu
, 2pieces o
f bronze. Usual
ly
t
he Carpi p
laced one s
ingle f
ibu
la i
n e
ach g
rave, b
ut t
wo f
ibulae p
laced i
n t
he
s
ame graves h
ave been f
ound in t
hree c
ases a
t Po
iene§ti (
grave 15 i
n ar
ed
u
rn, 2
39 and 2
54 i
n grey urns
) and i
n one c
ase a
t Sohodor-Horge§
ti a
nd
Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära. The Carp
i a
dop
ted t
h
is c
usto m f
ro m t
he G
oths o
r f
ro m
t
he o
ther G
er man t
r
ibes w
ith who m
, a
s w
e s
hal
l s
how l
ater
, t
hey w
ere i
n
c
ontact
.

I
nhu ma
tion b
uria
ls

I
nhu ma
tion g
raves b
elong
ing f
or t
he mos
t p
art t
o c
hildren h
ave b
een f
ound
i
n t
he c
e meter
ies o
f P
oiene§t
i, Mo
ldoven
i-Gabgra
, Vä
len
i-Bo
te e
i a
nd
S
äbäoani. Cre ma
tion-burials p
redo minate i
n t
hese c
e meteries w
ith t
he
e
xcept
ion o
f t
hat at S
äbäoani. A lthough t
he s
ame s
itua
tion appears t
o ex
ist
i
n a
l
l t
he a
bove- men
tioned s
i
tes
, ac
arefu
l a
nalys
is s
hows t
he e
xis
tence o
f
s
o me d
ifferences wh
ich a
re s
o met
i mes o
f i
mpor
tance. S
ince t
he q
uest
ion o
f
t
he e
thn
ic a
ttr
ibut
ion o
f t
hese c
e me
ter
ies h
as g
iven r
ise t
o c
ontroversy
, we
w
ill d
escr
ibe t
he m b
rief
ly.

Vä
len
i-Bo
tee
ti (
d
istr
ict o
f N
ea m)

4
84 9
9 g
raves h
ave b
een d
iscovered d
uring t
he p
eriod 1
964-1967
, 3
79 b
eing
c
re ma
tion b
uria
ls a
nd 1
05 i
nhu mat
ion-bur
ials
, e
ntire
ly o
f c
hildren
. Two
v
arian
ts o
f i
nhu mat
ion-bur
ial c
an b
e d
ist
ingu
ished
: b
uria
l i
n ag
rave l
ined
p
art
ial
ly w
ith s
tones
, t
h
is t
ype b
eing s
carce
, a
nd o
rdinary i
nhu ma
tions i
n a

2
4
s
i mp
le g
rave wh
ich was s
o met
i mes marked b
y s
tones p
laced o
n t
he s
urface o
f
t
he g
round
, e
ither a
t t
he h
ead o
r a
long t
he t
o mb. The ma
jor
ity o
f t
he s
keletons
w
ere o
rien
tated f
ro m t
he N
orth (
t
he s
kul
l) t
o t
he S
outh (
f
eet
) a
nd l
a
id o
n t
he b
ack
a
t ad
epth o
f 0
.65-1.00 m i
n r
ectangu
lar g
raves. T
here a
re a
lso g
raves
o
rien
tated Wes
t-Eas
t (
no. 6
8). The s
keleton f
ro m g
rave 9 h
ad t
he l
eg b
ones
c
rossed near t
he h
eels
, while t
he ske
leton f
ro m g
rave n
o. 59 h
ad the l
eft h
and
b
ent f
ro m t
he e
lbows and l
a
id on t
he pelv
is. Charcoal has b
een f
ound in so me
g
raves l
a
id e
ither o
ver t
he s
keleton o
r u
nder t
he s
keleton
, t
his p
rac
tice b
eing
w
ell-a
ttested among t
he S
arma
tians a
nd p
art
icu
lar
ly among t
he Roxo
lan
i. 1
0 °

S
o me g
raves c
onta
ined g
oods s
imilar t
o t
hose f
ound i
n t
he c
re ma
tion-
b
uria
ls s
uch a
s g
rey whee
l- made j
ugs
, g
lass b
eakers a
nd b
eads. Orna men
ts
w
orked i
n t
he f
i
ligree t
echn
ique o
r Dac
ian p
orous p
ottery h
ave n
ot b
een f
ound
i
n t
he i
nhu ma
tion-graves. The i
nhu ma
tion g
raves a
re c
onte mporaneous w
ith
t
he c
re ma
tion-bur
ials (
SCIV
, 1
9, 1
968
, p
p. 2
16-218
). Ana
to m
ica
l e
xa m
inat
ions
h
ave n
ot b
een c
arr
ied o
ut.

S
äbäoan
i (
d
istr
ict o
f Nea m
I)

Two Carp
ic c
e me
ter
ies h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he t
err
itory o
f t
h
is v
il
lage
,
c
alled b
y t
he a
uthor o
f t
he e
xcavat
ions S
äbäoan
i Ia
nd S
äbäoan
i I
. The c
e me-
t
ery S
äbäoan
i Ii
s s
i
tuated i
n t
he v
alley o
f t
he S
iret t
o t
he N
orth-Eas
t o
f t
he
v
i
llage. 1
07 g
raves (
63 i
nhu mat
ion-bur
ials a
nd 4
4 c
re ma
tion-bur
ials
) were
r
ecovered i
n 1
966-1967. An i
nhu ma
tion-ce metery o
f t
he N
oua t
ype i
s l
oca
ted
a
t t
he s
a me p
lace
, o
ver
laid b
y t
he Carp
ic c
e metery
. S
urpr
ising
ly, t
he i
n-
h
u ma
tion-bur
ials e
xceeded t
he c
re ma
tio
n-bur
ials i
n n
u mber i
n t
he Carp
ic
c
e metery
. T
he e
xplanat
ion g
iven b
y t
he a
uthor o
f t
he e
xcavat
ion (
Carp
ica
, 2
,
p
. 2
00) t
hat many o
f t
he c
re ma
tion-graves h
ave b
een d
estroyed b
y t
he e
ros
ion
o
f t
he s
oil i
s n
ot s
atisfactory
. The d
epth o
f t
he c
re ma
tion g
raves a
nd t
he
p
osit
ion a
nd t
he o
rien
tat
ion o
f t
he Carp
ic s
keletons (
whose o
rien
tat
ion c
oinc
ides
p
art
ial
ly w
ith t
hat o
f t
he g
raves o
f t
he N
oua t
ype
) a
re n
ot men
tioned. The i
n-
h
u ma
tion g
raves a
re c
ons
idered t
o b
e c
onte mporaneous w
ith t
he c
re ma
tion-
b
uria
ls, s
o me o
f t
he g
raves c
onta
ining t
he s
a me g
oods a
lthough t
hese a
re n
ot
s
pec
ified
. The c
e metery S
äbäoan
i H (
which i
s u
npub
lished
) c
onta
ins 1
48
g
raves
, 8
0 c
re ma
tion-bur
ials a
nd 6
8 i
nhu ma
tion-bur
ials. 5
4 o
f t
he c
re ma
tion
b
uria
ls were i
n u
rns
; t
he r
e ma
ins o
f t
he c
re ma
tion o
f t
he o
ther 2
6 b
odies
w
ere l
a
id d
irect
ly i
n t
he g
raves. Accord
ing t
o t
he i
nforma
tion o
f V
. Ursach
i
t
he d
irec
tor o
f t
he e
xcava
tion
, a
ll t
he i
nhu ma
tion-graves b
elonged t
o c
hildren
u
nder 7 y
ears o
ld.

Mo
ldoven
i -
Gabära (
d
istr
ict o
f Nea m)

6
5 c
re ma
tion-bur
ials
, 6
4 i
n u
rns a
nd o
ne w
ithou
t u
rn i
n as
tone c
ist
, a
nd
3
6 i
nhu ma
tion-bur
ials 3
3 o
f wh
ich h
ave b
een s
tud
ied a
nato m
ica
lly h
ave b
een
d
iscovered i
n t
h
is c
e metery
. Accord
ing t
o I
ul
ian An
tonescu
, t
hree s
keletons
w
ere c
erta
inly o
f men
, t
he r
est b
eing o
f wo men a
nd c
hildren
. 0
. N
ecrasov
a
nd D
. Bo
tezatu 1
01 s
how t
hat 3
2 (
p. 2
06 men
tions a n
u mber o
f 3
3) o
f t
he 3
3
s
keletons e
xa m
ined b
elong t
o c
hildren u
nder 1 y
ears o
ld a
nd o
ne (
f
ro m g
rave
n
o. 2
07) b
elongs t
o a ma
ture man o
f a
bou
t 3
0 y
ears o
ld. Two s
kele
tons o
f
a
dul
ts a
re e
xhib
ited i
n t
he Museu ms o
f Bacau a
nd P
iatra N
earn
3 a
nd h
ave n
ot
b
een s
tud
ied. T
he a
dul
t d
i
ffers f
ro m t
he c
hildren i
n t
he a
nthropo
log
ica
l
f
eatures
, a
nd t
he a
bove- men
tioned s
cho
lars c
onc
lude (
p. 2
06) t
hat "
this f
act

2
5
r
aises t
he q
uest
ion o
f whether t
he a
dul
t (
p
. 2
07) b
elonged t
o a
n e
thn
ic g
roup
wh
ich d
if
fers f
ro m t
hat o
f t
he c
hildren". We s
hou
ld men
tion t
hat a w
hee
l-
made j
ug o
f Carp
ic t
ype
, c
onta
ining b
ones o
f ab
ird
, was p
laced a
t t
he s
kul
l
i
n g
rave n
o. 2
07 a
s i
n g
rave n
o. 2
18 (
chi
ld).

T
he i
nhu mat
ion g
raves w
ere n
arrow a
nd o
f r
ectangu
lar f
orm a
t ad
epth o
f
0
.40-1.10 m. Excep
ting t
he s
keleton o
f g
rave n
o. 2
03 wh
ich was c
rouched
,
t
he o
thers were e
xtended o
n t
he b
ack
; t
he o
rien
tat
ion was "
irregu
lar"
(Mater
iale
, 7
, p
. 4
55). T
he r
epor
t men
tions t
he d
iscovery o
f i
nhu ma
tion-
b
uria
ls o
f i
sola
ted s
kul
ls o
f c
hildren
.

The g
rave-goods

A
ll t
he i
nhu mat
ion-bur
ials
, w
ith t
he e
xcep
tion o
f g
raves n
os. 2
07, 2
15 a
nd
8 wh
ich c
onta
ined "
offer
ing-vesse
ls" o
f t
he s
ame f
ash
ion a
nd t
echn
ique a
s t
he
u
rns o
f t
he c
re ma
tion-bur
ials
,had b
eads a
s ac
o m mon e
le men
t o
f t
heir "
grave
f
urn
iture", b
eads o
f c
oloured g
lass a
nd o
f c
halcedony b
eing p
referred
. I
n
g
rave n
o. 2
04, t
he g
lass
, i
n t
he f
orm o
f amu
lets a
nd b
eads i
s r
eplaced b
y
p
olished b
ones o
f r
oden
t, a
nd t
he b
eads f
ro m t
he g
rave-goods o
f g
raves n
os.
2
23 a
nd 2
27 a
re made f
ro m "
a h
ard a
nd r
ed-co
loured ma
tter" (
Mater
iale
, 7
,
p
. 4
55). T
he r
epor
t men
tions t
hat t
he g
rave-goods o
f b
uria
l n
o. 2
03 c
onta
ined
"
a S
arma
tian b
ell" a
nd "
a b
race
let o
f c
opper
, ap
iece w
hich d
oes n
ot o
ccur
i
n o
ther a
ll
ied c
e meter
ies" a
nd f
urther "we must a
dd t
hat t
he S
arma
tian i
n-
f
luence i
s r
eflected b
y t
he manner o
f t
he d
isposa
l o
f t
he b
eads. I
n s
ix i
nhu ma-
t
ion-bur
ials (
nos. 2
02, 2
04, 2
08, 2
15, 2
26, a
nd 2
27) t
he b
eads h
ave b
een p
laced
n
ot o
nly o
n t
he p
ectora
l r
egion b
ut a
lso o
n t
he l
ower p
art o
f t
he a
bdomen
,
p
robab
ly b
eing s
ewed o
n t
he c
lothes. "
Unt
il n
ow w
e h
ave n
ot f
ound w
eapons
,"
I
ulian An
tonescu wr
ites
, "w
ith t
he e
xcep
tion o
f af
rag men
tary s
pear-head
d
iscovered i
n g
rave n
o. 2
12 (
child
) ..." (
p. 4
55).

We h
ave q
uoted t
he d
escr
ipt
ion o
f t
he g
rave-goods g
iven b
y t
he a
uthor
,
i
n o
rder t
o s
how t
hat
, w
ith t
he e
xcep
tion o
f t
hree whee
l- made v
esse
ls a
nd o
f
s
o me t
ypes o
f b
ead
, t
he r
est o
f t
he g
rave-furn
iture i
s S
ar ma
tian
. T
he a
uthor
j
ust
ly p
oin
ts o
ut t
hat t
h
is ma
ter
ial i
s n
ot e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he c
re ma
tion-
b
uria
ls o
f G
al
:Ara o
r i
n o
ther r
ela
ted c
e me
ter
ies. We s
hou
ld a
dd t
hat D
acian
v
esse
ls mode
lled b
y h
and o
r s
i
lver o
rna men
ts worked i
n f
i
ligree t
echn
ique
h
ave a
lso n
ot b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he i
nhu mat
ion-graves o
f Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära.
We men
tioned i
n 1
961 t
hat "
the i
nhuma
tion o
f s
ing
le s
kul
ls" a
ttested a
t
Gabära a
re n
ot "
signs o
f h
u man s
acr
ifices" b
ut a
re o
rdinary b
uria
ls o
f
c
hildren
, whose s
keletons h
ave b
een d
estroyed b
y t
he a
ction o
f c
orros
ive
a
gen
ts .1
02

Po
iene t
i (
d
istr
ict o
f Vas
lui
)

6
2 c
re ma
tion-bur
ials (
55 i
n u
rns a
nd 7 w
ithou
t u
rns i
n s
i mp
le g
raves
)103

a
nd 2
3 i
nhu ma
tion-bur
ials (
6 a
dults a
nd 1
7 c
hildren a
nd a
dolescen
ts) w
ere
r
ecovered o
n "
Dea
lul T
eilor" i
n 1
949. T
he d
epth o
f t
he g
raves v
aried b
etween
0
.57 a
nd 1
.33 m. I
t h
as n
ot b
een p
oss
ible t
o d
eterm
ine t
he f
orm o
f t
he g
raves.
The o
rien
tat
ion i
s d
iverse
, t
here a
re s
kele
tons w
ith t
he s
kul
ls t
o t
he N
orth-
Nor
th-Eas
t (
t
hree
), t
he Nor
th-Nor
th- West (
t
hree
), t
he North- West (
two
), t
he
Wes
t-Nor
th- West (
two
), t
he Wes
t-South- Wes
t (
one
). The o
rienta
tion c
ould
n
ot b
e determined i
n t
he c
ase o
f s
ix graves
; 1
09, 1
29, 2
35, 2
89, 2
91 a
nd
3
47 (Ma
teriale
, I, 1
953, p
p. 4
57-460
).

2
6
 Archaeo
logical t
races f
rom d
iferent p
eriods have been i
dent
ified a
t
P
oieneeti
, on "Dealu
l Tei
lo .
r
", ase
ttlement o
f Cucuten
i At ype, a Bas
tarn
ian
c
emetery (t
he Poienee
ti-Lukaeevska c
ulture
) ace metery f
rom t
he 3
rd century
a
nd a s
ett
le men
t of S
inta
.na d
e Muree-Cerneahov t
ype. R . Vu
lpe c
ould no
t
a
lways ob
tain suf
ficient s
tra
tigraph
ical observa
tions owing t
o t
he e
xistence o
f
t
hese c
omp lexes in t
he same p
lace and f
or th
is reason t
he s
trat
igrap
ijca l r
e-
l
a
tion b
etween the set
tlemen
t fro m t
he 4
th c
entury and t
he Carpic c
emetery
h
as n
ot been e
stabl
ished. T he d
irector o
f t
he excavat
ion carried o
ut a
t
P
oienee
ti c
ons
idered t
hat t
he s
ett
le men
t was a
nter
ior t
o t
he c
emetery a
nd
b
elonged to the C arpi
; h e dates the s
ettle ment t
o the 3rd century and i
ts end
h
e connects w ith the wars b e
tween t he Carpi and the Romans f rom A .D. 295-
2
97. H e da
ted t he ce metery, w hich according to his o
pinion contained s
uffic-
i
ent
ly indigenous e le ments,to the end o
f the 3rd century (post 295-297) a
nd
f
rom t
he 4th c
entury A.D
. C hrono
logica
lly
, t he i
nhu ma
tion-bur
ials b
elonged
t
o t
he l
ast p
hase of t
he c
eme
tery, from t
he fourth c
entury.

S
ince t
he s
tratigraph
ical s
ituation a
t Po
ieneet
i was no
t always s
uff
icient
ly
c
lear a
nd t
he grave-furn
iture d
iffers par
tia
lly f
rom tha
t of t
he i
nhumation-
g
raves
, s
ome r
esearchers e
xpressed d
if
feren
t o
pin
ions a
s t
o t
he c
hrono
log
ica
l
r
ela
tion b
etween t
he i
nhuma
tion a
nd t
he c
rema
tion g
raves
. T
hus
, S
ebas
tian
Morin
tz cons
idered i
n h
is study publ
ished i
n "Dacia" N.S., II, tha
t the i
n-
h
uma t
ion-buria
ls were l
ater t
han the c
remation-burials and brough
t their
d
ating d
own to t
he e
nd o
f the 3rd cen
tury o
r possibly t
he beginning o
f the 4
th
c
entury, wh ile he d
ated t
he cremat
ion-burials to t
he second h a
lf o
f the 3rd
c
entury.104 S
ebast
ian Mortinz c
hanged his mind la
ter a bout t
he chronologica
l
r
elat
ion between t he i
nhumation a
nd t
he crema tion buria
ls , and he a
dm it
ted
t
hat t
he i
nhu ma tion i
s an
terior t
o t
he cre ma
tion at Poieneeti .1
05

Even R
. V u
lpe abandoned h
is p
revious d
ating a
nd ethn
ic a
ttribu
tion and
f
inal
ly a
dm it
ted t
hat t
he inhumat
ion-buria
ls with d
eformed s
kulls belonged t
o
t
he S
arma
tians.

Sebastian Morin
tz, l
ike the major
ity of scholars, c ons
iders that a Carp
ic
c
rema tion-ce me
tery and a S
arma t
ian-inhu mation c e me
tery existed a
t
P
oienee t
i, and from t
he beg
inning I. Nestor held the same opinion on t
his
p
roblem. H e wrote i
n 1 : "
960 An i
nhu mation ce metery has been f
ound at
Po
ieneeti o
n the same spot where t
here was a C
arpic cemetery of t
he 3rd
c
entury
. A ccording t
o the r
itual, s
ince t
he S
arma t
ians str
ictly pract
ised
i
nhumation, whi
le the Carpi t
o the s
ame exten
t practised c
re ma
tion buria
l
i
nurns/a
nd t
o s
ome d
eta
ils o
f t
he c
ostu me
, t
h
is c
emetery b
elonged t
o t
he
S
arma tians. T he S
arma tian c
haracter o
f th
is cemetery is con
firmed b y
t
he practice o
f de
forming the s
kulls wh
ich is a
ttested i
n so me corpses i
n-
t
erred here. T his c
e metery i
s approx
i mately c
onte mporaneous with t
he
Carpic necropo
lis a
nd i
tis d
i
fficul
t t
o i
nterpret owing t
o the l
ack of p
rec
ise
observa
tion concern
ing t
he r
elat
ion b
etween the two c
e meteries. "
107

When Id
ealt w
ith t
he s
itua
tion e
xist
ing a
t Poieneet
i, Iinver
ted t
he chron-
o
log
ical r
ela
tion e
stabl
ished byR. Vulpe b
etween the se
ttlemen
t a
nd the
c
emetery a
nd I showed t
hat t
he s
ett
le men
t belonged t
o the S
intana de Muree-
C
erneahov c
ulture f
rom the 4
th c
entury and no
t to t
he Carp
ic c u
lture f
rom
t
he 3
rd c
entury a
nd t
hat t
he c
eme
tery i
s a
nter
ior t
o t
he s
ett
le men
t a
nd b
e-
l
onged t
o t
he Carpi. 1
08 Wi
th r
egard t
o t
he c
hrono
logica
l rela
tion between
i
nhumat
ion and crema tion
, Iformula
ted t
he v
iew b
ased on s
tratigraph
ic

2
7
o
bserva
tion t
hat t
he i
nhu ma
tion w
as a
nter
ior t
o t
he c
re ma
tion
, w
ith o
nly a s
hor
t
p
eriod o
f t
ime b
etween t
he t
wo c
ategor
ies o
fbur
ial. Id
ated t
he i
nhuma
tion-
b
urials t
o t
he m
iddle of the 3
rd cen
tury a nd t
hose o
f cremation to the second
h
alf o
f t
he same c
entury. T he e
xistence of t
he de
formed s kul
ls a nd the f
ind-
i
ng o
f certa
in g
rave-furniture l
ed me, like o
ther researchers,109 t
o t
he con-
c
lus
ion t
hat t
he i
nhuma
tion-bur
ials b
elonged t
o t
he S
arma
tians
.

I
. Ion
i g. and V. Ursache p u
t forward a differen
t thesis; they consider
t
hat i
nhu mat
ion a nd crema t
ion w ere conte mporaneous at Poienee
ti, even a
t-
t
e mp
ting to show stratigraphic evidence f
or this, and t
hat both c
ategories of
b
urial, t
he inhu mation and the cremation, and even t
he b ur
ials of d
eformed
s
kul
ls, b
elonged t
o t
he C
arp
i•110

Idemonstrated i
n as tudy p
ub l
ished in 1969 tha
t u n
til then t
here had not
b
een stra
tigraphic e
vidence which c ou
ld at
tes t t
he contemporane ity o
f inhu ma-
t
ion a
nd cre ma
tion a
t Poieneeti .11 The ex
isting stratigraphic ev
idence only
s
upports t
he hypothesis t
hat i
nhumat
ion may be e
arlier t
han crema
tion-bur
ials
,
b
ut we d
o not know to wha
t exten
t t
he o
bserva
tion based on t
hree g
raves may
b
e v
alid f
or a
l
l t
he i
nhu ma
tion-bur
ials.

We do not deny in pr
inciple t
he p ossib
ility t
hat cremation and inhumation
w
ere c on
te mporaneous , but t
his must be proved by evidence based on o
ther
c
riteria than stratigraphy. T hus, taking in
to account the a
nalysis of g
rave-
g
oods , particu
lar ly the f
ibu
lae of t
ype " D", discovered in t
he area ofthe
c
eme tery at Poieneeti and wh
ich according t o t
he d
irector of t
he excavat
ion
c
ame f
rom d
estroyed g
raves
, Is
howed t
hat i
fthese f
i
bulae b
elonged t
o i
n-
h
umat
ion-graves t
hen w
e mus
t c
ons
ider t
hat i
nhuma
tion-graves a
re c
onte m-
p
oraneous with crema
tion-bur
ials, a
nd c onsequen
tly
, c
onte mporane
ity b
etween
t
he t
wo bur
ia l-r
ites may be p
ossib
le. 12

9o
f 2
3 i
nhuma
tion-graves (
6 a
dul
ts a
nd 1
7 c
hildren a
nd a
dolescen
ts) d
is-
c
overed a
t P
oienee
ti c
onta
ined s
kele
tons w
ith d
eformed s
kul
ls, t
hese b
eing o
f
7c
hildren a
nd a
dolescen
ts a
nd t
wo a
dults
. 13 Ornamen
ts w
orked i
n t
he
f
i
ligree technique a nd Dacian pot
tery modelled by h
and have not b
een found in
t
he i
nhu mation graves a t Poieneet
i or i
n o
ther Carpic ce meter
ies. O n t
he
o
ther hand, at ype of ear-ring unknown un
til now i
n the Carpic i
nhuma t
ion
g
rave-furniture 1 14 b
ut which occurs f
requently i
n Sarmatian comp lexes has
b
een discovered a t Poienee
ti in fi
ve inhuma tion graves, t wo w
ith deformed
s
kulls, name ly grave no. 97 with the ske
leton of an adolescent of 1
2-14 years
o
ld and grave no. 332 of ac hi
ld of 1-12 y ears old. F urther, the type o
f
p
enannular b ronze torque with beads from inhuma tion grave no. 337 , c
on-
t
ain
ing a child with deformed s kul
l of 4-5 years old, is withou
t analogies i
n
a Carp
ic-Dac
ian c
ontex
t.

On
ly the single handled mugs 1
77 and some types o
fb ead a re c
ommon
e
le ments exis
t ing in t
he inhu ma
tion and crema t
ion grave-furniture. T h
is
f
act is e
xplicab le
, ifw e re member that t
he two popu
lations, the Carpic and t
he
S
arma tian, li
ved t ogether on t
he same territory. We c onsider that t
he oc-
c
urence o
f m
irrors o
f Sarma
tian t
ype (
or o
ther o
bjec
ts) i
n s
o me c
remation-
g
raves d
oes no
t mean t
hat
, i
n the c
ase o
f c
emeteries o
f P
oienes
ti t
ype
, the
S
armat
ian grave-goods "
cannot b
e accep
ted a
s ac
riter
ion for e
thnic d
e-
t
erm
ination" .
18 We k
now tha
t mirrors o
f S
arma
tian type a
re re
lative
ly

2
8
s
carce e
ven i
n S
ar ma
tian g
raves a
nd t
hey a
re we
ll-a
ttested i
n t
he Carp
ic
c
emetery o
nly i
n t
he e
arl
ier p
hase o
f t
hat c
ulture. I
n c
onsequence
, i
fthe
a
bsence o
r t
he presence of m
irrors of Sarmat
ian type i
s judged b
y it
self
,
i
gnor
ing t
he other o
bjects o
f grave-furn
iture and e
specia
lly the b
urial r
ite
a
nd r
itual
, then t
hese mirrors cannot be u
sed for ethn
ical determ ina
tion, in
t
he s
a me way a
s the e
xistence o
f a Dacian or Ro man pot i
n ag rave does n
ot
mean t
hat t
he corpse was aRo man o
r a Dacian
. We c an c
ite t
he s
ituat
ion
e
xist
ing a
t Spanyw , where
, al
though a Dacian cup h
as b
een d
iscovered in i
n-
h
uma
tion-grave n
o. 1
0, t
he b
uria
l c
anno
t b
e c
ons
idered o
f Dac
ian o
rig
in,
b
ecause o
f t
he b
uria
l r
i
te a
nd r
i
tua
l a
nd t
he d
eformed s
kul
l. I
n t
h
is c
ase
t
he D
acian c
up i
ndica
tes t
he e
xistence o
f a Dac
ian p
opu
lat
ion i
n t
he r
egion
.119

The n
ine deformed sku
lls found i
n the c
e metery o
f Poiene§t
i are a c
on-
c
lus
ive argu ment f
or t
he a
ttribution o
f the i
nhu mat
ion-burials f
rom this s
ite
t
o t
he Sar ma
tians. Accord ing t
o our in
formation, ske
letons with d
eformed
s
kul
ls h
ave n
ot b
een f
ound a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabäxa a
nd Vä
len
i. T
heir a
bsence a
t
Moldoveni-GabKra in the ce metery which was conte mporaneous with t
hat o
f
Po
iene§ti, conf
ir ms the hypothesis that t
he Carpi adopted t
he practice o
f d
e-
f
orm ing t
he skulls f
ro m t
he S armatians during the l
ast phase o
f the Poien ei
c
ulture. Poss
ible s
imi
lar
ities b
etween t
he c
e me
ter
ies o
f P
oiene e
i a
nd
Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära c
an b
e s
een i
n t
he c
ase o
f s
o me o
bjects s
uch a
s f
i
bulae
,
o
rnamen
ts, a
nd z
oo morph
ic h
and
les d
esp
ite t
he f
act t
hat t
he c
e metery o
f
P
oiene§
ti i
s s
itua
ted b
etween t
he Pru
t a
nd t
he Dn
iester a
nd t
hat o
f Mo
ldoven
i-
Gabgra l
ocated b
etween t
he S
iret and t
he Carpa
thians. 1
2 ° Sarmat
ian i
nf
luence
i
s also p
resent i
n t
he s
ett
lemen ts o
f Poiana-Du
lcesti (
situa
ted a f
ew km f
ro m
V
äleni-Bote§ti
) a
nd i
n t
he ce meter
ies at Pg
.dureni, V
irt
ijcocu a
nd T
ifej
ti,
a
ll l
ocated b
etween t
he S
ire
t a nd t
he Carpathians.

The hypothes
is that t
he p
ractice o
f i
ntent
ional
ly deform
ing the s
kulls
m
igh
t have been adopted b
y t
he Carpo-Dacians i
s hard t
o a
ccep
t, ifw e t
ake
i
nto a
ccoun
t t
he o
ccurence o
f t
his c
usto m among t
he S
arma
tian t
r
ibes a
nd
e
spec
ial
ly t
he mo men
t i
n t
ime when t
he S
arma
tians who p
ract
ised t
he a
rtif
i-
c
ial d
efor mat
ion o
f t
he s
kul
l a
ppear i
n C
arp
ic t
err
itory
. A
ccord
ing t
o t
he
s
pec
ial
ist l
i
tera
ture
, t
he p
ract
ice o
f a
rtif
icia
l d
eforma
tion o
f t
he s
kul
l i
s a
t-
t
ested i
n Centra
l Asia fro m t
he beg
inning o
f t
he f
irst c
entury A
.D.121

S
keletons w
ith defor med s
kulls b
elonged t
o t
he g
roup of peop
les n
amed
"
kenko
l", w
ith Mongo
loid f
eatures
, a
nd who
, a
ccord
ing t
o t
he r
esearcher
A
. N
. Bernsta m
, 1
22 b
elonged t
o t
he H
tmic f
edera
tion
. T
hey h
ave b
een f
ound
i
n t
he a
rea o
f t
he T
iansan a
nd P
amir moun
tains a
nd i
n t
he v
alley o
f t
he T
alas.
T
he p
rac
tice o
f t
he a
rtif
icia
l d
eforma
tion o
f s
kul
ls a
ppears among s
o me S
arma-
t
ian g
roups i
n t
he V
olga r
egion i
n t
he I
st c
entury B
.C.-the 2
st c
entury A
.D.
a
nd Sarmatians pract
is ing t
his cus
to m moved West o
f t
he r
iver Dn
ieper o
nly
a
t t
he end o
f the 2nd century and a
t t
he beg
inning o
f t
he nex
t cen
tury.1
24

I
oach
i m Werner p
oin
ted o
ut i
n 1
956 t
he r
ela
tive
ly l
arge n
u mber o
f d
eformed
s
kul
ls d
iscovered t
o t
he Eas
t o
f t
he Dn
ieper a
nd d
ating f
ro m t
he 3
rd-4th
c
entur
ies. A.D. H owever
, his o
pinion t
hat s
uch f
inds a
re n
ot e
ncountered
t
o t
he West o
f t
he Dn
ieper ear
lier t
han t
he beg
inning o
f t
he 5
th c
entury A.D.
c
an n
o l
onger b
e s
uppor
ted
.125

T
he Amer
ican s
cho
lar G
. V
ernadsky b
elieved t
hat t
he a
rtif
icia
l d
eforma-
t
ion o
f t
he s
kul
l w
as p
rac
ticed "
only o
n t
he c
hildren o
f a
ris
tocra
ts" a
nd was
o
f a mag
ica
l c
harac
ter
.126 W
ith r
egard t
o t
h
is t
hes
is, wh
ich i
s a
lso s
uppor
ted

2
9
b
y o
ther r
esearchers
, we must a
dmit t
hat a
n i
n
terva
l o
f t
ime was n
ecessary
b
efore t
he u
se o
f t
h
is p
ract
ice w
ith
in o
ther s
tra
ta o
f s
ociety r
eached t
he l
eve
l
e
xist
ing t
o t
he East o
f t
he Dn
iester i
n t
he 3
rd-4th c
entury
.127 Accord
ing t
o
t
hese o
bserva
tions
, t
he S
ar mat
ians who p
rac
ticed t
he a
rtif
icia
l d
eforma
tion o
f
t
he sku
ll h ad n
ot p
enetra
ted in
to t
he a
reas s
itua
ted t
o t
he Wes
t o
f t
he Prut
b
efore the e
nd o
f t
he 2nd cen
tury A
.D., and mos
t o
f t
he m p
ene
tra
ted i
nto t
he
a
reas s
i
tua
ted t
o t
he Wes
t o
f t
he Pru
t i
n t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D., a
t t
he s
a me
t
ime a
s t
he o
ccupa
tion o
f t
he Nor
th-Pon
tic s
teppes b
y t
he Go
ths. 1
28 We mus
t
n
ot f
orge
t t
hat n
either t
he I
azyges n
or t
he e
arly Roxo
lan
i p
rac
ticed t
he a
rtif
i-
c
ial d
eformation o
f s
kul
ls which was typ
ical ofthe l
ate S
armatians
. T he ar-
t
i
ficia
l deformat
ion o
f sku
lls beco mes a f
requen
tu sage among t
he Alans a
nd
Huns a
nd was p
racticed by s
o me Turk
ish- Mongo
lian peoples as i
s a
ttested b
y
t
he work o
f t
he Arab geographer A
l- Mokaddas
i and b
y other research. Ac-
c
ord
ing
ly, we r
e ma
in o
f t
he s
ame o
pin
ion a
bou
t t
he e
xistence o
f S
arma
tian
buria
ls at P o
iene e
i, whe ther t
hey are anterior t
o t
he cre ma
tion b
ur ials or
conte mporaneous with t
he m. T he c
e meteries o
f S
intana de Mure§ type 1
29 i
n
which the Sarmat
ians a nd the n
atives appear bes
ide the G
erman ic population
a
re a c
lear e
xamp
le o
f t
he f
act t
hat p
opu
lat
ions o
f d
iverse e
thn
ic o
rig
in
l
ived t
ogether
.

A
lthough w
e support t
he S
armatian or
igin o
f those b
uried i
n t
he ce metery o
f
Po
ieneet
i, we do n
ot e
xclude t
he p
ossib
ility t
hat t
he Carpi a
lso p
rac
ticed i n-
h
u ma
tion-bur
ial. T
o s
olve t
h
is p
rob
le m a
nato m
ica
l e
xam
inat
ion o
f t
he s
kele-
t
ons f
ound i
n t
he i
nhu ma
tion-graves f
ro m t
he Carp
ic a
nd t
he S
arma
tian c
e me-
t
eries s
i
tua
ted i
n Ro man
ia, H
ungary a
nd t
he Wes
tern a
rea o
f t
he USSR w
ill b
e
necessary t
o co mpare t
he r
esults a
nd to e
stab
lish t
he a
nthropologica
l t
ypes.
The task i
s d
if
ficult, f
or o
n the o
ne hand we d
o not k
now with c
ertain
ty t
he
s
o matic features o
f t
he G eto-Dacians 1
3 °a nd on t
he o
ther hand t
he Med
iter-
r
anean fea tures wh
ich a re genera
lly a
ttributed to t
he n
atives o
ccur t
o a
smal
l e x
ten t a
lso i
n so me Sarma t
ian series. 1
31

We mus
t t
ry t
o d
iscover i
fthe i
nhu med mature p
ersons h
ave t
he s
ame f
ea-
t
ures a
s t
he c
hildren a
nd t
o what e
xten
t t
he i
nhu med mature p
ersons a
re
u
niform a
nd t
he i
nterred c
hildren c
an b
e o
ffspr
ing r
esu
lting f
ro m marr
iages
b
etween t
he S
ar mat
ians a
nd t
he Carp
i, t
he t
wo p
opu
lat
ions h
aving l
i
ved t
o-
g
ether o
n t
he s
ame t
err
itory f
or a
bout t
wo c
entur
ies. I
fin
terbreed
ing c
an-
n
ot b
e a
ttested
, t
hen w
e mus
t s
uppose t
hat i
nhumat
ion-bur
ial was p
rac
ticed
i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene a
nd t
hat t
he Carp
i i
nher
ited t
h
is c
usto m f
ro m t
heir
a
nces
tors
, t
he T
hraco-Dac
ians.

We must a
lso d
iscover why s
o me Carp
i pract
iced inhu mat
ion-bur
ials of
c
hildren and o
thers pract
iced c
re mat
ion-bur
ials of c
hildren, which i
s we
ll
a
ttes
ted w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
e me
ter
ies a
s w
ell a
s among t
he G
eto-Dac
ians .1
32

The p
rob
le m i
s v
ery c
o mp
lex ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat t
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he
c
e meter
ies ( Bärboasa , Sohodor-Hurgeet
i, Cioara-Once e
i, Padüren
i,
V
irti§co
iu , Butnäre .
p
ti etc.) do n
ot c
onta
in inhumat
ion-graves. Itis true tha
t
t
hese ce meteries h
ave n ot been i
nvest
igated who
lly, b
ut t
he number of graves
f
ound a
t Bärboasa (
290
) a
nd a
t P
äduren
i (
77) e
xceeded t
hat o
f t
he g
raves d
is-
c
overed i
n t
he c
e metery o
f P
oieneet
i (
62) a
nd Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära (
65). The
owner o
f t
he o
rchard a
t Butnäre§t
i d
id n
ot f
ind a
ny i
nhu mat
ion-bur
ials t
here
a
nd If
ound o
nly c
re ma
tion-bur
ials i
n t
he s
even t
renches wh
ich Id
ug,a
lthough
Ie
xcavated t
he m t
o ad
epth o
f 2
.20 m, a
nd i
tis a
n a
scer
tained f
act t
hat t
he

3
0
i
nhuma
tion g
raves i
n a
ll t
he i
nvest
iga
ted c
e me
ter
ies were n
ot v
ery d
eep. A
t
Välen
i-Botep
ti t
hey were b
etween 0
.65-1 m, at S
äbäoan
i, b
etween 0
.10-0.85 m
and a
t Mo
ldoveni-Gabära b
etween 0
.40-1.10 m.

T
he p
rob
le m o
f t
he r
ela
tion b
etween t
he i
nhu ma
tion a
nd c
re ma
tion-bur
ials
s
eems to have been s
olved a
t Väleni-Bote9t
i, Säbäoan
i and Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära :
b
oth b
uria
l p ract
ices are c
onte mporaneous and b
elong t
o t
he s
a me c
e metery
.
Wi
th r
egard t
o t
he e
thn
ic p
rob
le m
, we c
ons
ider
, u
nti
l t
he o
ccurrence o
f n
ew
f
inds
, t
hat t
he i
nhu med a
dul
ts were h
alf-breeds w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
om mun
ity
a
nd t
hat t
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he c
hildren w
ere p
rogeny r
esu
lting f
ro m marr
iages
b
etween Carp
i a
nd f
ore
igners e
stab
lished i
n t
he Carp
ic r
egions. Th
is i
s t
he
e
xplana
tion o
f t
he a
bsence o
f Dac
ian h
and- made p
ottery a
nd Dac
ian s
i
lver
ornaments worked i
n t
he f
i
ligree t
echn
ique i
n t
he inhu ma
tion-burials f
ro m t
he
Carpic c
e meter
ies. Ifthe p
resence o
f p
orous p
ottery could s
i mply b
e con-
n
ected w
ith t
rad
ition
, o
n t
he o
ther h
and
, o
rna men
ts o
f s
i
lver i
ndicate a c
erta
in
s
ocia
l condition which was n
ot possessed by those with a
n acquired and no
t
i
nher
ited c
i t
izenship. I n my opin
ion the i
nhu mation-burials o
f chi
ldren with
t
he S
arma t
ian g rave-goods b e
long to the c
hildren result
ing fro m marriages
b
etween t
he Carp
i a
nd t
he S
ar ma
tians.

Ow
ing to t
he f
act t
hat t
he c
ere mony o
f i
nhu mat
ion was l
ess expensive i
tis
p
oss
ible t
hat t
he ch
ildren o
f t
he p
oorest Carpi were a
lso i
nterred, as we
ll as
c
hildren r
esu
lting f
ro m i
nterbreed
ing who were b
uried i
n t
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he
i
nhuma
tion-graves. Probab
ly, t
he f
act t
hat t
he c
hildren were c
ons
idered
t
oo small t
o h ave "
sins" a nd)i
n consequence
, t he purif
ication o
f the
ir b odies
b
y burning was not necessary as in t
he case o
f adults, played a r
ole in the
p
ractice o
f child-buria1. 1
35 According t
o th
is interpretation t
he cre mation-
b
uria
ls o
f c
hildren wh
ich a
re w
ell-at
tes
ted i
n t
he Carp
ic c
e meter
ies (
Poiene§
ti,
Päduren
i, Bu
tnäre9
ti) mus
t b
e a
ttr
ibu
ted t
o t
he r
icher s
tra
ta o
f t
he p
opu
lat
ion
o
r t
o t
hose o
f t
he p
oorer p
eop
le who h
ad more r
espect f
or t
rad
ition. We must
r
e member t
hat c
re ma
tion-bur
ial o
f c
hildren i
s a
lso a
ttested among t
he f
ree
Dac
ians f
ro m Munten ia (
Tirg§or) and t
he Geto-Dac ians (Ferigele
, Zi mnicea
,
Ocn
ip). Cre ma t
ion-bur ials o
f ch
ildren predo minate in t
he ce meter
ies at
Fer
igele (
Late Hallstat
t) and Ocn4a, (La Tene). 1
34 The cre mat
ion of
c
hildren was p
ract
iced i
n Dac
ia f
ro m e
arly t
imes. S
uch f
inds o
ccur w
ith
in
t
he f
o
llow
ing Bronze Age c
ultures
: Mon
teoru (
the c
e meter
ies o
f gra
ta
Mon
teoru,135 Pädureni-Panc
iu), Gina Mare (
t
he ce me-
t
ery o
f C
irna, a
t p
resen
t Dunären
i) and Va
tina (
Cruceni e
tc.). Iworked
a
t C
i ma (
Dunären
i) a
nd wou
ld men
tion t
he r
ichness o
f s
o me g
rave-furn
iture
w
ith i
ncluded f
igur
ines f
ound i
n t
he g
raves o
f c
hildren f
ro m t
h
is c
e me
tery
a
nd espec
ially t
he c
hild-grave f
ro m Crucen
i wh
ich c
onta
ined a
bou
t 1
8-20
b
ronze ob
jects.

3
1
 TABLE 1

T
ypes o
f g
raves d
iscovered i
n c
emeter
ies

Cre ma
tion w
ith t
he r
e ma
ins
p
laced i
n: I
nhu ma
tions

No. o
f g
raves P
lain C
ist o
f To
tal o
f T
ota
l o
f
N
o. S
ite d
iscovered Urn g
rave s
tone c
remat
ions C
hildren Adu
lts i
nhu ma
tions N
otes

Bärboasa 2
91 1
93 9
8 2
91
2 B4
len i-Gar
(Y
. 2
+x 2 2
+x
3 B
ir se9t
i 2
+x 2 2
+x
4 Butnäres
ti 1
8+x 1
5 3 1
8+x
5 Once9
ti 1
6+x 1
6 1
6+x
6 Comarna
7 Con
je9t
1 1 1 1
8 Coste r
' 9
+x 9 9
+x
9 Dochia 4
+x 3 1 4
+x
1
0 Du
rne9t
ii V
ech
i 8
+x 8 8
+x
1 Dum
itre9
tii G
al e
' 1
9 1
9 1
9
1
2 Hä
läre9
ti 2
+x 2 2
+x
1
3 Horod
i rea 8
+x 8 8
+x
1
4 I
vi
ine ri-Go
logo
ta 5
+x 5 5
+x
1
5 I
xvoa r
e-La Ci
cote 2
7 2
2 5 2
7
1
6 L
ie9t
i 1
+x 1
+x 1
+x
1
7 Märg
inen
i-Bara
ji 1
+x 1
+x 1
+x
1
8 Bacil-Holt 2
+x 1
+x 1
+x 2
+x
1
9 Moldoven
i- Gabära 1
01 6
4 1 6
5 3
2 4 3
6 The children and a
dul
ts a
re o
f
d
ifferent ethn
ic or
igins
2
0 P ecan
i-T
int
irim 1 1 1
2
1 P
riduren
i 7
7 7
3 4 7
7
2
2 Pocreaca
2
3 Poienel
ti 8
5 5
5 7 6
2 1
7 6 2
3 I
nhu ma
tions o
f s
kele
tons w
ith
d
eformed s
kul
ls (
Sarma
tian
)
2
4 Pope ri-Vrancea 1 1
2
5 Räcäbiu 2
+x 1
+x 1 2
+x
2
6 Rogo
jen i 1 1 1
2
7 S
äbäoan
i I 1
07 2
6 1
8 4
4 6
3 6
3 There a
re no a
natom
ica
l
e
xa mina
tions
2
8 S
äbi
ioan
i I 1
48 5
4 2
6 8
0 6
8 6
8
2
9 S
ärä9en
ii d
e S
us
3
0 S
äUce9t
i 4
9 2
9 1
3 4
2 7 7 T
here a
re n
o a
natom
ica
l
e
xam
ina
tions
3
1 S
ohodor-Horge9t
1 3
8+x 3
8 3
8+x
3
2 V
älen
i-Bo
te r
i 6
30 4
77 1
30 T
here a
re n
o a
natom
ica
l
e
xa m
ina
tions
3
3 T
ibl
ine9
t1
3
4 V
idra-Vrancea
3
5 V
irtleco
iu 5
0 5
0 5
0
3
6 Tanacu-Pope r
i 5
0 5
0
3
7 T
anacu-Ch
iscu
l U
luce
lor 1
+x 1
+x
3
8 F
ilipen
i
9
9 Cäbe ri-Rusen
i
4
0 Mälu reni
4
1 T
Ife r
i-Panc iu 5
0+x 5
0 5
0
4
2 Rd
.zbolen
i
4
3 Racova 1 1 1
4
4 P
oden
i-Buneet
i 1
8 1
7 1 1
8
4
5 Z
vor
i rea 8
0 5
5 2
5 8
0 T
here a
re e
lemen
ts o
f L
ipija
c
ulture i
n t
he c
emetery
4
6 G
ura N
i9covu
lui 1
0 5 5
4
7 B
irlad-Prochma 2
+x 2
4
8 C
inde9t
i 2
+x 2
4
9 C
impen
i (
Lätä
1) 4 4
 I
V. THE MA
IN OCCUPAT
IONS OF THE I
NHAB
ITANTS

1
. ARABLE FAR M
ING

Arab
le f
arm
ing a
nd p
astora
l a
ctiv
ity were t
he ma
in o
ccupa
tions o
f t
he
Carpi. T he pract
ice of a
griculture i
s at
tested by t
he presence of c
oulters,
s
ickles and querns i
n the s
ett
le ments. C ou
lters da
ting from th
is period have
been f
ound at Mästäcan-Drago mireet
i (two pieces
), Slobozia-Rozmov (a frag-
men
tary p
iece
) a
nd at Vä
len
i-Boteg
ti (
one piece
). 1
36 The p
ieces (
Pl. XX
IX/
2
,3) a
re o
f t
he s
a me t
ype a
s t
hose d
iscovered in aG eto-Dacian c
ontext
. Two
s
cythes o
f i
ron w
ith p
in a
nd r
ing (
Pl. X
:XIX/l
) h
ave b
een f
ound a
t Mästä-c
an-
Drago m
ire9t
i. The s
cythe which is exh
ibited i
n t
he museum of P
iatra Nean4
i
s 0.492 m i
n l
eng
th a
nd the maxi mu m width o
f t
he b
lade i
s 0
.04 m; the
s
econd h
as t
he f
ol
low
ing d
i mens
ions
: 0
.512 x 0
.04 m.

S
ick
les o
f i
ron o
ccur much more f
requen
tly t
han c
oul
ters i
n t
he Carp
ic
s
ett
le men
ts. S
ick
les h
ave b
een r
ecovered a
t P
oiana-Du
lceg
ti (
Varn
ig)
Vä
leni-Bo
te9t
i ( many p
ieces
), Mästäcan-Drago m
ire e
i (
fragments o
f three
p
ieces)
, Mänoaia-Costi.
ga (
t
hree i
ntact p
ieces a
nd a f
ragmentary o
ne)
,
Do
ina-G
irov (
one p
iece
), 5
erbeg
ti (
t
hree p
ieces
) a
nd Cäbee
ti (
one f
ragmen
tary
p
iece
). S
even p
ieces (
only o
ne o
f t
he m i
ntact
) (
Pl. XXV
I/4
, XXV
II/4-6,
XXVI
II/5-6) h
ave been f
ound at Po
iana Dulceet
i, at Varnif
i. The sickles
f
rom Poiana-Dulceet
i, Väleni, Mästäcan-Dragomire et
i
, Cabesti, Mile t
i,
Do
ina-Girov and 5
erbe§t
i a re o
f t
he type w
ith a p
in a
t the h
and
le and with a
n
arrow and c
urved blade
, wh i
le the p
ieces fro m Mänoaia-Cost
i9a 1
37 a
re
o
f t
he t
ype w
ith a b
road a nd s
light
ly curved blade. Sickles o
f th
is t
ype have
b
een d
iscovered a
t Mä
täsäru. The t
ype o
f s
ick
le w
ith a p
in a
t t
he h
and
le i
s
e
ncountered i
n t
he Geto-Dacian L
a T ene p
eriod a
t P
oiana-Tecuci
, Cozla,
P
iatra Nea m.
t
, Brad-Negri
, Grädietea Muncelu
lui
, Piatra Rog
ie, S
tri mbu
,
P
iatra Cra
ivi
i, T
ilieca
, Mä
täsaru
, P
opegt
i, C e
lu Nou a
nd D
ealu
l Arh
ive
lor-
Bucharest
.138 T
his t
ype i
s a
lso f
requen
t i
n C
elt
ic c
ontex
ts: a
t G
ali9-
L
ovac
ica (
Munkagevo
), Begeeov
, Ko
lin
, S
tradon
itz e
tc .1
39

S
ick
les made o
f a
ni ma
l r
ibs
, i
n a
ddit
ion t
o s
ick
les o
f i
ron
, h
ave b
een d
is-
c
overed a
t Brad-Negre
i, o
n t
he m
idd
le c
ourse o
f t
he S
iret
, wh
ich s
uggests
t
hat iron s
ick
les c
ould no
t supply the n
eeds o
f t
he who
le popu
la t
ion wh
ich
a
l most en
tire
ly p
racticed a
griculture. Two varian
ts of t
h
is type c
an be d
is-
t
ingu
ished i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian a
nd C
elt
ic L
a T
ene p
eriods
, t
ype I
/a, i
nclud
ing
s
ick
les with a b
road s
l
igh t
ly curved b
lade a
nd t
ype I/b i
nclud
ing sickles
w
ith n
arrow and more strong
ly curved b
lade
, al most i
dent
ical t
o those o
f t
he
Carp
ic c
ulture. S
ick
les o
ftype I
/b (
with n
arrow b
lade
) o
ccur p
art
icu
lar
ly
f
requen
tly i
n t
he Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts i
n c
ontras
t w
ith t
hose o
f t
ype I
/a (
with
b
road b
lade
) wh
ich a
re v
ery s
carce. Typo
log
ica
l a
nd c
hrono
log
ica
l o
bserva-
t
i
ons s
uggest t
hat t
he s
ick
les o
f t
ype I
/b d
erive f
ro m t
hose o
f t
ype I
/a. T
his
wou
ld b
e n
or ma
l, t
aking i
n
to c
ons
idera
tion t
he a
dvan
tages p
resen
ted b
y t
he

3
3
s
ick
les o
f t
ype I
/b, f
or ow
ing t
o t
he n
arrower b
lade t
he s
ick
le was l
ess h
eavy
a
nd l
ess meta
l w
as u
sed i
n i
t
s manu
facture. F
urther
, i
t was more p
ract
ica
l
f
or r
eap
ing c
orn b
ecause o
f t
he s
trong
ly c
urved b
lade
.14 °F
or t
h
is r
eason t
he
t
hes
is t
hat t
he s
ickles with b
road blade were o
f Getan t
ype wh
ile t
hose with
n
arrow b
lade were o
f Celtic t
ype 1
41 c
annot b
e supported
, for t
he two v
ariants
o
ccur b
oth i
n G
eto-Dac
ian a
nd C
elt
ic c
ontex
ts.

S
ick
les w
ith h
aft-rod l
ike t
hose d
iscovered a
t Po
iene9t
i i
n Mo
ldav
ia 1
42

a
nd a
t Uden
i, i
n Mun
ten
ia 1
43 a
re g
enera
l t
hroughou
t t
he t
err
itory o
f Ro man
ia
d
uring t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D. T
he C
elts a
nd t
he Dac
ians k
new t
h
is t
ype e
ven i
n
t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod
, b
ut i
t was l
ess f
requen
t t
han t
he s
ick
les w
ith p
in o
f
Bronze-Age o
rig
in.

With r
egard t
o t
he querns
, we should n
ote tha
t s
peci mens of d
isco
idal f
orm
p
erforated i
n t
he c
entre (P
l. XXV/1-3)
,r ef
lect
ing Ro man i
nfluence, a
s wel
l
as so me p
rimit
ive t
ypes (P
l. )0
(V/4
) h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f
Poiana-Dulce9t
i a
nd Butnäre9
ti.

Whea
t and he mp were among t
he c
ultiva
ted p
lants. Grains o
f whea
t and
r
e ma
ins of whea
t grains i
n t
he f
ragmen ts o
f t
erre p
ise b
elonging t
o t
he wal
ls
o
f t
he dwe
lling-houses h
ave b
een f
ound i
n p
it n
o. 3
1, a
nd f
rag men
ts o
f c
arbon-
i
zed h
e mp-sta
lks h
ave b
een r
ecovered i
n p
its n
os. 3
8 a
nd 7
1 a
t P
oiana-
Du
lce9t
i. The p
ract
ice o
f a
gricu
lture i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f P
oiana-Du
lc e
i
was f
avoured b
y g
eograph
ica
l c
ond
itions a
nd t
he p
odso
l-so
ils wh
ich w
ere r
ich
i
n n
utr
itive s
ubs
tances f
or p
lan
ts. C
erta
inly
, c
rops w
ere much more
n
u merous t
han t
hose w
e h
ave men
tioned
,bu
t t
he l
ack o
f t
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l i
n-
f
orma
tion d
oes n
ot a
llow u
s t
o b
e more s
pec
ific.

Probably both c
rop r
otat
ion i
nvo
lving fa
11owing 1
43 a
nd the a
nnual c
ult
ivation
o
f t
he soil
, both methods u
sed i
n a
l most a
ll h
istor
ica l p
eriods, were p
racticed
i
n t
he a
gricu
lture o
f t
h
is t
ime.

2
. AN
I MAL HUSBANDRY AND PASTORAL FAR M
ING •

Bes
ides a
rab
le f
arming a
ni ma
l ra
ising p
layed a l
arge p
art i
n t
he act
ivit
ies
o
f t
he Carp
i. The b
ones o
f t
he fo
llowing d
omestic a
ni ma
ls occur mos
t frequen
tly
i
n t
he Carp
ic sett
le ments
: o x (
Bos t
aurus
), pig (
Sus s
crofa d
o mest
ica), goa
ts
a
nd sheep (
Ovicaprinae
) a nd h
orse (
Equus cabalus
). T here a
re so me s
ett
le-
men
ts l
ike Hangu-Ceta
tuie
, wh
ich ow
ing t
o t
heir g
eograph
ica
l p
osit
ion i
n moun-
t
ainous r
egions h
ad p
art
icu
lar
ly p
astora
l f
eatures.

Analys
is by S
. Hai movici o
f the b
ones f
ound i
n the set
tle ments o
f Poiana-
Dulcesti, shows t
hat a
ni mal-ra
ising was a
n important occupation o
f t
he Carpi.
Bos taurus was t
he most frequent. T ak
ing i
nto c
ons ideration t
heir t
ypical
s
ize i
tis c
lear t
hat t
he c
att
le p
layed a most i
mpor
tan
t r
ole w
ith
in t
he e
cono my
o
f t
hese p
eop
les. T
he d
o mest
ic o
x was o
f sma
ll s
ize
,1.08-1 .
10 m t
a
ll a
t t
he
w
ithers
, w
ith sma
ll h
orns a
nd n
arrow f
ace ; i
t was emp
loyed f
or t
rac
tion
b
ut a
t t
he s
a me t
ime i
tfurnished meat
, w
ith s
ome r
e ma
ins b
elong
ing t
o a
ni ma
ls
u
nder t
he a
ge o
f matur
ity.

Bes
ides catt
le pigs p
layed a l
arge par
t i
n s
upplying f
ood
; e viden
tly p
igs
w
ere r
aised f
or the
ir meat, as i
s at
tested b
y t
he great q
uan
tity o
f remains
b
elong
ing t
o y
oung s
pec
i mens. T
he d
o mes
tic p
ig was r
epresen
ted b
y a
p
rim
itive b
reed o
f sma
ll s
ize
, p
robab
ly o
n t
he a
verage sma
ller t
han t
he p
igs

3
4
wh
ich h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he s
a me r
egion a
nd d
ating f
ro m t
he 3
rd -
Ist
c
entury B
.C. The n
u mber o
f o
vicapr
inae i
s much sma
ller i
n c
o mpar
ison w
ith
t
hat o
f c
att
le a
nd p
igs i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f Po
iana-Du
lce9
ti; t
h
is f
act i
ndica
tes
t
he s
econdary r
ole (
t
aking i
n
to a
ccoun
t a
lso t
heir t
ypica
l s
ize
) p
layed b
y t
he
o
vicapr
inae i
n t
he e
cono my o
f t
hese s
ett
le men
ts. T
he s
heep was more f
requen
t
t
han t
he g
oat.

I
n o
rder o
f impor
tance
, t
he h
orse i
s p
laced a
fter t
he o
vicapr
inae. Ow
ing t
o
t
he r
ugged g
eography a
t Po
iana-Du
lce§
ti t
he o
x (
par
ticu
lar
ly, t
he sma
ll s
pec
i men
wh
ich w
as t
ypica
l o
f t
he S
ub-Carpa
thian r
egions
) w
as p
referred t
o t
he h
orse.
The dog i
s general
ly o
f mediu m t
o l
arge size. Intact s
keletons have b
een f
ound
in s
ome ritual p
its. Poul
try are at
tested by b
ones and shells o
f eggs i
n
s
o me p
its a
t Po
iana-Du
lc e
i (
p
its n
o. 4 a
nd 3
4).

3
. OTHER OCCUPA T
IONS

a
) S
pinn
ing
, k
nit
ting a
nd w
eav
ing

C
att
le-ra
ising a
lso s
t
i mu
lated t
he d
eve
lop men
t o
f s
pinn
ing a
nd w
eav
ing
;
t
hese o
ccupa
tions a
re a
ttes
ted b
y t
he f
inds o
f s
pind
le-whor
ls, l
oo m w
eigh
ts
a
nd f
ragmen
ts o
f t
ext
iles.

T
he s
pind
le-whor
ls o
ccur f
a
irly f
requen
tly i
n t
he Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts. T
hey
a
re made o
f c
lay a
nd t
hey a
re f
ired g
rey o
r b
rick-red w
ith maroon s
pecks.
Accord
ing t
o t
he s
hape
, f
ive t
ypes may b
e d
ist
ingu
ished. We men
tion t
he m i
n
t
he o
rder o
f t
he f
requency
: t
runca
ted c
one s
haped (
p
l. XXX/6-9
, 1-29
) b
i-
t
runca
ted c
one-shaped (
p
l. )
00CV/1-3
), c
ylindr
ica
l f
orm (
p
l. W /2-3
, 2
9-30
),
s
pher
ica
l f
or m (
p
l. XXX/2
, 5
, 3
1) a
nd i
n t
he s
hape o
f ar
eel (
p
l. XXXV/4
). T
he
l
ast t
ype i
s o
nly r
epresen
ted b
y t
wo p
ieces
, o
ne o
f t
he m f
ragmen
tary d
iscovered
a
t Va m
ig, i
n t
he f
irst l
eve
l. Two v
arian
ts o
f t
he b
itrunca
ted c
one-shaped
s
pind
le-whor
ls a
re d
ist
ingu
ishab
le, w
ith c
onica
l e
nds a
nd w
ith s
l
igh
tly c
oncave
e
nds, w h
ich are l
ess n
u merous (
pl. XXXV/1-3 and p
l. CLII/3). A l
l types a
re
c
onte mporaneous a
nd t
heir f
or m may b
e connected w
ith t
he preference ei
ther
o
f t
he w
o men who w
orked t
he m o
r o
f t
he a
rtisans who mode
lled t
he m.

Ana
logous s
pec
i mens w
ith t
he b
itruncated c
one
, r
eel a
nd s
pher
ica
l s
haped
t
ypes e
xis
ted i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
'
ene p
eriod. The s
pind
le-whor
ls o
f
c
ylindr
ical f
orm or i
n t
he shape o
f at
runca ted c
one
, wh ich occur more f
re-
q
uently i
n t
he s
econd l
evel a
t Po
iana-Du1ce9ti, a
re also a
nalogous wi
th spec
i-
mens w
hich h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n S
arma
tian c
ontex
ts.

One s
pec
i men o
f t
he s
pind
le-whor
ls o
f t
he b
itrunca
ted-cone t
ype i
s d
ecora
ted
w
ith r
ows o
f v
ert
ica
l impress
ions. T
he f
act t
hat t
he o
rna men
t o
ccurs o
nly o
n
o
ne s
ing
le t
runcated c
one o
f t
he p
iece e
xcludes t
he p
oss
ibil
ity t
hat i
twas u
sed
a
s ab
ead
, b
ut t
he d
ecora
tion o
n t
he u
pper p
art o
f t
he p
iece i
s e
xpl
icab
le o
n a
s
pind
le-whor
l; t
h
is p
art b
eing v
isib
le d
uring t
he s
pinn
ing. However w
e d
o n
ot
e
xclude t
he p
oss
ibil
ity t
hat s
o me o
f t
he "
spind
le-whor
ls" wh
ich were sma
ller
a
nd more e
labora
te m
igh
t b
e emp
loyed a
s b
eads.

T
he d
iscovery o
f al
arge n
u mber o
f s
pind
le-whor
ls d
e mons
tra
tes t
hat s
pin-
n
ing w
as l
arge
ly p
ract
iced b
y t
he wo men. T
he t
hreads were f
or u
se i
n k
nit
ting
a
nd w
eav
ing
. Frag men
ts o
f k
nit
ting n
eed
les o
f i
ron d
ating f
ro m t
h
is t
ime h
ave
b
een r
ecovered a
t P
oiana-Du
lce t
i, a
t S
i
li.
§
te (
two p
ieces
) a
nd a
t P
oiene9t
i

3
5
(
three p
ieces i
n g
rave n
o. 2
88). Weav
ing i
s a
t
tested b
y t
he f
inds o
f p
yram
ida
l
o
r c
onica
l w
eigh
ts (
pl. XX X
1/1-2 a
nd p
l. CL
IV) wh
ich s
erved f
or t
he t
ens
ion o
f
t
he warps o
f v
ert
ica
l l
oo ms.

The n
ature o
f t
he t
hreads and t
he q
uality o
f t
he tex
ture c
an b
e d
educed f
ro m
t
he s
urviv
ing fragmen
ts of t
ext
iles d
iscovered in e
xcavat
ion. Fragments o
f
c
loth p
reserved o
n t
he s
prings o
f f
ibu
lae
, h
ave b
een f
ound a
t Bu
tnares
ti i
n
g
rave n
o. 7
2 a
nd a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabara i
n g
rave n
o. 8
. Frag men
ts o
f c
arbon-
i
zed materia
l have b
een recovered on t
he f
loor o
f sunken-f
loored dwe
lling-hu
t
n
o. 13 (Varn
ita
) and in p
it n
o. 4
1 (S
iliste
) a
t Poiana-Dulcesti. The hoard o
f
i
st-2nd c
entury A
.D. Ro man coins d
iscovered a
t Oborocen
i, t
he d
istr
ict o
f
I
asi
, was wrapped i
n ac
loth before be
ing put i
n t
he pot
. Ithas b
een poss
ible
t
o s
ave f
ive f
ragmen
ts o
f s
urv
iving c
loth
, whose s
ize v
aried b
etween 0
.06 s
quare
m a
nd 0
.24 s
quare m.

Accord
ing to ana
lysis, t
he material was o
f w oo
l at Bu
tnaresti, o
f h
e mp a
t
Po
iana-Dulces
ti144 and o
f l
inen a
t Oboroceni•
145 A
ll t
hese materia
ls were
woven i
n t
wo threads which w
ere tw
isted f
rom fibres a
t aconsiderab
le torsion
;
t
he tors
ion v
aried between f
our a
nd six t
wists p
er cm (Oboroceni
), while t
he
t
ors
ion o
f s
imi
lar f
ibres wh
ich a
re mechan
ica
lly t
wisted t
oday
, v
aries b
etween
1
.8 a
nd 3
.8 t
wis
ts p
er cm. A
ll t
he ma
ter
ial s
amp
les w
hich h
ave b
een e
xam
ined
s
how t
he d
elicacy a
nd t
he u
niform
ity o
f t
he t
hreads
, wh
ich s
hows t
he g
rea
t s
kil
l
u
sed i
n sp
inning and weav
ing. T he q
ual
ity o
f t
he t
hreads p
resu mes a
lso t
hat
t
he o
ther pre
liminary works
, such as b
reak
ing and c
ombing t
he hemp and l
inen
w
ere e
xecu
ted w
ith g
rea
t a
bil
ity
. We h
ave men
tioned t
hat s
talks o
f h
e mp h
ave
b
een f
ound a
t P
oiana-Du
lces
ti i
n p
its n
os. 3
8 a
nd 7
1.

T
he skil
l shown i
s greater when w
e r
e member that t
he ver
tical l
oo m was
u
sed f
or weaving t
he c
loth. The fragmen
ts o
f surv
iv ing c
loth show t
hat t
hinner
o
r th
icker mater
ial was w
oven a
ccording t
o need
, s
o tha
t the q
uali
ty was n
ot
i
nfer
ior t
o t
hose made by t
he h
orizonta
l loom. The Carpi
, then, made t
heir
c
lothes o
r o
ther d
o mest
ic t
hings f
ro m ma
ter
ial a
nd c
loth o
f h
e mp
, l
i
nen a
nd
woo
l. Un
like t
hese ma
ter
ials manu
factured i
n t
he Carp
ic t
err
itory
, f
ragmen
ts
o
f ma
ter
ial made o
f g
old-thread h
ave b
een f
ound a
t Paduren
i i
n g
rave n
o. 3
4
a
nd a
ccord
ing t
o t
he r
est o
f t
he g
rave-furn
iture t
hese ma
ter
ials b
elonged t
o
t
he c
lothes o
f aw
o man o
f t
he Carp
ic a
ristocracy
. Th
is i
s t
he r
iches
t g
rave-
f
urn
iture wh
ich h
as b
een f
ound u
nti
l n
ow i
n t
he Carp
ic r
egions. G
old t
hreads
b
elong
ing t
o c
lothes o
r t
o f
oot-wear h
ave a
lso b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he t
err
itory
o
f t
he USSR, inthe Sar ma
tian b
urials o
f women a
t Novo-Filipovka (
barrow
n
o. 5)
, Dolinovka (
barrow no. 6
) and a
t Sva
tov-Luc
ika (barrow no. 1
).146 We
c
onsider t
hat t
he mater
ial of g
old t
hread d
iscovered in g
rave no. 34 a
t
Paduren
i was no
t manufactured i
n t
he Carpic t
erritory
, but was impor
ted.

As c
an b
e s
een in T
able 2
, t
he f
ragments o
f c
loth found a
t Oboroceni h
ave
b
een more c
omplete
ly ana
lyzed b
ecause t
hey w
ere discovered i
n ab e
tter s
tate
o
f p
reserva
tion
.

b
) Hun
ting
, f
ish
ing a
nd f
ood-ga
ther
ing

Hun
ting a
nd f
ish
ing c
o mp
leted t
he f
ood o
f t
he p
opu
lat
ion. Accord
ing t
o t
he
b
ones f
ound a
t P
oiana-Du
lcest
i, t
he f
ol
low
ing w
ild a
ni ma
ls w
ere h
unted
:
s
tags
, d
eer
, b
eavers
, w
ild b
oars a
nd o
f c
ourse h
ares. T
hese a
ni ma
ls were
h
unted f
or mea
t, s
kin a
nd f
ur.

3
6
 F
ish
ing i
s a
ttested b
y f
ish-bones (
ver
tebrae
) a
nd s
cales f
ound i
n s
o me p
its
a
t Po
iana-Du
lce9t
i, a
t S
ili§te a
nd a
t Varn
ijt
:
i. A f
ish
ing-rod o
f i
ron wh
ich
s
erved f
or f
ish
ing i
n t
he r
iver Mo
ldava h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t S
i 4te (
p
l. CLXV/
1
7). Ana
logous s
pec
i mens w
ith t
his f
ish
ing-rod h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he La Tene
s
ett
le men
ts o
f Dac
ia, a
t T
inosu
l, Po
iana-Tecuc
i a
nd C e
lu Nou. 1
4 8

Fru
its
, r
oots a
nd e
dib
le p
lan
ts l
iv
ing n
atura
lly i
n t
he f
orests a
lso s
erved a
s
f
ood
. Even a
t p
resen
t t
he f
orest s
urround
ing t
he v
illage o
f Po
iana-Du
lce§t
i i
s
r
ich i
n e
dib
le f
ung
i a
nd i
n o
ther k
inds o
f e
dib
le mushroo ms.

TABLE 2

The p
hys
ica
l p
roper
ties o
f t
he t
ext
ile f
ragmen
ts (
after I
. V
lad
)

S
a mp
le n
u mber
No. Feature 2 3 4 5

1 t
he f
abr
ic o
f t
he c
loth c
loth c
loth c
loth c
loth
t
ext
ile

2 t
he t
hickness o
f t
he
t
ext
ile (
in m m
) 0
.565 0
.720 0
.510 0
.690 0
.690

3 t
he d
enseness (
in
f
ibres/c m
)
warp 1
40 1
20 1
40 1
20 1
20
wef
t 1
10 9
0 1
10 9
0 9
0

4 t
he d
elicacy o
f t
he
f
ibres (
in m m
)

warp 1
5.6 7
.5 1
5.3 9
.3 8
.7
wef
t 1
5.1 8
.1 1
6.6 8
.8 9
.8

5 t
he t
ear
ing r
esistence
o
f t
he f
ibres (
in g
f)

warp 1
36 1
13 9
8 4
5 1
45
wef
t 1
50 1
49 6
7 4
6 1
20

6 t
he t
ors
ion o
f t
he
f
ibres (
in t
wist/c m
)

warp 4
-5 5
-6 4
-5 5 4
wef
t 5 4 5 5
-6 4
-5

7 t
he d
irect
ion o
f t
he
t
wist

warp
wef
t

8 t
he n
ature o
f t
he f
ibres

warp l
inen l
inen l
inen l
inen l
inen
wef
t l
inen l
inen l
inen l
inen l
inen

3
7
 V
. CRAFTS

The a
rchaeo
log
ica
l f
inds a
ttes
t t
he e
xis
tence o
f t
he f
ol
low
ing ma
in c
raf
ts:
i
ron-work
ing
, w
ood-work
ing a
nd p
ottery- mak
ing
.

a
) I
ron-work
ing

I
ron-work ing i
s a
ttested b
y the presence o
f p
ieces of s
lag conta
ining i
ron
i
n t
he set
tle ments a
t Poiana-Dulc ei, Butnäreet
i, Tifej
ti and Mindre§t
i. 1
49

9
200 k
g o
f i
ron-s
lag h
ave b
een c
ollected a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti, a
t Varn
iji a
nd a
t
S
il
iete. There is no e
vidence t
o prove t
hat i
ron o
re was smelted a
t Poiana-
Du
lce§ti b
ut a
l mos
t certa
inly meta
l-working was pract
iced i
n th
is s
ettle men
t.
Cruc
ibles o
f i
ron h
ave b
een f
ound a
t S
i
l ee (
p
l. XXXV
II/7
). We c
an p
resu me
w
ith c
onsiderable certa
inty t
he ex
istence of b
lacks mith
's workshops f
or making
d
iferent a
gricultural imp
le men
ts and do mes
tic equ
ip ment i
n al
l the more i
m-
p
ortan
t set
tle ments.

b
) Wood-work
ing

T
he c
arpen
ter
's t
ools d
iscovered a
t Po
iana-Du
lce§
ti, a
t Varn
ig, i
n s
unken-
f
loored dwe
lling n
o. 6 a
nd i
n p
it n
o. 1
7 s
how t
hat t
he Carp
i w
ere a
lso s
kil
ful i
n
w
ood-work
ing
. We s
hou
ld men
tion among t
he i
ron t
ools d
iscovered a
t t
he t
wo
a
rchaeo
logical s
ites t
hree a
ugers, two c
hise
ls, o
ne p
unch a
nd o
ther f
ragmen
t-
a
ry p
ieces whose use i
s n
ot determ
ined.

The a
ctive e
nd of t
he a
ugers is ben
t (
pl. XXVI/1-3, 2
0(VI
I/1-3). T h
is t
ype
o
f a
uger i
s largely u
sed by wheelwr
ights and b
yjoiners. Such t
ools h
ave a
lso
b
een f
ound i
n Mun
ten
ia, a
t Mä
täsaru. 1
5° T
he t
ype w
ithou
t b
ent e
nd o
ccurs i
n
s
o me s
ett
le men
ts i
n C
entra
l Europe
, d
ating f
rom t
he L
ate Ro man p
eriod
. 1
51

The c
hisels (
pl. XX [X/1-2, fig. 7) h
ave ana
logies with t
he spec
i mens
e
xisting i
n the c
on te mporaneous sett
le ments a
t Vi 4oara-Tg.Trotu§ and
Mätäsaru and i
n nu merous s et
tle ments f
ro m t
he Geto-Dacian La Vene (Po
iana-
T
ecuc
i, Gr5d
i9tea Munce
lulu
i, P
iatra R u
le, S
trimbu
, P
etreet
i,
P
iatra Cra
ivi
i a
nd Braeov
). 1
52 The c
hise
ls o
ccur f
requen
tly a
lso i
n aC
elt
ic
con
text a
t G a1
i9, Lovacika ( MukaCevo), Begenovo, Kol
in, Manch ing, S
tare
Hradisko 1
53 e
tc. T he socketed end of t
he piece f
ro m Poiana-Dulcee
ti (
fig
.
7/2 )p
reserves some s urviv
ing r e ma
ins of t
he wooden haf
t.

T
he p
resence o
f t
hese t
ools
, g
rouped i
n t
wo a
reas
, a
l
lows u
s p
resume t
he
e
xis
tence o
f carpenters in t
he s
ett
le ment s
itua
ted at Varn
i,
tä. The p
resence o
f
b
eech a
nd oak f
orest favoured t
he deve
lopmen t o
f wood working
.

C
) P
ottery mak
ing

Po
ttery mak
ing, i
n addit
ion t
o i
ron work
ing a
nd wood-work
ing
, p
layed a
l
arge par
t i
n t
he a
ctiv
ities o
f t
he Carp
i.

3
8
I'

- 7

I •

e
S
'

F
ig. 7 Po
iana-Du
lce .
s
ti, Varn4ä
, i
ron c
hisels

F
ig. 8 Bu
tnärept
i,
p
ottery-workshop
, b
one t
ool

,
39
 K
ilns f
or b
aking p
ottery h
ave b
een f
ound a
t Butnäre e
i, 5
c
heia
-Su
ceava
,
Där mäne .t
i-P
iatra Nea m
j, T
ife§
tf-Panc
iu a
nd P
oiana-Du
lce t
i .154 U
nlike t
he
f
inds f
ro m t
he o
ther s
ett
le men
ts, ap
ottery w
orkshop w
ith t
wo k
ilns f
or b
aking
t
he p
ottery h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t Butnäregt
i; t
h
is d
iscovery a
llows u
s t
o
u
nderstand b
etter t
he b
uild
ing t
echn
ique o
f t
hese k
ilns. Two o
ther k
i
lns f
or
b
aking p
ottery
, n
o. 3 a
nd n
o. 4 a
ccord
ing t
o o
ur e
nu mera
tion
,were d
iscovered
a
t Bu
tnarest
i i
n t
he s
a me n
orthern z
one o
f t
he s
ett
le men
t d
uring p
lough
ing i
n
1
966. Bo
th k
i
lns
, l
oca
ted o
n t
he s
lope, h
ave b
een a
l mos
t e
ntire
ly d
estroyed
b
y t
he p
lough
ing
. They were s
itua
ted a
bou
t 2
0 m (
k
iln n
o. 3
) a
nd 3
2 m (
k
iln
n
o. 4
) f
ro m t
he workshop (
p
l. X
IX). T
he p
ottery-workshop was p
laced i
n a
s
unken-f
loored h
ut o
f o
val f
orm measur
ing 3
.60 x 3
.45 m a
nd a
t ad
epth o
f
2
.40 m f
ro m t
he p
resen
t-day l
evel o
f t
he g
round. The e
ntrance w
ith s
teps
was 1
.05 m i
n w
idth a
nd was p
laced o
n t
he s
outhern s
ide o
f t
he s
unken-
f
loored h
ut. A
t t
he s
urface o
f t
he g
round t
he wa
lls o
f t
he workshop-hu
t were
b
uil
t o
f t
erre p
ise a
nd p
robab
ly t
he r
oof was o
f c
onica
l f
or m.

Bo
th k
ilns
, o
f d
ifferen
t s
ize
, were s
upp
lied f
ro m t
he i
nter
ior o
f t
he h
ut.
The b
igger k
iln was s
itua
ted i
n t
he s
outh-eas
tern p
art a
nd t
he sma
ller i
n t
he
n
orth-eas
tern p
art o
f t
he r
oo m (
p
l. )
(XXI
II a
nd 2
0CXV
I). A l
arge q
uan
tity o
f
p
ottery h
as b
een f
ound i
nside t
he h
ut a
nd 3
6 p
ieces h
ave b
een c
o mp
lete
ly o
r
p
art
ial
ly r
estored
. T
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l e
vidence s
hows t
hat i
n
itia
lly t
he v
es-
s
els w
ere l
a
id o
n wooden s
helves p
laced o
n t
he w
estern a
nd n
orthern w
alls o
f
t
he r
oo m a
nd t
hey f
ell a
nd b
roke o
n t
he o
ccas
ion o
f t
he d
estruct
ion o
f t
he work-
s
hop h
ut (
p
l. I
X/6
, XVI
II/1-3, XXX
IV/l).

Bes
ide t
he v
esse
ls a
nd t
he r
e ma
ins o
f c
harcoa
l, t
he f
ol
low
ing o
bjects were
f
ound o
n t
he f
loor o
f t
he s
unken-f
loored h
ut: t
wo b
lades o
f i
ron k
nives
, af
lake
o
f f
l
int w
ith t
riangu
lar a
nd b
lun
t p
oin
t, wh
ich w
as u
sed f
or mak
ing t
he b
urn
ished
d
ecora
tion (
as t
he p
otters o
f Marg
inea
, d
istr
ict o
f S
uceava
, p
rac
tice t
oday
), a
n
aw
l o
f smoo
th b
one (
f
ig. 8
) wh
ich was u
sed e
ither f
or p
ierc
ing h
oles i
n t
he s
ides
o
f v
esse
ls i
nto wh
ich t
he h
and
le was f
ixed o
r f
or mak
ing t
he d
ecora
tion o
f t
he
p
ottery
, a
n a
xe o
f s
tone a
nd t
wo o
ther t
ools (
p
l. XXXV/6
, 8
-12
) made o
f t
he
s
a me r
ock w
ith t
races o
f u
til
iza
tion o
n a
ll t
he f
acets a
nd s
erv
ing p
robab
ly e
ither
f
or c
rush
ing t
he s
herds a
nd t
he p
ebb
les o
r a
s ab
urn
isher
, ap
iece o
f g
rit-stone
,
a sma
ll h
eap o
f p
ebb
le a
nd c
rushed s
herds a
nd a b
lock o
f k
neaded c
lay wh
ich
was i
n f
act t
he p
aste f
or mak
ing t
he v
esse
ls. Aq
uern o
f Ro man t
ype (
p
l. 2
0(V/1)
h
as b
een f
ound i
n t
he s
a me p
art o
f t
he r
oo m
, b
ut a
bove t
he f
loor. I
tis p
oss
ible
t
hat s
o me wooden o
bjects s
uch a
s t
he p
otter
's w
hee
l w
ere d
estroyed o
n t
he
o
ccas
ion o
f t
he b
urn
ing o
f t
he h
ut. The e
xistence o
f t
he p
otter
's w
hee
l i
n t
he h
ut
may b
e s
upposed o
n t
he b
asis o
f t
he d
iscovery o
f o
ther o
bjects wh
ich w
ere
u
sed f
or mak
ing p
ottery i
n i
t
.

The f
ind f
ro m Butnäre§
ti t
ells u
s f
or t
he f
irs
t t
ime t
he who
le l
ay-ou
t o
f t
he
k
ilns u
sed b
y t
he Carp
i. T
he g
rea
t k
i
ln (
no. 3
) was i
n t
he s
hape o
f at
runca
ted
c
one a
nd i
tis p
reserved n
ear
ly e
ntirely (
p
l. )
00 M/3-6
). I
t c
ons
isted o
f a
f
urnace-cha mber
, g
rate a
nd t
he c
ha mber f
or b
aking t
he p
ottery
. T
he f
urnace-
c
ha mber was f
ormed b
y d
igg
ing o
ut a h
ollow i
n t
he g
round a
nd was d
ivided i
nto
t
wo c
ha mbers (
f
ire-ho
les
) b
y a med
ian wa
ll made o
f t
he n
atura
l e
arth
; t
he
med
ian wa
ll was 0
.34 m i
n w
idth a
nd 0
.85 m i
n h
eigh
t. T
he w
idth o
f t
he t
wo
f
ire-ho
les was 0
.84 a
nd 0
.80 m r
espect
ive
ly. T
he h
ear
th was a
t ad
epth o
f
2
.45 m b
elow t
he p
resen
t g
round l
eve
l. The i
n
ter
ior o
f t
he f
ire-ho
les was
l
ined w
ith a c
oat 0
.03-0.04 m i
n t
h
ickness wh
ich was s
lagged ow
ing t
o t
he

4
0
 f I ,•
;
A •
i

i4 ;

e
mre
f
M MM M Ma

F A
i r h
t

F
ig. 9 Bu
tnäre§
ti, s
ect
ion o
f t
he l
arge k
i
ln (
C 2
) i
n t
he p
ottery-workshop
1
, f
ir
ing r
oo m
2
, med
ian wa
ll
3
, t
he g
rate
4
, t
he wa
ll o
f t
he f
ir
ing c
ha mber
5
, n
atura
l s
oil
, f
ired r
ed.
6
, The c
lay-l
ining (
withou
t c
haf
f) o
f t
he wa
lls
7
, t
races o
f t
wigs o
n t
he b
ase o
f t
he g
rate a
nd i
n t
he f
ra me-work
o
f t
he f
ir
ing c
ha mber
.

4
1
i
ntense b
urn
ing
. The i
ntense u
til
isa
tion o
f t
he k
iln i
s d
e mons
tra
ted b
y t
he f
act
t
hat t
he g
round a
round t
he f
ire-ho
les i
s f
ired r
ed t
o ad
epth o
f a
bou
t 0
.20 m.
The med
ian wa
ll was v
itr
ified.

T
he f
loor (
t
he g
rate
) o
n wh
ich t
he p
ots w
ere s
tacked was a
pprox
i ma
tely o
f
c
ircu
lar f
orm w
ith a t
hickness o
f 0
.20 m a
nd 2
.25 x 2
.15 m i
n s
ize. T
he t
races
o
f 2
3 s
t
icks (
whose t
hickness v
aried b
etween 0
.02 a
nd 0
.03 m) h
ave b
een f
ound
a
t t
he b
ase o
f t
he g
rate a
nd o
n t
he b
order o
f t
he f
urnace-cha mber
, t
he d
istance
b
etween t
he m b
eing 0
.10 m. The g
rate was n
ot made o
f n
atura
l e
arth
, a
s was
u
sua
l, b
ut b
uil
t o
f c
lay m
ixed w
ith s
traw a
nd c
haf
f, wh
ich was l
a
id o
ver t
he
f
ra mework o
f t
wigs. The "
bed" o
f t
wigs s
uppor
ted t
he l
ayer o
f s
oft c
lay i
n
wh
ich 3
8 h
oles were made f
or t
he c
ircu
lat
ion o
f t
he h
ot a
ir f
ro m t
he f
urnace-
c
ha mber i
nto t
he c
ha mber f
or b
aking t
he p
ottery
. The d
ia meter o
f t
he h
oles
p
ierc
ing t
he g
rate was 0
.08 m. The g
rate i
s v
i
trif
ied b
y t
he i
ntense b
urn
ing
.

The f
ir
ing-cha mber was 1
.25 m i
n he
ight a
nd was in t
he s
hape o
f atrunca
ted
c
one
; t he sou
th-western par
t of t
h
is c
ha mber was d
e mol
ished i
n a
ncien
t times.
I
t was n
ot made o
f n
atura
l e
arth b
ut i
ngen
ious
ly b
uil
t o
f c
lay mixed w
ith s
traw
a
nd c
haf
f. F
irst
ly, af
ra me o
f t
wigs w
ith a d
istance o
f 0
.15 m b
etween t
he m
was i
nser
ted i
n t
he g
round a
nd t
hen t
he c
lay w
as a
ppl
ied o
n b
oth s
ides
. I
n t
his
way t
here r
esu
lted a wa
ll a
bou
t 0
.11 m i
n t
h
ickness. A
fter d
rying
, t
he i
nside
a
nd o
uts
ide o
f t
he f
ir
ing-cha mber was c
oated w
ith a t
hin l
ayer o
f c
lay w
ithou
t
s
traw o
r c
haf
f. S
ince t
he t
wigs h
ave b
een d
estroyed b
y f
ire, o
nly t
heir t
races
impressed i
n t
he c
lay h
ave s
urv
ived
. The f
ir
ing c
ha mber was n
ot v
aul
ted b
ut
h
alf-covered w
ith a f
lat c
eil
ing 0
.08 i
n t
h
ickness
, b
uilt i
n t
he s
a me w
ay, e
xcep
t
t
hat t
he t
wigs w
ere h
orizon
tal
ly a
rranged (
f
ig. 9
). Probab
ly i
t was b
uil
t a
fter
t
he d
rying o
f t
he wa
lls. The p
ottery was i
ntroduced a
nd t
aken o
ut f
ro m t
he
k
iln t
hrough t
he o
pen (
free
) p
art o
f t
he t
op. T
he t
op o
f t
he f
ir
ing c
hamber was
o
nly a
t ad
epth o
f 0
.15 m b
elow t
he p
resen
t g
round l
eve
l, b
ut i
t was 0
.30 m
a
bove t
he a
ncien
t g
round l
eve
l (
pl. XXX
III, = W
I).

The s
toke-ho
le was o
f o
val f
orm a
nd s
tuck o
ut b
y 0
.20 m f
ro m t
he b
order
o
f t
he k
iln a
nd c
o m mun
ica
ted w
ith a f
lue t
he l
eng
th o
f wh
ich f
orm t
he med
ian
wa
ll was 0
.70 m. F
ood c
ould a
lso b
e c
ooked i
n t
h
is s
ect
ion. The s
toke-ho
le
was 0
.60 m i
n h
eigh
t a
nd 0
.55 m i
n w
idth
; t
he t
h
ickness o
f t
he wa
ll w
as 0
.18
t
o 0
.20 m. The p
it f
or t
he c
harcoa
l a
nd a
shes e
vacua
ted f
ro m t
he f
urnace was
s
ituated i
n t
he c
entre o
f t
he h
ut a
nd i
n f
ron
t o
f t
he s
toke-ho
le (
p
l. 2
00CV
1). I
t
was o
f r
ough
ly o
val f
orm
, 1
.56 m x 1
.05 m i
n s
ize a
nd a
t ad
epth o
f 0
.30 m
b
elow t
he f
loor-
leve
l o
f t
he h
ut. T
he p
it c
onta
ined a l
arge q
uan
tity o
f c
harcoa
l
a
nd a
shes. On
ly f
rag men
tary p
ottery
, o
f l
arge a
nd med
iu m s
ize v
esse
ls, b
oth
wheel- made f
ine ware a
nd h
and- made c
oarse w
are
, a
nd n
o i
ntact v
esse
ls were
d
iscovered i
n t
he k
iln. The f
ragmen
ts were most
ly f
ound a
t t
he s
ides o
f t
he
f
ir
ing c
ha mber (
p
l. 2
0CX1
E/3-4
). The p
resence o
f b
oth t
ypes o
f p
ottery d
oes
n
ot mean t
hat h
and- made a
nd whee
l- made p
ots w
ere b
aked t
ogether i
n t
he k
iln
.
If
ound t
he e
xplana
tion wh
ile s
tudy
ing s
o me modern k
ilns f
or p
ottery- mak
ing
.
The r
ura
l p
otters p
ut al
ayer o
f l
arge s
herds o
ver t
he s
tacked p
ots
, w
hich
i
ndica
te t
he d
egree o
f b
aking o
f t
he v
esse
ls. P
robab
ly t
he s
herds d
iscovered
i
n t
he Carp
ic k
iln a
t Butnär W
i p
layed t
he s
ame r
ole.

The sma
ll k
i
ln (
no. 1
) was o
f t
he s
a me t
ype b
ut ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat i
t was
b
uil
t a
t a sma
ller d
epth
, o
nly t
he f
ire-cha mbers a
nd t
he g
rate h
ave s
urv
ived
(
p
l. 2
0(XI
I/5
). A sma
ll r
im 0
.05 m i
n h
eigh
t s
urv
ives o
f t
he f
ir
ing c
hamber
.155

4
2
F
ig. 1
0 B
utnarest
i, r
estora
tion d
raw
ing o
f t
he l
arge k
i
ln (
C 2
, t
he u
ncovered
p
art
); 1 , s
toke ho
les
; 2, median wa
ll; 3
, the gra
te; 4, f
iring cha mber
;
5
, wall o
f t
he f
ir
ing chamber
; n o
te t
he t
races o
f twigs i
n s
ection
.

4
3
I
n c
ontrast w
ith k
iln n
o. 2
, t
he c
ha mber f
or b
aking t
he p
ottery o
f k
i
ln n
o. 1
was b
uilt a
l mos
t e
ntirely o
n t
he g
round s
urface a
nd w
ithout a b
rushwood f
ra me-
work b
ecause o
f i
t
s sma
ller s
ize. T
his s
hows t
hat t
he t
wigs were u
sed f
or
b
uild
ing t
he wa
lls on
ly when t
he fir
ing c
hamber was higher. Ow ing to t
he fac
t
t
hat t
he h
ear
th of t
he k
iln was 1
.50 m above t
he f
loor o
f the workshop-hut, a
t
hresho
ld o
f n
atura
l e
arth s
l
igh
tly d
ished a
nd 0
.84 x 0
.70 m i
n s
ize w
as k
ept i
n
f
ron
t o
f t
he k
iln f
or t
he r
e mova
l o
f t
he a
shes. T
he s
laggy g
rate a
nd w
alls o
f
t
he f
ire-chambers s
how t
hat t
h
is k
i
ln was a
lso i
n
tens
ive
ly u
sed (
p
l. 2
COU
I/5
,
X
)<X
[V/5 a
nd XXXV
I/C1).

The k
i
lns a
re c
onte mporaneous a
nd b
elong t
o t
he s
a me workshop h
ut, b
ut
t
hey w
ere u
sed f
or b
aking d
ifferen
t t
ypes o
f p
ots. Vessels o
f sma
ll s
ize w
ith
r
i m-d
ia meter u
p t
o 7
-8 cm (
correspond
ing w
ith t
he d
istance b
etween t
he h
oles
o
f t
he g
rate
) were b
aked i
n k
iln n
o. 1
, wh
ile t
he l
arger v
esse
ls were f
ired i
n
k
iln n
o. 2
. The k
i
lns w
ere u
sed a
s f
o
llows
: t
he k
iln was s
upp
lied w
ith wood
f
ro m t
he h
ut. T
he p
ots w
ere i
ntroduced t
hrough t
he o
pen
ing i
n t
he t
op a
nd
were s
toked o
n t
he v
ented f
loor (
the g
rate
) o
f t
he f
ir
ing c
ha mber
. T
hey were
a
rranged o
n t
he i
nterva
ls b
etween t
he h
oles o
f t
he g
rate (
f
ig. 1
0), s
o t
hat t
he
h
ot a
ir c
ould p
ass u
pwards t
hrough t
he p
erfora
ted f
loor i
nto t
he f
ir
ing c
ha mber
a
nd c
ircu
late a
round t
he p
ots. A l
ayer o
f b
ig s
herds was l
a
id o
ver t
he s
tacked
p
ots
; i
tplayed t
he r
ole o
f i
ndica
ting t
he i
ntens
ity o
f t
he f
ire a
nd c
onsequen
tly
t
he d
egree o
f b
aking o
f t
he p
ottery
. Every l
oad o
f p
ottery c
onta
ined v
essels
o
f t
he s
ame s
ize. T
o p
roduce a r
ed c
olour
, t
he v
esse
ls were b
aked i
n a
n
o
xid
izing f
ire a
nd f
or a g
rey c
olour
, f
irst
ly t
hey were b
aked i
n a
n o
xod
izing
f
ire u
ntil t
hey b
eca me b
righ
t r
ed, a
nd t
hen t
hey were b
aked i
n ar
educ
ing f
ire
wh
ich c
hanged t
he c
olour f
ro m r
ed t
o g
rey
, a
nd f
ina
lly
, v
ery r
are
ly, t
o a
b
lack c
olour
. Dur
ing t
he r
educ
ing-f
iring
, t
he o
pen
ing i
n t
he t
op o
f t
he f
ir
ing
c
hamber was e
ither p
lugged w
ith e
arth l
a
id o
ver t
he l
ayer o
f s
herds o
r c
overed
w
ith c
lay a
nd t
wigs. The s
toke-ho
le was a
lso p
lugged.

A
fter b
aking
, t
he v
esse
ls r
e ma
ined i
n t
he k
i
ln u
nti
l c
o mp
lete
ly c
ool. The
ma
jor
ity o
f t
he v
esse
ls u
sed b
y t
he Carp
i w
ere g
rey-f
ired
; r
ed p
ottery o
ccurs
more r
are
ly i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
nd t
he c
e meter
ies. Bo
th c
ategor
ies o
f p
ottery
c
ould b
e b
aked i
n t
he s
a me t
ype o
f k
i
ln b
y t
hese t
echn
iques. The k
i
lns n
o. 3
a
nd n
o. 4 wh
ich w
ere d
estroyed b
y p
lough
ing b
elonged t
o t
wo d
iferen
t t
ypes
:
k
iln n
o. 3 h
ad t
he f
ir
ing c
ha mber d
ivided b
y a med
ian wa
ll 0
.18 m i
n t
h
ickness
,
wh
ile k
iln n
o. 4 was o
f t
he t
ype w
ith a c
entra
l p
il
lar
. Ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat
o
nly t
he b
ase o
f t
he f
ir
ing c
ha mber o
f b
oth k
ilns h
as s
urv
ived i
n s
i
tu w
e c
anno
t
c
alcu
late e
ither t
he h
eigh
t o
f t
he f
ir
ing c
ha mber o
r t
he d
i mens
ions o
f t
he k
ilns
.
Both k
i
lns w
ere sma
ller t
han k
iln n
o. 2
, b
ut b
igger t
han k
iln n
o. 1
.

K
iln n
o. 3 was p
robab ly i
n t
he shape o
f atrunca
ted c one w
ith an o
val base
o
f a
bout 1
.60 m in d
ia meter. T he t
hickness o
f t
he floor f
or suppor
ting t
he
v
esse
ls was 0
.17-0.18 m. K
iln n
o. 4 was sma
ller a
nd h
ad a r
ound g
rate a
bou
t
1
.35 m i
n d
ia meter a
nd 0
.12-0.14 m i
n t
h
ickness. Probab
ly t
he f
ir
ing c
ha mbers
w
ere b
uil
t o
n t
he g
round s
urface
; w
e h
ave n
ot f
ound a
ny t
race o
f t
heir d
o me,
a
nd f
urther more
, n
o h
ut o
r workshop h
as b
een n
oticed a
round t
he k
i
lns.

T
hese f
inds a
ttes
t t
he e
xistence o
f at
rue p
otter
's q
uar
ter a
t Bu
tnäregt
i;
o
ther k
i
lns p
oss
ibly e
xist e
ither u
ndiscovered o
r d
estroyed o
ver t
he c
entur
ies.
T
his d
iscovery i
s s
o f
ar u
nique i
n t
he Carp
ic w
orld s
ince o
ther k
ilns o
ccur a
s
s
ing
le f
inds i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
t P
oiana-Du
lce9
ti, T
if e
i-Panc
iu, c
heia-
S
uceava
, Därmän W
i-P
iatra Nea m.
;and Bä
lten
i.

4
4
P
oian
a-E
rulce§
ti

T
he r
e ma
ins o
f aki
ln f or b
aking p
ottery
, l
argely d
estroyed by agr
iculture
,
h
as b
een i
den
tif
ied a
t S
ili ee, on t
he w
estern l
imit o
f t
he se
ttle men
t, in t
he
v
alley o
f Cringulesi
i. T he t
wo fi
re-holes
, t he median wa
ll and s
ome parts o
f
t
he ven
t-holed grate a
re surv
iving. T he he
igh t o
f t
he f
ire-chambers and o
f
t
he median wall was 0
.50 m, the l
eng
th 2.05 m , t
he width 0
.40 m and 0
.35 m.
The d
iameter o
f t
he f
loor for s
upport
ing t
he p
ots was 2 m a
nd the t
hickness was
0
.19 m T he f
ir
ing cha mber was t
o agrea
t ex
tentb u
ilt o
n t
he ground surface
,
c
onforming t
o t
he t
echnique employed i
n t
he b
uild
ing of t
he k
ilns a
t Butnäre

S
che
ia-Suceava 1
56

Three k
ilns f
or baking po
ttery, l argely destroyed by t
he b u
ilding o
f t
he ra
il-
way f
rom Suceava to Päl
tinoasa,have b een identif
ied at t
h
is s i
te. Two k i
lns,
n
o. 1 and n
o. 3w ere of t
he t
ype w ith med ian wall. K i
ln no. 2i s comp
letely
d
estroyed and i
n consequence w e cannot know ifi thad a median w a
ll o
r p
illar.
K
iln no. 3 p
art
ially over
lies ki
ln n o. 2. A s ilver coin w
as found in t
he c
lay
c
oat
ing of k
iln n
o. 2, b
ut i
tcannot b
e exac
tly i
den
tif
ied (Anton
inus P
ius, 139-
1
61 or Marcus Aure
lius, 1
61-180?), b
ecause o
f i
ts bad s
tate o
f p
reserva
tion
i
n c
onsequence o
f t
he h
igh te mperature i
n t
he ki
ln. C erta
inly, the d
ate o
f t
he
c
oin i
sn o
t l
ater t
han t
he 2nd century A.D. T he f
act t
hat k
ilns no. 2 a
nd 3
c
ut t
hrough e
ach o
ther shows the exis
tence o
f ei
ther two o
ccupation l
evels o
r
t
wo d
if
feren
t p
hases b
elong
ing t
o t
he s
ame l
eve
l.

T
i
fee
ti-Pan
ciu 1
57

T
he re mains o
f aki
ln f
or bak
ing pot
tery o
f t
he t
ype w
ith med
ian w a
ll has
b
een f
ound in t
he s
ett
le men
t s
ituated a
t La G
rigoreei. The t
op of t
he ki
ln has
b
een d
estroyed b
y t
he plough wh
ich h
as pene
tra
ted 0.50 m in depth
; the l
ower
p
art o
f t
he k
iln i
s r
ela
tively we
ll p
reserved. The d
ia meter o
f the k
iln i
s 1
.68 m
a
nd t
he d
epth i
s o
f 1
.20 m. As
toke-ho
le h
as b
een i
den
tif
ied i
n f
ron
t o
f t
he
k
i
ln , 0
.95 m d
eeper t
han t
he h
ear
th o
f t
he k
i
ln. T
he wa
lls o
f t
he f
urnace a
re
i
ntense
ly b
urnt
.

Därmänee
ti-P
iatra N
ean4 1
58

Aki
ln f
or b
aking po
ttery made o
f "
natura
l earth" a
nd w
ith a
n annexed
c
ircu
lar h
ole (
t
he stoke h
ole
) has b
een f
ound in t
h
is wel
l-known set
tle men
t.
A cen
tra l p
illar supported the p erforated fl
oor (the grate) and the fi
ring chamber
was carefully l
ined with clay. T he furnace-chamber h ad slaggy wa lls owing
t
o the i
ntense b urning. T he authors of the report considered that the fi
ring
chamber was c overed w ith "a clay-coa ted do me wh
ich w as a bove the ground
l
evel and the cha mber w as bui
lt i n
to the brown-black s oi
l wh ich overlaid the
brown layer containing the depos i
ts of the set
tlemen t". F ew f ragmen ts of
p
ottery h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he k
i
ln, wh
ile t
hey a
re more n
umerous i
n t
he s
toke-
h
ole.

I
n con
trast w
ith the c
lear si
tuation concerning t
he under-ground l
ower par t
o
f t
he k
iln, t
he upper par
t, which is considered b
y the au
thors to b
e b
uilt "
in
t
he b
lack-brown soi
l which o
ver la
id the cultura
l l
ayer" causes many proble ms.
Bear
ing i
n m
ind t
hat t
he o
ccupa
tion l
eve
l o
n t
he a
ncien
t g
round s
urface mus
t

4
5
b
e a
t t
he s
a me l
eve
l a
s t
he c
ulture l
ayer i
tfo
llows t
hat t
he "
black-brown e
arth"
was a l
ater d
epos
it a
nd i
n c
onsequence t
he f
ir
ing c
ha mber c
ould n
ot b
e d
ug i
nto
g
round wh
ich d
id n
ot e
xis
t a
t t
he t
ime. Bu
t e
ven i
f we a
dmi
t t
he a
rgumen
t o
f
t
he r
eport
, then w
e must cons
ider t
hat t
he he
ight o
f t
he f
iring c
ha mber c
ould
n
ot e
xceed 0
.30 m since t
he gra
te o
f t
he ki
ln was a
t adepth o
f 0
.30 m below the
p
resent g round l
eve
l , wh
ich, according t
o t
he repor
t, overl
ies t he c
ulture
1
ayer.159 I
n t
he l
ight o
f t
his e
vidence, we b
elieve t
hat t
he fir
ing chamber w as
b
uilt o
f clay; ifitw ere made o
f natura
l ear
th, digg
ing out ah ol
low in the g
round
,
t
hen t
he k
iln w
ould h
ave h
ad t
o h
ave b
een d
eeper i
n t
he g
round
.

Bä
lten
i160

Ak
iln o
f t
he t
ype w
ith med
ian wa
ll was f
ound i
n 1
958
; i
t was p
art
ial
ly
d
estroyed. The d
irector o
f t
he excavat
ion cons
idered, on t
he bas
is o
f the pot-
t
ery f
ragments f
ound i
nside
, tha
t this k
iln w
as Dacian a
nd dated i
tin t
he 3rd-4th
c
enturies
, the d
ating proposed b
y I
. T. Dragom
ir , which was v
alid as l
ong a
s
t
he op
inion o
f t
he existence o
f on
ly one s
ing
le c
ulture-layer a
t Bälten
i was
a
ccep
tab
le. Bu
t s
ince w
e h
ave i
den
tif
ied t
wo d
if
feren
t c
ulture-layers (
Daco-
Carp
ic a
nd S
intana d
e Mure§-Cerneahov t
ype
), t
he d
ating o
f t
he k
i
ln mus
t b
e
l
imited t
o t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.

.
162
Po
iene§
ti

Ak
iln f
or b
aking p
ottery
, w
ith t
he f
ir
ing-chamber d
ivided b
y a med
ian wa
ll,
was recovered a
t P
oiene§
ti, on the Dealu
l Teilor
, in 1
936. Ow ing t
o t
he l
ack
o
f strat
igraphica
l o
bservations we cannot d
etermine t
o what e
xtent t
he k
i
ln be-
l
onged t
o t
he L
a V
ene Carp
ic s
ett
le men
t o
r t
o t
he S
intana d
e Mure9-Cerneahov
t
ype s
ett
le men
t, b
oth c
ultures b
eing a
ttes
ted a
t t
h
is s
i
te.

Aki
ln with c
entral p
i
llar h
as been d
iscovered i
n the set
tle men
t o
f M
ilitar
i-
Mä
täsaru t
ype si
tuated a
t S
tra
iilee
ti, n
ear Bucharest.163

Accord
ing t
o t
he f
inds s
o f
ar d
iscovered
, t
here a
re t
wo ma
in t
ypes o
f k
i
ln
w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
ulture
; t
hey w
orked o
n t
he s
a me p
rinc
iples a
nd d
if
fer o
nly
i
n s
o me b
uild
ing-de
tai
ls. The k
i
ln w
ith t
he f
urnace-cha mber d
ivided b
y a me-
d
ian w
all was t
he mos
t f
requen
t t
ype
; i
tis k
nown a
t B
utnäre§t
i (
t
hree k
i
lns
:
n
os. 1
, 2a nd 4
)
, T ifeet
i, §che
ia-Suceava (
kilns nos. 1 a
nd 3
), Po
iana-D
rulce§t
i
a
nd Bä
lten
i. T he second t
ype,wh
ich is l
ess frequentinc
ludes t
he ki
lns w
ith
c
entral p
il
lar and o
ccurs a
t Därmäneeti-Piatra Nean4 a nd Butnä
'reet
i (kiln n
o. 3
).
The l
ower par
t of b
oth t
ypes was made of n
atura
l e ar
th a nd t
he upper part was
b
uilt o
f c
lay mixed w
ith c
haf
f and straw
. We d o not exc
lude the possib
ility
t
hat k
i
lns w
ith f
ir
ing c
ha mbers made o
f n
atura
l e
arth c
ould b
e f
ound i
n f
uture,
b
ut s
o f
ar o
nly f
ir
ing c
ha mbers b
uil
t o
f c
lay m
ixed w
ith c
haf
f, e
ven i
fthey a
re
a
t ag
rea
t d
epth a
s a
t Bu
tnäre e
i, a
re e
ncoun
tered w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
ulture.
T
his b
uild
ing-sys
te m o
ccurs i
n Ro man
ia f
rom a
s e
arly a
s t
he 5
th-6th c
entury
B
.C. F or exa mp
le , f
our ki
lns have been f
ound a
t H
istria
, 164 i
n t
he sector Z2,
i
n t
he c
ulture-
layer of the 5
th-4th cen
turies B
.C. and one k
iln i
n t
he sector X
,
i
n t
he H
ellenis
tic layer (t
he 2nd -
ist c
entury B
.C.); all t
hese ki
lns h
ave the
f
ir
ing c
ha mber made o
f t
erre p
ise. The f
ir
ing
-cha mber i
s o
f c
ylindr
ica
l f
or m
,
w
ith a c
entra
l p
il
lar t
o h
elp b
ear t
he we
igh
t o
f t
he g
rate
, b
uil
t o
f n
atura
l e
arth.
T
he h
ear
th o
f t
he f
ire-cha mber was f
lat i
n t
he k
i
lns f
rom t
he 5
th-4
th c
entury
B
.C. a
nd d
ished i
n t
he k
i
lns d
ating f
ro m t
he H
ellen
ist
ic p
eriod.

4
6
 I
tis impor
tan
t t
o n
ote t
hat b
oth t
ypes o
f k
i
ln u
sed b
y t
he Carp
i i
n t
he 2
nd-
3
rd c
entur
ies A
.D. a
re a
lso e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene p
eriod
a
t Poiana-Tecuci, 1
65 BItca Doa mne
i, 1
66 Po
iana-Dulceet
i (the s
ett
le ment of
Brog
teanu), 1
67 C elu Nou near Bucharest168 and Deva (Pe
tru Major street)J 6
9

The k
i
lns d
iscovered a
t Po
iana-Tecuc
i, P
oiana-Du
lceet
i a
nd C4e
lu Nou h
ave
t
he median wa
ll a nd t
hose o
f B
itca Do mane
i and D
eva are o
f t
he type with
p
illar
. Th is de monstra
tes t
hat k
i
lns for bak
ing p
ottery w
ere no
t a bsent i
n t
he
Geto-Dacian La T
ene period.170 K
ilns f
or bak
ing pot
tery dat
ing from t
he La
T
ene p er
iod and t
he f
irst cen
turies A
.D. also occur ou
tside Ro man
ia, e
spec
ial-
l
y i
n a Ce
ltic c
ontext
, at Lovos
ice , CerhYnky, Vek
16-0patov
ice, Tfebovä
,
Bra
tis
lava, Pregov, Bla ice
, Z e mp
lin, garovCe
, Viena
, Burgsch
leintz, Ba
ier-
dor
f, Fauersbrunn
, Bekgsmegyer
, Bicserd
, Novä-Huta, Z of
ipole
, Igolo m
i,
Nova C
erekev, Radlov
ice-Gos
tkowice
, Beregsuräny e
tc. 1
71 We shou
ld men t
ion
t
hat a
l
l t
he k
ilns f
ound i
n C
elt
ic, C
elto-Bas
tarn
ian a
nd Vanda
lic c
ontex
ts a
re
o
f t
he t
ype w
ith med
ian wa
ll. T
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l f
inds s
how t
hat b
oth t
ypes o
f
k
iln a
re a
lso e
ncoun
tered w
ith
in t
he S
intana d
e Muree-Cernaehov c
ulture i
n t
he
t
err
itory o
f Ro man
ia a
nd t
he USSR .1
72

1
6 k
ilns f
or b
aking p
ottery h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n Ro man
ia w
ith
in t
he
S
intana d
e Mure§-Cerneahov cu
lture. T he t
ype of k
i
ln with med
ian w a
ll i
s en-
c
ountered i
n t
he se
ttle men
ts a
t Botogan
i-Dealul Cärämidärie
i, Tru egti -"on
Cuha" (
kiln n
o. 2)
, Cucuteni-Baiceni
, t he s
ett
le ment a
t L a
iu, Zorlen
i, Ionäpen
i,
S
f .Gheorghe-Ozun (k
iln no. 1
) and Bucharest-Cringasi;173 t
he type w
ith
cen
tral pi
llar o
ccurs at Gr
äväneyti
i V echi
, Truee_9
ti "on Cuga" (
kiln n
o. 1)
,
Cucuteni-Bäiceni, t
he set
tle ment at S
i
ligte, Il
eana ( d
istrict I
l
fov), F
undenii
Doa mnei (
Buchares t
) and Independenla (
distr
ict I a
lom4a ). A k i
ln f
or bak
ing
po
ttery of i
ndeterminate type since i
t was comp letely d
estroyed was d
iscovered
a
t §indri
lip., n
ear Bucharest i
n 1
965. I ti
s i
nteres
ting t
o no
te tha
t the two
k
ilns at Tru§ee
ti h
ad the s
ame stoke-ho
le, a
lthough k
iln n
o. 1 was o
f the t
ype
w
ith c
entra
l p
il
lar a
nd k
i
ln n
o. 2 was o
f t
he t
ype w
ith med
ian w
all. T
his f
act
c
lear
ly d
e monstrates t
hat t
he t
wo t
ypes o
f k
i
lns
, o
ne s
i
tua
ted i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t
o
n Cuha
, t
he o
ther w
ith
in t
he S
intana d
e Muree-Cerneahov c
ulture
,were c
on-
t
e mporaneous.

A
t Bo
togan
i-Dea
lul Cr m
id r
iei a
nd a
t G
lävänee
tii V
ech
i, t
he p
erfora
ted
f
loor for stacking the vesse
ls w as b
uilt on a"bed" of t
wigs as a
t Butnäreeti,
but t
he twigs were a rranged d
ifferently
; r adial
ly and supported by t
he walls
and t
he c entral p
il
lar of the f
ir
ing cha mber at Gräväneet
ii Vechi and i
nter
laced
i
n the ki
ln w ith median wall f
ound at Botogan
i-Dea lul C
ara-midärie
i.

T
he k
ilns d
iscovered s
o f
ar i
n Ro man
ia s
how t
hat t
he t
ype w
ith c
entra
l
p
illar was more frequen
t than t
hat w
ith med
ian wal
l w
ith
in t
he s
ett
le men
ts be-
l
onging to t
he S
intana de Mures cu
lture
, in con
tras
t t
o t
he o
ppos
ite p
roport
ion
e
xist
ing w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
ulture a
nd i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene. We d
o
n
ot k
now t
o wha
t e
xten
t t
h
is p
ropor
tion i
s a
lso t
he s
ame f
or t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f
t
he C
erneahov t
ype s
i
tua
ted i
n t
he USSR
, s
ince l
i
ttle i
nforma
tion c
oncern
ing
t
he k
i
lns i
s p
ubl
ished
. The S
ovie
t r
esearchers M. A
. T
ihanova a
nd E
. A
.
R
ikman c
all t
he k
ilns w
ith
in t
he C
erneahov c
ulture
, "
of Ro man t
ype"; w
e c
on-
s
ider t
hat t
his n
a me is i
ncorrect
, bearing i
n mind t
hat t
he ki
lns o
ccur i
n Dac
ia
a
nd i
n the S
outh of t
he USSR long b
efore t
he Ro man p
enetra
tion o
f t
hose
c
oun
tries. The k
ilns f
ro m H
istr
ia a
re d
ated f
ro m t
he 4
th-3rd c
entur
ies B
.C.
a
nd t
hose d
iscovered i
n t
he G
etan s
ett
le men
t a
t P
oiana-Tecuc
i a
re f
ro m t
he

4
7
3
rd cen
tury B
.C. The ki
ln f
ro m Po
iana Tecuc
i belongs t
o a n o
ccupation l
eve
l
c
onta
ining ma
ter
ial wh
ich i
s ear
lier t
han t
he Getan set
tle ment o
f Popeet
i. I n
t
he ligh
t of t
his t
he h
ypothes
is tha
t the peop
le o
f the S
intana d
e Mur e-Cerneahov
c
ulture adopted t
he t
ypes o
f ki
lns for b
aking p
ottery f
rom the popu
lat
ion o
f
Dac
ian o
rig
in s
ee ms t
o b
e p
robab
le. The s
imi
lar
ities b
etween t
he k
ilns g
en-
e
ral
ly used b
y the Dac
ians, even i
n t
he La Tbne per
iod
, a nd t
hose u
sed b
y the
p
eople o
f t
he Sin
tana de Mures-Cerneahov c
ulture a
re very g
reat, a
s i
s a
ttested
b
y t
he f
inds f
ro m C4e
lu Nou a
nd G
iuleet
i.

Th
is s
ort o
f k
i
ln o
ccurs i
n t
he 3
rd-4
th c
entur
ies A
.D. i
n Transy
lvan
ia, i
n
t
he t
err
itory of t
he f
ormer Ro man p
rov
ince o
f Dacia where t
hey c
oex
ist w
ith
t
hose o
f Ro man t
ype wh
ich were b
uil
t o
f s
tones a
nd bricks. We mention i
n t
his
a
rea t
he k
iln i
den
tif
ied a
t A
lba J
ul
ia i
n 1
943, i
n t
he t
err
itory o
f t
he a
ncien
t c
ity
o
f Apu
lu m
;176 t
h
is k
i
ln w
as i
n t
he s
hape o
f at
runca
ted c
one a
nd made o
nly o
f
c
lay
. T
he g
rate o
r p
erfora
ted f
loor was s
uppor
ted b
y ac
entra
l p
il
lar o
f s
quare
f
orm w
ith a s
ide o
f 0
.48 m. T
he g
rate i
s n
ear
ly i
n
tact a
nd i
t may b
e d
ated i
n
t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd o
r t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D. ,o
n t
he
b
asis o
f acoin d
ating f
ro m A
.D. 2
46 in t
he r
eign o
f Ph
ilip t
he Arab. T hree
l
arger k
ilns w
ith t
he wal
ls made o
f b
ricks, c
onforming t
o t
he Ro man s
tyle,177
were a
lso f
ound a
t A
lba J
ul
ia, i
n t
he Partoe q
uar
ter
, i
n 1
910-1912. The p
re-
sence o
f t
he k
iln bu
ilt o
f c
lay a
t Apulu m, s
hows the ex
istence here o
f apopula-
t
ion which ma
inta
ined the Ge
to-Dacian trad
ition
, b u
t which a
lso assimi
lated
Ro man i
nf
luence i
n the s
econd h
alf o
f the 3
rd century or t
he b
eginning o
f t
he
4
th c
entury
. T
he s
quare f
orm o
f t
he c
entra
l p
i
llar i
n t
he f
urnace-chamber
d
oes n
ot o
ccur i
n t
he o
ther k
i
lns d
iscovered i
n t
he Carp
ic o
r S
intana d
e Muree
,
t
ype s
ett
le ments; itind
icates a Ro man i
nf
luence
, f
or t
he k
ilns o
f t
hese c
ultures
h
ave a p
illar o
f round o
r o
val f
orm.

T
he li
ning o
f the f
ir
ing cha mber with t
hin t
i
les shows t
he Ro man i
nf
luence
o
n t
he b
uilding o
f ki
ln no. 5 a
t Micia. 1
78 The c
onstruct
ion of t
he k
ilns f
ro m
Cr
istee
ti, M
icia
, S
toln
icen
i, S
läven
i, C
ele
i, Reeca
, Drobeta
, C
ioro
iu N
ou e
tc.
wh
ich w
ere i
mpor
tan
t c
entres f
or mak
ing p
ottery d
uring t
he Ro man p
eriod
, r
e-
f
lects t
he G
eto-Dac
ian t
rad
ition
.179

K
ilns f
or b
aking pottery b
elong
ing t
o the f
ree Dac
ians f
ro m t
he North- West
a
nd t
he West o
f Ro mania have b
een d
iscovered a
t Medieeu Aunt (
13 k
ilns), 1
80
L
ezur
i (
seven k
i
lns
) a
nd Arad-Cea
la (
one k
i
ln).
181 A
ll t
hese k
ilns a
re o
f t
he
t
ype w
ith med
ian wa
ll, b
ut d
if
fer i
n s
o me b
uild
ing d
eta
ils f
ro m t
hose s
o f
ar f
ound
i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene a
nd i
n t
he Carp
ic a
nd S
intana d
e Muree-Cearneahov
c
ulture. The k
i
lns f
ound a
t Med
ieeu Aunt a
nd d
ating f
ro m t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
h
ave l
ong f
ir
ing c
ha mbers i
n t
he f
orm o
f f
lues
, s
o t
hat t
he f
ire c
annot r
each
d
irect
ly t
he g
rate. S
imi
lar t
ypes d
ating f
ro m t
he s
a me p
eriod
, e
xist a
t I
golo m
ia
a
nd i
n t
he set
tle men
t o
f Beregsuräny (23 k
i
lns
)182 a
nd in Dac
ia, at Murgeni
(
d
istr
ict o
f Harghita
) i
n t
he set
tle men
t from t
he 3rd-4th c
enturies A
. 1
83 The
p
resence o
f 1
0 k
i
lns a
t Med
ieeu-Aur
it s
hows t
hat Med
ieeu Aunt was a
n i
mpor-
t
ant c
entre f
or t
he mak
ing o
f p
ottery wh
ich s
upp
lied p
ots t
o o
ther s
ett
lemen
ts
i
n t
he r
egion.

T
he kiln a
t Arad-Ceala d
iffers fro m t
hose d
escribed by u
s a nd f
rom those
d
iscovered at Medie e Aunt and L azuri i
n some bu
ilding d
etails, f
or i
thas a n
i
nter med
iary cha mber be
tween t he f
urnace chamber and t
he firing c
hamber ,
which p
layed, general
ly, the sa me ro
le as t
hat p
layed by t
he long f
urnace

4
8
c
ha mber o
f t
he k
i
lns f
ro m Med
ie u Aunt
, e
nsur
ing t
hat t
he f
ire c
ould n
ot r
each
d
irect
ly t
he f
loor o
f t
he f
ir
ing c
ha mber
.

The f
ind o
f Bu
tnäre e
i a
lows u
s t
o s
ee f
or t
he f
irs
t t
ime t
he l
ay-ou
t o
f a
p
ottery-workshop i
n the Carpic world. Itde mons
trates the ex
istence o
f quali-
f
ied workers w
ith
in the Carpic set
tle men
t, s
o that p
ottery- making c
annot be
c
ons
idered a
s as
i mp
le d
o mes
tic o
ccupa
tion
, b
ut a
s ac
lear
ly d
efined c
raf
t.

The mu
ltip
le u
ses o
f p
ottery f
or c
ook
ing v
esse
ls a
nd t
able-ware
, c
onta
iners
f
or f
ood a
nd c
erea
ls a
nd a
lso t
heir f
unerary f
unc
tion a
s c
inerary u
rns o
r o
ffer-
i
ng-vesse
ls j
ust
ified t
he e
xis
tence o
f s
pec
ial
ized p
otters i
n a
l most a
ll more
impor
tan
t Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts, e
ven i
f workshops o
f t
he t
ype wh
ich h
ave b
een
d
iscovered a
t Bu
tna-r
eei d
id n
ot e
xis
t i
n e
very s
ett
le men
t. I
t may b
e p
resu med
t
hat t
he p
ottery-cen
tre o
f B
utna
're e
i worked a
lso f
or o
ther s
urround
ing s
ett
le-
men
ts. T
he workshop-hu
t a
nd t
he o
ther k
ilns a
t Bu
tnäre e
i were l
oca
ted o
n
t
he n
orthern b
order o
f t
he s
ett
le men
t (
the p
otters
' q
uar
ter
) n
ear t
he b
rook
Danc
iulu
i, wh
ich s
upp
lied t
he water n
eeded f
or t
he k
nead
ing o
f t
he c
lay o
r t
he
e
xtinc
tion o
f ap
oss
ible f
ire. Th
is b
eing s
o, w
e may s
uppose t
hat t
he k
i
lns f
or
b
aking p
ottery d
iscovered i
n o
ther Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts (
cer
tain
ly a
t P
oiana-
Dulcelt
i) w
ere also s
itua
ted o
n t
he e
dges o
f t
he s
ett
le men
ts, i
n o
rder t
o a
void
t
he danger o
f f
ire.

The v
esse
ls d
iscovered i
n t
he workshop o
f Butnarest
i s
how t
hat a
l most a
ll
t
he p
ottery-forms u
sed b
y t
he Carp
i w
ere p
roduced i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t. The
f
ind
ing of 3
6 v
essels i
n aclosed depos
it i
s o
f ag rea
t impor
tance b
oth t
o t
he
t
ypology a
nd t
o t
he chrono
logy of Carp
ic p
ottery
.

4
9
 V
I. POTTERY

Po
ttery i
s the most n
u merous archaeo
log
ica
l mater
ia l wh
ich i
s e
ncountered
i
n t
he Carp
ic sett
le ments a
nd ce meter
ies. When i
tis carefu
lly a
nd sk
ilfu
lly
s
tud
ied
, i
tbeco mes n
or a mere h
and
icraf
t p
roduct
, b
ut d
ocumen
tary e
vidence f
or
h
istor
ica
l c
onc
lus
ions
, f
or, a
s G
r. T
ocilescu r
e marked e
ven a
t t
he e
nd o
f t
he
l
ast cen
tury
, " no o
ther p
roduct o
f h
u man i
ndustry can f
acil
ita
te b e
tter t
han t
he
p
ottery the t
racing t
hrough t
he c
enturies o
f t
he progressive advances o
f t
he
i
nte
lligence o
f as oc
iety and a p
eople a
nd the e
xtent o
f t
he hu man i
ncl
inat
ion
t
owards the a
rtist
ic" .
184 Indeed, c
lay was t
he cheapes
t and the most a
ccess
ible
r
aw ma
ter
ial wh
ich e
nab
led a
ll t
alen
ted p
ersons t
o d
e mons
trate t
heir s
kil
l a
nd
t
aste f
or t
he beau
tifu
l. Fro m th
is point o
f v
iew t
he forms o
f pot
tery can be
c
onsidered a
s works of a
rt wh
ich r
eflect t
he t
rad
itions, a
nd i
llustrate t
he t
ypica
l
f
eatures
, o
f t
he a
rt o
f e
ach p
eop
le.

A s
trong G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene t
rad
ition a
ppears i
n Carp
ic p
ottery a
s w
ell a
s
i
n t
he Carp
ic c
ulture i
n g
enera
l, wh
ich c
an b
e c
ons
idered a
s ad
evelop
ing f
orm
o
f t
he G
eto-Dac
ian c
ulture
, t
o wh
ich Ro man a
nd S
arma
tian i
nf
luences were
a
dded. 1
85 T
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l f
inds s
how t
hat t
he t
wo c
ategor
ies e
ncoun
tered i
n
t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene c
ont
inue t
o e
xis
t, n
ame
ly t
he p
orous a
nd t
he g
rey
whee
l- made ware
, i
n a
ddit
ion t
o r
ed-f
ired p
ottery a
nd, o
f c
ourse
, Ro man i
m-
p
orted ware. These c
ategor
ies o
f p
ottery a
re e
ncountered i
n b
oth o
ccupa
tion
l
evels a
t Poiana-Du
lc ei.

S
ince we a
re g
oing t
o d
iscuss a
lso t
he p
ottery wh
ich h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n
t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
nd i
n t
he c
e meter
ies i
n wh
ich d
if
feren
t o
ccupat
ion l
eve
ls h
ave
n
ot b
een d
eter m
ined
, i
n o
rder t
o a
void r
epet
ition we w
ill d
eal w
ith t
he p
ottery
a
ccord
ing t
o t
he c
ategor
ies a
nd f
or ms
, b
ut w
ill t
hen n
ote f
or e
very t
ype o
f
v
esse
l t
he p
resence
, t
he f
requency o
r t
he a
bsence o
f t
he r
espec
tive t
ype i
n t
he
t
wo o
ccupa
tion l
eve
ls o
f Po
iana-Du
lcejt
i.

HAND- MADE POTTERY

Porous p
ottery i
s l
ess co m mon t
han whee
l- made ware with
in t
he Carp
ic
c
ulture. I taccounts f
or a
bout 4 0% o
f a
ll t
he materia
l discovered i
n t
he s
ett
le-
ments and t
he percen
tage i
s much reduced i
n the ce meter
ies (see supra
}
Hand- made p
ottery o
ccurs more f
requently i
n the e
ar l
ier phase of t
he Carp
ic
c
ulture b
oth i
n t
he c
e meter
ies a
nd i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts.

The h
and- made vessels a
re model
led i
n coarse f
abric
, containing many
impurit
ies, e
spec ia
lly crushed s
herds a
nd specks whose d
ia meter so met
i mes
r
eaches 0
.006 m m. Traces o
f c
haf
f o
ccur v
ery r
arely i
n t
he p
aste o
f s
o me
v
esse
ls. One b
lock o
f k
neaded c
lay
, t
he p
aste i
n wh
ich t
he v
esse
ls w
ere
mode
lled
, a
nd a p
ile o
f s
tone-specks a
nd c
rushed s
herds
, o
f t
he s
a me k
ind a
s
t
hose e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he c
o mpos
ition o
f t
he p
orous p
ottery
, h
ave b
een d
iscovered
i
n t
he po
ttery-workshop of Bu
tnä
.r ei. The v
essels a
re i
rregu
lar
ly f
ired i
n
r
ed or b
rick c
olour with more o
r l
ess d
ark p
atches.

5
0
 T
here a
re t
he f
ol
low
ing ma
in h
and- made f
orms
, t
he Dac
ian c
up a
nd t
he
j
ar, with t
he vesse
ls in t
he '
shape o
f at
runca
ted c
one (
"cups w
ithou
t h
and
le"
)
a
nd beakers occurring more rare
ly.

a
) T
he Dac
ian c
up

T
he Dac
ian c
up, wh
ich i
s c
ons
idered a
s d
ist
inct
ive o
f t
he G
eto-Dac
ian
c
ulture, occurs f
airly f
requen
tly i
n the Carpic con
text. Itis i
n t
he s
hape o
f
atruncated cone w
ith t
he li
p wider t
han the base
, single o
r more r
are
ly
d
oub
le h
andled (doub
le hand
led at Poiana-Dulceyt
i, in t
he f
irst l
evel
). The
h
and
les are a
ttached t
o t
he sides b
y at enon
, the ends o
f t
he handles b
eing
s
l
igh
tly s
haped t
o g
o i
nto a mor
tise c
ut i
nto t
he s
oft wa
ll o
f t
he v
esse
l. T
he
n
ecessary f
usion w
as made b
y f
ir
ing
, a
fter t
he p
oin
t o
fjunc
tion h
ad b
een
smoo
thed.

According t
o t
he method ofjoining t
he hand
les to t
he s
ides o
f the v
essels
anumber of var
iants c
an be dis
tinguished; we refer t
o t
he sing
le-handled
c
ups, since o
nly t
wo double-handled cups h
ave been d
iscovered un
til n
ow (at
P
oiana-Du
lce t
i a
t Varn
il
.a; (
Pl. M OC
IX/3; XL/1).

a
.1) Cups w
ith t
he r
im a
t
tached t
o t
he t
op o
f t
he h
and
le. (
Pl. XXXV
III/
5
, XL I/3
); they a
re s
carce and c
oncen
tra ted i
n the earl
ier phase o
f t
he
c
ulture (Po
iana-Du
lceyt
i, Varnig.
, t
he fi
rst leve
l, C älugära
).

a
.2) Cups with h
eavy h
andle (P
l. XIOGX/2
, XL
I/4
); t
h
is v
arian
t o
ccurs
ma
inly i
n t
he f
irst p
hase o
f t
he cu
lture.

a
.3) Cups whose h
andle i
s a
ttached t
o t
he middle o
f t
he body (
Pl. XXXVIII/
1
-3, XXX
EX/1, 4, 6, XL/2, 5
-8, 11; XLI/1); they o
ccur f
requently i
n b
oth
o
ccupa
tion l
evels a
t Po
iana-Du
lce§t
i.

a
.4) Cups w
ith t
he h
and
le s
pring
ing f
ro m b
elow t
he r
im a
nd f
rom t
he b
ase
(
Pl. XXXVI
II/4, 6, XL/10
, 12 a
nd XL
I/6
); t
h
is v
arian
t h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n
b
oth l
eve
ls at Po
iana-Dulc e
i.

The l
ast two variants
, a
.3 a
nd a.4, are encountered i
n al
l Carpic s
ett
le-
men
ts and ce meteries. Dac
ian incense-cups have been d
iscovered i
n f
ive
g
raves a
t Päduren
i (
nos. 4
, 8
, 2
5, 4
4 a
nd 7
7) a
nd i
n t
hree g
raves a
t P
oieng§
ti,
(
nos. 1, 3 9, 338); we stress t
he f
ind
ing o
f agreat n
u mber o
f t
hese c
ups i
n
t
he se
ttle ment of Po
inana-Dulcejt
i. The cups a
re of d
if
ferent s
izes
, t
he
ma
jority b
eing o
f med
iu m size (
dia meter o
f mouth 0
.07-0.18 m; heigh
t 0.06-
0
.10 m). There are re
lat
ive ly n
u merous small exa mp
les
, the
ir h
eight b
eing
n
ot o
ver 0
.03-0.04 m. Usua
lly t
he sma
ll p
ieces h
ave t
he wa
lls l
ess s
lop
ing
t
han t
hose o
f l
arge s
ize. G
enera
lly
, t
he b
ase o
f t
he v
essel i
s t
h
icker t
han
t
he wa
ll; t
here a
re a
lso p
ieces whose b
ase i
s v
ery t
hick i
n p
ropor
tion t
o t
he
wa
ll a
nd t
he d
i mens
ions o
f t
he b
ase (
d
ia meter o
f t
he b
ase 0
.06 m
; t
he t
hick-
n
ess 0
.035 m).

A
l most a
ll the cups b
ear t
races o
f smoke either on t
he i
nterior (
espec
ially
)
o
r o
n the ex
ter ior. They were used a
s l
a mps in the s
ett
le ments a
nd as i
ncense-
c
ups i
n the ce meter
ies. We stress t
hat n
o la mps have been d
iscovered i
n
Carp
ic l
evels s
o f
ar a
nd t
his s
hows t
hat Dac
ian c
ups s
erved e
xclus
ive
ly a
s
l
a mps
, a
nd e
xpla
ins t
heir l
arge n
u mbers i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts. I
ntac
t o
r f
rag-
men
tary c
ups h
ave b
een f
ound i
n a
l most e
very p
it a
t Po
lana-Du
lce§t
i.

5
1
 T
heir f
unc
tion a
s l
a mps
, o
bjects wh
ich c
ould n
ot b
e a
bsen
t i
n a
ny dwel
ling-
h
ouse
, c
aused t
he p
otters t
o d
ecora
te s
o me p
ieces a
nd w
e p
oin
t o
ut t
hat c
ups
w
ith decorat
ion have only b
een f
ound in t
he se
ttle men
ts of t
he t
i
'
.arpic cu
lture.
There are p
ieces decorated w
ith n
otches and cordons w
ith t
hut
. Lb
-i mpressions,
j
ust a
bove t
he base o
r on t
he r
im; t he sa me d
ecorative-pa
ttern i
s so me
ti mes
a
rranged i
n v
arious shapes
, such a
s festoons, or a
ngles or v
ert
ically (P
l.
XL/8
). I
ncised d
ecora
tion i
s v
ery r
are
ly e
ncoun
tered
. A c
up d
ecora
ted w
ith
aband o
f brushed wavy l
ines h
as b
een discovered a
t Butnäre e
i. T he orna-
menta
tion i
s enclosed b
y two r
ows of "
di mp
les" arranged on t
he b
ase-l
ine and
o
n t
he r
im (P
l. XLI/5). Smal
l r
oundels o
f c
lay a
re a
ppl
ied on t
he body o
f t
he
v
esse
l f
ound a
t T
ife e
i (P
l. XXXV
III/3, XL/7
). Two handles (
of c
ups) w
ith
notched o
rna men
t have b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he fi
rst o
ccupation l
eve
l a
t P
oiana-
Dulcejt
i. T he grea
t major
ity o
f t
he Dacian c
ups are p
lain
. The Dacian c
up
o
ccurs f
ro m t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod t
o t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D. 1
86 I
tdef
ines t
he
d
istr
ibu
tion a
rea o
f t
he G
eto-Dac
ian c
ulture a
nd a
ttests t
he p
ers
istence o
f t
he
Daco-Carpic i
ndigenous p
opu
lat
ion b es
ide t
he S
arma
tians
, t
he Go
ths a
nd o
ther
German peoples dur
ing t
he 4
th century A
.D.

b
) T
he j
ar

Bo
th a
s r
egards f
orm a
nd d
ecorat
ion
, t
he j
ar, l
ike t
he Dac
ian c
up, i
s
t
ypica
l o
f t
he G
eto-Dac
ian c
ulture. T
he v
esse
ls a
re i
n r
ough f
abr
ic i
ncorpor-
a
ting crushed sherds and grits. T he bak
ing is n
ot un
iform, part
icularly in
t
he large conta
iners. T he wall i
s grey and br
ick-red co
loured i
n sect
ion.
According to t
he deta
ils, variants are d
istingu
ishable
, and ana
logies with
t
he m e
xist i
n G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene c
ontex
ts s
uch a
s Cuc
iula
ta, P
oiana-Tecuc
i,
P
iatra N
ear
rq-Coz
la, 1
3
:a
.
"cä
täu e
tc.

b
.1 Bu
lging v
esse
ls w
ith d
ist
inct n
eck
, p
lain e
ver
ted r
im (
Pl. XL
II, XL
III
,
XL
IV/2-4
, XLV
, 2
, 4
, XLV
I/2
, 4
, L/2-3
) more r
are
ly t
hickened (
Pl. XLV/
1).
The ma
jor ity o
f t
he vessels h
ave the diameter o
f the base smal
ler than that o
f
t
he mouth. Usua lly t
he vessels o
f type 1 a
re decorated with c
ordons with
t
hu mb impressions b
ut there are a
lso pla
in speci mens da
ting e
specially from
t
he l
ate phase o
f t
he c
ulture. I
tis t
he mos
t c
om mon
ly e
ncoun
tered t
ype i
n
Carp
ic contex
ts.

b
.2 V esse
ls approx
i mat
ing to t
he a
bove b
ut w
ith steep
, s
l
igh
tly o
ut-s
lop
ing
r
im a
nd w
ith s
qua
tter body (Pl. XL
IV/1, XLVI
I/3-4).

b
.3 Cy
lindr
ica
l o
r a
pprox
i ma
tely c
ylindr
ica
l v
esse
ls, w
ith p
lain o
r o
ut-
t
hickened rim; the dia meter o
f the mou th i
s about e
qual t
o that of t
he b
ase;
t
hey are decora
ted with cordons w ith t
hu mb impressions, p
lain cordons or
n
otched bands i
n re
lief ( P
l. XLV I/1, 3, XLV II/1-2, 5, XLVIII/3
); a s regards
t
he f
requency t
hey h
old t
he s
econd p
lace a
fter t
he s
pec
i mens o
f t
ype I
.

b
.4 Elongated p
ear-shaped vessels with e
verted r
im and w
ith t
he dia meter
o
f t
he mou
th smaller t
han t
hat o
f the base. T he major
ity o
f t
he s
peci mens
a
re p
lain (
Pl. XLV/3
). T
hey o
ccur more r
are
ly i
n c
o mpar
ison w
ith t
he a
bove
t
ypes a
nd p
art
icu
lar
ly i
n t
he e
arl
ier o
ccupa
tion-
leve
ls.

A
ll t
he jars
, regardless o
f t
he v
arian
t, have f
lat base a
nd the t
h
ickness
,
w
ith f
ew except
ions (P
l. XLIV/1), i
s d
irect
ly proport
ional to t
he s
ize o
f t
he
v
esse
l. F
inger-
i mpressed s
tripes i
n t
he s
oft p
aste o
r s
imp
le d
i mp
les a
re
f
ound o
n t
he i
nside o
f t
he b
ase. Bases wh
ich a
re h
oled i
n t
he c
entre h
ave

5
2
 ;
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l !
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t
o

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4 1 ,
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ir e l lA
f
i t
it
t er s
i fy
if dr i
er

l
i
I
I M
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[
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7/ )(f
) [1 4) i :
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i
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r
i
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e
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.
[T,
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,
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M
ll
= =. ." =300 = 1
1
1
1M1 =
1
1 M

F
ig. 1
1 Poiana-Dulcest
i, Varn
ita
, v
esse
l In
o. 5 (
group A
, t
ype a
/10 f
ro m
p
it no. 5 (
Gr. 5).
b
een f
ound i
n b
oth l
eve
ls a
t P
oianp
.-Du
lce t
i. T
he h
oles h
ave b
een e
xecu
ted
w
ith a "
nai
l" (
of wood o
r b
one
) w
ith a d
ia meter o
f 0
.005-0.006 m.

Ab
ase o
f av
essel
, wh
ich h
as b
een p
erfora
ted a
fter b
aking
, h
as b
een f
ound
i
n t
he s
unken dwe
lling-hu
t n
o. 7 a
t S
i
li9
te; t
he h
ole was made f
rom o
uts
ide
t
o i
nside. The ho
led bases b
elong t
o the medium sized v
essels. We do not
k
now the p
urpose o
f t
he vesse
ls with h
oled bases b
ecause none o
f t
he s
peci mens
h
as b
een r
estored
.

T
he most f
requen
t d
ecora
tion i
s c
ordons w
ith t
hu mb impress
ions (
Pl. XL
II-
XLV
I) p
laced h
orizon
tal
ly o
n t
he s
hou
lder o
r o
n t
he wa
ist o
f t
he v
esse
l (
Pl.
XLI
II-XLV, L/2
). S o met
i mes t
he d
ecorat
ion is a
rranged i
n adif
ferent manner
(
horizon
tal
ly, o
blique
ly, in t
he s
hape o
f f
estoons, in s
emi-c
irc
les , i
n l
att
ice
e
tc.) on t
he whole b
ody o
f t
he v
esse
l (P
l. XIII, XLIX/1, LIV-LVI,
LLX/5
). T he d
ouble o
r t
rip
le c
ordons are f
requen
t i
n t
he e
arl
ier phase o
f t
he
Carp
ic c u
lture (P
l. LIV-LVI). Ribs i
n r
elief (
Pl. XLV
I/3, XLV I
II/1, 3
, L/1,
3
, LII/13, LVII
I/ 11) a
nd n
otched b
ands (
Pl. XLV/1, XLVII/1, LI/12, L
IV/10,
LV
II/3
) a
re more r
are
ly e
ncoun
tered
. D
ecora
tion w
ith s
i mp
le r
ows o
f d
i mp
les
a
rranged on t
he b
ase-
line occurs l
ess f
requent
ly; itoccurs espec
ial
ly on c
ups
(
Pl. XLI/5
) and o
n t
he widest j
ars. So me v
essels h
ave notched o
r d
i mp
led
r
im (Pl. XLV/1, LD(/1, 3
); this i
s also f
ound i
n t
he Ge
to-Dac
ian La T
ene
p
eriod
. Cy lindr
ical or c
onica
l protruberances a
re much r
arer a
nd t
hey a
re
smal
ler ( P
l. XL IV/1, XLVII/5
) in t
h
is period t
han in t
he L
a Tene period.
The excavation a
t Cuciu
lata
, distr
ict o
f Braeov,187 s
hows t
hat c
ylindrica
l
p
rotruberances were b
eginn
ing t
o b
e r
are o
n D
acian p
ottery e
ven f
rom t
he
I
st c
entury A.D. S o meti mes the c
ordons or n
otched b
ands are a
ccompan
ied
b
y s
i mple r
ibbing o
r incised lines (
Pl. L
11/3, 6-7). The ornamenta
l r
epertory
o
f t
he j
ars i
ncludes a
lso r
ibb
ings i
n t
he f
orm o
f s
emi-c
irc
les (
Pl. L
III/8
),
f
ish
ing-rods o
r a
nchors (
Pl. LI
I/2
).

I
ncised d
ecora
tion
, wh
ich i
s l
ess f
requen
t t
han r
elief
, c
ons
ists o
f h
orizon-
t
al o
r wavy l
ines (
Pl. L
I/2
, 4, 6
, LI/ 1-4, LV
I I/4) a
nd of f
ir-tree" pattern
(
Pl. LI/3, L
I
T/8-10
). S ee t
he o
rna menta
l motifs on porous p
ottery on Pl.
CXLVIII/17-38. The decora
tion wh
ich is p
reserved on af
ragment o
f po
ttery
b
elong
ing to the l
ower p
art o
f avessel o
f medium size i
s o
f p
art
icular impor-
t
ance. T
he d
ecora
tion c
ons
ists o
f s
tabbed d
ots a
rranged t
en b
y t
en i
n t
he
f
orm o
f a
n e
qui
latera
l t
riang
le (
one s
ide h
as d
ots w
ith c
edil
la). T
his o
rna men
t
s
ee ms t
o reproduce grapes. I tc ons
is ts of two e
ntire grapes whose cedilla
a
re un
ited and of at
hird fragmen tary g rape w h
ich occurs on t
he same l ine
b
ut a
t so me d
istance f
ro m the f
irst (Pl. LI/1). T he sherd is broken and we
c
anno
t k
now t
he a
rrange men
t o
f t
he d
ecora
tion o
n t
he r
est o
f t
he v
esse
l. How-
e
ver, the s
urviv
ing sherd a
llows us t
o suppose t
hat t
he t
wo grapes h
ung fro m
avine. Since o
nly o
ne sing
le sherd has surv
ived, we d
o no
t know ifthe ves-
sel was en
tire
ly decorated w
ith t
he s
ame ornamental mo
tif o
r i
fthe o
rna men
t
was appl
ied only o
n the l
ower par
t, n
ear t
he base o
f t
he po
t.

The v
ine w
ith g
rapes o
ccurs a
s an orna men
tal mo
tif o
n Ro man f
unerary
a
ltars and t
he v
ine on
ly, w
ithou
t grapes
, is encoun
tered on s
o me t
erra s
igil-
l
ata v
esse
ls. 1 8
8 As f
ar a
s Ik
now
, i
tdoes n
ot e
xist i
n t
he r
eper
tory o
f
Dac
ian a
nd T
hrac
ian p
ottery
. I
tis i
n
terest
ing t
o n
ote t
hat t
his s
herd b
elongs
t
o ah
and- made v
essel i
n c
oarse f
abr
ic wh
ich c
onta
ins c
rushed s
herds l
ike
a
ll o
ther p
ots o
f t
he s
a me c
ategory
. T
he s
herd i
s b
rick c
oloured o
n t
he

5
4
e
xter
ior a
nd b
lack-grey i
nsect
ion
. I
tbears c
lear t
races o
f c
ontact w
ith f
ire.
I
s i
t af
ragmen
t o
f ac
ult-vesse
l s
erv
ing i
n t
he p
ract
ice o
f c
ere mon
ies c
onnected
w
ith s
o me s
ort o
f Bacch
ic f
east? I
n t
he l
igh
t o
f p
resen
t e
vidence w
e c
annot b
e
s
ure o
f t
he f
unc
tion o
f t
his v
esse
l. I
fwe r
e me mber t
hat t
he s
herd was d
is-
c
overed in t
he se
ttle ment at Pädureni-Panc iu wh
ich is si
tuated in apro m
inently
v
ine-growing reg
ion, w ith an anc
ient tradit
ion of v
iticu
lture
, t hen we a
re in-
c
lined t
o cons
ider the mo t
if to be a
n indication i
n support o
f the hypo
thesis t
hat
t
he C
arp
i g
rew v
ines.

The s
tudy o
f the ornamenta
l repertory o
f h
and- made p
ottery s
hows t
hat al
l
t
he mot
ifs used b
y the Carp
i have ana
logies i
n t
he Geto-Dacian La T
ene per
iod
o
f t
he I
st c
entury B
.C.-the i
st c
entury A
.D. H
owever
, a
lthough t
he a
nalog
ies
s
eems t
o c
over e
xact s
imilar
ities a
s r
egards t
he t
echn
ique
, f
orm a
nd o
rna men
t,
ac
arefu
l e
xa m
ina
tion a
llows u
s t
o d
ist
ingu
ish s
o me d
if
ferences.

Genera
lly s
peak
ing, t
he hand- made pot
tery of t
he Carp
ic cu
lture i
s b
etter
f
ired a
nd l
ess p
orous t
han t
hat f
ro m the La Tene per
iod. T he b
lack-g
lossy
ware w
hich was f
a
irly f
requen
t i
n L
a T
ene, n
o l
onger o
ccurs i
n t
he Carp
ic
c
ulture
; t
his b
lack-burn
ished ware a
ppears e
xtre mely s
porad
ica
lly e
ven i
n
t
he I
st c
entury A
.D. 1
89

As r
egards the f
orms , we shou
ld n
ote t
hat v
essels da
ting to t
he 2nd-3rd
c
entur
ies A. D. have a more s
lender p
rof
ile a
nd the ma
jor ity o
f t
he m have
t
he base narrower t
han the t
op. As regards t
he decora
tion, i
tis n
oticeab
le
t
hat so me v
essels h
ave .t
he c
ordons o
r notched c
ordons app
lied o
n t
he area o
f
t
he max
i mu m d
ia meter o
f t
he b
ody
. T
he p
lain j
ars wh
ich a
re r
are
ly e
ncoun-
t
ered i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene a
nd i
n t
he e
arl
ier p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture
b
ecome r
ela
tive
ly more f
requen
t i
n t
he l
ate p
hase o
f t
his c
ulture.

T
he c
ook
ing p
ots o
f med
iu m s
ize (
heigh
t 0
.12-0.45
) p
redo m
inated i
n t
he
Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts. We n
ote t
hat 2
81 p
ieces o
ut o
f at
ota
l o
f 3
60 i
ntact a
nd
f
ragmentary bases be
longing t
o the mediu m-sized v
essels wh
ich have b
een
f
ound a
t Poiana-Dulce t
i bear t
races of c
on tact w
ith f
ire. So me s
igns o
f u
se
f
or c
ook
ing (
traces o
f f
ire
) a
lso o
ccur o
n i
ntac
t v
esse
ls.

T
he l
arge v
esse
ls, o
ver 0
.50 m i
n h
eigh
t, w
ere u
sed a
s c
onta
iners f
or
f
ood-storage; the l
argest vessel wh
ich Ih
ave r
es tored was 0.71 m i
n he
igh
t
a
nd was found a
t Butnäre§t
i (Pl. XLV/3). Frag ments o
f pot
tery which
a
ccording t
o the
ir t
hickness s
ee m to b
elong t
o l
arger v
esse
ls h
ave a
lso b
een
f
ound a
t Poiana-Du
lce ti and Mindr
i ra.

T
he sma
ll v
esse
ls, whose h
eigh
t v
aried b
etween 0
.08 a
nd 0
.12 m w
ere
u
sed a
s d
rink
ing b
eakers (
water
, m
ilk e
tc.). M
iniatures o
f v
esse
ls h
ave b
een
d
iscovered w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
ulture a
s w
ell a
s i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene.
L
ike t
h
e c
ups
, j
a
rs d
ecora
ted w
ith c
ordons w
ith t
hu mb-
i mpressed d
ecora
tion
o
ccur with
in the Sintana de Mure -Cerneahov cul
ture, in a
l most a
ll c
ontexts,
b
oth s
ettle ments and ce me
teries, wh
ich have b
een invest
igated unt
il n
ow . T
heir
p
resence d
e monstra
tes t
he e
xis
tence o
f a
n i
ndigenous Dac
ian a
nd Carp
ic p
opu
la-
t
ion a
t t
h
is time.

5
5
 C
) T
ypes o
f h
and- made v
esse
ls wh
ich o
ccur more r
are
ly

C.
1
) Vessel i
n t
he s
hape o
f at
runca
ted c
one. As r
egards t
he f
orm
, t
his
t
ype i
s i
den
tica
l w
ith t
he Dac
ian c
up, b
ut i
tis w
ithout h
and
le (
Pl. XL
I/2
,5).

Th
is type of smal
l vessel o
ccurs much more r
arely t
han t
he Dac
ian cups
;
i
tis more frequent i
n t
he la
te phase o
f t
he Po
ieneet
i cu
lture
, correspond
ing
w
ith t
he s
econd o
ccupa
tion-level a
t Po
iana-Du
lce§
ti. S
uch p
ieces o
ccur
s
porad
ica
lly i
n Dac
ian c
ontex
ts f
ro m t
he I
st c
entury A
.D. (
Cuc
iula
ta, Arpaju
l
d
e Sus, Räcätäu e
tc.), 1
90 bu
t they occur frequen
tly i
n S
armat
ian to mbs,191

i
n which t
hey had t
he sa me f
unction o
f incense-cups a
s i
n t
he Dac
ian a nd Carp
ic
c
e me
ter
ies. The f
ind
ing o
f t
his t
ype o
f v
esse
l i
n Dac
ian s
ett
le men
ts s
i
tuated
o
uts
ide t
he region of S
armatian i
n
f luence shows t
hat t
he p
resence o
f i
ncense-
c
ups c
annot be exc
lusively a
ttr
ibuted to t
he Sarmat
ians.

I
ncense-cups w
ithou
t h
and
le a
nd a r
udi men
tary f
oot
, w
ith a
nalogous s
pec
i-
mens i
n Daco-Sarma tian c
ontexts f
ro m Hungary,192 a
re e
ncountered i
n
Munten
ia, i
n the set
tle men
ts of Mi
litaru- Mätäsaru type. T he
ir presence i
n
t
hese two z
ones shows that t
he Carpi and t
he Sarma tians l
ived t
ogether
. As
i
n Ro man
ia t
he f
orm c
oex
ists w
ith h
and
led c
ups.

c
.2) Lids
: Norma l
ly whee
l- made l
ids a
re encountered within t
he Carp
ic
c
ulture; only o
ne s
ingle f
ind
, consist
ing o
f f
rag ments be
longing to ahand-
made lid
, i
s known t
o have b
een f
ound at P
oiana-Dulceeti (
at Si
l ee). T he
l
id i
s o
f r
ough a
ppearance a
nd i
n c
oarse f
abr
ic c
onta
ining c
rushed s
herds u
ni-
f
orm
ly f
ired r
ed. On
ly t
he u
pper p
art w
ith t
he k
nob-hand
le i
s p
reserved.
The lid i
s d
ecora
ted with a r
ow of d
i mp
les a
rranged p
erpend
icular
ly t
o the
knob-handle
, and w
ith a b
and of b
rushed r
idges (
PL. CXXV/4). The s
ame orna-
men
t, b
ut a
rranged i
n ad
if
feren
t manner
, o
ccurs o
n o
ne o
f t
he c
ups d
iscovered
a
t Bu
tnire e
i. T
he b
rushed o
rna men
t i
s s
porad
ica
lly e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he G
eto-
Dac
ian e
nvironmen
t; i
toccurs more f
requen
tly
, d
ifferen
tly a
rranged
, o
n h
and-
made p
ottery (
Karpusovo
i, Z
a morskoe
, Vas
ilevka e
tc.) .1
9i

c
.3 Sma
ll v
esse
l f
or o
intmen
t. A sma
ll c
ylindr
ica
l b
eaker o
f c
lay h
as
b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-Du
lc e
i, a
t Varn
ig,
.0.065 m h
igh a
nd 0
.05 m w
ide.
The t
hickness o
f t
he wal
l i
s 0
.01 m (Pl. CLXI/6
). In contras
t with t
he o
ther
t
ypes of v
essel wh
ich we h
ave men
tioned t
his smal
l c
ontainer was model
led
i
n afine f
abric o f red
ish c olour with maroon specks. T he great t
hickness o
f
t
he wall i
n co mparison w ith the s
ize of t
he vessel and t
he ou
tward-beve led
r
im did not f
acilitate dr
ink ing. T ak
ing into a
ccount the small s
ize
, w e th
ink
t
hat t
he con
tainer was i
ntended t
o ho
ld o
intment wh
ich was n
ecessary f
or t
he
t
reat men
t o
f disease o
r for c
osmetic p
urpose. This smal
l piece h
as a
nalog
ies
w
ith s
o me s
pec
i mens f
ound i
n S
arma
tian c
ontex
ts, b
ut t
hese h
ave a r
ound h
ole
i
n t
he wa
l1. 1
94

c
.4) Crucib
le of c
lay
. A sma ll cruc
ible with r
ounded base
, steep wa
ll
a
nd t
riangu
lar mou
th has also b
een f
ound at P
oiana-Dulce9t
i, but a
t S
il
i§te;
i
tis i
n t
he sf
r,.
p
e o
f a
n i
sosce
les t
r
iang
le, whose a
cute a
ngle s
erved a
s a
"s
pou
t" f
or p
our
ing (
Pl. CXXXV
III/7
). S
uch c
ruc
ibles h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he
G
etan s
ett
le men
t a
t Räcä
täu.

5
6
WHEEL- MADE POTTERY

I
n contrast w
ith t
he porous p
ottery
, whee
l- made po
ttery p
redo m
inates b
oth
i
n s
ettle men
ts and c
e meteries. Itaccoun
ts f
or abou
t 60% o
f al
l t
he vesse
ls
d
iscovered i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts; t
he p
ercen
tage i
s l
arger
, e
ven o
ver 9
0% (
such
a
s i
n Po
ian W
i) i
n t
he c
e meter
ies. A
ll w
hee
l- made p
ots
, r
egard
less o
f f
orm
,
a
re mode
lled i
n w
ell-te mpered p
aste
, w
ithou
t a
ddit
ions. T
he v
esse
ls a
re
u
niform
ly f
ired r
ed a
nd g
rey w
ith more o
r l
ess d
ark s
hades. The v
esse
ls
w
ith l
igh
ter s
hades f
orm 85% o
f the t
ota
l, those with d
arker s
hades 15% o
f t
he
t
ota
l. We men t
ion t
hat 3
2 v
essels are f
ired l
igh
t-grey and on
ly 4 a
re f
ired
b
lack-grey o
f t
he t
ota
l o
f 3
6 p
ots d
iscovered i
n t
he p
ottery w
orkshop a
t
B
utnäree
ti.

The red-f
ired vessels are with more or l
ess l
igh
ter shades (
fro m br
ick-
y
ellowish t
o red- maroon) a
nd the colour-c a
t is a
lways b
righter t
han the
f
abr
ic o
f t
he v
esse
l.

The grey ware accoun

ts f
or 75% a
nd t
he r
ed ware f
or a
bout 2
5% o
f al
l
t
he i
ndigenous whee
l- made p
ottery. These p
ercen
tages i
ndica
te t
he g
enera
l
a
verage. Accord
ing t
o t
he s
i
tua
tion e
xis
ting a
t P
oiana-Du
lceet
i, i
n t
he e
arly
p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture t
he p
ercen
tage o
f r
ed-ware i
s sma
ller t
han 2
0%
i
n t
he f
irst l
eve
l (
only 1
2%) a
nd l
arger i
n t
he s
econd l
eve
l (
30%
). T
he o
bserva-
t
i
on noticed a
t P o
iana-Dulceet
i is a
lso s een a
t the c
e meter
ies of Pddureni a nd
P
oieneeti, where 8 r
ed and 60 grey urns have been d
iscovered i
n the ce metery
o
f Pädureni (wh
ich is e
arlier t
han the necropol
is at Poien ei) a
nd 23 red a nd
2
9 g
rey u
rns h
ave b
een f
ound a
t P
oienee
ti, a
ttest
ing t
he i
ncrease o
f t
he r
ed-
w
are i
n the l
ater p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture. On
ly o
ne s
ing
le r
ed mug f
ro m
V
irt
i ro
iu is known.

Unt
il n
ow the l
argest nu mber o
f red vesse
ls has b
een f
ound a
t Poieneg
ti,
n
ame
ly 23 urns
, 21 l
ids and dishes employed as c
overs a
nd one mug
. I n
c
onsequence
, t
he f
requency o
f t
he r
ed ware c
an s
ugges
t s
o me c
hrono
log
ica
l
i
ndica
tion f
or Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts wh
ich h
ave n
o o
ther d
ating e
vidence. I
t
i
s i
n
teres
ting t
o p
oin
t o
ut t
hat a sma
ller n
u mber o
f h
and- made v
esse
ls o
ccurs
i
n t
he c
e meter
ies i
n wh
ich a l
arge q
uan
tity o
f r
ed ware h
as b
een f
ound
. F
or
e
xamp
le, 4
5 r
ed v
esse
ls a
nd o
nly o
ne s
ing
le h
and- made p
ot (
in g
rave n
o. 1
)
h
as b
een f
ound a
t P
oiene§
ti. There a
re s
ome s
ing
le f
inds c
ons
ist
ing o
nly o
f
g
rey pot
tery (Du m
itreeti
i-GäläI
ii, Dochia
, Popeeti-Vrancea e
tc.)
, b
ut t
his
s
itua
tion i
s n
ot conclusive b
ecause i
tc oncerns f
ew to mbs.

A
lthough t
he d
if
ference b
etween t
he Carp
ic r
ed p
ottery a
nd t
he Ro man
r
ed w
are i
s v
isib
le a
t f
irst s
igh
t, wh
ich s
uppor
ts t
he v
iew o
f t
he l
oca
l p
roduc-
t
i
on o
f t
h
is s
ort o
f p
ottery
, t
he a
bsence o
f t
h
is p
ottery f
ro m t
he w
orkshop-hu
t
i
n B
utnä
.re§
ti, in wh
ich over 30 p
ieces have b
een r
ecovered (i
n fact
, 36 p
ieces
h
ave b
een part
ially or c
o mp
letely r
estored) a
nd t
he e
xistence of s
o me a
nalo-
g
ies w
ith ma
ter
ial d
iscovered p
art
icu
lar
ly i
n t
he r
ura
l s
ett
le men
ts o
f Ro man
Dac
ia (
S
täneg
ti-Lunca
, 1
96 G
ovora-Sa
t, 1
97 b
oth s
i
tes.s
itua
ted i
n t
he d
istr
ict
o
f V
ilcea
) d
eterm
ined me t
o e
xa m
ine more c
arefu
lly t
o wha
t e
xten
t t
he h
ypo-
t
hes
is o
f t
he i
mpor
t o
f t
his p
ottery c
an b
e a
dmit
ted.

Ac o mparat
ive s
tudy h
as b
een f
aci
lita
ted by t
he ex
istence o
f mater
ials
d
iscovered in t
he r
ural a
nd u
rban c
entres o
f Ro man Dac
ia (Transy
lvania a
nd
O
lten
ia) a
nd Moes
ia I
nfer
ior (
Dobroud
ja) i
n t
he c
ollect
ion o
f t
he I
nst
itute o
f

5
7
Archaeo
logy
. Th
is a
l
lowed a d
irect c
o mpar
ison o
f t
he ma
ter
ial f
rom t
he
Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
e meter
ies w
ith t
hat d
iscovered i
n Ro man Dac
ia a
nd
Moes
ia I
nfer
ior (
Dobroud
ja).

A
t f
irs
t s
igh
t, t
he p
ottery d
iscovered i
n t
he u
rban c
entres d
if
fers f
rom
t
he Carp
ic ware. C
loser s
imilar
ities c
an b
e d
etected w
ith t
he p
ottery r
e-
c
overed in t
he rural s
ett
le men
ts (
Stäneet
i-Lunca and Govora-Sat
) w ith
in the
p
rovince. T his shows t
hat t
he r
ed ware was produced i
n t
he rural s
ett
le-
ments b
y l
ocal a
rtisans a
nd no
t on
ly in Ro man workshops. There a
re t
he
f
ol
lowing d
if
ferences between t
he red ware o
f Carpic t
ype a
nd t
hat o
fRoman
t
ype d
iscovered i
n Carp
ic c
ontex
ts:

1
. T he q
ual
ity o
f t
he c
olour-coat a
s regards b
oth s
hade a
nd a
dherence
t
o t
he wa
ll o
f t
he v
essels. Generally
, the co
lour-coa
t i
s fi
ner
, br
ighter and
a
dheres p
erfec
tly t
o t
he wa
lls o
f v
esse
ls wh
ich w
ere manufactured i
n R
oman
c
entres.

2
. D
ifferences i
n t
he t
exture o
f t
he f
abr
ic w
ere d
eter m
ined b
y t
he n
ature
o
f t
he c
lay i
n wh
ich a v
esse
l was model
led a
nd t
he s
hades o
f b
aking w
hich
d
if
fer f
ro m w
orkshop t
o w
orkshop.

3
. D if
feren
t forms of v
essels. T he red ware o
f Carpic t
ype g
enera
lly
r
eproduced t
he sa me f
orms ex
isting i
n grey p
ottery
. V esse
ls ref
lect
ing Ro man
i
nfluences are a
lso e
ncountered i
n t
he Carpic c
e meter
ies and set
tle ments
,
b
ut the l
ocal pot
ters r
eproduced i
n t
heir own manner the Ro man f
orms ; there
are so me v
ery rare p
ieces wh
ich are n
ear
ly i
den
tica
l t
o t
he Ro man f
orms
,
p
articularly s
o me d
ishes and l
ids
.

4. Burnished d
ecora
tion o
ccurs f
requen
tly on t
he r
ed ware o
f Carpic t
ype,
a
s o
n t
he g
rey pot
tery. It c
ons
ists o
f z
ig-zag l
ines, l
att
ice
, simple vert
ical
or ob
liquely h
atchings a nd o
f the motif i
n t
he shape of af
ir-tree (Pl. CXL IX).
According t
o the pub l
ications which Ihave consulted a
nd the archaeological
material f
ro m the 2nd-3rd centuries A.D. which Ihave handled, burnished
decorat
ion is not t
ypical of Ro man r
ed ware. For examp
le , there i
s not one
s
ing
le f
ragmen
t o
f r
ed p
ottery w
ith b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion f
ro m t
he ma
ter
ial
r
ecovered b
y Dor
in P
opescu a
t Cr
isteet
i; o
n t
he o
ther h
and
, s
ta mped a
nd
r
oulet
ted d
ecora
tion 1
98 i
s p
resen
t i
n t
he p
ottery d
iscovered a
t t
h
is s
i
te.

A
ll t
hese o
bserva
tions s
treng
then t
he v
iew t
hat t
he r
ed ware was p
roduced
i
n Carp
ic w
orkshops a
nd b
aked i
n t
he s
a me t
ype o
f k
i
ln a
s t
hose we h
ave
d
escr
ibed. T
he f
act t
hat r
ed s
herds h
ave n
ot b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he p
ottery
w
orkshop o
f Bu
tnäree
ti must s
i mp
ly mean t
hat o
nly g
rey a
nd p
orous p
ottery
was f
ired i
n t
he t
wo k
ilns b
efore t
he d
estruc
tion o
f t
he w
orkshop. We must
n
ot f
orget t
hat f
ragmen
ts o
f r
ed p
ottery h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he s
toke-ho
le o
f
t
he Carp
ic k
i
ln a
t D
ärmänee
ti-P
iatra Nea m
I a
nd i
n t
he k
iln a
t c
heia-Suceava
.
I
n conclus
ion the r
ed ware shows t
hat t
he l
ocal a
rtisans had adop
ted an
ew
t
echnical method a
s aresul
t of c
ontact w
ith t
he Ro man world.

Ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat a
l most a
ll t
he r
ed ware f
orms were c
opied i
nthe
g
rey f
abr
ic, we w
ill d
escribe the t
ypes o
f v
essels a
ccord
ing t
o t
he f
orm a nd
n
ot t
he c
olour o
f t
he p
aste •
199 We w
ill
, h
owever
, a
lways men
tion i
fthe g
rey
o
r t
he red f
abric i
s more f
requen
t i
n ap ar
ticular form. Generally speaking
,
t
he r
epertory o
f f
orms is more p
len
tifu
l in t
he set
tle men
ts t
han in t
he ce me-
t
eries
, 2
0 °b
ut s
ince t
he s
ame t
ypes o
f v
esse
ls a
re g
enera
lly e
ncoun
tered b
oth

5
8
i
n se
ttle men
ts and c
e meteries
, w e wi
ll d
eal i
n t
he s
a me s
ect
ion with po
ttery
d
iscovered in b
oth c
ategories of s
ites, a
ccord
ing t
o t
he t
ype of v
essel
, b u
t
s
pec
ify
ing t
he p
resence a
nd t
he f
requency
, o
r t
he a
bsence
, o
f e
very t
ype i
n
s
ett
le men
ts o
r c
e meter
ies.

F
irst o
f a
ll w
e s
hou
ld emphas
ise t
hat t
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he f
orms o
f f
ine
p
ottery d
escend f
rom G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
äne o
rig
ins. The r
eper
tory o
f whee
l-
made p
ottery i
s more v
aried t
han t
hat o
f hand- made ware and f
oreign inf
luences
(
Roman o r S
ar ma
tian
) are e
asi
ly d
istingu
ishable. G enerally speaking
, t wo
ma
in c
ategor
ies o
f p
ottery c
an b
e d
ist
ingu
ished
, n
a me
ly h
and
led v
essels a
nd
v
esse
ls w
ithou
t h
and
les
; e
ach c
ategory i
ncludes d
ist
inc
t t
ypes.

Vesse
ls w
ithou
t h
and
les
: A
s r
egards b
oth p
rof
ile a
nd d
i mens
ions a n
u mber
o
f t
ypes a
re d
ist
ingu
ishab
le. We w
ill make u
se o
f t
he t
erms "
urn-po
t" t
o
d
escribe t
hose con
tainers w
hich have been d
iscovered both i
n c
e me
teries and
s
ett
le men
ts, "vessel" f
or s
peci mens f
ound on
ly in s
ett
le ments a
nd "urn" f
or
p
ots r
ecovered o
nly i
n c
e me
ter
ies.

a
.1) A f
airly s
phero
id urn-po
t w
ith s
hort a
nd w
ide neck, w
ith b
road
,
h
orizon
tal
ly e
verted r
im (P
l. LX/1-4, LX
I/1-4, LXI
I/1, 4, LX
IV/1-2, 4-6
,
LXV
I/1-3, 5
, L
)OCC
II/3-4
). T
hey s
o met
i mes b
ear t
wo z
ones o
f d
ecora
tion
o
n t
he n
eck a
nd o
n t
he s
hou
lder
. (
Pl. LX
III/
1, 4
). S
o me s
pec
i mens b
ear
r
elie
f r
ibb
ing a
bove t
he r
im o
r o
n t
he s
hou
lder (
Pl. LM/2-4
, LX
III/1, 4
).
Th
is t
ype i
s f
requen
tly e
ncoun
tered a
t P
oieneet
i a
nd Mo
ldoven
i-Gaba-r
a, a
nd
i
tis a
lso a
t
tested a
t Bärboasa-Gäläneet
i and a
t V ä
len
i-Botee
ti a
lthough we
d
o no
t know t
he f
requency. T hree grey s
peci mens a
re k
nown a
t Virt4coiu;
t
his t
ype i
s n
ot a
ttested a
t P
äduren
i b
ut i
tis e
ncoun
tered i
n s
ett
le men
ts; i
t
o
ccurs s
carce
ly i
n t
he f
irs
t l
eve
l a
nd more f
requen
tly i
n t
he s
econd l
eve
l a
t
Po
iana-Du
lceet
i. T
he v
esse
ls a
re g
rey a
nd more r
are
ly b
aked r
ed.

a
.2) Urn-po
t o
f s
imi
lar t
ype b
ut w
ith a h
igher b
ody
, t
he n
eck d
elim
ited
b
y t
wo l
edges (
Pl. LXV/2-4
), t
wo r
ibb
ings (
PL. LXV
I/4
) o
r ar
ibb
ing b
enea
th
t
he r
im a
nd a l
edge a
t t
he b
ase (
Pl. LX
II/2-4
, LXV/1, W OO MI/2
). T
he
s
urface i
s u
sua
lly d
ecora
ted w
ith b
urn
ish
ing (
Pl. LXI
I/2-3, LXV/2
, 4
). T
his
t
ype o
f u
rn occurs more frequently i
n t
he la
te p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture.
We k
now of o
nly o
ne sing
le s pec
i men at P
äduren
i.

a
.3) Urn-pot, tal
l with e
longated b
ody; broad
, h or
izontal
ly ever
ted r
im,
s
ome
ti mes w
ith r
elief r
ibbing b
elow the r
im o
r on the s
houlder (
Pl. LXX/1-4
,
LXXV
III/1) more r
are
ly w
ith t
wo r
ibb
ings (
Pl. L
2C<
II/2-3
). A
ccord
ing t
o
t
he c
onvex
ity of t
he b
ody i
n t
he reg
ion o
f max
i mum d
ia meter
, alo
t o
f v
ariants
a
re d
ist
inguishable
: ( P
l. LXVI
II, LX
IX/1, 3
, 4, 6
, LXX-LXXV I
, LXXV I
I/1
.,
3
-4, L
)OCX
E/3-4
, L
)00(
IV/4
). T
his i
s t
he most f
requen
t t
ype i
n t
he e
arly
Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
e me
ter
ies (
excep
ting t
he s
ite o
f V
älen
i-Bo
te§
ti; t
he
p
ubl
ished mater
ial o
f th
is si
te does n
ot refer t
o t
his t
ype o
f po
ttery
). T h
is
u
rn-po
t i
s the most f
requen
t type o
f urn which o
ccur a
t Pädureni
, grey o
r r
ed
b
aked s
pec
i mens a
re k
nown
; g
enera
lly
, t
he f
irs
t p
redo m
ina
tes.

a
.4) H
igh u
rn-po
t i
n t
he s
hape o
f b
itrunca
ted c
one
, w
ith c
ylindr
ica
l n
eck
,
b
road h
orizonta
lly ever
ted r
im, so met
i mes w
ith r
elief r
ibb
ing be
low t
he rim
a
nd a
t t
he base of t
he n
eck (
Pl. LX2LX/1, 4 a
nd L
)00ü/1) ; so me s
pec
i mens
a
lso b
ear r
ibb
ing o
n t
he s
hou
lder
. Accord
ing t
o d
eta
ils o
f t
he p
rof
ile a
n
umber o
f v
arian
ts c
an b
e d
ist
ingu
ished
: (
Pl. LX
IX/2, L
20(V
III/3, LXX
IX/

5
9
1
-3, L)00(
, LXX2C
l/1-2, LX = 1/1-3-4
). T he u
rn found i
n g
rave no. 16 a
t
Päduren
i p
art
icu
larly ca
lls o
ur a
itent
ion, f
or t
he neck i
s l
ong and p
erfect
ly
c
ylindr
ica
l a
nd t
he r
im i
s b
roader t
han t
hat o
f o
ther s
pec
i mens
, c
ons
ider
ing
t
he d
i mens
ions o
f t
he v
essel (
heigh
t 0
.35 m
). T
hree r
ibb
ings a
re p
laced b
elow
t
he r
im, at t
he b
ase o
f t
he neck and o
n t
he s
hou
lder (P
l. LXXXII/1
). The
u
rns i
n t
he shape o
f ab
itruncated c
one wh
ich h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t Päduren
i,
Bu
tnäree
ti a
nd S
äucest
i a
re g
rey-baked
; o
ne r
ed-f
ired s
pec
i men h
as b
een
f
ound a
t Po
ienes
ti and a
nother a
t Bärboasa (
Pl. LX IX/2). So me vessels d
is-
c
overed a
t Po
ienee
ti, Poiana-Du
lceeti and a
t Butnär et
i bear burn
ished-
o
rnamen
t o
n t
he s
hou
lder
. T
his t
ype o
f v
esse
l i
s a
lso a
ttested i
n t
he f
irs
t
l
eve
l a
t Po
iana-Du
lcel
ti (
only g
rey-f
ired f
ragmen
ts).

a
.5) G lobu
lar u
rn with l
ong cy
lindrica
l n
eck and f
la
t everted r
im (Pl.
L
200C
EI/2
). One single spec
i men o
f t
his t
ype i
s k
nown at Päduren
i (grave
n
o. 35
). T he prof
ile o
f t
he v
essel ref
lec
ts Sarmatian i
nfluence. We shou
ld
men
tion t
hat v
essels o
f th
is t
ype wh
ich have been d
iscovered in S
armat
ian
c
ontex
ts d
o n
ot i
n g
enera
l h
ave a f
oot-r
ing 2
01

a
.6) G
lobu
lar v
essel w
ith s
hor
t n
eck i
n t
he s
hape o
f at
runca
ted c
one
, f
l
at
r
im and w
ith t
wo h
orizon
tal deep
ly inc
ised li
nes on t
he s
hou
lder (P
l. CXII/3
,
CXI
II/2
). This t
ype i
s a
ttested on
ly in t
he s
ett
le men
t o
f Bu
tnäreet
i where
t
wo r
estored l
igh
t-grey s
pec
i mens a
re k
nown
.

a
.7) Sphero
id urn w
ith shor
t neck a
nd narrow ou
t-s
loping r
im. Two grey
s
pec
i mens a
re known a
t Bä
'rboasa (P
l. C M
I/5) and a
t S
ohodor-Horgee
ti.

a
.8) Urn o
f s
im ilar t
ype b
ut w
ith l
onger neck a
nd with a l
edge o
n the
s
hou
lder (
Pl. LX XXV/1-2). Two intac
t spec
i mens are known a
t Bärboasa;
o
ne r
ed c
oloured (
grave n
o. 5
)
, t
he o
ther g
rey f
ired (
grave n
o. 10
).

a
.9) S
qua
t u
rn w
ith t
he max
i mu m d
iameter a
t t
he s
hou
lder
, s
hor
t n
eck
a
nd f
lat r
im s
treng
thened e
xterna
lly b
y t
wo h
orizon
tal t
h
ickened mou
ldings
(
Pl. 1
,
200
(II
I/1). On
ly o
ne s
pec
i men i
s k
nown a
t P
oiene§t
i.

a
.10
) Urn-po
ts w
ith e
longa
ted s
phero
id b
ody a
nd t
ru mpe
t- mou
th h
ave
b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he c
e meter
ies o
f Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära a
nd C
ioara-Once§
ti
(
Pl. LXXXV/4
).

A
ll t
he a
bove forms h
ave foo
t-r ings
, and a
ll t
ypes
, e xcep
t f or t
he urn o
f
t
ype a
.5, a
re descended f
ro m Geto-Dacian L
a Tine or
igins, 2
02 even i
fso me o
f
t
he m i
ndica
te a Ro man o
r S
arma
tian o
rig
in. S
o me f
orms
, p
art
icu
lar
ly t
he
u
rns o
f t
he f
irs
t t
ype
, l
asted t
o w
ith
in t
he S
intana d
e Mure -Cerneahov
c
ulture
, a
cqu
iring a r
ange o
f d
ist
inct
ive f
eatures t
ypica
l o
f t
hat p
eriod.

S
torage p
ots
: A
longs
ide sma
ll a
nd med
iu m s
ize p
ots
, l
arge s
torage c
onta
iners
h
ave b
een f
ound i
n Carp
ic c
ontex
ts. Accord
ing t
o d
eta
ils o
f p
rof
ile
, t
wo
v
arian
ts a
re d
ist
ingu
ishable
:

b.1) Ovoid vessels w

ith a t
runca
ted-cone s
haped neck s
o met
i mes b
ordered
b
y t
wo hor
izonta
l ribbings w
ith broad o
r ob
lique
ly ever
ted rim and wi
th foo
t-
r
ing (
Pl. XL
IX/3-4
). T
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he s
pec
i mens h
ave b
urn
ished d
ecora-
t
ion o
n t
he n
eck a
nd o
n t
he s
hou
lder (
Pl. LXXXV
I) a
nd a
re u
sua
lly g
rey w
ith
d
ark p
atches o
r, v
ery r
are
ly, b
aked r
ed. T
he h
eigh
t o
f t
he r
estored v
esse
ls
v
aries b
etween 0
.68 a
nd 0
.78 m
; s
o me f
ragmen
ts w
ith t
hicker w
alls s
ee m
t
o b
elong t
o l
arger s
pec
i mens.

6
0
 I M
I O
II
IIIM

,F
ig. 1
2 Po
ienes
ti, r
ed u
rn (
group B
I, t
ype a
/3).
F
ig. 1
3 P
oiana-Du
lces
ti, V
arn
ita
, h
and- made p
ot (
group A
, t
ype a
/1).
 b
.2) Bu
lging t
o s
phero
ida
l p
ots
, i
n g
enera
l w
ith t
he w
all t
h
icker t
han t
hat
o
f t
he f
irst t
ype w
ith b
road h
orizon
tal
ly e
ver
ted r
im a
nd f
oot-r
ing
, a
nd h
eavy
r
elief r
ibb
ing on t
he n
eck and hor
izon
tal f
lut
ings, s
imilar t
o t
hose o
ccurr
ing
o
n the s
torage p
ots o
f the e
arl
ier La Tene p
eriod
, on t
he shou
lder (
Pl. L
/5).
S
o me s
pec
i mens a
re d
ecora
ted w
ith h
orizon
tal o
r b
roken l
ines. None o
f t
he
s
pec
imens o
f t
his t
ype h
as b
een r
estored
, b
ut t
aking i
n
to a
ccoun
t t
he t
h
ickness
o
f t
he w
all (
0.25 m
) w
e c
an s
uppose t
hat t
hey w
ere o
f c
ons
iderab
le c
apac
ity
.
On
ly g
rey-f
ired s
pec
i mens a
re k
nown
. Bo
th v
arian
ts h
ave b
een d
iscovered
o
nly i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
nd d
escend f
ro m G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene o
rig
ins
; 203
a
s r
egards s
o me d
eta
ils o
f p
rof
ile (
t
he b
ulged b
ody
) a
nd d
ecorat
ion (
wide
f
lut
ings
) t
he f
irs
t v
arian
t e
ven o
rig
ina
tes i
n t
he F
irs
t I
ron Age
, b
ut d
if
fers
f
rom i
t
s p
rototypes b
oth i
n s
o me d
ist
inct
ive f
eatures wh
ich a
re t
ypica
l t
o e
ach
p
eriod and i
n t
he prof
ile o
f t
he r
im, wh
ich i
s t
ypica
l o
nly o
f t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod
a
nd the f
irst c
entur
ies A.D.

T
he s
torage-po
ts o
ccur f
requen
tly i
n t
he e
arl
ier l
eve
l a
nd more r
are
ly i
n
t
he l
a
ter l
eve
l a
t P
oiana-Du
lce t
i; f
ive v
esse
ls o
f t
ype b
.1 h
ave b
een r
ecovered
f
rom p
i
t n
o. 4
5 (
the f
irst l
eve
l), a
nd t
hree o
f t
he m h
ave b
een c
o mp
lete
ly r
e-
s
tored (
t
he v
esse
ls n
os. 1 , 10,P
, 8 l. LX M
(VI
).

T
he v
esse
ls o
f t
ype b
.2 o
ccur l
ess f
requen
tly t
han t
hose o
f t
he f
irst v
arian
t.
Fragmen
ts o
f Krausengefässe a
re a
bsen
t i
n t
he Carp
ic c
o mp
lexes
; t
hey a
re
o
nly p
resent i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t of cheia-Suceava
, 2
04 i
n wh
ich e
le men
ts o
f
L
ip4a cu
lture a
lso h
ave been d
iscovered.

D
ishes
: D
ishes i
n f
ine f
abr
ic l
ike t
he o
ther whee
l-thrown v
esse
ls a
re e
n-
c
oun
tered b
oth i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
e meter
ies (
in wh
ich t
hey were u
sed a
s
c
overs f
or u
rns
). F
irst w
e mus
t s
tress t
he r
educed n
u mber o
f f
orm-var
iet
ies
d
iscovered i
n t
he c
e meter
ies i
n c
ontras
t t
o t
hose f
ound i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts.
The p
ieces d
iscovered i
n t
he c
e meter
ies a
re in g
eneral o
f sma
ll s
ize. We h
ave
e
stabl
ished t
he typo
logy o
f t
he d
ishes, a
s of o
ther c
ategor
ies o
f po
ttery
, o
n
t
he b
asis o
f own i
nvest
iga
tions a
t Po
iana-Du
lcegt
i, Bu
tnäreg
ti, Päduren
i, a
nd
Mindr
igca a
nd o
f c
ourse u
pon t
he p
ubl
ished ma
ter
ial f
ound a
t P
oieneg
ti; f
or
t
his r
eason, i
ti s p
ossible t
hat f
uture excava
tion o
r pub
lica
tion o
f ma
ter
ial
may enlarge t
he repertory o
f f
or ms drawn up b
y us.

Ac
ons
iderab
le n
u mber o
f i
ntact a
nd f
ragmen
tary d
ishes
, a
nd p
art
icu
lar
ly
f
ragmen
ts o
f d
ishes a
re k
nown
. T
he ma
ter
ial v
aries s
o much i
n d
eta
il t
hat
i
fwe w
ere t
o t
ake i
n
to a
ccoun
t e
very v
arian
t w
e w
ould d
efine a n
ew t
ype f
or
every s
pec
i men. T here i
s an e
xplana
tion o
f th
is var
iety o
f d
eta
il; the d
ishes
were manu
factured i
n diferen
t workshops
, b y d
if
ferent w
orkmen of v
arying
s
kil
l. F
or t
h
is r
eason w
e w
ill d
escr
ibe o
nly t
he p
rinc
ipa
l f
eatures o
f t
he t
ypes
;
t
he v
ariety o
f t
he f
orms b
elong
ing t
o ac
erta
in t
ype c
an b
e s
een i
n t
he i
l
lustra-
t
ions.

c
.1) Fa
irly b
itruncated c
one-shaped d
ishes, w
ith t
he r
im t
h
ickened e
x-
t
erna
lly
, s
o me
ti mes w
ith a w
ide g
roove b
enea
th t
he r
im a
nd w
ith a f
oot-r
ing
(
Pl. XC/5
, XCIV/1
). On ly g
rey speci mens/s
o meti mes w
ith b
lack shades/a
re
k
nown. These d
ishes o
ccur frequen
tly in t
he early phase o
f t
he c
ulture and
a
re encountered very rare
ly i
n the l
ater p
eriod of t
he cu
lture. Accord
ing t
o
d
eta
ils of pro
file a n
u mber o
f varian
ts can be d
istingu
ished. This t
ype o
f
d
ish d
oes n
ot o
ccur i
n t
he d
epos
it o
f v
esse
ls d
iscovered a
t Butnäre e
i i
n t
he
p
ottery-workshop
, w
hich c
onta
ined more t
han 3
0 p
ieces.

6
3
 c
.2) S quat- s
ided d
ish, with broad
, s harply ever
ted and reeded rim w
ith
h
eavy re
lief ribb
ing on t
he shoulder. The d ish has a f
oot-r
ing and is d
ecora-
t
ed w
ith burnished c
ircular s
tripes on the i
nterior. T here is aledge o
n t
he
i
nter
ior a
t t
he s
tar
ting-po
int o
f t
he r
im (
Pl. L
200
.
(V1
1/3
). T
his t
ype i
s o
nly
k
nown a
t P
oiana
, where a g
rey f
ragmen
tary s
pec
i men a
nd s
evera
l g
rey s
herds
h
ave b
een d
iscovered.

c
.3) Squa
t-sided d
ish w
ith t
hickened and sl
igh
tly e
verted r
im and f
oot-
r
ing
, and t
wo burn
ished z
ig-zag l
ines and burn
ished c
oncentr
ic li
nes o
n the
i
nter
ior (
p
l. W OCKV
III/2
). On
ly o
ne s
pec
i men wh
ich c
an b
e r
estored h
as
b
een f
ound i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti (
Värn
ita
, t
he f
irs
t l
eve
l). A
f
ew g
rey f
ragmen
ts h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he f
irs
t l
eve
l o
f t
he s
ame s
et
tle men
t.

c
.4) D
ish a
pprox
i ma
ting i
n f
orm t
o ah
emi-c
irc
le w
ith a f
lat o
r t
h
ickened
,
more o
r l
ess e
ver
ted r
im, s
l
igh
tly p
ronounced s
hou
lder a
nd f
oot-r
ing
. Grey
o
r r
ed-f
ired sma
ller o
r l
arger p
ieces a
re k
nown a
t P
oiana-Du
lce
_et
i, o
ccur-
r
ing i
n b
oth o
ccupa
tion l
eve
ls. T
his t
ype i
s e
ncoun
tered i
n c
e me
ter
ies a
t
Päduren
i, Bu
tnäre e
i (
here a
lso i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t) e
tc. Accord
ing t
o d
eta
ils
o
f p
rof
ile a n
u mber o
f v
arian
ts a
re d
ist
ingu
ishab
le: (
Pl. L
200
(VI
I/1,
LXXXV
III/2, W OCC
EX/1, 3
, 5
, 7
, XC/11, XCl/2
, XCE
I/3-5
, XCV
III/
1-4.
S
o me s
pec
i mens h
ave b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion o
n t
he i
nter
ior w
ith c
oncen
tric
c
irc
les o
r ar
ow o
f o
blique l
ines (
Pl. L
200
(VI
I/1
).

c
.5) He m
ispher
ica
l s
haped d
eep d
ish w
ith t
h
ickened a
nd e
ver
ted r
i m,
w
ith f
oot-r
ing (Pl. L
)OCXVIII/4
, 6 , 9
, XCl/3
, 5, 8
, XCVII/1-3). O n
ly grey-
f
ired s
peci mens a
re known
. T his t
ype o
ccurs i
n b
oth o
ccupation l
evels a
t
P
oiana-Du
lceet
i.

c
.6) D
ish w
ith s
tra
igh
t o
r i
nterna
lly s
lop
ing wa
ll, w
ith f
la
t o
r s
l
igh
tly o
ut-
s
loping rim
, with c
lear-cut s
hou
lder a nd f
oot-r
ing (P
l. L2CXXVI
II/5, L M
IX/4
,
6
, 8, 10
, XC/4 , XCII/2, 6
). This f
orm i s f
requen
t in a
l mos
t a
ll t
he Carpic
s
ett
le ments a
nd ce meter
ies a
nd beco mes c
ommon i n t
he l
ater p
hase o
f the
c
ulture
; t
he t
ype r
eflects Ro man i
nf
luence

c
.7) Dish a
pproxi mat
ing t
o the a
bove f
orm, but w
ith t
he shou
lder marked
b
y a more o
r l
ess r
eliefed l
edge. The fl
at rim i
s a
l mos
t always sloped i
n-
t
erna
lly (Pl. L10
.0 (VI
II/1, 7-8, XC/1, 8
, 10
, XCI I/7-8, XCII
I/1, 3-6). V ery
f
ew speci mens have a t
hickened r
im (Pl. XC
III/6
). T his v
ariant o
ccurs in
b
oth occupation l
evels a
t P o
iana-Dulceet
i; o n
ly grey-baked spec
i mens a
re
e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he e
arl
ier l
evel. T
hese d
ishes a
lso r
eflec
t Roman i
nf
luence
.

c
.8) S
qua
t h
emispher
ica
l d
ish w
ith t
he r
im s
lop
ing i
nterna
lly (
Pl. XC/2
,
XCI
II/2
). Two i
n
tac
t r
ed-baked s
pec
i mens h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he c
emeter
ies
a
t Po
iene ei (
grave no. 2
40) and a
t Päduren
i (
grave n
o. 1). T his f
orm is
e
ncountered i
n Celt
ic and Ro man c
ontex
ts. The spec
i mens d
iscovered i
n
Ce
ltic c
ontex
ts a
re g
rey w
ith t
he wa
ll h
igher a
nd l
ess c
urved t
han t
he p
ieces
f
ound i
n Carp
ic c
o mp
lexes
; f
or t
h
is r
eason w
e a
re i
ncl
ined t
o a
ttr
ibu
te t
hem
t
o Ro man i
nf
luence. We men
tion t
hat t
h
is v
arian
t l
asts w
ith t
he s
ame f
eatures
i
nto t
he Late C
elt
ic p
eriod
.

c
.9) Truncated cone-shaped deep d
ish with t
he r
im slop
ing in
terna
lly
a
nd c
lear-cu
t shoulders. On ly i
ntact g
rey-f
ired spec
i mens are k
nown to
h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t o
f Bu
tnäreet
i (
Pl. XCl/1, XCV/3
).

6
4
 c
.10
) S
tra
igh
t s
ided d
ish w
ith t
h
ickened r
im e
ver
ted e
xterna
lly a
nd w
ith
c
lear-cut s
houlder
. Two r ed-f
ired p
ieces (restored) (
Pl. XC/6, XCI
I/1) and
o
ther f
rag men
ts have b
een f
ound i
n t
he sa me sett
le ment (
the s
econd l
evel
).
The f
or m r
eminds o
ne o
f H
ellen
ist
ic p
ottery f
ro m t
he Nor
th-Pon
tic c
i
ties.
A s
ign i
n t
he shape o
f an X with t
he bars j
oined, like t
wo t
ouch
ing t
riang
les,
a
ppears on o
ne dish d
iscovered at P
oiana-Du lcee
ti LXXXVII
I/3
). Ana
lo-
g
ous s
igns a
re e
ncoun
tered i
n S
arma
tian c
ontex
ts; 205 t
he s
ign o
n t
he s
pec
i men
d
iscovered a
t Po
iana-Du
lcee
ti may i
ndica
te e
ither t
he owner o
f t
he v
esse
ls o
r
b
e a mag
ic s
y mbo
l s
how
ing t
he u
se i
n s
o me r
itua
l. I
tis n
oticeab
le t
hat t
he
d
ish i
s c
arefu
lly w
orked a
nd t
he c
olour-coa
t w
as b
righ
ter t
han t
he p
aste o
f
t
he v
essel. Ifthe c
olour-coat were of asuperior q
ual
ity we s
hould be t
e mp
ted
t
o c
onsider t
his d
ish a
s ap roduct imported f
rom the Nor
th-Pontic c
it
ies.

This d
escrip
tion s
hows t
hat t
he major
ity o
f t
he d
ishes have G
eto-Dacian
L
a T
ene orig
ins and h
ave a
nalog
ies with s
pec
i mens d
iscovered i
n l
ate G
eto-
Dac
ian c
ontex
ts. Ro man i
nf
luence i
s e
viden
tly i
n s
o me s
eries
, i
n wh
ich t
he
Carp
i h ave crea
tively co mb
ined t
radition with new i
nfluences. So me t
ypes
,
i
n ad eveloped f
orm , occur un
til t
he " Hunnenzeit" a
nd their p
resence s
hows
t
he persistence of t
he nat
ive popu
lation.

T
he f
ruit-stand
: A
longs
ide t
he Dac
ian c
up a
nd t
he j
ar, t
he f
ruit-stand d
ecora
ted
w
ith c
ordons w
ith t
hu mb-
i mpress
ions h
olds a
n i
mportan
t p
lace w
ith
in t
he
r
eper
tory o
f Dac
ian a
nd Carp
ic p
ottery
. T
his i
s t
he mos
t r
epresen
tat
ive f
orm
o
f whee
l- made Dac
ian p
ottery
.

I
toccurs f
requen
tly i
n Carpic c
ontexts
, b oth i
n set
tle men
ts and c
e meter
ies
i
n w
hich i
t was u
sed as acover f
or urns
, either ent
irely (Pädureni
, graves
n
o. 3
1, 5
6, 9
6; P
oieneet
i, g
rave n
o. 4
9), o
r o
nly t
he b
owl (
Päduren
i, g
rave
n
o. 30
; P o
ieneeti
, g raves n
os. 5
5, 67, 1
44, 2
30) or o
nly t
he p
edestal
(
Päduren
i, graves n
os. 3, 6, 1
5, 66
). Unlike i
n t
he La Tene p
eriod, there
a
re o
nly whee
l- made s
pec
i mens i
n Carp
ic c
ontex
ts.

Accord
ing t
o d
eta
ils o
f p
rof
ile, t
he f
ol
low
ing t
ypes a
re d
ist
ingu
ishab
le:

d
.1) Fru
it-s
tand w
ith l
ow h
ollow p
edes
tal
, c
ut-clear s
hou
lders a
nd
s
l
igh
tly c
urved f
lar
ing r
i m. There a
re o
nly g
rey-baked s
pec
i mens
, d
ating
f
ro m t
he e
arl
ier p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture (
Pl. C/
1, 3
-4, C
II/3-4
, C
III/3)
.

d
.2) Fru
it-s
tand approx
i mat
ing t
o the a
bove f
orm bu
t with n
arrower and
f
lat f
lar
ing r
im and c
lear-cu
t bowl. (Pl. XCIX/1-5
, C/2, Cl/1-2, C
II/1 -
2, 7
)
o
r rounded s
hou
lder (P
l. Cl/4, 6
, C
III/6). According t
o smal
l d
etai
ls, alot
o
f v
ariants a
re d
ist
inguishab
le (
see Pl. XCIX-CI
II)
. T his t
ype i
s f
requen
tly
e
ncountered in b
oth l
eve
ls at Poiana-Du
lceeti
; t he nu mber o
f r
ed-baked
s
peci mens i
s approx
i mate
ly equal t
o t
hat o
f grey-baked ones wh
ich predo m-
i
nate b
y 9
0% i
n t
he f
irst l
eve
l.

d
.3) F ruit-s
tand with t
runcated-cone s
haped bow
l and p
edesta
l. I tis
d
ecorated w
ith fl
uting on t
he ex
terior. Only one g
rey-baked s
peci men i
s
k
nown t
o h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he c
e metery o
f Päduren
i (
grave n
o. 1
3). F
abr
ic,
t
echn
ique a
nd d
ecora
tion i
ndica
te t
hat t
he s
ame p
otter who w
orked a
nd f
ired
t
h
is vessel also made t
he l
id o
f t
he urn f
ro m t
he s
ame c
e metery (
Pl. CVL
I/4
).
The f
ruit-stand i
s d
eformed by asecondary f
ir
ing.

6
5
 d
.4) Fru
it-stand w
ith f
lat
, u
nflar
ing r
im a
nd t
he s
hou
lder s
treng
thened
b
y al
edge. One s
ing
le p
ubl
ished s
pec
i men f
ro m Vä
len
i-Bo
te9t
i (
Pl. C
IX/2
)
i
s k
nown. As regards the f
orm , t
h
is type i
s more s
imilar t
o apedesta
l-cup
t
han t
o t
he t
rue f
ruit-s
tand which o
ccurs in t
he G
eto-Dacian a
nd Carp
ic en-
v
ironment
. Ana logies c
an be d
rawn b
etween the c up o
f t
he f
ruit-stand a
nd
s
o me s
peci mens ex
isting i
n t
he Lip
ia cu
lture. 206 T
his t
ype of v
essel i
s a
lso
e
ncoun
tered w
ith
in t
he S
intana d
e Mure
_rCerneahov c
ulture a
t I
ali-Ciurch
i
a
nd Bä
icen
i-S
ili9
te .
207

All t
he f
ruit-stands d
iscovered a
t Carpic s
ites have
, in g
enera
l, ahollow
l
ow p
edesta
l, a nd a d
eep cup w
ith a r
ela
tively narrow rim wh
ich i
s f
la
tly
e
verted o
r sl
ight
ly curved. S o me s
peci mens (
irrespect
ive o
f the t
ypes
) are
d
ecorated w
ith sma
ll zig-zag
, wavy o r c
ircular l
ines on t
he i
nter
ior or o
n t
he
r
im (
Pl. C
II/1-4
, 7
, CXLV
I/6
).

T
he fruit-stands o
ccur more frequently i
n t
he e
arlier phase o
f t
he c
ulture
when about 90% of t
he m a
re of g
rey fabr
ic. Dur ing t
he la
ter phase o
f t
he
cu
lture, grey-fabric and r
ed-fabric p
ieces are a
bout equa
l in n
u mber
. A lthough
a
t f
irst s
igh
t t
he s
imilar
ity b
etween t
he s
pec
i mens f
ro m t
he L
ate L
a T
ene a
nd
t
hose f
ro m t
he Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts s
ee ms t
o r
each i
den
tity
, ac
arefu
l s
tudy
s
hows s
o me d
eta
ils wh
ich a
re t
ypica
l t
o e
ach p
eriod
. F
or e
xamp
le, t
he p
edes-
t
al b
ecomes gradua
lly lower
, the c
up deeper and t
he f
lar
ing r
im narrower
d
uring t
he 2
nd-3rd cen
turies, bu
t t
his process t
ook p
lace e
ven f
ro m t
he f
irs
t
c
entury
, a
s i
s s
hown b
y i
nves
tiga
tions c
arr
ied o
ut a
t Cuc
iula
ta, d
istr
ict o
f
Bra9ov. Fru
it-s
tands w
ith s
trong
ly f
lar
ing r
im a
nd f
ret-worked p
edesta
l,
a
s i
n t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod
, a
re n
o l
onger e
ncoun
tered w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
ulture
a
nd h
igh p
edesta
lled s
pec
i mens a
re v
ery r
are. We h
ave men
tioned t
he f
re-
q
uen
t o
ccurrence o
f f
ruit-s
tands i
n Carp
ic c
ontex
ts a
nd t
heir n
ear
ly c
o mp
lete
a
bsence i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f Ch
ilia- M
ilitar
i t
ype. T
he f
ruit-stands a
re a
lso
a
bsen
t i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
e meter
ies a
t C
hil
ia, Mä
täsaru
, Bucharest-
M
ilitar
i, Ma
ldär
, S
corn
ice9
ti, Bragad
iru
, Uden
i, Vu
lture9
ti e
tc.

Afrag ment o
f fru
it-s
tand h as been found a
t T irg9or in the l
evel d
ating
f
ro m t
he 3
rd century A.D. ,208 but t
his may c o me fro m t
he L a Tene s
ettle-
ment wh
ich is s
itua
ted in t
he s urrounding area. Ano ther fragmen t
, which
a
ccord
ing t
o Margareta C
onstan
tin
iu 2 °9 i
s a
nalogous w
ith s
pec
i mens d
is-
c
overed i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t s
itua
ted n
ear t
he l
ake o
f T
ei, s
ee ms t
o h
ave b
een
f
ound a
t S träu1e9
ti- Mä
icänesti. The material d
iscovered a
t Tei is certain
ly
e
arlier 2
10 s
o we c
anno t e
xclude t
he p
ossib
ility t
hat t
he f
ind o
f Sträuleeti-
Mä
idine9
ti i
s a
lso e
arl
ier
, t
aking i
nto a
ccoun
t t
he f
act t
hat t
he i
sola
ted t
races
wh
ich h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t a
nd w
hich d
ate f
ro m t
he L
a T
ene
p
eriod, h
ave been cons
idered b
y t
he a
uthor o
f t
he e
xcava
tion t
o d
ate f
ro m t
he
3
rd and 4
th c
enturies A.D.

Even i
fthese f
rag men
ts w
ere c
erta
inly f
rom t
he 2
nd a
nd 3
rd c
entur
ies
,
t
hey a
re t
oo f
ew t
o i
l
lustra
te t
he f
requency o
f f
ruit-s
tands w
ith
in t
he Ch
ilia-
Mil
itari cu
lture. T he ex
tre mely s
poradic o
ccurrence o
f f
ruit-stands c
ould
be exp
lained e
ither by t
heir s
urviva
l fro m L
a Tene or b
y t
heir arriva
l with
t
he Carp
i i
n t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.2
11

L
ids
: L
ids a
re s
carce i
n c
o mpar
ison w
ith o
ther f
orms o
f p
ottery i
n t
he Carp
ic
s
ett
le men
ts. Accord
ing t
o d
eta
ils o
f p
rof
ile
, an
u mber o
f v
arian
ts a
re d
is-
t
ingu
ishab
le:

6
6
 e
.1) Conical l
ids w
ith p
lain border a
nd d
iscoida
l knob-handle. In
tact o
r
f
ragmentary g
rey-baked s
peci mens have b
een f
ound in t
he s
ett
le men
ts at
Bu
tnär et
i a
nd P
oiana-Du
lc e
i a
nd i
n t
he c
e meter
ies a
t P
oiene e
i (
grave n
o. 6
4).

T
his t
ype o
f l
id i
s e
ncoun
tered b
oth i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene p
eriod
(
Poiana-Tecuc
i, B
itca Doa mne
i) a
nd i
n t
he Ro man w
orld
. As r
egards t
he f
or m
t
his t
ype a
pprox
i ma
tes t
o t
he h
and- made l
id d
iscovered i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t o
f
Po
iana-Du
lcey
ti (
Pl. C
IV/2, CV
I/5
).

e
.2) H
igh c
onica
l l
id w
ith h
orizon
tal
ly t
h
ickened b
order a
nd d
isco
ida
l k
nob-
h
and
le. Ag
rey-baked s
pec
imen (
restored
) i
s k
nown a
t V
idra
, d
istr
ict o
f
Vrancea (P
l. CV1
II/4). T h
is v
ariant h
as ana
log ies w
ith s
peci mens f
ound a
t
Pecica
, distr
ict o
f Arad a
nd d
ating f
ro m t
he Geto-Dacian La Tene.

e
.3) H
emispher
ica
l l
ids
, w
ith s
qua
t o
r h
igh k
nob-hand
le, w
ith f
lat b
order
f
or c
over
ing a
nd v
ert
ica
l s
tep f
or f
ix
ing
. T
he t
op o
f t
he k
nob i
s f
lat o
r c
on-
c
ave. S
o met
i mes l
edges o
r f
lu
tings a
nd r
ibb
ings
, more o
r l
ess i
n r
elief
, o
ccur
o
n t
he exterior. Fragments o
f l
ids
, decorated w
ith b
urn ished la
ttice o
n t
he
u
pper p
ar t o
f the c
over
ing b
order (
Pl. CV/3, 5
) have been discovered i
n t
he
s
econd l
evel a
t Poiana-Du
lce 5
i. Accord
ing to d
eta
ils o
f p
rofile a n
u mber o
f
v
arian
ts are d
ist
inguishab
le (
Pl. C
IV/1, 3-6
; CV/2 , 4
; CV I/2-4,
I
n tac
t spec
i mens have b
een f
ound both in s
ettle ments (
Poiana-Dulce§
ti, Piatra-
Neam I-Därniä
,ne§
ti and Lu
tärie e
tc.) and in ce me
teries (Päduren
i, grave no.
47; P o
ieneyti, g
raves nos. 1, 3
3, 40
, 9 0, 232 and 252
) ; lids w
ith h
igh knob-
h
and
le o
ccur o
n t
he u
rns w
ith z
oo morph
ic h
and
les (
graves n
os. 2
11 a
nd 2
95),
o
n u
rns w
ith b
ulges (
graves n
os. 1
45, 2
49 a
nd 2
84) o
r c
upu
lae (
grave n
o. 3
84,
p
l. CXXXV
III/1-6
) o
n t
he h
and
les.

P
lain v
arian
ts are a
lso a
t
tested in t
he G
eto-Dac
ian La Tene (
Poiana
,
Guqter4a-S
ibiu, S
ighi.
para, Meleia
, Rudele).212 Many v
ariants s
how strong
Ro man i
nf
luence. T
he l
ids a
re r
ed a
nd g
rey-f
ired
. T
his i
s t
he mos
t f
requen
t
t
ype.

e
.4) L
id o
f sma
ll s
ize w
ith n
arrow c
over
ing b
order a
nd h
igh s
tep f
or
f
ixing
, w
ith t
wo l
edges o
n e
xter
ior
, t
he u
pper o
ne s
erv
ing a
s k
nob-hand
le.
Th
is t
ype s
erved f
or c
over
ing amphorae. On
ly a r
ed-f
ired s
pec
i men i
s k
nown
a
t P
äduren
i, f
ro m t
he c
e metery (
Pl. CV
1/1).

The major
ity o
f t
he lids, more t
han t
he other f
orms o f p
ottery, s how Ro man
i
nfluence. Th is i
s e
xplicable s
ince t
he Dac
ians frequen
t ly used dishes i
n the
p
lace of l
ids. T he l
ids occur f
requen
tly i
n the Carp
ic settle men
ts a nd c
e me-
t
eries d
uring t
he l
ate Phase o
f t
he c
ulture. I
tis i
nterest
ing t
o n
ote t
hat a
t
Pä
,duren
i o n
ly three o
f at
otal o
f 79 c
overed u
rns h ad spec
ial l
ids (
grey l
id
o
ver the urn d
iscovered i
n grave n
o. 5, a
nd r
ed li
ds over the u
rns f
ound in
g
raves nos. 47 and 86
) 1
3 urns had s
pecia
l lids
, ma in
ly red, of at
otal o
f 50
c
overed u
rns d
iscovered a
t Po
iene§t
i i
n t
he ce metery d
ating f
ro m the l
ate
p
hase o
f t
he c
ulture (
graves
, nos. 1
, 3
3, 40
, 6 4, 90, 1
45, 211, 232, 249, 2
52,
2
84, 2
95 a
nd 3
48). L
ids o
ccur v
ery r
are
ly i
n t
he f
irst o
ccupa
tion l
eve
l a
t
Po
iana-Du
lce e
i.

Rare f
orms o
f v
esse
l, w
ithou
t h
and
le

f
.1) Vase s
uppor
t. Cy
lindr
ica
l v
ase-suppor
t w
ith t
ru mpet s
haped e
x-
t
re me
ties (
one w
ith t
he b
order i
n g
rea
ter r
elief t
han t
he o
ther) d
iscovered a
t

6
7
Po
iana-Du
lc e
i i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t s
i
tua
ted a
t V
arn
i g. I
tis d
ecora
ted w
ith
v
ert
ica
l b
urn
ished h
atch
ings b
ordered b
y t
wo h
orizon
tal r
ibb
ings o
n t
he s
up-
p
ort (
Pl. CX/1, CX XXV
I). The s
uppor
t i
s r
ed-f
ired a
nd h
as a r
ed-maroon
c
olour
-coa
t o
n t
he e
xter
ior
. S
o me a
nalog
ies c
an b
e d
rawn w
ith s
pec
imens
ex
ist
ing in Hel
lenist
ic and Sar ma
tian c
ontex
ts si
tuated i
n the Nor
th-Pontic
s
teppes .
213 T he o
ccurrence of t
he s
upport i
n t
he Sarmatian con
text (
as a
c
onsequence o
f H
ellen
ist
ic i
nf
luence
) h
as b
een s
hown b
y t
he e
xistence o
f v
es-
s
els w
ith r
ounded b
ases a
nd o
f amphorae o
f H
ellen
ist
ic t
ype.

T
he s
uppor
t o
f Po
iana Du
lceet
i, wh
ich i
s s
o f
ar u
nique i
n Ro man
ia, i
s o
ne
o
f t
he mos
t b
eau
tifu
l s
pec
i mens o
f p
ottery w
hich h
ave b
een d
iscovered f
ro m
t
he Carp
ic c
ulture. T
he s
uppor
t h
as t
he f
ol
low
ing d
i mens
ions
: h
eigh
t 0
.13
m; d
ia meter o
f t
he b
ase 0
.18 m
; d
ia me
ter o
f t
he t
op 0
.143 m.

f
.2) B
itrunca
ted c
one-shaped b
eaker w
ith f
la
t r
im, s
l
igh
tly s
lop
ing e
x-
t
erna
lly a
nd w
ith f
oot-r
ing
. On
ly o
ne i
n
tac
t s
pec
i men i
s k
nown a
t P
äduren
i,
d
iscovered i
n t
he u
rn o
f g
rave n
o. 8
2. Af
ragmen
t o
f as
imi
lar p
iece h
as
a
lso been f
ound in t
he s
ett
le ment o
f Pädureni. Analogies can b
e drawn w
ith
s
peci mens ex
ist
ing in t
he graves o
f t
he Iazyges f
ro m Hungary (
Alfö
ldy
).214

f
.4) Con
ica
l b
eaker w
ith f
lar
ing r
im (
Pl. XCl/4
). Con
ica
l b
ase o
r f
oot-
r
ing
. Both v
arian
ts a
re c
opies i
n c
lay o
f g
lass b
eakers. On
ly o
ne g
rey p
iece
i
s k
nown t
o h
ave b
een d
iscovered
, i
n t
he c
eme
tery o
f C
ioara-Oncej
ti (
grave
n
os. 1
5, 2
15).

Hand
led v
esse
ls

Hand
led v
esse
ls a
re f
a
irly n
u merous i
n t
he Carp
ic c
o mp
lexes
: amphorae
,
u
rns w
ith t
hree h
and
les
, j
ugs
, c
olanders a
nd b
owls.

a
. Amphorae o
f Carp
ic t
ype. T
he amphorae h
old a
n impor
tan
t p
lace
w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic whee
l- made p
ottery
; t
hey h
ave b
een d
iscovered b
oth i
n
s
ett
le ments a
nd c
e meter
ies
, i
n wh
ich t
hey h
ave b
een u
sed a
s u
rns. A
ccord-
i
ng t
o s
o me p
art
icu
lar
ities
, an
u mber o
f v
arian
ts c
an b
e d
ist
ingu
ished
:

a
.1-
) Elonga
ted o
voida
l amphora
, with shor
t neck, ex
ternal
ly th
ickened
r
im, and f
lat b
ase (
Pl. C MV/3
). Grey-fired spec
i mens h
ave been f
ound i
n
t
he ce meter
ies o
f Päduren
i a
nd Bärboasa a
nd i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t at P
oiana-
Dulcest
i, part
icu
larly i
n t
he f
irs
t l
evel. In f
ormer c
lassif
ica
tion t
ype 5
.1. 2
16

a
.2) Ovo
ida
l amphora w
ith l
ong c
ylindr
ica
l n
eck
, w
ith t
he r
im t
h
ickened
ex
ternal
ly and a w
ide groove on t
he i
nside, g
iving way t
o af
unnel. F oot-r
ing
.
The h
andles
, with median long
itudina
l ribb
ing or f
lut
ing
,are a
ttached t
o the
n
eck a
nd t
he s
hou
lder
; s
o me h
and
les a
re l
ong
itud
ina
lly g
rooved o
n b
oth f
aces.
Usua
lly they a
re grey-f
ired and e
xtre me
ly rare
ly baked red (
Poiana-Dulceet
i,
t
he second l
evel). The majority o
f t
he spec
i mens have b
urnished decora
tion
o
n t
he n
eck a
nd s
hou
lder
. Th
is i
s t
he most f
requen
t t
ype o
f amphora wh
ich
i
s encountered i
n the s
ett
le men
ts. Ith as b
een d
iscovered i
n the ce meter
ies at
Pädureni
, V ir
tieco
iu, Bärboasa and Po
ienejti. According t
o deta
ils of prof
ile
,
an
u mber o
f v
arian
ts a
re d
ist
ingu
ishab
le (
Pl. CX
IV/2
, CXV/2-4
, CXV
II/4
,
CXV
III/
1, 3
-4, CX
IX/2-3, CXL
II/3
).

a
.3) Amphorae w
ith t
he b
ody more b
ulged a
nd g
lobu
lar t
han t
he p
rev
ious
t
ypes. The t
h
ickened r
im i
s e
ver
ted e
xterna
lly
; f
oot-r
ing
; h
and
les w
ith

6
8
r
ibb
ing o
r f
lut
ing
. S
o me s
pec
i mens h
ave a mou
lding o
n t
he n
eck a
t t
he j
unc-
t
i
on w
ith t
he h
and
les. Grey-f
ired s
pec
i mens a
re k
nown a
t Bu
tnäre.
e
ti, T
ifee
ti
a
nd a
t P
oiana-Du
lceet
i i
n b
oth o
ccupa
tion l
eve
ls b
ut more f
requen
tly i
n t
he
f
irs
t l
eve
l. Accord
ing t
o d
eta
ils a
nd v
aria
tions t
o t
he p
rof
ile o
f t
he r
im,
v
arian
ts c
an b
e d
ist
ingu
ished (
Pl. CX
IV/4
, CXV/1, CXV
I/1-4
, CX
IX/1).
S
ome s
pec
i mens h
ave b
urn
ished o
rna men
t.

a
.4) Amphorae w
ith e
longated b
ody
, o
uts
ide s
lop
ing r
im a
nd f
oot-r
ing
;
r
ela
tive
ly n
arrow h
and
les (
Pl. CXV
II/2
, 3
). T
his v
arian
t i
s a
ttes
ted o
nly i
n
t
he l
ater p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture (
Poienest
i, g
rave n
o. 3
9 a
nd P
oiana-
D
ulceet
i, t
he s
econd l
eve
l). G rey-f
ired spec
i mens o
ften h
ave b
urn
ished
d
ecorat
ion. In t
he f
ormer c
lassif
ication
, amphorae of t
ype 5
/4.

With t
he excep
tion o
f t
ype a
.3 which i
s ana
logous t
o so me s
peci mens d
is-
c
overed in G
etan contex
ts (
Fäcä
i, distr
ict o
f Dol
j and Räcä
täu, distr
ict o
f
B
acau
) t
he r
est o
f t
he amphorae i
ndica
tes more o
r l
ess Ro man i
nf
luence.
A
s w
ith o
ther f
orms
, t
he l
oca
l p
otters a
dop
ted Ro man mode
ls c
rea
tive
ly.
T
hus
, t
he n
ative a
rtisans e
l
iminated t
he p
oin
ted b
ase a
nd n
arrow mou
th wh
ich
w
ere t
ypica
l o
f Ro man amphorae and c
rea
ted a n
ew typ
ically Carp
ic t
ype
w
hich w
as more u
seful f
or the
ir needs; t
his t
ype r
esulted f
rom the f
usion o
f
Dac
ian t
radit
ions a
nd Ro man i
nf
luence. We men t
ion tha
t the amphorae were
n
early e
xclusive
ly d
ecorated w
ith b
urnished o
rna men
t, with i
ncised d
ecora-
t
i
on o
ccurr
ing v
ery r
are
ly a
nd c
ons
ist
ing o
f t
he s
ame mot
ifs wh
ich a
re a
lso
e
ncoun
tered o
n t
he o
ther w
hee
l- made t
ypes
, b
oth h
and
led o
r w
ithou
t h
and
les
(
Pl. CX
IV/2, CXV
II/1, 3
-4, CXLV
II/2-5
).

b
. Doub le-handled vesse
ls. Until n
ow very few d
oub
le-hand
led p
ots h
ave
b
een d
iscovered in t
he sett
le men
ts o
r in t
he c
e meter
ies. Only g
rey s
peci-
mens a
re known t
o have been f
ound in t
he c
e meter
ies at P
ä
.dureni (
Pl. CXII
I/
1
, CXX/3)
, Mo ldoveni-Gabära, Cioara-Onceet
i (Pl. CXX/2) a
nd i
n the s
ett
le-
men
t a
t Bu
tnäree
ti.

Both a
s regards t
echnique and f
orm, the d
ouble-hand
led vesse
ls discovered
i
n C
arp ic c
ontexts d
escend fro m G
eto-Dac
ian L a Tene o
rig
ins. T here are
a
nalog
ies w
ith s
pec
i mens f
ound a
t P
oiana-Tecuc
i, S
f. Gheorghe
, C
etea e
tc P 7

T
ypo
log
ica
lly
, t
he v
esse
l f
ro m P
äduren
i p
receded t
hose d
iscovered a
t
Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
, a
nd B
utnäreet
i.

T
he d
oub
le-hand
led p
ot (
kan
tharos
) d
iscovered a
t C
ioara-Oncee
ti (
Pl.
CXX/Ia-c
), 2
18 d
if
fers f
ro m t
he above v
essels; the shape and t
he syste m o
f
h
andles are o
f Greek o
rig
in. T his pot i
s f
ired b
rick-coloured and i
s analo-
g
ous w
ith s
pec
i mens wh
ich h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he G
etan s
ett
le men
t a
t P
oiana-
Tecuc
i and Räcä
täu 2
19 and i
n Sar ma
tian-Pon
tic c
ontex
ts 2
2 ° where s
uch
f
orms are made bo
th of c
lay a
nd glass.

c
. J
ugs
: Whee
l- made j
ugs
, made i
n t
he s
ame f
ine f
abr
ic a
s t
he a
bove-
d
escr
ibed t
ypes o
f p
ottery
, o
ccur r
ela
tive
ly s
carce
ly i
n Carp
ic s
i
tes a
nd
e
specia
lly i
n the s
ett
le ments, t
aking i
nto a
ccount t
he s
itua
tion ex
isting a
t
P
oiana-Dulc uti. Itis i
nteres
ting t
o note t
hat i
n
tact o
r al mos
t i
ntact v
esse
ls
h
ave b
een f
ound i
n c
e meter
ies (
Vir
tieco
iu,Päduren
i, P
oieneet
i, Mo
ldoven
i-
G
abära
, Vä
len
i-Bo
teet
i), wh
ile t
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he p
ottery d
iscovered i
n s
et-
t
l
ements i
s fragmentary
, as w
ith o
ther t
ypes of pot
tery
. T he g
reat ma
jori
ty
o
f t
he j
ugs a
re grey-f
ired a
nd very r
are
ly red-fired i
n the e
arly p
hase o
f t
he

6
9
 M i nt

1"2"m
e

F
ig. 1
5 Po
iana-Du
lce e
i, Varn
i3ä
, g
rey j
ug, g
roup MI, t
ype c
/1.

F
ig. 2
0 P
iatra Nea
rnI
-Lu
t.5
.rie, Ro man p
atera.
Carp
ic c
ulture. A
ccord
ing t
o d
eta
ils o
f p
rof
ile a
nd t
he p
osit
ion o
f t
he j
unc
tion
o
f t
he h
and
le a n
u mber o
f v
arian
ts a
re d
ist
ingu
ishab
le:

c
.1) G lobular or bitrunca
ted-cone shaped jugs, with l
ong and n
arrow n eck
w
ith h
orizontal
ly e ver
ted r im which has a v
ert
ica l s
tep on t
he ins
ide t
o hold a
l
id
; foot-ring (Fig. 15, and Pl. CXXEI/4
, CXL III/4). T he broad h
andle with
f
lut
ing o
r med
ian r
ibb
ing i
s a
ttached t
o t
he s
hou
lder a
nd t
he n
eck
. T
here a
re
o
ften 1
-3 d
i mp
les p
ressed a
t t
he b
ase o
f t
he h
and
le t
o make s
ure o
f t
he j
unc-
t
ion b
etween t
he hand
le and t
he wal
l (
Pl. C
2CC
II/4
). S
o me spec
i mens h
ave
b
urnished d
ecora
tion on t
he neck a
nd t
he s
hou
lder. T
he ornament cons
ists o
f
v
ert
ical
, zig-zag and h
atched l
ines e
tc. Grey a
nd red-f
ired s
pec
i mens a
re
k
nown, bu
t the f
irs
t predo m
inate. This i
s t
he most f
requen
t t
ype wh
ich o
c-
c
urs i
n a
l most a
ll t
he s
ett
lemen
ts a
nd c
e meter
ies. I
thas b
een d
iscovered
i
n b
oth l
eve
ls a
t P
oiana-Du
lc e
i; t
he n
umber o
f g
rey j
ugs i
s a
pprox
i ma
tely
e
qua
l to t
hat o
f r
ed s
pec
i mens i
n t
he s
econd l
eve
l. The h
eigh
t v
aries a
round
0
.30 m.

This t
ype of j
ug i
s also a
ttested i
n t
he Geto-Dac
ian La Tene per
iod
(
Poiana-Tecuci, Racatau etc
.), but s
o me d
etails
, such a
s t
he step t
o h
old t
he
l
id
, r
ef
lec
t Ro man i
nf
luence
.

c
.2) J ugs with f
a
irly b
itruncated-cone s
haped b
ody
, with t
al
l a
nd narrow
n
eck
, a nd ever
ted rim grooved on t
he ins
ide f
or h
old
ing t
he l
id. Hand
les with
f
lut
ing o
r med
ian r
ibb
ing
. S
o me s
pec
i mens h
ave b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion w
ith
s
i mp
le v
ert
ica
l li
nes, g
roups of l
ines, broken l
ines o
r i
nter
laced circ
les
a
rranged o
n s
uccess
ive zones e
tc. (Pl. CXLII
I/1). Fragmen ts a
nd spec
i mens
wh
ich c
an b
e p
art
ial
ly r
estored h
ave b
een f
ound i
n b
oth o
ccupa
tion l
eve
ls a
t
Po
iana-Du
lce9t
i. T
his t
ype o
fjug
, d
escend
ing f
ro m L
a T
ene o
rig
ins
, w
ith
a
nalog
ies a
t Po
iana-Tecuc
i, a
lso r
eflects Ro man i
nf
luence a
s r
egards t
he
g
roove t
o h
old t
he l
id.

c
.3) Jug a
pprox i ma
ting t
o t
he f
orm of t
he p
revious types b
ut w
ith f
lat a
nd
s
tra
ight r
im, so me
ti mes bear
ing t
hree f
lu
tings o
n the e
xterior. T he h
andle
h
as a med
ian ribbing
; foo
t-ring; (Pl. CXXE/2, CXXII/2
). I ntac
t spec
i mens
h
ave b
een discovered i
n s
ett
le men
ts at P
oiana-Dulce t
i (Varn
ig ) and Rbi
le
Tg. Ocna a
nd in c
e meteries a
t Virtijco
iu and Bärboasa (
grave n
o. 1
96). The
spec
imens found a
t Ripile and Bärboasa a
re red-coloured
, and t
he o
thers a
re
g
rey-
fired
.

c
.4) J ug with b
ulged b
ody t
owards t
he b
ase w
ith bitruncated-cone s
haped
n
eck and f
unnel-shaped mouth (
t
o ho
ld t
he l
id
), so met
i mes with burn
ished
d
ecorat
ion on t
he neck a
nd t
he s
houlder (
Pl. CXXI
I/1-3 a
nd fi
g. 1
6). Only
g
rey-baked s
peci mens h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n b
oth o
ccupat
ion l
evels a
t
Po
iana-Du
lce§t
i. Ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat t
h
is t
ype o
f v
esse
l i
s w
ell-known
d
uring t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene
, w
e d
o n
ot dwe
ll o
n i
t
.

d
. T
he mugs a
re made i
n t
he s
a me f
abr
ic a
nd t
echn
ique a
s t
he j
ugs. T
hey
o
ccur f
a
irly f
requen
tly w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
ulture. A
ccord
ing t
o d
eta
ils o
f
p
rof
ile
, s
ub-types c
an b
e d
ist
ingu
ished
:

d
.1) Fa
irly b
itrunca
ted-cone s
haped mugs, t
he o
ut-slop
ing r
im g
ives r
ise
t
o af
unne
l-shaped mou
th. U
sua
lly a l
edge o
ccurs a
t t
he b
ase o
f t
he n
eck
(
Pl. CXX
III/5
, CXX
IV/5
, CXXV
II/1-2
, 5
). T
he mug h
as f
oot-r
ing a
nd t
he

7
1
F
ig. 1
6 P
oiana-Du
1ce9
ti, S
il
i§te
, j
ug (
group B
IT, t
ype c
/4) w
ith l
id (
grey
).

7
2
n
arrow h
and
le h
as a med
ian g
roove
; b
elow t
he r
im i
s a
ttached t
he t
op o
f t
he
h
and
le s
pring
ing f
ro m t
he n
iax
i mu m d
iame
ter o
f t
he b
ody
. Ah
orizon
tal
ly d
is-
c
ont
inuous f
lut
ing (
Pl. CXXV
11/5
) o
ccurs o
n t
he s
hou
lder o
f as
pec
i men d
is-
c
overed a
t Po
iana-Du
lcej
ti (
S
ili9
te, p
it n
o. 4
1). Th
is t
ype o
f mug i
s a
ttested
a
t P
oiana-Du
lce§
ti, e
spec
ial
ly i
n t
he f
irs
t o
ccupa
tion l
eve
l. I
toccurs a
lso
f
requen
tly i
n t
he L
ate G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene (
Räcätä
.u, P
oiana-Tecuc
i).

d
.2) E
longa
ted g
lobu
lar mugs w
ith f
lat r
im, more o
r l
ess s
lop
ing e
xtern-
a
lly
; f oot-r
ing; t he handle i
s a
ttached to t
he r
im a nd t
o the maxi mu m
d
iameter of the body
. T he mugs are grey or r
ed-f
ired a nd so me
ti mes t
hey
a
re decorated with hatch
ing of v
ertica
l burnished l
ines applied on t
he shou
lder
.
T
hey o
ccur i
n b
oth l
eve
ls a
t Po
iana-Du
lce t
i. Accord
ing t
o d
eta
ils
, an
u mber
o
f v
arian
ts c
an b
e d
eterm
ined (
Pl. C
>OC
III/4
, CXX W/6
, CXXV
II/3
, 6
,
CXXV
III/4
, 6
, CX
:X X
E/4
).

d
.3) G
lobu
lar mug w
ith p
lain o
r e
ver
ted t
h
ickened r
im a
nd s
o me
ti mes
w
ith l
edge a
t t
he b
ase o
f t
he n
eck (
Pl. C =
II/
1-3, W O
CV1/3
, CXXV
II/4
,
= W M/1-3, CXX X
E/3, 5
)
. S
o me s
pec
i mens h
ave b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion
(
Pl. CXX
III/2
, CXX
1V/4
, CXXV/3
).

d
.4) Mugs approxi ma
ting t
o t
he f
orm of t
he p
revious t
ype b
ut w
ith t
he
h
and
le sl
igh
tly u
prising over t
he r
im (Pl. CXXV/2, CXXXE/7.
) Red and grey
b
aked s
pec
i mens h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n b
oth l
eve
ls a
t P
oiana-Du
lce9t
i.

d
.5) S
l
ightly b
itrunca
ted-cone shaped mugs w
ith t
al
l neck a
nd s
tra
igh t
r
im. The hand
le, round and more r
arely r
ectangu
lar in s
ect
ion
, is a
ttached
t
o t
he r
im a
nd t
he max
i mu m d
iameter (
Pl. CXXV
I/1-2, 4
, CXXX/3-7
,
CXXX I/6
). The g rey-f
ired spec
i mens p
redo minate. S o me s
pec
i mens have
s
ligh
tly thickened r
im and b
urnished o
rna men
t o n the s
houlder a
nd t
he neck.

d
.6) Sharply b
itruncated-cone s
haped mugs, w
ith c
ylindrica
l neck a
nd
s
tra
ight r
im (Pl. CXX W/1-2 , CXXX/1-2). T he h
and
le is round a
nd more
r
are
ly r
ectangu
lar i
n s
ect
ion a
nd i
tis a
ttached t
o t
he r
im a
nd t
he max
i mu m
d
iameter (P
l. CXX W/1-2
). Grey and r
ed-f
ired s
peci mens are k
nown a
t
Po
iana-Dulce e
i (
Varnig, p
its n
os. 1
3 a
nd 18). A mug of t
his t
ype (
Pl.
CXX X
III/2
), r
ed-f
ired
, c
onta
ining a c
oin-hoard h
as b
een f
ound a
t B
irgaoan
i;
t
he e
arl
ies
t i
ssue i
s o
f N
ero (
63-68
) a
nd t
he l
ates
t i
s o
f L
uci
lla (
A.D
. 1
83). 2
21

The t
echn
ique
, t
he f
orms a
nd t
he o
rnamen
t a
ttest t
he G
eto-Dac
ian o
rig
in o
f
t
he mugs. Ro man i
nf
luence i
s l
ess p
ercep
tib
le a
nd t
he S
arma
tian o
ne i
s
a
bsent, and what i
s more , a
rchaeo
log ical f
inds i
n S
arma tian t
o mbs discovered
i
n t
he Extra-Carpa thian z
one o
f Ro mania and i
n t
he south-western part o
f
t
he USSR de monstrate t
hat t
he S
arma tians adop
ted t
he mug from t he Carpi
w
ithou
t a
ny c
hange 2
22 (
Pl. CXXX
II). T
he j
ugs a
nd mugs w
ith s
quar
ish a
ngled
h
and
le s
o met
i mes e
ncoun
tered i
n S
ar ma
tian c
ontex
ts a
nd t
he c
omp
lexes o
f
S
intana d
e Mure9-Cerneahov t
ype
, a
re a
bsen
t o
n Carp
ic s
i
tes.

I
n the l
ight o
f p
resent e
vidence (
based on observa
tions made a
t Poiana-
Du
lce§t
i ) mugs o
f t
he f
irst t
ype are a
ttested o
nly i
n t
he ear
lier phase o
f the
Carp
ic c
ulture. Re
lat
ive
ly g
ood a
nalog
ies c
an b
e d
rawn b
etween t
he Carp
ic
mugs a
nd t
he s
pec
i mens d
iscovered i
n t
he L
ate G
eto-Dac
ian c
ontex
t, f
ro m
t
he f
irs
t c
entury B
.C. t
o t
he f
irst c
entury A
.D.
,; s
o me Carp
ic mugs a
re
a
nalogous w
ith s
pec
i mens e
xis
ting w
ith
in t
he L
ipip c
ulture
, a
nd t
hat i
s
e
xpl
icable i
f we t
ake i
nto a
ccoun
t t
he c
o m mon o
rig
in o
f b
oth c
ultures. T
he

7
3
j
ugs a
nd mugs of Carp
ic t
ype
, like t
he speci mens d
ating f
ro m t
he La Tene
p
eriod
,have f
oot-rings
; spec
i men'
s with f
la
t b ase
, l
ike those o
f Sarmat
ian and
Ro man type
, are no
t known w
ithin t
he Carpic cul
ture. S o me d
ifferences which
can be s
een between t
he j
ugs d
iscovered in Carpic con
texts and those d
ating
f
ro m the La Tene p
eriod a
re determined n
ot only b
y fore
ign influences but
t
hey a
re a
lso t
he c
onsequence o
f t
he d
eve
lopmen
t o
f t
he t
ype d
uring t
he p
eriod.

G
enera
lly t
he mugs d
iscovered i
n Carp
ic c
ontex
ts a
re more s
lender t
han
e
arl
ier s
pec
i mens a
nd t
he h
and
le r
ising a
bove t
he r
im i
s v
ery r
are
ly e
ncoun-
t
ered. The majority o
f the mugs fro m t
he 2
nd-3rd centur
ies have the r
im
l
ess f
lared t
han t
hose da
ting fro m t
he Getan p
eriod. A lso r
ed-fired speci mens
s
imilar t
o t
hose d
iscovered in Carpic si
tes a re n
ot known w
ithin the Geto-
Dac
ian L
a T
ene p
eriod
.

I
tis i
nterest
ing t
o n
ote t
hat a
t P
oiana-Du
lc e
i t
he r
ed-f
ired s
pec
i mens
o
ccur v
ery s
carcely i
n t
he f
irs
t occupa
tion level a
nd b
eco me r
ela
tively f
requen
t
i
n t
he s
econd l
eve
l but n
ot i
n t
he same proportion a
s t
he g
rey-baked mugs.

I
tis n
oticeable t
hat Ro man co
in-hoards d
iscovered i
n Moldavia were h
idden
b
oth i
n r
ed-fired mugs (Birgäoani, S
tän4a
, O borocen
i Bor
leeti) and i
n g
rey-
f
ired spec
i mens (Mun
teneeti, Ardeoani) made b
y t
he n
atives. I
n t
he l
igh
t o
f
presen
t evidence t
he red mugs predo m
inate.

e
. Co
landers o
ccur w
ide
ly i
n s
ett
le men
ts a
nd v
ery s
carce
ly i
n c
e meter
ies.
Usua
lly t
hey a
re f
rag men
tary. C
olanders h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n c
e meter
ies
a
t Co marna
,d istr
ict o
f I
aei (
colander used a
s cover f
or u
rn) 223 a
nd a
t P
oienee
ti,
d
istr
ict of Vaslui (
grey s
herd discovered i
n grave n
o. 1
88).224

Usua
lly t
he co
landers a
re grey-f
ired a
nd v
ery r
arely f
ired br
ick r
ed
(
Poiana-Du
lceet
i, the s
econd l
evel, andeet
i-Dea
lul Varn elor
). 2
25 Two
t
ypes a
re k
nown
: c
olanders w
ith t
he h
and
les a
t
tached v
ert
ica
lly t
o t
he wa
ll
a
nd s
pec
i mens w
ith t
he h
and
les a
ttached h
orizon
tal
ly t
o t
he wa
ll. On
ly o
ne
s
ing
le s
pec
i men o
f t
he s
econd t
ype i
s k
nown
, a
t Därmänee
ti-P
iatra Nea m
I;
i
tis g
rey-f
ired (
Pl. CXXX
EV/2
). Frag men
ts o
f a
typ
ica
l c
olanders
, u
sua
lly
b
elong
ing t
o t
he h
oled p
art
,have b
een d
iscovered b
oth a
t P
oiana-Du
lceet
i a
nd
i
n o
ther s
ett
le men
ts. T
he c
olanders a
re a
nalogous w
ith s
pec
i mens d
ating f
ro m
t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene p
eriod (
Poiana-Tecuc
i, Räcä
täu
, P
iatra 5
0
imu
lui
(
Calu
), C
indeet
i-Vrancea
, P
opeet
i e
tc .
)
.226

I
tis i
nterest
ing t
o n
ote t
hat t
he c
olanders (
one i
ntact p
iece a
nd more
f
ragmen
ts) wh
ich h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he f
irst l
evel a
t P
oiana-Du
lceet
i (
Pl.
CXXXV/3
) a
re n
ear
ly i
den
tica
l w
ith t
he s
pec
i mens d
iscovered a
t P
iatra
o
i mu
lui (
Calu
)227 and Po
iana-Tecuc i d
ating f
ro m t
he Ist c
entury A
.D . T h
is
f
act s
hows, as well as aco m mon o
rig
in, tha
t the d
ifference i
n t
ime between
t
he Late Geto-Dacian s
ett
le men
ts (
t
he ist c
entury A
.D.) and t
he Early
Carp
ic set
tle men
ts was not l
ong
. Only g
rey-fired s
pec
i mens a
re encountered
i
n t
he f
irst l
evel at Po
iana-Du
lcee
ti; r
ed-f
ired p
ieces o
ccur i
n t
he s
econd
l
eve
l o
f this s
ite.

S
ince t
he u
se o
f t
h
is t
ype o
f v
esse
l i
s v
ery w
ell k
nown
, we w
ill n
ot d
eal
w
ith i
t
. T
he c
olanders p
layed t
he s
a me r
ole i
n Carp
ic s
ociety a
s i
n o
ther
e
arlier o
r l
ater p
eriods. We wan t o
nly t
o poin
t out that t
he f
requency of
c
olanders o
n Carp
ic sites i
ndica
tes t
he degree of c
ivi
l isa
tion reached b
y th
is

7
4
c
ommun
ity
, s
ince t
he u
se o
f t
h
is k
ind o
f v
esse
l p
resumes p
reoccupa
tion w
ith
c
are
ful f
ood-prepara
tion
. '

f
. V
essels w
ith t
hree h
and
les
, w
hich a
re s
imi
lar t
o b
owls
, w
ith b
road
h
orizon
tal
ly e
ver
ted r
im a
nd f
oot-r
ing
. T
he v
esse
ls h
ave t
hree b
road
h
and
les wh
ich a
re d
ished a
nd a
re v
ert
ica
lly a
ttached t
o t
he s
hou
lder a
nd t
he
r
im. Two p
ieces (
one i
ntact a
nd t
he o
ther f
ragmen
tary
) h
ave b
een f
ound i
n
t
he s
ett
le men
t a
t Butnäree
ti (
Pl. CV
III/1) a
nd o
ne s
pec
i men h
as b
een d
is-
c
overed i
n t
he c
e metery o
f Bärboasa (
Pl. CV
III/3
). The v
esse
l d
erives f
ro m
G
eto-Dacian La T
ene p
roto
types 2
28 and t
he form occurs r
elative
ly f
requent
ly
i
n t
he 4
th cen
tury, w
ith
in t
he S
intana de Muree-Cerneahov cu
lture. T he i
n-
t
act v
esse
l o
f Bu
tnäreet
i h
as t
he r
im d
ecora
ted w
ith a c
ircu
lar r
ow o
f sma
ll
b
urn
ished l
ines.

g
. H
and
led v
esse
ls d
iscovered o
nly i
n c
e me
ter
ies
: Re
lat
ively f
ew t
ypes o
f
v
essels a
re known t
o have b
een discovered on
ly i
n ce meteries and i
n t
he l
ight
o
f p
resent e
vidence we are i
ncl
ined to cons
ider t
he m as vessels o
f exc
lusive-
l
y f
unerary f
unct
ion.

A
ccord
ing t
o t
he p
rof
ile a
nd t
he s
che me o
f t
he h
and
les
, t
he f
ol
low
ing t
ypes
c
an b
e i
den
tif
ied
:

g
.1) B
itrunca
ted-cone s
haped u
rn, s
imi
lar t
o ab
owl
, w
ith h
eavy c
ordon
wh
ich i
s i
nterrup
ted i
n t
wo s
ym metr
ica
l p
oin
ts; t
wo h
orizon
tal h
and
les wh
ich
a
re s
emic
ircu
lar i
n s
ect
ion a
re p
laced o
ppos
ite e
ach o
ther (
Pl. C =V
II/2
).
S
o f
ar, o
nly o
ne r
ed-f
ired s
pec
i men i
s k
nown a
t P
oieneet
i; t
h
is i
s t
he l
argest
f
unera
l c
onta
iner t
hat h
as b
een f
ound i
n t
he c
e me
tery (
grave n
o. 2
32). T
he
u
rn was covered wi
th a s
pecial l
id made i
n the s
ame techn
ique a
nd f
abric. I
t
i
s i
nterest
ing to n
ote t
hat a
lthough t
he urn i
s impress
ive i
n f
orm and s
ize, i
t
c
onta
ined v
ery p
oor g
rave g
oods
, o
nly t
he p
oin
t o
f ak
nife a
nd o
ther f
ragmen
ts
o
f i
ron p
robab
ly b
elong
ing t
o t
he s
a me o
bject
.

g
.2) F
air
ly b
itrunca
ted-cone s
haped u
rn, s
imilar t
o ab
owl
, w
ith s
l
igh
tly
t
hickened r
im a nd f
oot-r
ing. Two z oo morph
ic hand
les are a
ttached t
o t
he
s
houlder and t
he maxi mu m d
ia meter o
f the vesse
l (Pl. C
200(VIII/
1, CXXX IX/
1
-2, CXL/
1-9
, CXL
II/4
). Red-f
ired u
rns o
f t
h
is t
ype h
ave b
een i
den
tif
ied
a
t P
oienep
ti 229 (
two p
ieces
), Bärboasa 2
3° (
two p
ieces
) a
nd Mo
ldoven
i-
Gabära 231 (
one p
iece i
n grave no. 1
6); 2
32 at
hird r
ed-f
ired u
rn w
ith s
ing
le
zoo morphic h
and
le has b
een found a
t Poienee
ti (P
l. CXLII/4
2. Fragments o
f
z
oo morph
ic handles h
ave b
een f
ound a
t I
väne e
i-Gologofta
,2 i3 i
n ace metery
d
estroyed b
y vit
icul
ture a
nd a f
ragment o
f ared u
rn 2
34 has b een d
iscovered
a
t B
uha
lnip
, c
o m mune o
f C
epe
lniSa
, d
istr
ict o
fTal
i. Af
ragmen
t o
f az
oo-
morph
ic h
and
le (
a
lso i
n t
he s
hape o
f a sma
ll b
ear
) h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t
Botoeani-Dealu
l CärK m
idär
iei. 2
35 T
his s
ee ms to b
e t
he o
nly f
ragment which
has been f
ound in as
ett
lement, b u
t t
his a
ssu mp
tion, b
ased o
n astray f
ind
,
c
annot be cer
tain. A
ll t
he s
peci mens k
nown unt
il n
ow are red-f
ired a
nd model-
l
ed i
n fi
ne fabric. T
he zoomorphic h
andles r
epresent q
uadrupeds w
ithou
t t
ail
,
p
robably bears.

T
he par
ticular
ities p
resented by t
he zoo morph
ic handles s
how t
hat n
ot a
ll
t
he v
esse
ls of t
his t
ype were manufactured i
n the same workshop. For
e
xamp
le, t
he h
and
les o
f t
he u
rns d
iscovered a
t Bärboasa a
nd P
oienee
ti, e
spe-
c
ial
ly t
he u
rn f
ro m g
rave n
o. 2
11 s
ince t
he o
ther p
ots h
ave f
ragmen
tary

7
5
h
and
les
, a re i
n the s
hape of a
ler
t bears, (P
l. CXXXEI/2, CXL/3
), whi
le the
h
and
les o
f the urn f
ound a
t Moldov
'eni-Gabära r
epresent b
ears a
t r
est (P
l.
C
2002X/1). The f
ragmen
ts o
f h
and
les d
iscovered a
t I
väne e
i-Go
logo
fta r
e-
t
ain on
ly the paws of t
he quadrupeds. T aking in
to account t
he deta
ils o
f these
f
rag ments
, w e cons
ider that the p
ots of t
his type wh
ich have been found i
n the
c
e metery atIvänegt
i-Go logof
ta and those discovered at P
oiene.e
ti-Bärboasa
might h
ave b
een made i
n t
he s
a me workshop e
xist
ing ei
ther at Poiene.e
t
i o
r
Bärboasa. T h
is i
s p
oss
ible, t
aking i
nto a
ccount t
hat a
ll t
hree si
tes are s
i-
t
uated n
ot t
oo f
ar f
ro m o
ne a
nother
, t
o t
he E
ast o
f t
he S
iret
, o
n t
he Mo
ldav
ian
c
entra
l p
lateau
; Po
iene9t
i a
nd G
ologof
ta a
re e
ven n
eighbour
ing v
i
llages. I
t
i
s i
nterest
ing t
o n
ote t
hat t
he t
oes o
f t
he b
ear-paws were i
ncised a
nd t
he e
yes
a
nd t
he e
ars w
ere i
ndicated b
y p
rotruberances
.

Un
like t
he images d
iscovered a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gäbara
, t
he b
ears r
epresen
ted
o
n t
he u
rns f
ound a
t Bärboasa a
nd P
oieneet
i, c
erta
inly o
n t
he u
rn w
ith i
ntact
h
and
les f
ro m g
rave n
o. 2
11,have t
he mou
th o
pen (
Pl. CXXX
[X a
nd CXL
). With
r
egard t
o t
he z
oo morph
ic h
and
les
, w
e n
ote t
he e
xistence o
f a
nalog
ies w
ith
s
pec
i mens d
iscovered i
n Sarmatian c
ontexts. 2
36 S
ingle o
r d
ouble z
oo morph ic
h
and
led urns h
ave been d
iscovered bo
th in t
he S armatian a
nd Carp
ic ce meter-
i
es. We s
hou
ld n
ote t
hat z
oo morph
ic h
and
led u
rns h
ave b
een r
ecovered o
nly
i
n t
he c
e meter
ies d
ating f
ro m t
he L
ate p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture.

T
he p
resence o
f t
hese v
esse
ls o
n Carp
ic s
i
tes s
heds a n
ew l
ight o
n t
he
r
ela
tion e
xist
ing b
etween t
he Carp
i a
nd t
he S
arma
tians. I
fthe Carp
i o
nly
a
dop
ted f
in
ished a
rticles i
n t
he e
arl
ier p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture
, l
a
ter t
hey
a
ssim
ila
ted a
nd r
eworked S
arma
tian e
le men
ts, l
ike t
he z
oo morph
ic h
and
les
a
nd o
ther v
essels we have mentioned. Sarmatian i
nfluence o
n the pot
tery
s
hows f
ro m t
he h
istor
ica l p
oin
t of view the a
ssimilation o
f s
o me Sarmatian
g
roups b
y t
he Carp
i a
s ac
onsequence o
f t
he f
act t
hat t
he t
wo p
opu
lat
ions l
ived
t
ogether f
or a l
ong p
eriod
. S
o me S
arma
tians
, a
lthough r
enounc
ing t
he a
nces-
t
ral b
uria
l r
i
te, (
probab
ly t
hose a
ll
ied b
y marr
iage w
ith t
he Carp
i), w
anted
t
heir r
e ma
ins t
o b
e b
uried i
n a
nurn w
hich h
ad r
eco
llect
ions o
f t
heir o
rig
in.

T
he p
oor f
unera
l-furn
iture o
f t
hese g
raves
, wh
ich d
id n
ot c
onta
in a
ny
t
ypical Carpic ob
ject, contrasts w
ith the elaborate f
orm of t
he urns and l
ids.
Possibly t
his f
act also i
ndicates t
he existence of p
ersons who were not n
atives,
bu
t alien me mbers of t
he Carpic co m munity
, and who were apprecia
ted by
t
he natives f
or their mi
litary or d
o mes t
ic activ
ity.

g
.3) B
itruncated-cone s
haped u
rn, s
imi
lar t
o ab
owl w
ith s
l
ight
ly t
h
ick-
e
ned r
im a
nd f
oot-r
ing
. T
he u
rn b
ears t
hree s
emic
ircu
lar h
and
les o
n t
he
s
hou
lder
, wh
ich h
ave a p
rotruberance
, s
o met
i mes d
ished
, o
n t
he u
pper f
ace.
F
our r
ed s
pec
i mens h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he c
e me
ter
ies a
t P
oienee
ti (
Pl.
CXXXV
III/2-4
, CXL
I/1-2
). 2
37 S
uch v
essels h
ave n
ot s
o f
ar b
een f
ound i
n
t
he s
ett
le men
ts. T
his t
ry
pe o
f h
and
le i
s a
nalogous w
ith s
pec
i mens d
iscovered
i
n S
arma
tian c
ontex
ts 2
3 f
ro m whence i
tposs
ibly a
rrived i
n t
he C
arp
ic
c
ulture.

L
ike t
he z
oo morph
ic h
and
led u
rns
, t
h
is t
ype o
f u
rn i
s a
ttested o
nly i
n t
he
l
ate p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture. We men
tion t
he f
act t
hat t
he u
rns o
f t
h
is
t
ype
, l
ike t
hose w
ith z
oo morph
ic h
and
les
, e
ither d
id n
ot c
onta
in g
rave-
f
urn
iture (
grave no. 2
84) or had
, b esides the c
alc
ined bones, af
ew f
ragmen
ts
o
f b
eads o
f glass or c
halcedony (graves nos. 145 and 2
49). 2
39

7
6
 T
aking i
nto a
ccoun
t t
his p
ecu
liar
ity w
e a
re i
ncl
ined t
o b
elieve t
hat t
hese
g
raves and t
hose c
ontain
ing Z
oo morphic hand
led urns i
ndicate t
he Sarmat
ians
a
ssimila
ted by t
he Carpi o
r w
o men of Carpic o
rig
in marr ied t
o Sarmat
ians.

g
.4) Squat b
itrunca
ted-cone shaped u
rn with t
h
ickened r
im and f
oot-ring
;
t
hree h
and
les decorated w
ith c
upulae on t
he u
pper face
; height 0
.021 m;
d
iameter 0
.065 m (
Pl. CXL
II/1). One s
ing
le r
ed-f
ired s
pec
i men i
s k
nown a
t
P
oien e
i (
heigh
t 0
.214 m a
nd d
ia meter max
i mum 0
.35 m
). T
he u
rn c
onta
ined
,
b
esides t
he c
alc
ined b
ones
, f
rag men
ts o
f a
n i
ron n
eed
le a
nd s
herds b
elong
ing
t
o ag
lass-beaker w
ith c
onica
l b
ase.

V
essels d
ecora
ted w
ith v
arious t
ypes o
f c
upu
lae a
re e
ncoun
tered e
ven f
ro m
t
he First I
ron Age i
n I
taly
, Centra
l Europe (Germany, Austr
ia, Hungary) a
nd
Eastern Europe (
t
he Ukraine t
o t
he S
outhe r
n Caucasus
) 240 V
essels w
ith
c
upu
lae
, a
pproach
ing i
n t
ime b
ut d
if
fer
ing f
ro m t
hose o
f Carp
ic t
ype
, o
ccur
i
n t
he Bastarn
ian c
ontex
t e
ven i
n t
he c
e metery o
f P
oiene e
i .2
41 Cupu
lae a
re
a
bsen
t o
n S
ar ma
tian p
ots b
ut t
hey a
re e
ncoun
tered o
n t
he b
ronze c
auldrons
, 242
a
pprox
i ma
ting t
o t
he f
orm o
f t
he c
upu
lae wh
ich o
ccur o
n t
he u
rns d
iscovered
i
n t
he Carp
ic s
i
tes
; f
or t
h
is r
eason
, w
e a
re i
ncl
ined t
o t
h
ink t
hat t
hey r
eflec
t,
l
ike t
he o
ther a
bove- men
tioned t
ypes o
f p
ottery
, aS
arma
tian i
nf
luence.

g
.5) Sma ll f
lagon made in Carpic t
echnique a
fter Ro man mode
ls. S ki
l-
f
ul
ly execu
ted speci men, b
ut with a s
l
ip-shod handle (Pl. C M/
1). T h
is is
t
he most e
loquent exa mp
le of Carp
ic i m
ita
tion of Ro man f
orms. On ly o
ne
s
ing
le in
tact grey-f
ired s
peci men i
s k
nown t
o h
ave b
een f
ound
, i
n t
he c
e me-
t
ery o
f Cioara-Once t
i (
grave no. 4
). 2
43

DECORAT
ION OF POTTERY

I
tcan be s
een f
ro m t
he d
escript
ion o
f t
he t
ypes of vesse
ls t
hat burnished
o
rnamenta
tion was t
he most f
rec
tien
t d
ecorat
ion encountered o
n the wheel-
made p
ottery (
Pl. Lx
rrt/
1-4 ,1
,
200ü/1 LX
)0(V
I/1-3 , L
200
(VI
I/1-3 ,C
II/1-4 ,
7
, CV/
1-2, CXV
II/1-4
, CXX
[II/2,4-6
, CXX
IV/2
,4,6
, CX
)OZV/2, CXL
III-
CXLV
II, CXL
IX). T
he Carp
i a
dop
ted f
ro m t
he G
eto-Dac
ians t
he t
echn
ique
o
f b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion
. T
he b
urn
ished o
rnamen
t h
ad a w
ide d
istr
ibut
ion
w
ith a g
rea
t v
ariety o
f mot
ifs i
n t
he Carp
ic c
ulture b
ut i
tis p
ropor
tiona
lly
more c
om mon i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene p
eriod
.

Usua
lly t
he d
ecora
tion i
s p
laced o
n t
he s
hou
lder a
nd t
he n
eck
; s
o me t
ypes
o
f v
essels with s
trong
ly f
lar
ing rim, and p
art
icu
larly t
he f
ruit-stands
, a re
d
ecora
ted also on t
he rim (
Pl. C
II/1-2
,4,7). So me t
ypes o
f vessels are
d
ecora
ted w
ith c
oncen
tric a
nd z
ig-zag l
ines o
n t
he i
nter
ior (
Pl. = V
II/
1
03, C
II/3
). The b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion i
s f
ound i
n b
oth o
ccupa
tion l
eve
ls a
t
P
oiana-Du
lcept
i a
nd s
ee ms t
o h
ave b
een more f
requen
t i
n t
he f
irs
t l
eve
l.
We n
ote t
hat t
he b
urn
ished o
rna men
t o
ccurs r
ela
tive
ly s
carce
ly i
n t
he c
e me-
t
ery o
f P
oiene e
i. I
thas n
ot b
een p
oss
ible t
o a
scer
tain i
fth
is i
s a
lso t
rue
a
t P
äduren
i s
ince a
l
l t
he u
rns a
re made i
n f
r
iab
le p
aste a
nd t
he wa
lls a
re
c
orroded
, o
nly i
ncised d
ecora
tion h
as s
urv
ived (
grave n
o. 1
5, P
l. L
LX/2
).

Burn
ished d
ecora
tion i
s e
xecu
ted w
ith a b
lade o
r f
lake o
f f
l
int w
ith a
b
lun
t p
oin
t; i
t was e
xecu
ted i
n t
he s
a me manner a
t p
resen
t emp
loyed b
y t
he
p
otters o
f Marg
inea
, d
istr
ict o
f S
uceava. S
uch a t
ool h
as b
een f
ound i
n t
he
p
ottery-workshop f
ro m Bu
tnäre e
i.

7
7
 T
he b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion o
ccurs most f
requen
tly o
n amphorae
, j
ugs a
nd
mugs (
Pl. CXV
II/1,3-4
, CX X
EI/
1-4
, CX X
[II/2
,4-6
, CXX
IV/2,4
,6, CXL
III/
1
-7, CXL
IV/2-4
, 6
-8, CXLV
II/2-5
). Bo
th t
he v
esse
ls o
f l
arge s
ize (
as
s
torage v
essels
, P l. LX2C<VI/1-3
) and o
f sma
ll s
ize (j
ugs, mugs
) were decora-
t
ed. T he d
ecorat
ion consisted o
f wavy o
r z
ig-zag l
ines a
rranged h
orizon
tally
o
r v
ert
ica
lly
, b
ands o
f h
orizon
tal
, v
ert
ica
l a
nd o
blique l
ines
, h
atch
ing a
rranged
i
n l
at
tice o
r w
ide s
trips e
tc. T
he sma
ll f
ir t
ree
, s
ing
le o
r e
nclosed b
y o
ther
d
ecora
tive mot
ifs i
s a
lso p
resen
t (
Pl. CXL
III/5
, CXL
IX/25-27
). L
ines a
nd
b
ands o
f h
orizon
tal l
ines e
nclose a sma
ll r
ed-pa
inted f
ir t
ree o
n ab
rick
c
oloured s
herd
, w
ithou
t c
olour-coa
t (
Pl. CXL
IH/3
). T
he p
ain
t i
s o
f t
he s
ame
s
hade a
s t
he c
olour-coa
t w
hich a
ppears o
n t
he r
ed-f
ired v
esse
ls.

The i
ncised d
ecoration
, c ons
isting o
f h
orizon
tal l
ines
, often arranged i
n
g
roups and o
f wavy l
ines (Pl. LD(/2,4
) i
s much more rarely employed. So me-
t
imes b
oth b
ands o
f wavy o
r z
ig-zag l
ines a
nd b
ands o
f h
orizon
tal l
ines (
Pl.
CXL
IV/5
) o
ccur t
ogether o
n t
he s
a me v
esse
l o
r s
herd. Sma
ll r
anges o
f i
n-
c
ised l
ines o
ccur r
are
ly (
Pl. CXLV/4
). F
lut
ing i
s a
lso r
are
ly e
ncoun
tered
.
T
here a
re f
ragmen
ts o
f v
esse
ls d
ecora
ted w
ith b
oth i
ncised o
rna men
t a
nd
b
urn
ished o
rna men
t (
Pl. CXLV/2,6
, CXLV
III/9-10
).

T
he d
ecora
tion i
n r
elief c
ons
ists e
spec
ial
ly o
f more o
r l
ess r
elief r
ibb
ings
o
n t
he s
hou
lder o
r a
ppl
ied b
enea
th t
he r
im, a
t t
he b
ase o
f t
he n
eck
. T
he
z
oo morph
ic h
and
les
, b
esides t
heir u
til
itar
ian r
ole
, h
ave a
lso a d
ecorat
ive
f
unct
ion, pri marily i
n t
he c
ase o
f t
he u
rns
, w
here t
hey h
ave a mag
ica
l, a
po-
t
ropaic
, significance.

S
ta mped decorat
ion, which o
ccurs q
uite f
requen
tly o
n Ro man p
ottery a
nd
i
n o
ther cu
ltures fro m t
he f
irs
t c
entur
ies A.D., i
s n
ot e
ncoun
tered within t
he
Carp
ic cu
lture
, i
fw e c
onsider t
hat t
he sherd d
iscovered a
t Sche
ia-Suceava
be
longed t
o t
he L
ip4a c
ulture a
nd the t
wo stamped sherds f
ound at Cäbe e
i-
Mi
le e
i c
an be c
onnected with t
he set
tle men
t o
f S
intana
. d
e Mures-Cerneahov
t
ype a
nd n
ot w
ith t
he Carpic set
tle ment
.

Sma
ll c
ylindr
ica
l h
oles o
ccur o
n s
o me f
ragmen
ts b
elong
ing t
o t
he l
arger
v
essels
; they h
ave b
een made t
o r
epa
ir t
he po
ts , as i
s suggested b
y t
he
p
resence o
f ar
ivet o
f l
ead o
n o
ne o
f t
hese f
rag ments (
Pl. CLII
I/3-4). This
method was p
rac
ticed f
ro m t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod a
nd w
e d
o n
ot dwe
ll o
n i
t
.

VESSELS AND FRAG

1VfENTS OF POTTERY W
ITH I
NCISED S
Y MBOLS

Var
ious i
ncised s
ymbo
ls a
re n
oticed o
n s
ome whee
l-thrown v
esse
ls a
nd
e
spec
ial
ly o
n f
rag men
ts. The s
y mbo
ls h
ave b
een e
xecu
ted w
ith a s
harp p
oin
t
a
fter baking t
he pots. T
hey a
re e
ncoun
tered o
n b
owls
, f
ruit-s
tands a
nd g
rey
o
r red-fired po
ttery .

G
enera
lly
, t
he s
ymbo
ls r
epresen
t ap
lain X (
Pl. CXX
II/3
) o
r a
n Xw
ith
t
he c
ross-s
trokes u
nited a
t b
oth e
nds (
Pl. LXXXV
III/3, C L
I/1, CL
II/4
); i
n
o
ne s
ing
le c
ase
, t
he X h
as o
nly t
he t
ops o
f t
he c
ross-s
trokes u
nited (
on a
l
arge f
ragmen
tary g
rey vessel
); anX i
s e
nclosed by t
wo s
emi-c
ircles on
afragmen
t o
f agrey mug (P
l. CL
II/2
). A cross a
ppears o
n t
he neck o
f
t
wo g
rey mugs (
Pl. CXX X
E/2, CL/3
); a
nd a b
roken l
ine i
n as
emic
irc
le
w
ith t
hree a
sym metr
ica
l r
ays o
ccurs o
n ar
ed d
ish (
Pl. CL
I/2
). A more
c
o mp
lica
ted s
ymbo
l c
ons
ist
ing o
f ac
ross
, w
ith r
ho mbo
ida
l c
entre a
nd t
he

7
8
b
ars e
nding i
n t
he s
hape o
f av
olute
,is e
ncoun
tered o
n af
ragmen
tary r
ed f
ruit-
s
tand (
Pl. CL
I/3
). Ag
rey '
mug (
o
f t
he t
ype d
.1) d
iscovered i
n t
he f
irs
t l
evel
a
t P
oiana-Du
lce§
ti (
S
ilie
te) b
ears a s
ign i
n t
he s
hape o
f ah
ook
, i
ncised i
n t
he
b
urnished b
and o
f t
he n
eck
, a
nd a Z o
n t
he h
and
le (
Pl. CX
.X M/5-6
, CXXV
II/
1
-2).

The s
y mbols a
re i
dent
ica
l or s
imilar t
o t
hose o
ccurr
ing i
n S
armatian c
on-
t
exts
. F or exa mp
le s
igns i
n t
he s
hape o
f X and ÷ o ccur o
n m
irrors o
f
S
arma
tian t
ypes a
s at
amga o
r o
n s
tone s
telae
, s
omet
i mes r
eused i
nscr
ipt
ions
,
a
nd e
ven o
n t
he b
ronze c
auldrons o
f S
cyth
ian ty
pe •
245 T
here a
re a
lso a
nal-
o
gies (
even i
fthey a
re n
ot i
den
tica
l) w
ith t
he X w
ith u
nited c
ross-s
trokes
,246
t
he b
roken l
ine i
n as
emi-c
irc
le 2
47 a
nd w
ith t
he c
ross e
nding i
n t
he s
hape o
f
v
olu
tes. 248 I
t i
s i
nteres
ting t
o s
tress t
hat s
o me s
igns (
t
he p
lain X
, t
he X
w
ith un
ited cross-strokes, t
he cross) are a
lso i
ncised on amphorae, after
t
he b
aking and they occur b
oth i
n the North-Pon
tic steppes a
nd in Ro mania
,
a
t S
toiene ei Musce
l a nd D
inoget
ia, 249 f
ro m t
he Hel
lenist
ic per
iod to t
he 1
0th-
1
1th centur
ies. A f ragment o
f Rhodian amphora discovered a
t Sto
ieneet
i
b
ears t
he s
ign X made b
y t
he n
atives. I
tis d
if
ficu
lt t
o d
eterm
ine t
he s
ign
ifi-
c
ance o
f t
hese s
ymbo
ls. H
owever
, r
e me mber
ing t
hat t
he s
igns a
re n
ot
s
cratched i
n the s
oft p
aste, b
ut inc
ised a
fter t
he b
aking o
f t
he p
ot, w
e do n
ot
b
elieve t
hat t
hey i
ndicate t
he owner o
f t
he pot
tery-workshop
; also, t
hey
c
anno
t i
ndica
te t
he owner o
fthe p
ots
, s
ince f
orms w
ith t
he s
ame s
igns h
ave
b
een f
ound i
n d
ifferen
t d
epos
its (
dwel
ling-houses o
r p
its
). T
he o
ccurrence
o
f t
he s
ame s
ign o
n d
iverse t
ypes o
f v
esse
ls (
j
ug, f
ruit-stand
, d
ish
) makes
l
ess p
laus
ible t
he hypothes
is t
hat t
he s
igns u
nder d
iscuss
ion i
ndica
ted t
he
v
olume or t
he c
ontents.

T
aking i
nto c
ons
idera
tion t
h
is s
itua
tion
, t
he h
ypothes
is t
hat t
hese s
igns
h
ad a mag
ica
l s
ign
ificance i
s
, i
n my o
pin
ion
, more p
robab
le. T
he a
nalog
ies
w
ith f
inds f
ro m Sarmat
ian s
i
tes, s
uch as t
he t
a mga o
n mirrors
, incl
ines us
t
o t
his i
nterpreta
tion
. Probably t
hese v
essels were emp
loyed for d
if
feren
t
mag
ica
l-re
lig
ious c
ere mon
ies p
ract
iced b
oth b
y t
he S
arma
tians a
nd t
he Carp
i.
We s
hou
ld p
oin
t o
ut t
hat t
hese p
ots w
ere o
f Carp
ic t
ype (
j
ugs
, f
ruit-stands
e
tc.) and no
t S armatian forms. Even t he symbols o
f S
armatian i
nspira
tion
have been executed by t
he Carpi i
n t
heir own manner and t
his f
act e
xpla
ins
why there are no a
nalogies f
or so me o
f these s
igns w
ithin t
he Pon
tic-
Sar mat
ian environmen t.

Ahorse with muzzle a

nd l
egs s
tretched forward and t
he e
ars pr
icked
b
ack i
s i
ncised on t
he fragmen
t of aburnished decora
ted neck
, be
longing t
o
agrey mug. The horse i
s r
epresented a
s moving a
s c
an b
e s
een f
rom the
p
osit
ion o
f the h
ead
, the e
ars a
nd the l
egs (
Pl. CL/2
). The i
mage of t
he
h
orse i
n t
he Carp
ic c
ulture d
escends f
ro m a G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene o
rig
in.
We men
tion t
he v
esse
l o
f Z
imn
icea 2
50 a
nd t
he p
roto mae b
elong
ing t
o "
f
ire-
d
ogs" i
n t
he s
hape o
f h
orse-heads wh
ich h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-
T
ecuc
i b
ut a
lso i
n t
he Carp
ic s
ett
le men
t a
t P
oiana-Du
lceet
i a
s w
e w
ill men-
t
ion b
elow
.

IMPORTED POTTERY

T
he pot
tery cons
ists o
f amphorae a
nd p
aterae
, t
he f
irst o
ccurr
ing r
ela-
t
ively f
requen
tly
.

7
9
a
. Amphorae
: Accord
ing t
o t
he e
xis
ting ma
ter
ial
, t
hree t
ypes c
an b
e d
is-
t
ingu
ished
:

a
.1) Amphorae in rough f
abric o
f wh
itish o
r p
ink-yellowish co
lour and
c
onta
ining b
lack s
pecks
; e longated f
orm with l
ong c
ylindrica
l neck, t
hick-
e
ned r
im a
nd h
ollow b
itrunca
ted-cone s
haped b
ase. T
he h
and
les w
ith med
ian
r
ibb
ing o
r w
ide med
ian f
lut
ing a
re a
ttached t
o t
he n
eck a
nd t
he s
hou
lder
;
d
eep
ly g
rooved h
and
les a
re more r
are
ly e
ncoun
tered (
Pl. CLW
, CV
II/2
,4-5
,
CLVI
II/1,3-4
). The s hade of t
he f
abric and s
o me t
echnical d
eta
ils show tha
t
t
hese amphorae were manufactured i
n workshops c
ontinuing t
he He
llenist
ic
t
rad
ition
.

Th
is t
ype i
s a
lso f
a
irly w
ide
ly a
ttested o
uts
ide t
he Carp
ic t
err
itory
. I
t
o
ccurs i
n t
he s
ett
le men ts o
f t
he Mätäsaru-Militar
i t
ype s
ituated in Munten
ia,
i
n Moes
ia I
nfer
ior, 251 in t
he N
orth-Pontic s
teppes a
s far a
s K er
tch, both in
t
he c
it
ies o
n t
he s
hores o
f t
he B
lack S
ea (M
irme
ldon
, P
ant
icapaeu m
, Phana-
g
oria
, T
ana
is) a
nd i
n S
arma
tian s
i
tes 2
52 Amphorae o
f t
his t
ype h
ave b
een
f
ound i
n s
o me S
arma
tian t
o mbs s
itua
ted i
n t
he e
xtra-Carpath
ian a
rea o
f
Ro man
ia (
Bucov
) .253 The i
den
tity b
etween t
he amphorae d
iscovered i
n t
he
Carp
ic env
iron men
t and t
hose f
ound i
n si
tes s
ituated i
n Moesia I
nferior a
nd
t
he Nor
th-Pont
ic steppes
, suggests t
hat t
hey c
o me f
ro m c
entres which were
l
ocated e
ither o
n t
he n
orthern s
hores o
f t
he B
lack S
ea, o
r i
n t
he Western
Pon
tus.

Th
is t
ype o
f amphora i
s n
ot a
ttes
ted i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f Ro man Dac
ia.
We r
efer p
art
icu
lar
ly t
o t
he f
abr
ic a
nd p
igmen
tat
ion a
nd n
ot t
o t
he f
or m
, w
hose
v
arian
ts a
re wel
l-known i
n t
he t
err
itory o
f t
he p
rov
ince o
f Dac
ia.

G
enera
lly t
wo v
arian
ts a
re d
ist
ingu
ishab
le: o
ne e
arl
ier
, d
ating f
ro m t
he
i
st-
2nd c
entur
ies A
.D. ,w
ith t
he b
ody more e
longa
ted a
nd w
ith t
he max
i mum
d
ia me
ter a
t t
he s
hou
lder (
Pl. CLV
I/1-3
) a
nd t
he l
ater o
ne, d
ating f
ro m t
he
2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D., w
ith t
he b
ody more b
ulged a
nd w
ith t
he max
i mu m
d
ia meter b
eneath t
he place where the handles a
re attached (P
l. CLV I/4-5,
CLVII/2,4-5). Fluting can be more easily d
ist
inguished on the l
ater spec
i-
mens than on t
he e
arlier pieces. T he varian
t fro m t
he 2nd-3rd c
en tur
ies
A
.D. i
s f
requen
tly e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts wh
ile t
he f
irst
v
arian
t i
s v
ery s
carce
ly a
ttes
ted a
nd o
nly i
n t
he e
arl
ier p
hase o
f t
he c
ulture.

a
.2) Amphorae more elonga
ted t
han t
he prev
ious type, made i
n f
ine f
abr
ic,
l
ess s
andy a
nd w
ithout s
pecks. These are f
ired br
ick-colour o
r br
ick-yel
low-
i
sh. F
lut
ings wh
ich a
re more o
r l
ess r
el
iefed a
re n
oticed o
n t
he b
ody
(
Pl. CLV
II/
1). Th
is t
ype o
ccurs more r
are
ly t
han t
he f
irs
t t
ype. Th
is i
s a
t
ypica
l Ro man p
roduct c
harac
ter
ist
ic o
f t
he 3
rd a
nd 4
th c
entur
ies A
. D.
Frag men
ts a
re e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he s
econd l
eve
l a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti. Near
ly
i
ntac
t e
xa mp
les
, w
ith o
nly t
he r
im o
r t
he n
eck l
ack
ing
, h
ave b
een d
iscovered
a
t P
ingär e-V
ii para a
nd S
ohodor-Horgeet
i.

a
.3) F lagon-a mphorae, s
ing
le handled, w
ith b
itruncated-cone s
haped
b
ody
, thickened rim and the b
ase t
er m
inating i
n ahollow foo
t. T hey a
re in
c
oarse r
ed f
abr
ic a
nd f
ired b
rick-co
lour
. T
he b
ody i
s d
ecora
ted w
ith s
l
igh
t
r
eliefed f
lu
tings. Two near
ly i
ntact spec
i mens a
re known with
in t
he Carp
ic
c
ulture a
t Moldoven
i-Gabära (
in c
e metery) a
nd a
t Butnäree
ti (i
n s
ett
le men
t)
(
Pl. CLV
III/2
). The f
lagon-a mphorae a
re v
ery c
o mmon i
n t
he Dobroud
ja

8
0
(
Hor
ia, Caraorman
, En
isa
la, V
isterna
, H
istr
ia, Cons
tan
3a, Manga
lia
,
Derven
t a
nd Medg
idia
) a
nd i
n t
he S
outh o
f t
he USSR (
Orlovka i
n Bugeac a
nd
M
irme
ldon i
n t
he Cr
i mea
) 2
54 T
his t
ype o
f amphora h
as a
lso b
een f
ound i
n
Bu
lgar
ia, a
t S
erd
ica n
ear S
ofia 2
55 The amphorae a
re e
verywhere d
ated i
n
t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.

The f
requency o
f the amphorae-f
inds i
n the Dobroud
ja incl
ines u
s t
o suppose
t
hat t
hey p
enetrated f
ro m t
his r
egion i
nto t
he Carpic t
erritory
, on t
he r
oute
marked b
y t
he f
inds o
f Or
lovka (
Car
tal
) a
nd Barb e
, 2
56 wh
ich a
re s
itua
ted
o
n t
he l
ef
t s
hore o
f t
he Danube
, o
ppos
ite I
saccea (
Nov
iodunu m
) a
nd D
inoget
ia;
bu
t w e c
annot exc
lude the p
oss
ibi
lity t
hat t
hey a
lso p
enetra
ted f
ro m t
he
North-Pont
ic steppes.

a
.4) Amphorae i
n s
imi
lar f
abr
ic t
o t
hat o
f t
he amphorae o
f t
ype a
.1,
d
iscovered i
n t
he ce metery a
t Bärboasa (
grave no. 1)
. 257 T
he vessel i
s in
afragmentary s
tate (P
l. CLVII/3) and d
ecorated with s
light
ly re
liefed fl
utings.
Th
is f
orm o
ccurs v
ery f
requen
tly i
n t
he Ro man w
orld d
uring t
he 3
rd a
nd 4
th
c
entur
ies A
.D. a
nd we w
ill n
ot dwe
ll o
n i
t
. T
he l
ate v
arian
t o
f t
he t
ype a
.1
d
ating f
ro m t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D. i
s t
he most f
requen
t among t
he f
our
t
ypes w
hich a
re e
ncoun
tered o
n Carp
ic s
i
tes. We h
ave men
tioned t
hat t
hese
amphorae a
re u
sua
lly f
ound i
n af
rag men
tary s
tate a
nd a
re l
arge
ly a
ttested
i
n the s
ett
le ments. Fragmen ts of amphorae b e
longing t
o the l
ate var
iant of
t
ype a.1 (
the 2nd-3rd c
enturies A
.D .) have b
een found a
t Pädureni
, Bu t
riä
.r-
e
gti
, Mo ldoveni-Gabära and i
n ce meteries. T his i
ndica
tes the u
se of t
he
c
onta
iners f
or v
arious c
ere mon
ies wh
ich t
ook p
lace a
t t
he c
e meter
ies. I
n a
s
ing
le c
ase
, a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
, af
lagon-a mphora h
as b
een u
sed a
s a
n
u
rn.

Two sma
ll d
epos
its o
f amphorae h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n Mo
ldav
ia a
t
Vetr
i pa
ia, d
istr
ict o
f V
aslu
i (
a mphorae o
f t
ype a
.1, t
he e
arly v
arian
t
[
Pl. CLV
I/1-3
]) a
nd a
t H
olboca
, d
istr
ict o
fIa§
i, 2
57 (
a mphorae o
f t
ype a
.1,
t
he l
ate v
arian
t t
ypica
l o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. [
Pl. CLV
I/4-5
]). I
tis i
nter-
e
sting t
o n
ote t
hat t
he t
wo l
oca
lit
ies a
re s
i
tuated n
ear t
he Pru
t, wh
ich was
n
avigab
le a
t t
hat t
ime. Ad
epos
it o
f amphorae o
f t
he t
ype a
.2 h
as b
een
d
iscovered i
n t
he v
alley o
f t
he B
istr
i.l
a, a
t P
ingara
ti-V
ii9oara
, n
ear P
iatra
Nean4; only one s
ing
le s
peci men i
s p
reserved i
n the Museu m o
f Archaeology
o
f Pia
tra Near
r4 (Pl. CLV
II/1). Usually t
he amphorae served f
or carry
ing
w
ine o
ver l
ong d
istances o
n s
hips s
ail
ing a
ll t
he n
avigab
le r
ivers.

T
races o
f r
ed s
ymbo
ls a
re e
ncoun
tered o
n s
o me f
ragmen
ts o
f amphorae
o
f t
he t
ype a.1 wh
ich have been d
iscovered a
t Po
iana-Dulc ei. Since most
o
f t
he r
ed colour i
s n
ot preserved, i
tis no
t poss
ible t
o know i
fthese w
ere
l
etters o
r o
ther s
igns (
f
ig. 1
8). Two f
ragmen
ts o
f amphorae w
ith i
ncised
Greek l
etters h
ave a
lso b
een f
ound a
t P
oiana-Du
lcesp (
a
t V
arn
i ), a n
eck
o
f a
n amphora w
ith t
he l
e
tters MY (
Pl. CLV
III/1) o
n t
he s
hou
lder
, s
cra
tched
i
n t
he s
oft p
aste
, (
Pl. CLV
III/1 a
nd f
ig. 1
7) a
nd o
ne f
ragmen
t w
ith Ai
ncised
a
fter t
he b
aking o
f t
he v
esse
l (
f
ig. 1
9). Bo
th t
he r
ed-pa
inted s
igns a
nd t
he
l
etters i
ncised a
f
ter b
aking o
f t
he v
esse
ls may i
ndica
te e
ither t
he owner o
f t
he
c
onta
iner o
r t
he c
onten
ts o
r e
ven t
he q
uan
tity. On t
he o
ther h
and
, t
he l
etters
i
ncised i
n t
he s
oft p
aste c
an i
ndica
te t
he owner o
f t
he workshop i
n wh
ich t
he
amphorae w
ere manu
factured
. Fro m t
h
is p
oin
t o
f v
iew
, t
he f
ind o
f an
eck
o
f a
n amphora w
ith t
he s
tamps D
IO M
, p
robab
ly D
IO M
[ENES
1 2
60 a
t P
le e9
ti,

8
1
F
ig. 1
7 P
oiana-Du
lce e
i, Varn
i
..
1, n
eck o
f Ro man amphora (
group D
,
t
ype a
/1) w
ith i
nscr
ipt
ion
, d
iscovered i
n s
unken-f
loored h
ut 1
3
(
1
313
).

8
2
F
ig. 1
8 P
oiana-Du
ice§t
i, f
ragments o
f amphorae
,(group D
, t
ype a
/1)
w
ith r
ed p
ain
ted s
igns
: 1
, Varn
iIä
, s
unken-
floored h
ut B8;
2
, S
i1
i te, s
unken-f
loored h
ut B2.

8
3
d
istr
ict o
f S
uceava i
s i
nterest
ing
. Amphorae s
tamped w
ith t
he n
ame D
io menes
h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he c
it
ies. o
n t
he N
orthern s
hores o
f t
he B
lack S
ea, t
he
n
earest f
ind o
ccurr
ing a
t Tyras. 261 T
his s
hows t
he d
irect
ion f
rom wh
ich t
he
amphorae o
f t
he t
ype a
.1 p
enetrated i
n
to the Carp
ic t
erritory
. T he f
inds f
rom
t
he ex
tra-Carpath
ian a
rea o
f Ro man
ia (Bucov
) and f
ro m t
he Moldavian SSR
(
010ne9t
i, Pervo ma
isk
) 2
62 a
ttest t
hat t
h
is t
ype o
f amphora was u
sed a
lso b
y
t
he Sarmat
ians.

b
. P aterae
: Pa terae o
ccur extre mely r
are
ly in c
o mpar
ison with amphorae
o
n Carpic s
ites. Two intact s
peci mens a
re known a
t Päduren
i (fig
. 20
) and
a
t P
oiana-Dulce9t
i, (
the f
irs
t level
) (P
l. L.)0
(XIX); other f
ragmen
ts h
ave
b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he set
tle men
t on S
ili9
te (f
ig. 1
4).

T
he impor
ted p
ate r
ae are dist
inguishable f
ro m t
he l
ocal im
itat
ions i
n t
he
s
kilfu
l execut
ion a
nd the q
uality of t
he co
lour-coat. Al most al t
he s
pec
i mens
b
elong t
o the c
ategory o
f r
ed ware
; d ark-grey f
ired spec
i mens o
ccur very
r
arely
, a nd If
ound on
ly a s
ing
le f
rag ment o
f g
rey patera in t
he s
et
tle men
t at
S
i
lie
te a
t P
oiana-Du
lceet
i (
f
ig. 14 /2)
.

T
he r
educed n
u mber o
f impor
ted p
‘
aterae c
an b
e e
xpla
ined b
y t
he p
refer-
e
nce o
f t
he n
ative p
opu
lat
ion f
or l
oca
l p
roducts wh
ich o
ften c
o mpe
ted w
ith
Ro man p
rovinc
ial merchand
ise. Pa terae w
ere not o
f the s
ame i mpor
tance
as amphorae, wh
ich were i
ndispensab
le f
or the t
ransport o
f l
iqu
id co m mod
i-
t
ies (
wine, o
i
l) o
ver l
ong d
istances.

L
a mps o
f Ro man t
ype o
r l
a mps im
ita
tive o
f Ro man t
ypes
, s
uch a
s t
hose
k
nown w
ith
in t
he s
i
te o
f Mä
täsaru-Ch
ilia t
ype i
n Munten
ia, h
ave n
ot b
een d
is-
c
overed i
n Mo
ldav
ia. T
he Dac
ian c
ups s
erved a
s l
a mps.

T
he r
ough p
ottery o
f Ro man p
rov
inc
ial t
ype wh
ich was f
a
irly f
requen
t i
n
Ro man Dac
ia a
nd i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f Ch
ilia- M
ilitar
i t
ype
, i
s a
l mos
t c
o m-
p
lete
ly a
bsen
t i
n Carp
ic s
i
tes. T
he f
ol
low
ing p
ieces h
ave s
o f
ar b
een d
is-
c
overed
: a
n i
ntact sma
ll v
esse
l a
t P
iatra N
eal q
-Lu
tgr
ie (
Pl. CXXX
IV/7
)
a
nd a f
ew f
ragmen
ts a
t Därm
'aneet
i-P
iatra N
ea m, P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti (
S
ili9te
)
a
nd a
t Cäbest
i- M
ile9
ti. Ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat as
ett
le men
t o
f S
intana d
e
Mures t
ype p
art
ial
ly o
ver
lies t
he Carp
ic l
eve
ls a
t Cäbe9t
i- M
ile§
ti, w
e c
anno
t
e
xclude t
he p
oss
ibi
lity t
hat t
hese s
herds b
elong t
o t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D.

T
he s
porad
ic o
ccurrence o
f r
ough p
ottery i
n Carp
ic c
ontex
ts s
hows t
hat
Ro man i
nf
luences w
ere a
ccep
ted b
y t
he Carp
i o
nly t
o t
he e
xten
t o
f t
he n
eces-
s
i
ties o
f af
ree p
eop
le. I
thas b
een a
rchaeo
log
ica
lly d
e mons
trated t
hat Ro man
i
nf
luence was s
tronger in a
reas inhabited by populat
ions which depended on
t
he Empire
, econo mica
lly, po
lit
ica l
ly o r m
ilitarily.263 The Carpi preserved
t
he Geto-Dacian La T
ene trad
ition and p
referred l
ocal p
ottery (
whee
l- made
o
r hand- made) t
o t
he rough p
ottery o
f Ro man p
rovinc
ial type.

T
he Ro man p
ottery d
iscovered o
n Carp
ic s
i
tesc
ame e
spec
ial
ly f
ro m t
he
c
entres s
itua
ted i
n Moes
ia I
nfer
ior. Exchange w
ith t
he S
outh was f
acil
ita
ted
b
y t
he exis
tence o
f t
he r
ivers S
ire
t and Pru
t, which were a
ncient ways o
f
c
o m mun
ication
. Probably t
he Empire e
ncouraged e
xchange with Moesia
I
nfer
ior r
ather t
han w
ith Dac
ia, f
or r
easons o
f s
ecur
ity
.

I
n c
onc
lusion t
o t
his c
hap
ter we must emphasise t
he importance o
f th
is
ma
teria
l f
or our k
now
ledge of t
he e
thn
ic composition o
f t
he Carpic c
ulture.

8
4
 9 9
e
r
n

a
2 -

/
2
\ Agee
f
i

F
ig. 2
1 1
, C
ioara-Onc e
i, c
e metery
,
F
ig. 1
9 P
oiana-Du
lc e
i, f
ibu
la o
f b
ronze
;
g
roup D
). 2
, Mo
ldoven
i-GabKra
, c
e metery

f
ragmen
t o
f Ro man amphora (
t
ype an, (
grave 4
0) b
ell o
f b
ronze.

8
5
The large ma
jority o
f the whee
l- ,and hand- made pottery f
orms are o
f Geto-
Dacian La Tene or
igins
; t his presu mes the Dacian orig
in of t
he C
arpic pop-
u
lat
ion . T he ex
istence o
f ap o
ttery-cen tre at Butnäreet
i shows t
hat t
he
Carp
i p
roduced a
l most a
ll t
he v
esse
ls wh
ich t
hey n
eeded
. T
he p
resence o
f
t
he t
hree-hand
led b
owl a
t Butnäre t
i shows t
hat t
his f
orm o
f v
esse
l w
as made
b
y t
he Carpi a
nd d
id n
ot a
rrive here w
ith t
he Goths.

The s
tudy o
f the p
ottery d
e monstra
tes tha
t t
he S
arma t
ians l
ived bes
ide the
Carp
i. T he e
xistence of zoo morph
ic hand
les o
r o
f those w
ith p
rotruberances
o
r c
upu
lae a
rgues f
or t
h
is t
hes
is. I
f "
trade" b
etween t
he S
ar ma
tians a
nd t
he
Carp
i may w
ell a
ccoun
t f
or t
he e
xistence o
f s
o me o
bjects
, e
spec
ial
ly t
hose
f
ound i
n t
he c
e meter
ies
, t
he a
ssim
ila
tion a
nd t
he a
dapta
tion o
f s
ome S
arma-
t
ian e
le men
ts t
o t
he Carp
ic manner
, a
s i
n t
he c
ase o
f s
o me v
esse
ls, s
upposes
aclose l
ink b
etween t
he Carp
i and t
he Sarmat
ians
; this c
lose re
lation can b
e
e
xplained o
nly b
y admit
ting t
he f
act t
hat t
he t
wo p
opu
lations l
ived t
ogether.
The p
ottery i
l
lustrates a
lso Ro man i
nf
luence and t
he rela
tion exist
ing be
tween
t
he Carpi a
nd the Empire. We p oin
t out t
hat anu mber of f
or ms o
f Carpic
p
ottery
, s
uch a
s t
he Dac
ian i
ncense-cups
, t
he j
ars w
ith d
ecora
ted c
ordons,
so me t
ypes o
fj ugs and wheel- made v
essels o
ccur a
lso i
n the 4
th c
entury A
.D.
a
ttesting t
he pers
istence of t
he Carpic p
opulat
ion w
ithin t
he Sin
tana d
e Mure9-
Cerneahov cu
lture.

OTHER OBJECTS OF CLAY

Rounde
ls o
f p
ottery
: S
evera
l r
ounded s
herds h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts
a
t P
oiana-Du
lce .
e
ti. T he d
i mensions v
ary b
etween 0
.35 and 0.45 m. The o
val
o
r r
ound f
or m o
f the r
ounde
ls allow us t
o s
uppose t
hat t
hey were u
sed a
s
c
hildren
' st
oys
. T
he p
erfora
ted p
ieces (
Pl
. )
00(V/5) m
igh
t h
ave b
een u
sed
a
s s
pind
le-whor
ls.

S
uppor
ts f
or r
oast
ing-sp
its
. L
ike t
he we
igh
ts emp
loyed f
or v
ert
ica
l l
ooms,
s
uppor
ts f
or r
oast
ing s
pits were o
fpyram
ida
l f
or m
, b
ut o
f much l
arger s
ize
,
t
he h
eigh
t v
ary
ing b
etween 0
.16 a
nd 0
.24 m (
Pl
. XXX
I/3
, CL
IV/4)
. T
he
majority o
f t
he s
peci mens a
re i
n af
ragmen
tary s
tate o
f p
reserva
tion a
nd most
o
f the m b
ear t
races o
f smoke.

T
he s
uppor
ts were made i
n t
he s
ame p
aste a
s t
hat u
sed f
or d
o mest
ic p
ottery
,
a
nd were f
i
red b
rick c
olour o
r l
igh
t-grey
. T
here a
re s
uppor
ts w
ith o
blique
o
r h
orizon
tal p
erfora
tions, much w
ider t
han t
hat o
f t
he l
oom-we
igh
ts (
Pl
. XXXV/
XXXI/3, CLII/5
, CL IV/4)
. The s
pit t
o which meat was s
ecured f
or roasting
was i
ntroduced i
nto t
he ho
les i
n t
he suppor
ts. W ith the s
uppor
ts with o
blique
h
oles, t
he s
pit h
ad a
n e
nd f
ree t
o wh
ich t
he mea
t was h
ung
; i
n t
he c
ase o
f t
he
s
uppor
ts w
ith h
orizon
tal h
oles t
he s
pit was s
upported b
y t
wo p
ieces
. T
his
me
thod was a
lso u
sed i
n o
ther h
istor
ica
l p
eriods a
nd i
s we
ll-known
, a
nd w
e
w
ill n
ot t
herefore dwe
ll o
n i
t
.

As
uppor
t f
or a r
oast
ing-sp
it d
iscovered a
t Po
iana-Du
lce9t
i i
n 1
969 b
ears
as
ign i
ncised i
n t
he s
oft p
aste
, o
n o
ne o
f t
he s
ides, b
enea
th t
he p
erfora
tion
.
T
he s
ign i
s p
robab
ly o
f mag
ic s
ign
ificance a
nd i
s a
nalogous w
ith t
he s
ign o
n
t
he hand- made vessel d
iscovered i
n t
he S
armatian ce metery at Kal
inovka ( t
he
r
egion of Volgograd)
. A
lthough t
he g
rave i
n which t
he v esse
l wa.s discovered
(
barrow no
. 8, g
rave n
o. 10) i
s dated f
ro m t
he 3
rd-2nd c
en tur
ies B .C
. ,t
he
o
ccurrence o
f t
he s
ign i
n t
he Sar matian e
nvironmen
t is i
nteresting
.

8
6
 1 2

F
ig. 1
4 Po
iana-Du
lcest
i, S
i
liste, p
rof
ile o
f Ro man p
aterae (
the i
st l
eve
l).

8
7
 V
II

OBJECTS D
ISCOVERED I
N S
ETTLE MENTS AND CE METER
IES

A
. GLASS BEAKERS

S
o f
ar g
lass b
eakers h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he c
e meter
ies a
t P
oieneyt
i
a
nd Väleni-Botejti and i
n t
he s
ett
le ment a
t Po
iana-Dulceyti (
S
ili§te
). Two
p
ieces have b
een f ound a
t Po
iene ti, i
n g
rave no. 2
39, with a g
rey urn a
nd in
g
rave no. 348 with a r
ed urn. The beakers were b
roken and have been r
e-
c
onstructed i
n d
raw
ing
. Both v
esse
ls a
re o
f t
he s
a me t
ype a
nd o
f c
onica
l
f
or m w
ith wider mou th a
nd w ith t
he b
ase termina
ting i
n afoot. Two f i
ne l
ines
a
re horizon
ta l
ly incised b
enea th t
he r
im a nd t
he l
ower part o
f t
he vessel i
s
d
ecorated with o
vo los i
n rel
ie f, c
onnected a
t t
he cen
tre (P
l. CLX I/
1.)

S
evera
l frag ments h
ave b
een r
ecovered f
rom t
he s
econd o
ccupat
ion l
evel
a
t P
oiana-Du
lce§t i
; t ak
ing a
ccoun
t o
f the r
im p
rof
ile o
ne o
f t
he m s
ee ms t
o
b
elong t
o ab
eaker s
imi
lar t
o t
hose f
ound a
t P
oiene9t
i (
Pl. CLX
I/4
) a
nd o
thers
b
elong t
o ad
if
feren
t t
ype
, o
n t
he b
asis b
oth o
f t
he p
rof
ile o
f t
he t
h
ickened
r
im, r
ound i
n s
ect
ion
, a
nd o
f d
eta
ils o
f d
ecora
tion
, w
ith e
longated o
volos a
nd
"
s ma
ll f
ir t
rees" i
n r
elief o
ver s
hor
t r
elie
fed b
ands o
blique
ly a
rranged (
Pl.
= I/2-3 ). Since the l
ower par
t o
f t
he vessel i
s b
roken
, we c
anno
t d
eterm
ine
whether t
he f
or m was cy
lindr
ical o
r c
onical.

G
lass b
eakers s
imi
lar t
o t
hose f
rom P
oienegt
i i
n f
orm a
nd o
rna men
t o
f
o
volos i
n r
elief h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n Roman
ia a
t I
zvoare
le, d
istr
ict o
f
N
ea m
3
,, a
nd a
t I
ndepende 4a
, d
istr
ict o
f I
alom4a
, i
n g
raves o
f t
he S
intana d
e
Mure9-Cerneahov t
ype. 2
64 T
his t
ype o
f b
eaker h
as a
lso b
een f
ound i
n s
ome
C
erneahovean co mp
lexes in t
he USSR a nd i
n the Nor
th-East o
f Hungary, in
g
raves da
ting f
ro m the s
ame p er
iod. 265 T
he beakers f
ro m t
he 4
th century,
d
iffer
ing i
n s
o me detai
ls, probably c
a me fro m t
he same c
entres f
rom w hence
t
he s
pec
i mens d
iscovered i
n t
he Carp
ic s
ites w
ere i
myor
ted
. S
uch w
orkshops
w
ere p
robab
ly s
i
tua
ted i
n t
he Nor
th-Pon
tic s
teppes 26

B
. DO MEST
IC UTENS
ILS

T
he fo
llowing a
rticles o
f d
o mest
ic u
se h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n s
ett
lemen
ts
a
nd p
art
icu lar
ly i
n ce meter
ies
:

a
) I
ron k
nives

The knives are u

sually found i
n afragmentary sta
te and rare
ly surv
ive i
n
t
heir e
ntirety b
oth in s
ettle ments a
nd ce me
ter
ies (Pl. 2
0(VII/7-11). They
a
re o
f d
ifferen
t s
izes a
nd h
ave a s
tra
igh
t o
r s
l
igh
tly c
urved b
lade. T
he s
pe-
c
i mens w
ith t
hin a
nd c
urved blade predo m
inate. The kn
ives had a h
andle o
f
b
one or wood. Fibres o
f wood belonging t
o t
he h
andle s
urvive o
n the t
ang o
f
t
he f
ragmen
tary k
nife d
iscovered i
n g
rave n
o. 4
7 a
t P
äduren
i. The k
nives

8
8
g
enera
lly h
ave a p
lain t
ang w
ithou
t h
oles f
or f
ix
ing t
he h
and
le. Two f
rag men
t-
a
ry k
nives h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n g
rave n
o. 3
6 a
t Päduren
i: o
ne h
as a p
lain
t
ang
, t
he o
ther a p
erforated t
ang wh
ich b
ears t
wo b
ronze r
ivets f
or f
asten
ing
t
he b
one h
and
le.

K
nives h
ave b
een found in set
tle men
ts a
t Po
iana-Dulceet
i (about 1
5 p
ieces
:
P
l. XXVII
I/1-4
) and Butnäreet
i (three p
ieces
: P l. CLXV/12-13,16) and i
n
c
emeter
ies a
t P
oieneet
i (
graves n
o. 2
31 a
nd 2
79)
, 2
67 P
äduren
i (
graves n
os.
1
5, 36, 4
7, 65: P l. XXV II/7-11), Butnäreeti (
graves nos. 7, 1: P l. CLXV/
1
4-15), Bärboasa-Gä läneeti (
one piece), Du m
itreet
ii-Gäläp i (
four p
ieces
) and
a
t Vä
leni-Boteeti (uncerta
in nu mber). Usua lly, on
ly one single f
ragmentary
k
nife w
as p
laced i
n t
he g
rave (
Päduren
i, g
raves n
os. 15,4
7, 6
5; P
oieneet
i,
g
raves n
os. 2
31 a
nd 2
79) a
nd v
ery r
arely t
wo p
ieces (
Päduren
i, g
rave n
o. 3
6).

The s
ign
ificance o
f p
lacing k
nives in t
o mbs
, aprac
tice a
lso encountered
among o
ther popu
lat
ions such a
s the Ce
lts a nd S
armat
ians i
s connected with
t
he b
elief i
n s
urv
iva
l a
fter d
eath i
n t
he o
ther w
orld
, wh
ich r
equ
ired t
he s
a me
o
bjects u
sed d
uring l
i
fe.

Desp
ite t
he f
act t
hat t
here h
as been n
o anato m
ica
l ana
lys
is, taking i
nto
c
ons
idera t
ion o
ther c
riter
ia we no
tice t
hat t
he kn
ives o
ccur i
n b
ur ials o
f b
oth
men a
nd w
o men. T
he k
nives w
ere a
lso u
sed a
s w
eapons
, b
eside t
heir p
rac-
t
ica
l u
ti
lity
, wh
ich w
as i
ndispensab
le i
n t
he h
o me.

TABLE 2

Kn
ives f
ound i
n Carp
ic S
i
tes

N
o. o
f i
n
tac
t o
r
N
o. S
ite f
rag men
tary k
nives S
ett
le men
t C
e me
tery

1 P
oieneet
i 4 - 4

2 P
äduren
i 5 - 5

3 D
umitree
tii-Gä
läp
i 4 - 4

4 B
ärboasa 1 _ 1
5 V
älen
i-Bo
tee
ti x - x

6 P
oiana-Du
lceet
i 1
5 1
5 -

7 B
utnäree
ti 5 3 2

8 M
Indr
ieca 1 1

1
) K
eys o
f Ro man t
ype

T
hese a
re impor
ted o
bjec
ts made o
fbronze o
r i
ron. T
hey o
ccur f
requen
t-
l
y e
nough i
n s
ett
le men
ts o
f t
he Ch
ilia- M
ilitar
i t
ype a
nd e
xtens
ive
ly i
n Ro man
p
rov
inc
ial s
ett
le men
ts, b
ut r
ela
tive
ly s
carce
ly i
n t
he C
arp
ic e
nvironmen
t.
Two p
ieces are k
nown; one o
f bronze, d
iscovered i
n t
he ce metery a
t Päduren
i
(
grave n
o. 34
), the o
ther o
f i
ron
, found a
t Poiana-Du
lceet
i in the se
ttle men
t
s
itua
ted a
t S
i
liete (
Pl. CLXV/4
,10
).

8
9
 c
) Need
les f
or s
ewing

Need
les a
re made o
f i
ron o
r b
ronze, a
nd h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n c
e me-
t
eries
, at Po
ieneet
i (graves n
os. 2
54 and 2
88), Bärboasa-Gäläneet
i (
grave
n
o. 5) a
nd Välen
i-Boteeti
, and i
n t
he s
ett
lemen ts a
t Poiana-Dulceg
ti s
i
tuated
a
t S
in e and Varn
iiä (
Pl. CLXIV/11-13, CLXV/5-7
). The two p
ieces d
is-
c
overed i
n af
rag men
tary sta
te a
t Poienegt
i a
re o
f i
ron
; the need
le d
iscovered
i
n g
rave n
o. 254 i
s w
ith a sma
ll h
ole at one e
nd f
or t
hread. Seven needles
h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-Dulce
_eti
; t hree o
f b
ronze, t
hree o
f iron and
o
ne o
f b
one
; t
he sma
ll h
ole s
urv
ives o
n s
ome o
f t
he m (
Pl. CL X
IV/11-13
).

C
. ACCESSOR
IES OF CLOTH
ING

a
) Buck
les

Buck
les o
ccur b
oth i
n s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
emeter
ies. The mos
t n
umerous
s
peci mens have b
een d
iscovered i
n graves w
ith u
rns a
nd are o
f bronze. One
sma
ll speci men o
f p
enannular t
ype w
ith pin h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n grave n
o.
2
54 a
t P
oienee
ti (
Pl. CLX
III/8
); t
hree p
ieces d
if
fer
ing i
n t
ype f
rom t
hat o
f
P
oieneg
ti h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t Päduren
i (
two i
n g
rave n
o. 3
6 a
nd o
ne i
n
g
rave n
o. 3
4). One o
f t
he m i
s o
f r
ectangu
lar f
orm
; t
he c
atch-p
late b
ears
t
wo r
ivets (
Pl. CLX
III/
10). T
he o
ther t
wo a
re sma
ller a
nd h
ave o
val r
ing
a
nd r
ectangu
lar p
in a
nd t
he c
atch-p
late b
ears t
wo r
ivets (
Pl. CLX
II/4
,9).
Ab
uck
le a
pprox
i mat
ing t
o t
his t
ype h
as b
een f
ound i
n t
he c
e metery o
f
Bärboasa-Gä
länest
i.

I
n contrast w
ith t
he f
inds f
ro m c
e meter
ies, iron buckles are e
ncountered
i
n s
ettle men
ts. F or e
xa mp
le, two r
ectangular o
val buckles wi
th rectangular
p
in i
n s
ect
ion (
Pl. CLX
III/6-7
) h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti, a
t
Varnist
ä. A square b
uckle o
f i
ron a
nd o
f sma
ll s
ize h
as b
een f
ound a
t
Poiana-Dulceet
i, b
ut a
t Si
lig
te.

There are a na
log
ies with t
hese t
ypes within t
he Ro man p
rovinces on t
he
l
ower and middle Danube and even i
n the Carpic l
and a
nd itis n
ot necessary
t
o dwel
l on the m. T he r
ectangular b
uckle discovered a
t Pädureni seems to b
e
more f
requen
t w
ith
in t
he Przeworsk c
ulture •
268

b
) F
ibu
lae

A r
elat
ively l
arge n
u mber o
f f
ibu
lae have been r
ecovered f
ro m t
he c
e me-
t
eries, bu
t the ma
jority o
f t
he m a
re unpub
lished. F or t
his r
eason we k
now
t
heir n
u mber o
nly a
t P
oieneet
i, where a
bou
t 1
9 i
ntact a
nd f
ragmen
tary s
pe-
c
i mens h
ave b
een d
iscovered (
9 o
f b
ronze
, a
nd 1
0 o
f i
ron
), P nuren
i (
12
p
ieces
: 8o
f b
ronze, 3 o
f i
ron a
nd o
ne o
f b
ronze w
ith i
ron p
in), Bu
tnäree
ti
(
three p
ieces
, t
wo o
f t
he m i
ntac
t: 2o
f b
ronze a
nd o
ne o
f i
ron
); V
irt
ieco
iu
(
two p
ieces o
f bronze)
; Bärboasa (three spec
i mens
: o ne o
f bronze, o
ne o
f
i
ron a
nd one o
f bronze w
ith i
ron p
in), Cioara-Onc e i (
f
our f
ibulae: two o
f
b
ronze a
nd t
wo f
rag men
tary o
f i
ron
), S
a-u
cef
ti (
f
our p
ieces
: t
wo i
ntac
t o
f
b
ronze a
nd two f
ragmen
tary o
f bronze a
nd iron
) and Vä
leni-Bo
telti (
two
f
ibu
lae o
f b
ronze). Four f
ibu
lae (t
hree of b
ronze a
nd one o
f i
ron
) from
Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära a
re p
ubl
ished
. T
he n
u mber o
f f
ibu
lae d
iscovered b
oth a
t
Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära a
nd a
t Vg
len
i i
s l
arger t
han t
hat s
hown i
n t
he p
ubl
ica
tion.

9
0
 F
ibu
lae h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he f
ol
low
ing s
ett
le men
ts: P
iatra Neam
,t-
Där mäne e
i (
three o
f b
ronze
), S
loboz
ia-Roznov (
two
), Mindr ea (
one o
f
b
ronze
), P
oiana-Du
lce§
ti o
n V
arn4ä
" a
nd S
i
liete (
14 p
ieces
: 1
2 o
f b
ronze a
nd
t
wo o
f i
ron) a
nd i
n o
ther s
i
tes, u
npub
lished
.

The f
ibu
lae o
f b
ronze g
enera
lly s
urv
ive i
n ab
etter s
tate o
f p
reserva
tion
t
han those o
f iron
, which are more e
asi
ly damaged by c
orros
ive agents.
Usua
lly the Carpi p
laced a s
ing
le f
ibu
la in t
he g
rave. Two fibu
lae placed i
n
t
he s
ame u
rn h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oienee
ti (
graves n
os. 15
, 2
39 a
nd
2
45)
, Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära (
grave n
o. 1
) a
nd a
t S
ohodor-Horgeet
i (
i
n o
ne g
rave
).
The Carp
i a
dopted t
his p
ract
ice e
ither f
ro m t
he G
oths o
r o
ther G
erman t
r
ibes
w
ith who m t
hey w
ere i
n c
ontact
.269

Two f
ibulae have b
een d
iscovered, both i
n grey urns
, (Poien eti
, graves
n
os. 239 a
nd 254) and r
ed u
rns (Poienee
ti, grave no. 15 , Moldoveni-Gabära
,
g
rave n
o. 1
) d
ating f
ro m t
he l
ate p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture. T
he f
o
llow
ing
t
ypes o
f f
ibu
la h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he Carp
ic s
i
tes
:

1
. F ibu
lae o
f Carp
ic type, made o
f b
ronze, and very rare
ly o
f i
ron,
e
spec
ial
ly in t
he l
ate p
hase of t
he Carp
ic c
ulture (
Poiene9t
i, grave n
os. 15
and 1
39). T he b
ow is more o
r l
ess curved, w
ith t
ru mpe
t-shaped b
ase f
ro m
which two w
ires are s
pring
ing
, one b
ent over i
nto a h
ook wh
ich a
nchored t
he
s
pring and t
he o
ther b
ent be
low and tw
isted i
nto t
he b
ilateral s
pring. The
c
atch-p
late is s
quat
, rare
ly higher a
nd the f
oot e
xpands in
to a knob. S
o me
s
pec
i mens b
ear a "
knob" a
nd more r
are
ly "
a c
res
t" o
r t
hree "
ledges"
p
laced a
t t
he j
unct
ion o
f t
he b
owl w
ith t
he f
oot (
Pl. CLXV
I/1-5
, 8
-10
, CLXV
II/
1
-2, 5-8
, 1 1, CLXVII
I/1-3, 5
-6, CLXXE/2-3
). So met
i mes t
he foo
t h
as
n
otched decorat
ion (
Pl. CLXVI/1, 9
). The e
arl
ier s
peci mens h
ave a l
ower
c
atch-p
late a
nd t
he j
unc
tion-knob p
laced b
etween t
he b
owl a
nd t
he f
oot i
s i
n
l
esser r
elief
. T
he f
ibu
lae wh
ich h
ave t
wo o
r t
hree sma
ll r
ibb
ings o
n t
he
b
ase o
f t
he b
owl t
owards t
he f
oot b
elong a
lso t
o t
he e
arl
ier v
arian
t (
Pl. CLXV
I/
1
, CLXX
II/5-6
).

T
he f
i
bulae o
f t
he e
arlier var
iant a
re wel
l-attested i
n the f
irs
t leve
l of t
he
s
ett
lements a
t Po
iana-Dulcest
i (Pl. CLXVI/1-5
,8, CLXX II/1-3
, 5 -6, 8
),
d
ated w
ith c
oins o
f Tra
jan
, Hadr
ian a
nd An
ton
inus P
ius (
bronze a
nd s
i
lver
).
The l
ates
t co
ins d
iscovered i
n t
he first l
eve
l at P
oiana-Dulc ei be
long t
o
F
austina I, t
he w
ife o
f Marcus Aurelius (
bronze and s
i
lver) •70

T
he Carp
i p
referred f
ibu
lae o
f t
he f
irs
t t
ype a
nd e
lsewhere t
hey a
re n
ot
e
ncoun
tered t
o s
uch a
n e
xten
t a
s i
n Carp
ic c
ontex
ts. T
hese a
re a
lso a
ttes
ted
,
i
n a much r
educed n
u mber
, i
n t
he S
outh a
nd Wes
t o
f t
he USSR
, i
n S
arma
tian
c
ontex
ts and in t
he North-Pon
tic c
it
ies (
Olbia
, T ana
is). 2
71 Th
is fact j
us-
t
i
fies t
he na me o
f Carpo-Pont
ic t
ype f
or t
his var
iant, which was probably
c
reated i
n the Geto-Dac
ian area t
o t
he East o
f t
he Carpath
ians, u
nder Ro man
i
nf
luence and result
ing f
ro m t
he c
o mb
ination o
f e
le men
ts of L
ate La V
ene
o
rig
in w
ith t
hose o
f Ro man p
rov
inc
ial t
ype
, wh
ich a
re c
lear
ly d
efined
. T
his
e
xplains why t
he f
ibulae do no
t occur i
n these a
reas before t
he e
stab
lish men
t
o
f an e
ffec
tive Ro man presence on t
he Lower Danube.

We s
hou
ld men
tion t
hat f
ibu
lae o
f t
he f
irst t
ype a
re s
o f
ar n
ot a
ttes
ted i
n
t
he s
i
tes o
f M
iltar
i-Ch
ilia t
ype
; o
ne e
xplana
tion c
ould b
e t
hat t
he Ro mans
d
isp
laced t
he p
opu
lat
ion f
ro m t
he Ro man
ian p
lain d
uring t
he p
eriod o
f t
he

9
1
f
orma
tion o
f t
h
is t
ype o
f f
ibu
la, t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he I
st c
entury A
.D., a
s
ac
onsequence o
f t
he e
xped
ition o
f A
elius Catus a
nd P
laut
ius A
elianus t
o t
he
Nor
th of t
he Danube
, and i
n t
his t
ime t
he Dacian p
opulation wh
ich inhab
ited
t
he h
il
l-zone of Munten
ia a
dopted o
ther v
ariants o
f f
ibu
lae. T his i
s, h
owever
,
s
pecu
lat
ive.

T
he f
ibu
lae o
f t
he f
irs
t t
ype f
ro m t
he Carp
ic s
i
tes a
re d
ated i
n t
he 2
nd-
3
rd c
entur
ies A
.D. T
he f
ibu
lae o
f t
he e
arl
ier v
arian
t h
ave a
nalog
ies w
ith
s
pec
i mens f
ro m t
he L
ate Dac
ian s
ett
le men
ts (
Poiana-Tecuc
i, Räcät
iu e
tc.),
a
nd a
lso w
ith those f
ound i
n o
ther s
i
tes, se
ttle ments a
nd c
e meter
ies, s
i
tua-
t
ed i
n t
he Nor
th-Pon t
ic s
teppes a
nd da
ting f
ro m the s
econd h
alf o
f t
he i
st
c
entury A
.D. a
nd t
he f
irs
t h
alf o
f t
he n
ext c
entury
, a
nd where t
he l
ate v
arian
t
i
s d
ated i
n t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.2
72 T
he e
arl
ier v
arian
t f
ro m Carp
ic
s
i
tes i
s d
ated w
ith
in t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. ,b
oth t
o t
he f
irst o
r s
econd h
alf o
f
t
h
is cen
tury. We men t
ion t
hat f
oreign s
pecial
ists who h
ave h
and
led the
e
arl
ier fi
bulae f
ro m P
oina-Dulceg
ti (M. Pärducz, B. S
voboda
, Kazi m
ierz
G
odlowsk
i, T
itus Ko
lnik
) d
ated t
he m i
n t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D. Bu
t t
he l
arge
ma
jor
ity o
f t
he f
ibu
lae o
f t
he f
irst t
ype a
re d
ated w
ith
in t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.

2
. F
ibu
lae w
ith f
lat o
r s
l
igh
tly c
urved b
ow, r
ectangu
lar i
n s
ect
ion a
nd
w
ith t
erm
ina
l k
nob (
Pl. CLXV
II/4
, CLXX/1) a
nd more r
are
ly w
ith v
olu
te
(
Pl. CLXX/
1). T
he v
arian
t w
ith v
olute i
s a
ttes
ted b
y ab
ronze s
pec
i men d
is-
c
overed i
n t
he c
e metery o
f Butnare e
i (
grave n
o. 72). F
ibu
lae w
ith t
he f
oot
e
xpand
ing i
nto a v
olu
te a
re f
requen
tly e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he Nor
th Pon
tic s
teppes
d
uring t
he i
st-
3rd c
entur
ies A
.D. 2
73 T
he s
pec
i men f
ro m Bu
tnäree
ti c
an b
e
d
ated t
o t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. a
nd i
n t
he f
irs
t h
alf o
f t
he
nex
t century. P ossib
ly i
tspread f
ro m t
he S
arma
tian-Pon
tic a
reas o
ver t
he
Carpic t
erritor
ies.

3
. F
ibu
lae w
ith t
he c
atch-p
late i
n t
he s
hape o
f as
heath a
re r
are
ly e
n-
c
ountered i
n t
he Carp
ic con
text. T hey h
ave a s
emicircular bow which i
s
r
ectangular i
n s
ect
ion a
nd a b
ilatera
l spr
ing w
ith t
he str
ing stretched u
nder
t
he b
ow. S
o me s
pec
i mens a
re d
ecora
ted o
n t
he b
ow a
nd t
he f
oot (
Pl. CLXV
I/11,
CLXV
II/10
, CLXV
III/4
,7-8
).

T
his t
ype of f
ibu
la is a
ttested in s
ett
le men ts a
t Poiana-Dulceg
ti at Varnig
and a
t S
lobozia-Roznov and in ce me
teries at Pädureni (grave n
o. 6)
, Mo ldoveni-
Gabgra (
grave no. I
.) a
nd a
t B ärboa p-Gä länegti (
grave no. i). The l argest
n
u mber o
f s
pec
i mens (
f
our
) i
s k
nown t
o h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he c
e me
tery o
f
P
oieneg
ti (
graves
, n
os. 5
3, 7
1, 3
27 a
nd 3
20). T
he f
ibu
lae a
re o
f i
ron
(
Piduren
i, P
oiana-Du
lceg
ti, Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
, Bärboasa-Gä
läne§
ti,
P
oiene e
i, t
hree p
ieces
) a
nd v
ery r
are
ly o
f b
ronze (
Poiene§t
i, g
rave n
o. 3
27).

T
his t
ype o
f f
ibu
la i
s a
lso e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he Ro man p
rov
inces o
n t
he
l
ower a
nd m
idd
le Danube
, i
n t
he Nor
th-Pon
tic s
teppes
, w
ith
in t
he Przeworsk
c
ulture a
nd in o
ther c
onte mporary cu
ltures a
nd are d
ated to t
he 2nd-4
th
c
enturies A
.D . T he f
ibu
lae fro m t
he Carp
ic area a
re typ
ical of t
he 3rd
c
entury A
.D., e
xcep
t f
or t
he s
pec
i men o
f P
oiana-Du
lcegt
i (
Varn
iSä
, t
he f
i
rst
l
eve
l) w
hich i
s d
atab
le t
o t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. (
Pl. CLXV
I/
1). 2
74 T
he Ro man p
rov
inc
ial o
rig
in o
f f
i
bulae w
ith b
ox s
ee ms t
o b
e t
he
most p
laus
ible h
ypo
thes
is.

9
2
 4
. F
ibu
la w
ith h
inge (
Scharn
ierf
ibe
l), made o
f b
ronze b
ut w
ith i
ron p
in.
T
he c
atch-p
late i
s n
arrow a
nd a
xe-shaped (
an a
xe s
imi
lar t
o t
hose c
arr
ied
b
y the Ro man l
ictors [Pl. CLXVII/3]
). D ecorat
ion w
ith z
ig-zag li
nes on t
he
e
xterior f
ace. T his f
ibula
, of Ro man p
rovenance, h
as b
een discovered a
t
P
äduren
i (
grave n
o. 8
6). T
his i
s o
ne o
f t
he e
arl
ier f
ibu
lae wh
ich h
ave b
een
d
iscovered w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
ulture a
nd i
t
s d
ate d
oes n
ot e
xceed t
he l
imits
o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. T
his t
ype o
f f
ibu
la i
s e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he i
st-
2nd
c
entur
ies A
. D. 2
75

5
. S trongly p
rof
iled f
ibula (
kräf
tig prof
ilier
te Fibe
l) w
ith t
erm ina
l knob
,
s
hor
t bi
la tera
l spr
ing with t
he s
tring s
tretched. T he bow i
s t
hickened t
o
t
he s
pring a
nd w
ith a k
nob o
n t
he c
entre. One p
iece i
s k
nown a
t P
äduren
i
f
rom t
he ce metery
, (
Pl. CLXVI
I/9). T h
is fibu
la belongs t
o t
he ear
ly group
o
f f
i
bulae d
iscovered w
ith
in t
he Carpic c
ulture and t
his t
ype i
s e
ncountered
f
rom t
he L
ate La T
ene p
eriod t
o t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. S
cho
lars d
ate i
t most
f
requen
tly t
o t
he i
st-
2nd c
entury A .
D. 2
78 We men
tion t
he f
requency o
f t
h
is
t
ype a
t P
oiana-Tecuc
i, T
inosu
l, Cuc
iula
ta e
tc. 2
77 d
uring t
he l
ate G
eto-
Dac
ian L
a T
ene p
eriod
. T
he f
i
bulae o
f t
he f
irs
t t
ype d
erive f
ro m t
h
is f
i
bula.
According t
o t
he s i
tua
tion e
xis
ting a
t Päc
luren
i, t
he f
ibu
la c
an b
e d
ated t
o t
he
2nd c
entury A. D.

6
. F ibula o
f bronze
, in f
ragmentary state, d
iscovered at Poiana-Dulceet
i,
a
t S
il
iste (t
he f
irst l
evel
). T he b
ase of t
he b ow with a s
pur and the h
ole f
or
c
atch
ing the s
pring. T he s
ligh
tly c
urved b ow is tr
iangular i
n section (
i
t i
s
l
ong
itud
ina
lly r
ibbed
). I
tis d
ecora
ted w
ith a z
ig-zag l
ine i
ncised o
n e
ach
b
order (
Pl. CLXV
I/6
). T
his t
ype o
f f
ibu
la i
s t
ypica
l o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.,
e
spec
ial
ly o
f t
he f
irs
t h
alf (
Tra
jan-Hadr
ian
).

7
. Fibula o
f bronze w
ith tr
iangular b
ow in sect
ion, w
ith l
ongitud
ina
l crest
a
nd s
hor
t bi
lateral spr
ing with t
he s
tring s
tretched (P
l. CLXVI/12). A sing
le
i
ntac
t s
pec
i men h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he Carp
ic c
ontex
t, a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti
a
t Var
r eä, i
n t
he f
irs
t occupa
tion l
evel. T h
is type of f
ibu
la i
s d
ated t
o t
he
f
irs
t hal
f o
f t
he 2nd c
entury A
.D., like t
ype no. 6 a
bove.

8
. Knee-f ibula (
Knief
ibel ) o
ften w
ith t
he foot expand
ing into a more or
l
ess moulded knob, h
igh catch-plate and s
pring with semi-disc. Two s peci-
mens h
ave been found a
t Virtiecoiu (
Pl. CLXX I/5-6) and one is p
ubl
ished
f
rom V
älen
i-Boteet
i (
Pl. CLXX
1/4
); a
l
l t
hese a
re made o
f b
ronze. T
he
k
nee-fibu
la is of Ro man o
rig
in a nd a n
u mber o
f var
iants d
ating f
ro m t
he
2
nd-4th centur
ies are known.279 They occur f
requen
tly i
n Pannonia (mos
t
n
u merous
), Thrace
, Moes
ia, D
acia e
tc .2
80 The s
pec
i mens f
ro m t
he Carp
ic
c
ontex
t a
re d
atab
le f
ro m t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury-the b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A
.D. At
ypica
l s
pec
i men h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t B
ä.rboasa
, i
n g
rave
n
o. 2
54 (
Pl. CLX X
E/8
).

9
. F
ibu
la o
f sma
ll s
ize (
1.8 cm l
ong
), t
ypo
log
ica
lly a
pprox
i ma
ting t
o s
o me
variants o
f t
he knee-f
ibula (
Knief
ibel); i
thas been d
iscovered a
t Po
iana-
Dulcesti a
t Varn4ä, in t
he f
irs
t leve
l. The f
ibu
la i
s made of b
ronze (
Pl.
CLXV
1/7
). S
o me a
nalog
ies w
ith t
h
is f
i
bula e
xist i
n t
he Nor
thern c
ultures
a
nd a
lso i
n P
annon
ia, 2
81 T
he sma
ll s
pec
i men f
ro m P
oiana-Du
lceet
i i
s d
a-
t
able t
o t
he 2nd century A.D., p
robab
ly i
n t
he s
econd h
alf
, c
ons
ider
ing a
s
eries o
f typo
logical deta
ils.

9
3
 1
0. F
ibu
la w
ith a
nchor (
Anker
fibel
). Af
ragmen
tary s
pec
i men h
as b
een
r
ecovered f
ro m t
he ce metery at C
ioara-Once9ti (
f
ig. 2
1/1
). 282 The f
ibulae
w
ith a
nchor are we
ll-known w ithin t
he Ro man p
rov
inces on t
he Middle and
L
ower Danube a
nd a
re d
ated i
n t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D. 2
83

1. Bronze fi
bulae with h
igh ca
tch-pla
te (mit h
ohe m Nade
lhalter)
; t he
b
ow h
as a t
ai
l a
t t
he base
; t he t
ail i
s w
ith two h
oles, t
he wire o
f the spr
ing
p
ass
ing t
hrough o
ne o
f t
he m a
nd t
he s
tring t
hrough t
he o
ther (
f
ig. 2
0/2
). T
he
f
oot e
nding i
n ak
nob i
s l
onger t
han t
he c
atch-p
late a
nd t
he b
ow, o
f
ten w
iden-
i
ng a
t t
he b
ase
, b
ears a l
ong
itud
ina
l r
ibb
ing o
n t
he u
pper p
art a
nd i
s t
r
iangu-
l
ar i
n s
ect
ion (
Pl. CLXV
I/13 a
nd f
ig. 2
2/2
). T
hey a
re p
art
icu
lar
ly f
requen
t
i
n t
he Carpic s
ett
le ments s
ituated i
n Mo
ldav ia (Poiana-Du
lcegti
, the s
ett
le-
ment a
t S
il
i9te, Pia
tra Neairq-Därmäne9t i
, V äleni, Biceni, Mal een
i,
B
irlad-Prodana and Gh
idigeni) bu
t t
hey are no
t u nknown i
n Muntenia
, where
two p
ieces have been d
iscovered a
t Mätäsaru (
distr
ict o
f DI
' mbov
ila
) a
nd
Udeni (
dis
trict o
f Teleorman). A nu mber o
f varian
ts o
f th
is type a
re k
nown
b
ut b
eing u
npub
lished w
e c
anno
t d
eal w
ith t
he m. The ma
jor
ity s
urv
ive i
n
t
heir e
ntirety or are n
ear
ly i
ntac
t. Two p ieces have b
een discovered a
t
Po
iana-Du lce§t
i at Sin e
; one al mos
t i
ntact (
Pl. CLXV I/13) h
as been d
is-
c
overed o
n t
he s
urface o
f t
he p
loughed l
and a
nd t
he o
ther
, af
ragmen
t, h
as
b
een f
ound i
n t
he s
econd l
evel. Th
is t
ype o
f f
i
bula i
s g
enera
lly d
atab
le f
ro m
t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
. D. 2
84 t
o t
he 4
th c
entury
.285 The ma
jor
ity o
f
t
hose d
iscovered i
n Carpic c
ontex
ts be
longs t
o t
he 3rd c
entury A .
D.2
86 Th
is
t
ype o
f f
ibula i
s d
istr
ibuted o
ver a l
arge a
rea f
ro m t
he North-Pon
tic s
teppes
t
o C
entra
l Europe. They a
re u
sua
lly e
ncoun
tered i
n s
i
tes b
elong
ing t
o t
he
S
armatians o
r t
o other groups o
f people who h
ad contac
ts with t
hese s
teppe-
h
orse men. These fi
bulae are a
ttested w
ithin t
he Lip4a a
nd Przeworsk
c
ultures
, i
n t
he S
arma
tian s
i
tes s
i
tua
ted i
n t
he Hungar
ian p
lain a
nd i
n t
he
c
ontex
t of o
ther cu
ltural groups l
iving o
n the Middle and Lower Danube .2
87

I
tsee ms t
o me that t
hese fi
bulae were more probably of North-Pon
tic or
ig in
(
where the e
arl
iest varian
ts are known) than o
f Northern (J
. Werner) or
Ro man p
rov
inc
ial d
escen
t. T
his t
ype o
f f
i
bula was d
iffused o
ver a
l
l t
hese
c
ultura
l-areas b
y t
he S
ar ma
tians f
ro m whom t
he o
ther p
opu
lat
ions t
ook t
he m
o
ver
.

1
2. Fibulae w
ith i
ncurved f
oot (
mit u
ngeschlagene m Fuss
). Accord
ing
t
o t
he d
eta
ils
, three v
ariants a
re d
ist
inguishab
le:

1
2.a
) Bronze f
ibu
lae w
ith D
-shaped p
rof
ile
: o
ne s
pec
i men h
as b
een d
is-
c
overed i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t o
f Mindr
i9ca (
Pl. CLX
IX/7
). F
our p
ieces o
f t
he
s
a me t
ype h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oiene§
ti (
Pl. CLXX/2-5
); s
ince t
hey
h
ave b
een r
ecovered f
ro m d
estroyed t
o mbs
, w
e c
anno
t k
now i
fthese w
ere
c
re ma
tion o
r i
nhu ma
tion b
uria
ls.

T
his t
ype o
f f
ibu
la i
s f
requen
tly e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he S
ar ma
tian c
ontex
t i
n
t
he Nor
th-Pontic s
teppes 2
88 a
nd a
lso i
n the other r
egions wh
ich were c
rossed
b
y t
hese popu
lations. These f
ibu
lae occur within t
he ex
tra-Carpath
ian area
o
f Ro man
ia, b
oth i
n S
arma
tian t
o mbs (
1
31
'rlad
) a
nd i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
nd
c
e meter
ies b
elong
ing t
o t
he f
ree Dac
ians f
ro m Munten
ia (Mä
täsaru
, C
hil
ia,
T
Irgeor a
nd i
n t
he n
eighbour
ing a
rea o
f Bucharest a
t M
ilitar
i, T
ei a
nd
Mä
icänejt
i) .2
89 One s
pec
i men h
as a
lso b
een f
ound i
n D
obrud
ja .2
90

9
4
 •
•••••

F
ig. 2
2 1
, Po
iene t
i
., c
e metery (
grave 2
39) ,b
rooch
;
2
, P
iatra Nea mI
-Där mäne§t
i, f
ibu
la o
f b
ronze.

F
ig. 2
3 Po
iene t
i, c
e metery (
grave 6
5) s
i
lver p
endant.
 The p
resence o
f afi
bu la o
f t
he
,D -type i
n acre mat
ion-burial a
t Ch
ilia 2
91

s
upports t
he h
ypothes
is that t
he spec
i mens d
iscovered a
t Poiene S
i may have
a
lso b
een r
ecovered f
ro m c
re ma
tion-bur
ials, t
aking a
ccoun
t a
lso o
f t
he f
act
t
hat t
hey a
re k
nown w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic s
ett
lemen
ts (
Misn
dri ca
). T
o t
he e
xten
t o
f
t
he ev
idence that t
he fi
bulae co me f
ro m inhumat
ion-graves we must consider
t
hat t
he i
nhu mat
ion b ur
ials were conte mporary with t
he c
re ma
tion-buria
ls at
Po
iene e
i. T he f
ibula wi
th D-shaped p rofi
le, which i
s o
f Sarmatian-Pontic
o
rig
in, i
s d
ated w
ith
in t
he c
o mp
lexes f
ro m Ro man
ia t
o t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
T
he d
isappearance o
f t
he f
ibu
lae o
f "
D" t
ype f
ro m t
he a
reas s
itua
ted o
n t
he
L
ower Danube
, c
oinc
ides w
ith t
he e
nd o
f b
oth t
he c
e me
ter
ies a
nd t
he s
ett
le-
men
ts o
f Carp
ic a
nd Ch
ilia- Mä
täsaru t
ype. 2
92

1
2.b
) F
ibu
lae w
ith i
ncurved f
oot
, w
ith ab
road s
trong
ly c
urved b
ow,
r
ectangu
lar i
n s
ect
ion
; s
hor
t b
ila
tera
l s
pring w
ith u
nder-stre
tched s
tring
.
The f
oot i
s w
ired w
ith t
wo o
r t
hree t
wis
ts. F
our f
ibu
lae b
elong t
o t
h
is v
arian
t
(P
l. CLXLX/1-3,5); t hree discovered i
n ce me
ter
ies (Moldoveni abara ,
Poien Wi -g
rave n o. 39 - Dochia) a
nd one f
ound i
n t
he set
tle men
t at Slobozia-
Roznov. The speci mens fro m Moldoven
i-Gabära, Poiene ei a
nd Slobozia-
Roznov h
ave a d
ecora
ted b
ow (
Pl. CLX
IX/1-3
). Af
ibu
la o
f t
he s
ame t
ype h
as
a
lso b
een d
iscovered a
t Obre
ja. 2
93

1
2.c
) T
his v
arian
t d
iffers f
ro m t
he t
wo o
thers i
n r
espec
t t
o t
he b
ow wh
ich
i
s c
omp
lete
ly t
wisted
. T
he s
pring i
s s
hor
t a
nd w
ith u
nder s
tre
tched s
tring
.
A s
ing
le s
pec
i men h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he c
e metery a
t Po
iene§t
i (
grave n
o.
2
30, P
l. CLX
IX/6
). F
ibu
lae o
f t
he s
ame t
ype h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he
S
ar ma
tian t
o mbs f
ro m t
he Eas
t o
f Ro man
ia (
Unleet
i, d
istr
ict o
f V
aslu
i). A
f
ibu
la o
f t
ype 1
2.c h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oro
lissu m i
n Transy
lvan
ia. 294
We men
tion t
he r
elat
ive
ly l
arge n
u mber o
f f
inds i
n t
he Nor
th-Pon
tic a
reas
;295

t
his s
i
tua
tion c
aused s
o me r
esearchers t
o c
ons
ider t
hat t
h
is t
ype o
f f
ibu
la
a
rises f
ro m t
hese r
egions (
A. K
. Ambroz
) a
nd o
thers t
o c
ons
ider t
he m a
s
b
eing Ro man
.296 We suppor
t the h
ypothesis o
f a North-Pont
ic or
ig in o
f th
is
t
ype o
f f
ibula, f
ro m whence i
t was d
iffused b
y t
he S armatians a
nd then adopted
b
y o
ther p
opu
lat
ion g
roups. More v
arian
ts a
re e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he Nor
th-
P
ontic s
teppes. T hese f
ibu
lae are not t
ypica
l of t
he Ro man world
; t hey
o
ccur on
ly inc
iden
ta l
ly a
t Ro man provinc
ial si
tes where they h
ave been carr
ied
b
y o
ther p
opu
lat
ion g
roups. T
hey a
re a
bsen
t f
ro m Pannon
ia, Moes
ia a
nd f
ro m
o
ther p
rov
inces s
i
tuated o
n t
he Danube a
nd o
n t
he Rh
ine.

The f
ibulae w
ith i
ncurved f
oot wh
ich have been d
iscovered i
n Carpic c
on-
t
exts a
re early s
peci mens a
nd are d
atab
le to t
he middle a
nd t
he second ha
lf
o
f t
he 3rd c
entury and t
o t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D. ,a
ccord
ing t
o
t
he c
ontext i
n which t
hey o
ccur.

1
3. F ibulae w
ith d
oub
le b
ilatera
l spr
ing. Two pieces have b
een d
iscovered
,
b
oth i
n c
e meteries
, one a
t Mo
ldoveni-Gabära t
he o
ther a
t Bärboasa-Gä
läne9ti
(
Pl. CLX
IX/4
). T
he f
ibu
la f
ro m Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära i
s b
urn
t a
nd p
robab
ly b
e-
l
onged t
o ac
re ma
tion-bur
ial a
nd n
ot t
o t
he i
nhuma
tion b
uria
l n
o. 2
15, a
s i
s
s
tated i
n the excava
tion r
eport b
yIulian An
tonescu. We c ons
ider t
he most
a
cceptable da
te for th
is t
ype o
f f
ibu
lae to b
e t
he second h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd cen
tury
a
nd t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 4
th c
entury
.

9
6
 14. Enamelled brooch. This has been discovered at Poienesti in grave
no. 239, containing a grey urn (Pl. CLXXI/7, fig. 22/1). Analogies with
this brooch exist in the Roman world. Identical specimens have been dis­
covered at Brigetio and Carnuntum (in the Roman context), at Naclav (district
of Koscian), in a cremation-burial of the Przeworsk type, which is dated to
the 2nd-3rd centuries A. D. One specimen is known at Pnov (in Czechia),
another of unknown provenance is in the Museum of Art at Vienna and others
have been discovered within the Sarmatian context both from the North-Pontic
steppes (Kobeakova, grave no. 39) and from the plain of the Tisa inhabited by
the Iazyges (at Kiskunfelegyhaza, Leangyvar and Zugmantel). Specimens of
this ldnd of brooch, but not identical, are encountered from Pannonia to the
Rhineland. 298
It is known that the Romans, like the Celts, practiced skilful enamelling
and used it widely. Enamel is a coloured vitrious substance which can be
easily fused and which is fixed over a metal base by heating, as in the case
of the brooch discovered at Poienesti. Usually it consists of silicon-sand
combined with sodium-carbonate and metallic oxides. The oxide is used as
colouring matter.
The finds of fibulae are very important for the dating and the chronology
of the Carpic culture. On the basis of the dating evidence provided by the
fibulae the beginning of the Carpic culture can be dated to the start of the 2nd
century A. D. , and the end is datable to the first decades of the 4th century
A.D. In discussing some types of fibulae, I have always used the term
Sarmatian-Pontic and not that of Sarmatian, not only in order to distinguish
the Sarmatians from their Western brothers (the Hungarian plain-Alftlldy)
but especially to point out that objects of Sarmatian type, fibulae and other
objects which will be dealt with later, were produced in the cities on the
shores of the Black Sea and used both by the Sarmatians and the populations
of these centres, who, with an ancient tradition in the arts, contributed to
their manufacture.
c) Shoe- and belt-buckles
Rectangular slightly curved pieces of bronze which bear a rivet on one
end to secure a tag (Pl. CLXIV/3-4). Two pieces have been discovered in
the urn from grave no. 36 at Padureni. Other specimens have been found
in Sarmatian tombs in Muntenia (Oinac, Oltenita, Tirgsor, Smeieni, Largu)
and they served for fastening shoes 299 or possibly belts. The piece dis­
covered in grave no. 34 at Padureni, which contained rich grave-furniture,
is made of a bronze folded plate fastened with a rivet, while the end with
the hook is narrower (PI. CLXIV/6).

D. TOILET ARTICLES

a) Mirrors of Carpic-Sarmatian type

So far 18 pieces have been discovered, 16 in cemeteries and fragments
of two mirrors in the settlement of Poiana-Dulcesti, Siliste (Pl. C LXXIII/
1-6, CLXXIV/1-6, CLXXXII/17). Mirrors have been found in the following
cemeteries: Virtiscoiu, three (Pl. CLXXIII/5-6), Padureni, seven (graves

97
nos. 9
, 14, 2
2, 3
4, 60
, 77, 84; Pl. CLXX I
II/1, 3
-4, CL2C<IV/1-6
),
Butnarest
i, o
ne (
grave 72 ,P
l. C DOC
EII/2
, CLXXV/ 1
), Barboasa ,one
i
ntact (
grave no.
. 227
) a nother f
rag men
tary, at Po
ienes
ti, f
ragmen
ts o
f t
wo
p
ieces (graves nos. 320 and 327
) and Dumitrest
ii Ga
lat
ii, f
ragmen
ts o
f o
ne
p
iece.

I
ntac
t m
irrors h
ave b
een p
laced i
n u
rns a
t P
aduren
i, n ° Bu
tnarest
i a
nd
V
irt
isco
iu a
nd f
ragmen
tary s
pec
i mens a
t P
oienes
ti. 301 The p
ubl
ished i
n-
f
orma
tion d
oes n
ot men
tion i
fthe f
ragmen
tary m
irror d
iscovered a
t
Du m
itrest
ii-Ga
lat
ii was b
roken i
n a
ncien
t t
imes o
r d
uring t
he e
xcava
tion
.
The s
ame i
s t
rue o
f t
he m
irror f
ro m g
rave 2
27 o
f Barboasa
, b
ut a
ll t
he f
rag-
men
ts o
f t
his s
pec
i men s
urv
ive.

A
lmost a
ll t
he s
pec
i mens d
iscovered a
t P
aduren
i h
ave c
hipped e
dges
; t
h
is
s
hows t
hat t
he m
irrors were n
ot n
ew when p
laced i
n t
he t
o mbs. T
he m
irrors
a
re o
f d
isco
ida
l f
orm
, w
ith t
he h
and
le p
erfora
ted l
atera
lly
, w
ith t
a mga o
n t
he
r
everse and a s
l
ightly r
eliefed e
dge. T he d
i mensions o
f t
he s
pecimens f
ound
a
t Padureni v
ary b
etween 0 .04 m (
the sma
llest mirror, f
rom grave n
o. 3
4)
a
nd 0
.052 m (
t
he l
arges
t m
irror f
ro m g
rave n
o. 1
4). I
tis i
nteres
ting t
o n
ote
t
hat s
pec
i mens o
utside t
h
is s
ize-range
, e
ven i
fthey a
re made o
f t
he s
ame
a
l
loy a
nd b
ear a
pprox
i ma
tely t
he s
ame s
ymbo
ls, h
ave n
ot b
een d
iscovered
a
t Paduren
i o
r i
n o
ther Carp
ic s
i
tes
.

T
he m
irrors a
re made o
f a meta
llic a
lloy c
ons
ist
ing o
f c
opper (
Cu), l
ead
(
Pb)
, t
in (
Sn)
, An
ti mony (
Sb), a
rsen
ic (
As)and z
inc (
Zn). 302 T
he p
ropor
tion
b
etween c
opper a
nd t
he o
ther e
le men
ts d
eterm
ines t
he p
hys
ica
l a
nd c
he m
ica
l
n
ature o
f t
he m
irrors w
ith m
irrors o
f b
ronze c
onta
ining more c
opper a
nd
mirrors o
f white meta
l c on
taining l
ess copper and more Pb, Sn, Sb
, As and
Zn. Ag reater proportion of a
rsenic b
rings about a more grey c
olour a
nd
t
hese s
pec
i mens b
reak more e
asily
. T
he s
i
lvery c
olour o
f t
he m
irrors i
s
p
articu
lar
ly the e
ffect o
f S
b, Zn and Sn
, which p
reven
t t
he pieces f
ro m c
or-
r
oding. All t
he c
o mponent e
le ments o
f t
he a
lloy a
re ma
lleable a
nd sl
ight
ly
d
uct
ile. S
o f
ar, mirrors o
f b
ronze h
ave b
een v
ery s
carce
, i
n t
he p
roport
ion
o
f 1:
17, o
n Carpic s
ites. On ly a s
ingle s
pec
imen of t
his t
ype i
s known
, at
Po
iana-Dulces
ti (
the set
tle men
t a
t Sil
iste
). T he r
est o
f t
he mirrors a
re
made o
f wh
ite meta
l w
ith a wh
ite-s
ilver a
nd more r
are
ly wh
ite-grey s
hade.
The m
irrors o
f white-grey c
olour a
re of
ten varnished metall
ic black
(
Paduren
i, graves nos. 9
, 60 and 7
7, Butnares
ti, grave no. 7)
. Am irror
o
f t
h
is t
ype h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he S
arma
tian c
e me
tery a
t T
irgsor (
grave
n
o. 2
00).

T
he o
bverse o
f t
he m
irrors (
proper
ly s
peak
ing
, t
he m
irror
) i
s p
olished
a
nd t
he reverse b
ears a t
a mga in r
elief
. A ll the t
hree m irrors wh
ich have
b
een d
iscovered a
t Vir
tiscoiu bear a symbol approxi mat
ing to ahorizon
tal H
o
n t
he reverse, (
Pl. CLXXIII/5-6) l
ike the m
irror f ro m grave n
o. 227 a
t
Barboasa. T
hree o
f t
he s
even s
pec
i mens d
iscovered a
t P
aduren
i d
epict a
whee
l w
ith s
pokes a
nd h
ub; t
he a
xle i
s i
ndica
ted b
y ac
entra
l p
rom
inence a
nd
t
he h
ub b
y ac
irc
le (
Pl. CLXX
III/1, CLXX
EV/1-2
); t
wo s
pec
i mens b
ear t
he
l
etter H l
ike t
he mirror o
f V
irt
isco
iu, b
ut t
he v
ert
ica
l s
trokes o
f t
he l
et
ter
a
re arranged i
n adif
feren
t manner (
co mpare Pl. CLXX[I
I/2, CLXX IV/5,6
w
ith Pl. CLXXI
II/5-6); one s
pec
i men i
s decorated w
ith two l
et
ters S wh
ich
o
ver
lap e
ach o
ther i
n t
he s
hape o
f ac
ross (
Pl. CLX MV/4
); t
he l
ast

9
8
s
pec
i men b
ears a more c
omp
licated s
ign
, c
ons
ist
ing o
f c
o mponen
ts wh
ich
c
annot b
e d
eciphered b
ecause o
f ac
ast
ing d
efec
t (
Pl. CLX
:XT
II/4
, CLXX
IV/3
).

The mirror f
ro m Bu
tnäre9ti h
as e
ight rel
ief r
ibb
ings on t
he reverse
, which
r
adia
te from the c
entre and n
ot f
ro m a c
irc
le as a
t Päduren
i (Pl. CLXXIII/2
a
nd CLXXV/1
). T
he s
ymbo
ls wh
ich o
ccur o
n t
he f
ragmen
ts f
ro m P
oiana-
Du
lce e
i a
nd Du m
itre9
tii-Gä
1äp
i c
anno
t b
e d
eciphered
. S
ymbo
ls i
n t
he s
hape
o
f ahor
izontal H(s
ix t
imes
) and t
he wheel w
ith s
ix s
pokes are t
he most f
re-
q
uen
tly encoun
tered. Mirrors w
ith t
a mga
, of t
he s
ame type as t
hose d
iscover-
e
d i
n t
he Carpa
thian c
o mp
lexes
, a
lso o
ccur i
n S
arma
tian c
ontex
ts, b
oth i
n t
he
e
xtra-Carpa
thian a
rea o
f Ro man
ia a
nd i
n t
he Nor
th-Pon
tic s
teppes. T
hese
a
re a
lso k
nown w
ith
in t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f M
ilitar
i- Mätäsaru t
ype
, a
t M
ilitar
i,
S
träu
le§ti
, firg9or a
nd Mätäsaru and a
re absen
t f
ro m t
he c
e meteries. Unt
il
n
ow only f
rag men
ts o
f mirrors made o
f wh
ite meta
l have b
een discovered i
n
t
hese s
ett
le men
ts, a
nd f
or t
h
is r
eason w
e d
o n
ot k
now wha
t k
ind o
f t
a mga t
hey
h
ad. T
he mirrors a
re a
bsen
t f
ro m t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
e meter
ies o
f Ch
ilia-
S
cornice9t
i type (
the area t
o t
he East o
f t
he l
imes transalu
tanus). Mirrors
o
f b
ronze a nd o
f white meta
l are e
ncountered i
n t
he North-Pont
ic s
teppes a
s
a
t Carp
ic s
i
tes a
nd t
hose o
f b
ronze p
redom
ina
te. S
ovie
t s
cho
lars d
ate t
he m
t
o t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D. 3
03 T
he p
resence o
f m
irrors w
ith
in b
oth t
he
Carp
ic a
nd t
he S
ar ma
tian c
ontex
t, c
auses u
s t
o c
all t
he m m
irrors o
f t
he
Carp
ic-Sarma
tian t
ype. 304

T
he t
ype o
f m
irror w
ith c
onica
l p
ro m
inence o
n t
he c
entre a
nd s
trong
ly
r
elie
fed e
dge
, w
ithou
t t
a mga i
s n
ot e
ncoun
tered i
n Ro man
ia. Th
is v
arian
t
o
f m
irror
, wh
ich i
s w
ell-a
ttested i
n t
he N
orth-Pon
tic s
teppes, p
receded t
he
m
irrors o
f Carp
ic-Sarma
tian t
ype. T
he a
bsence o
f m
irrors w
ithou
t t
a mga
,
f
ro m t
he a
rea t
o t
he Wes
t of t
he Dn
ies
ter , causes us t
o g
ive the m t
he na me
Pon
tic-Sarma
tian t
ype
; t h
is t
ype i
s wel
l dated in t
he t
erritory o
f the USSR
d
uring t
he i
st c
entury B
.C.-2nd c
entury A .
D. 3 °5

The r
epertory o
f t
he symbols on m
irrors of t
he Carpic-Sarmat
ian t
ype
i
s more v
aried in t
he S
ar ma
tian t
han in t
he Carp
ic areas. T he m
irrors w
ith
t
a mga a
re widely dis
tribu
ted on Soviet t
erritory
. I n a
ll probabi
lity t
hese
w
ere created in Kuban i
n consequence of t
he impetus c
om ing fro m C
entra
l
As
ia (
t
he S
iber
ian-Ch
inese a
rea
) a
nd f
ro m t
here t
hey s
pread o
ver o
ther r
egions
,
a
nd n
ew v
arian
ts a
rose a
ccord
ing t
o p
references. T
he s
pec
i mens w
ith
ornament i
n t
he shape o
f t
he l
etter H a
re part
icular
ly c
oncen
trated i
n t
he
Bosporus a
rea a
nd the most n
u merous spec
i mens h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t
Ker
tch
, s
i
tua
ted n
ear Kuban
, where t
he t
ype o
f m
irror was c
rea
ted a
nd f
ro m
whence i
tdif
fused o
ver o
ther r
egions
, a
rriv
ing among t
he Carp
i. T
he f
inds
on t
he l
ower Dn
ieper and a
t O
lbia (
Paru
tino) mark t
heir r
oute t
o t
he West. 306
The whee
l w
ith spokes
, which i
s asymbol o
f t
he sun, i
s encoun
tered o
n a
r
ange o
f m
irrors a
lso d
iscovered i
n t
he Kuban a
nd Cr
i mea r
egions
, a
nd f
ro m
whence
, v
ia t
he Roxo
lan
i, t
hey a
rrived i
n Ro man
ia; t
he e
arl
iest s
pec
i men
h
as b
een f
ound i
n t
he S
arma
tian c
e me
tery a
t T
irg rr
. O
ther s
ymbo
ls c
on-
s
idered a
s s
ymbo
ls o
fthe s
un h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he S
arma
tian c
ontex
t,
n
a mely a c
irc
le w
ith p
ro m
inence o
n t
he c
entre
, s
quares
, r
ectang
les a
nd
r
hombo
ids w
ith s
tra
igh
t o
r c
urved s
ides
, f
ro m whence s
tra
igh
t o
r b
roken
l
ines s
ome
ti mes s
pring
. 307 T
he s
ymbo
ls o
n t
he m
irrors f
ro m g
rave n
o. 3
4
(
Pl. CLXX
EV/4
) a
nd 6
0 (
Pl. CLXX
IV/3
) a
t 14
.duren
i c
an a
lso b
e i
n
terpreted

9
9
a
s s
olar s
ymbo
ls; a
nalog
ies w
ith
.the m e
xis
t i
n t
he s
outhern r
egions o
f t
he
USSR
, f
ro m whence t
hey p
enetra
ted t
o t
he West
.

We must r
e me mber t
hat mirrors were c
ons
idered a
s s
olar s
ymbols by
t
he a
ncien
t Chinese and b
y so me groups o
f p
eop
les i
n S
iber
ia; not l
ong a
go,
t
he I
ukagh
irin
a me f
or t
he m
irror was "
pectora
l s
un" .
308

Mirrors w
ith t
a mga
, i
nit
ially a
dopted fro m t
he S
armatians
, began t
o be
manu
factured i
n Ro man
ia a
s is d
e monstra
ted b y t
he e
xcavat
ions a
t Bucharest-
Mil
itari, where an i
ntact mould for c
asting mirrors and f
ragments be
longing
t
o another three s
peci mens have been d
iscovered. 3 " Itis c
lear t
hat a
g
enu ine workshop f
or casting mirrors existed i
n t
he ind
igenous s
ett
le ment o
f
Bucharest- M
ilitar
i; t
he ar
tisans c
ould be o
f S
arma t
ian o
r Dac
ian o
rigin
. I n
t
he l
ight of p
resent e
vidence, i
tis very d
ificu
lt t
o know wh
ich m
irrors were
p
roduced i
n t
he Carp
ic-Dac
ian c
ontex
t, a
nd w
hich s
pec
i mens w
ere i
mpor
ted.
A c
lear a
nswer to t
his can b
e given on
ly by f
uture a
nalys
is o
f the pieces d
is-
c
overed both i
n t
he Nor
th-Pon t
ic steppes a
nd in t
he ex
tra-Carpath
ian z one
o
f Ro man
ia.

Un
til t
h
is i
s d
one
, w
e w
ill f
ormu
late t
he f
ol
low
ing h
ypo
thes
is; i
n
itia
lly
t
he mirrors were c
arr
ied to Ro man
ia by t
he S
arma tians f
ro m t
he Nor
th-
Pon
tic s
teppes. When it was c
lear tha
t t
he Dacian-Carpic popu
lat
ion mani-
f
ested a
n i
nteres
t i
n t
hese o
bjects
, t
hen mou
lds w
ere a
lso b
rough
t a
nd a
rtisans
b
egan t
o work i
n Ro man
ia, b
oth f
or t
he Carp
i a
nd t
he S
arma
tians w
ho e
ntered
t
he L
ower Danube. Dur
ing t
his t
ime, mou
lds (
of c
lay a
nd o
f s
tone
), c
opy
ing
t
he o
rig
ina
l mode
ls, w
ere manu
factured
. T
aking a
ccoun
t o
f t
he l
arge d
iver-
s
ity o
f t
he m
irrors
, b
oth a
s r
egards s
ize a
nd o
rnamen
t, e
ven i
fthe s
ame
s
igns a
re r
epresented
, itwould s
ee m t
hat i
tw as n
ot p
oss
ible t
o c
ast many
p
ieces i
n as
ingle mould
.31° Accord
ing to t
he f
inds s
o f
ar r
ecovered
, the
Carp
i see m t
o have preferred mirrors made of w
hite meta
l, with so
lar
symbols o
n the reverse. T his preference i
s e
xpl
icable i
fw e admi
t the e
xis-
t
ence o
f t
he s
olar c
ult w
ith
in Carp
ic s
ocie
ty, wh
ich i
s a
lso s
uggested b
y t
he
p
rac
tice o
f c
re ma
tion-bur
ial. However
, w
ith r
egard t
o t
he s
ign
ificance o
f
t
he t
amga on Sarmatian mirrors
, scho
lars d
if
fer. T he p
resence o
f s
igns
o
f t
his k
ind a
s the emble m o
f t
he k
ings o
f B
osporus a
nd on o
ther c
ategor
ies
o
f o
bjec
ts (
stelae o
f s
tone
, c auldrons o
f meta
l etc .
)3
11 has c
aused much d
is-
c
uss
ion. Ih ave a
lready expressed my view concern
ing t
he t
a mga f
rom t
he
Carp
ic c
ulture
, 3
12 c
ons
ider
ing t
he m a
s s
olar s
ymbo
ls w
ith a
n o
rnamen
tal
r
ole i
n a
ddit
ion t
o t
hat o
f a mag
ica
l-apo
tropa
ic c
haracter
. I
tis n
ot n
eces-
s
ary t
o d
eal w
ith t
he o
pin
ions o
f o
ther s
cho
lars b
ut o
nly t
o e
nu mera
te t
he m
b
rief
ly. S
o me r
esearchers c
ons
idered t
he t
a mga t
o b
e p
art o
f t
he i
deograph-
wr
iting o
f the S
cythians (A. I
. S
avelev, 1875) or r
une-s
igns connected w
ith
t
he presence o
f the Goths t
o t
he North o
f the B
lack Sea (P. C
. Buracicov,
1
875
; C
. Wa
tzinger
, 1
909
; K
. S
chuchard
, 1
928
; L
. Cos
tons
id, 1
939
).
O
ther r
esearchers c
ons
ider t
hat t
he t
a mga was a
t t
he b
asis o
f S
lavon
ic
g
lago
lit
ic wr
iting (
N. A
. C
onstan
tinov
, 1
951 a
nd 1
957
) a
nd t
hey h
ave e
ven
c
o me t
o r
efer t
o t
he "
Slavon
ic t
a mga" ,
connect
ing t
he S
arma
tian t
a mga w
ith
t
he s
o-ca
lled "
run
ic s
igns". I
n o
ther o
pin
ions t
he s
igns u
nder d
iscuss
ion w
ere
"
ord
inary Greek monogra ms"
, a
nd s
cho
lars h
ave s
ough
t a
nalog
ies w
ith t
hese
s
igns a
nd w
ith
in t
he G
reek a
lphabet a
nd h
ave a
ccep
ted t
he t
erm t
a mga o
nly
f
or t
he v
ery s
i mp
le s
igns (
N. Humbach
, 1
960-1962
; B
. Nade
l, 1
963
). The

1
00
ma
jor
ity o
f r
esearchers c
ons
ider t
he t
a mga a
s b
eing a s
ign o
f p
roper
ty,
f
irst o
f at
riba
l a
nd l
ater o
f ap
ersona
l c
harac
ter
, w
ith t
he a
ppearance o
f
p
riva
te p
roper
ty. O
ther r
esearchers a
ttr
ibu
te t
o t
he m a r
elig
ious s
ign
ifi-
c
ance. Accord
ing t
o Herta Rupp t
hese s
igns w
ere "re
ligious Buddh
ist
s
ymbols". There a
re scho
lars who cons
ider t
hat t
he ta mgas h
ad a mu
ltip
le
s
ignif
icance (relig ious, signs of p
roperty etc.) while o
thers do n
ot be
lieve
t
hat t
hese signs c an h ave mult
iple sign
ificance ( magica
l sign a
nd also s
ign o
f
p
roper ty e
tc.) •
314 According to s
o me opinions
, t hese s
igns were made i
n-
c
iden
tal
ly w
ithou
t a
ny s
ign
ificance a
nd t
hey p
layed o
nly a
n o
rna men
tal r
ole.
With r
egard t
o the emb
le ms of t
he Bosporus k
ings
, s o me s
igns a
re c
onsidered
as a
ttr
ibutes o
f power and o
thers, w
ith dif
feren
t sign
ificances, w
ere adop
ted
f
rom t
he S
ar mat
ians by t
he k
ings, a
s ade
liberate c
oncession t
o t
he m. There
a
re a
lso s
o me r
esearchers who s
uppor
t t
he op
inion t
hat t
he Sarmat
ians a
dopted
t
he s
ymbo
ls f
ro m t
he Bosporus k
ings
, (
H. J
änichen
, 1
956
) o
r o
thers who a
t-
t
r
ibu
te t
hese s
igns t
o p
eop
les o
ther t
han t
he S
arma
tians. I
n r
eal
ity
, t
he
o
rig
in o
f t
he t
a mga mus
t n
e s
ought among a
ncien
t t ote m
ic s
igns, b
ut t
hose
k
nown b
y t
he S
arma t
ians a
re t
heir own c
rea
tion with impulses c
oming fro m
t
he S
iber
ian-Ch
inese a
reas.

Ih
ave mentioned b
efore t
hat Ib
elieve t
hat t
he mirrors with t
amgas had a
mag
ical-aop
tropaic s
ignif
icance
, protect
ing t
he bearer aga
ins t t
he e
vil s
pir
its
b
oth d
uring li
fe a
nd a
fter d
eath, f
or which r
eason t
hey were placed in g
raves.
I
tis i
nteres
ting t
o n
ote in t
his c
ontex
t t he f
ragmentary mirror discovered i
n
aSarmatian t
o mb a
t Brosc k
-ti (
d
istrict o
f Botoeani
). Ow ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat
t
he l
ateral l
oop was miss
ing, the d
isc had been perfora
ted t
o h
ang r
ound the
n
eck. Certain
ly i
n t
his c
ase t
he fragment o
f m
irror was w
orn a
s a
n amu
let
w
ith a
n e
vident
ly a
potropa
ic s
ignif
icance.

Usua
lly t
he m
irrors w
ere p
laced i
n t
heir e
ntirety i
n t
he g
raves
, a
s was
a
lso t
he c
ase among t
he S
arma
tians
, 3
16 a
nd more r
are
ly i
n af
ragmen
tary
s
tate (
Poieneet
i, graves, nos. 320 and 3
27). S
ince a
t Pa-d
uren
i, But
rareet
i
a
nd Poieneet
i the mirrors have been d
iscovered i
n g
raves con
tain
ing r
ich
f
unera
l-furn
iture
, w
e c
an c
onc
lude t
hat t
hey i
ndica
te r
ather t
he ma
ter
ial
wea
lth o
f t
he d
ead p
erson
, u
sua
lly a wo man
,317 r
ather t
han s
o me c
ompu
lsory
r
i
tua
l p
rac
tice
, a
dopted b
y t
he Carp
i f
ro m t
he S
arma
tians.

Probab
ly t
he smar
ter a
nd r
icher wo men o
f Carp
ic s
ociety wore t
he
m
irrors a
s meda
llions-a mu
lets
, h
ung a
t t
he t
hroa
t, w
ith t
he o
rna men
tal p
art
(
the ta mga) o
uts
ide and the lustrous surface (proper
ly, the mirror) inside.
We men tioned above t
hat at t
he sa me time they had a magica
l sign
ificance ,
protec
ting the bearer against the e
vil spir
its both i
n l
ife and a
fter death.

I
tis in
terest
ing to n
ote t
hat s
o far t
he m
irrors o
f Carpic-Sarmatian t
ype
d
iscovered i
n Ro man
ia occur i
n Carpic
, Dacian (
t
he Mil
itari- Mä
täsaru t
ype)
a
nd S
arma
tian c
ontex
ts wh
ich a
re d
ated i
n t
he 2
nd c
entury a
nd t
he f
irst h
alf
o
f t
he 3rd c
entury A.D. It s
ee ms t
hat t
he major
ity of s
peci mens d
o n
ot go
much b
eyond the m
iddle o
f t
he 3rd c
entury A
.D. ( Po
ieneeti
, g raves
, nos.
3
20 and 3
27).

I
n my o
pin
ion t
he mirrors w
ere u
sed i
n
itia
lly o
nly b
y t
he S
ar mat
ians
,
a
nd became l
ater c
ultura
l g
oods also among t
he richer s
tra
ta o
f Carpic
s
ociety
, and t
he p
resence o
r absence o
f these mirrors w
ith
in a Carp
ic

1
01
s
ett
le men
t o
r c
e metery c
anno
t a
lways b
e i
nterpreted a
s t
he p
resence o
r
a
bsence o
f S
ar ma
tian i
nf
luence
, b
ear
ing i
n m
ind t
hat t
hese o
bjec
ts b
egan
t
o b
e used b
y the Carpo-Dacians. We e xp
lain i
n t
his way t
he d
iscovery o
f
t
he Sarma
tian-Carpic mirror in t
he s
ett
le men
t a
t Sebe -Podul Pr
icopulu
i318

(
Transy
lvan
ia) wh
ich mus
t b
e c
onnected w
ith t
he p
resence o
f s
o me C
arp
i i
n
t
hat s
ett
le men
t. A s
imilar c
ase t
o t
he m
irrors o
f S
arma
tian t
ype w
ith
in t
he
Carpic cu
lture also happened w
ith the daggers o
f Scy
thian t
ype (ak
inakes)
with
in the Bire qti-Ferigele c
ulture wh
ich indica
tes to n
o grea
ter exten
t a
S
cyth
ian e
thn
ic p
resence i
n t
he c
e meter
ies b
elong
ing t
o t
h
is c
ulture.

TABLE 4

M
irrors of S
ar mat
ian-Carpic t
ype d
iscovered
i
n Carp
ic, Dacian a
nd Daco-Ro man s
ites

No. S
i
te S
ett
le men
t C
e me
tery T
ota
l O
bserva
tion

1 V
irt
i co
iu - 3 3 i
n
tac
t s
pec
i mens

2 Päduren
i _ 7 7

3 Butnäre. t
i _ 1 1

4 P
oiana-Du
lce t
i 2 - 2 f
ragmen
tary

5 P
oienes
ti - 2 2

6 B4rboasa-Gä
läne2t
i - 2 2 o
ne s
pec
i men
i
s i
n
tact

7 Du m
itre§t
ii-Gä
läi
ii 1 I 1f
ragmen
tary
s
pec
i men

8 S
ebes-Podu
l Pr
icopu
lui 1 _ 1
J

9 le
täsaru 2 - 2 f
ragmen
ts

1
0 T
irgeor 1 - 1 f
ragmen
ts

1
1 M
ilitar
i x - x

1
2 S
träu
le e
i 1 - 1

1
3 G
ura N
iscovu
lui - 1 1

Mirrors h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n S
arma
tian t
o mbs f
rom 2
7 l
oca
lit
ies i
n
Ro man
ia .
319

b
) P
owder c
ases

Two p
ieces h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n g
raves a
t P
äduren
i (
graves n
os. 3
4
a
nd 7
9). Both a
re sma
ll c
ylindr
ica
l c
ann
isters (
pyx
is) made o
f t
h
in s
hee
t
b
ronze c
onta
ining much c
opper
, w
ith r
ings o
n t
he b
ody a
nd t
he l
id s
erv
ing
f
or f
asten
ing a
nd f
or h
ang
ing t
o ad
ress
ing c
ase (
Pl. CLX
[I/2-3, CLX
III/4
,11
).

1
02
T
he s
pec
i men f
ro m g
rave n
o
,. 7
9 i
s d
ecora au r
ted " epousse" (
Pl. CLX
III/4
).
T
hey c
onta
ined a r
ose-co
loured p
owder
, w
hich i
n t
exture was s
imilar t
o
modern c
os met
ic powder
. Sma ll l
u mps o
f r
ed powder have a
lso b
een d
is-
c
overed i
n graves n
os. 14, 2
5, 3
4, 39 and 7
9 f
rom P äduren
i and i
n g
raves
n
os. 2
54 a
nd 2
49 f
ro m P
oien e
i. T
his s
ort o
f p
owder a
nd p
owder-cases
(
pyx
ides
) o
f b
ronze-sheet
, i
den
tica
l t
o t
hose f
ro m P
äduren
i, h
ave a
lso b
een
d
iscovered i
n S
arma
tian t
o mbs
, b
oth i
n t
he S
outh o
f t
he USSR a
nd i
n Hungary
a
nd the Ro man
ian Bana
t.3 2 ° A p
owder-case o
f t
his t
ype h
as been d
iscovered
w
ith
in the Przeworsk culture
, at Krosno
, d
istr
ict o
f Pas
lek321 and ano
ther
a
t G
organc
i i
n S
loven
ia, w
ith
in t
he Ro man p
rov
inc
ial c
ontex
t. 322 Probab
ly
t
hese p
owder-cases were not made b
y t
he Carpi
, the S
arma t
ians o r b
y the
p
eople o
f Przeworsk c
ulture. T he p
owder-cases were manufactured in
Ro man p
rov
inc
ial workshops a
nd a
rrived a
t t
hese s
i
tes i
n t
rade.

Afragment o
f apyxis o
fbone h
as b
een discovered a
t Po
iana-Dulcelti,
S
i
l4te
, in s
unken-f
loored h
ut n
o. 2
. S uch p
ieces have a
lso b
een i
dentif
ied
i
n t
he l
ate G
eto-Dac
ian s
ett
le men
t a
t P
oiana-Tecuc
i 3
23 a
nd i
n S
arma
tian
g
raves f
rom the Nor
th-Pontic s
teppes. We bel
ieve t
hat t
hese cy
lindr
ical
c
annis
ters o
f bone c
ould h
ave been made i
n t
he Sarma
tian-Pont
ic area, f
ro m
w
hence t
hey d
iffused o
ver t
he Daco-Carp
ic a
reas.

T
he e
xistence o
f p
owder-cases a
nd o
f t
he p
owder a
t P
äduren
i a
nd P
oiene . t
i
i
ndica
tes t
he c
osmet
ic p
reoccupa
tion o
f t
he w
o men o
f Carp
ic s
ociety
, p
robab
ly
o
f t
hose b
elong
ing t
o t
he t
r
iba
l a
ris
tocracy
. P
oss
ibly when S
trabo men
tions
t
he e
xis
tence o
f t
at
too
ing among t
he T
hrac
ians
, h
e a
l
ludes t
o c
os me
tic-cream
(
Geograph
ia V
II, 5
,4).

E
. ORNA MENTS

Archaeo
logical research
, especial
ly i
n t
he c
e meter
ies, has r
ecovered a
n
umber o
f orna men
ts of agrea
t beauty, b
eads o
f d
if
ferent f
orms and s
ize,
e
ar-r
ings
, b
race
lets e
tc. T
hese o
rna men
ts a
nd t
o
ilet a
rtic
les
, m
irrors
,
p
owder-cases a
nd p
owder
, s
how t
hat Carp
ic w
o men
, p
robab
ly t
hose b
elong-
i
ng t
o t
he ar
istocra
tic s
tra
ta, were among t
he mos
t e
legan
t a
nd smar
t w
o men
o
f t
he p
eriod.

a
) S
i
lver o
rna men
ts

S
i
lver orna men
ts w orked i
n f
i
ligree technique he
ld an i mportant p
lace
w
ithin t
he Carpic orna ments. These pieces, which are re markable f
or t
he
f
ineness o
f the t
echnique and o
f t
he decoration have been d
iscovered in
n
umbers i
n t
he c
e meter
ies
, i
n g
raves w
ith u
rns a
nd o
ften t
wo s
pec
i mens h
ave
b
een f
ound t
ogether
. F
our p
ieces w
ere f
ound i
n t
he s
ame u
rn a
t P
oiene§t
i
(
grave n
o. 6
5) a
nd a
t P
äduren
i (
grave n
o. 3
4), b
ut t
hey w
ere d
if
feren
t o
rna-
men
ts g
rouped i
n p
airs.

T
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he p
ieces b
ear t
races o
f c
ontact w
ith f
i
re a
nd f
or
t
h
is r
eason t
hey b
reak e
asi
ly. T
his e
xpla
ins why t
he p
ieces wh
ich h
ave b
een
d
iscovered i
n
tac
t d
ecay d
uring o
r a
fter t
he f
ind
ing
. T
he f
ineness o
f t
he
p
ieces p
resu mes t
hat t
hey w
ere n
ot w
orn b
y t
he c
orpse d
uring c
re ma
tion
,
s
ince i
n t
hat c
ase t
hey wou
ld h
ave b
een c
o mp
lete
ly d
estroyed. T
his i
s c
lear
,
s
ince g
old a
nd s
i
lver i
n c
ontac
t w
ith c
harcoa
l a
bsorbs s
o much c
arbon t
hat

1
03
t
hey b
eco me d
ark-co
loured a
nd h
ave a l
ower mel
ting p
oin
t t
han n
orma
l f
or
t
hose meta
ls. Probab
ly t
hey w
ere p
laced t
ogether w
ith t
he h
eated r
e ma
ins
o
f t
he c
re ma
tion i
n t
he u
rns
, o
r w
ere s
cat
tered o
ver t
he p
yre a
t t
he e
nd o
f
t
he c
re ma
tion
, when r
i
tes w
ere p
ract
iced. T
hree t
ypes o
f o
rnamen
ts w
orked
i
n f
i
ligree t
echn
ique a
re k
nown
: e
ar-r
ings
, b
eads i
n t
he s
hape o
f ab
arre
l
a
nd b
asket-pendan
ts.

1
. Ear-r ings. T hese a
re o
f penannular f
orm with a d
eta
iled a
nd compli-
c
ated d
ecora
tion cons
is t
ing o
f c
onical pro
truding t
orsades and g
ranula
tions
;
t
he h
oop is tw
isted a
nd a
ttached t
o t
he p
late by aclasp. In
tact spec
i mens
h
ave been d
iscovered a
t Vir
ti.Fo
iu, Po
ieneTti, Pädureni
, Välen
i-Bo tej
ti e
tc.
(P
l. CLXXV/5-6, CL)0
(VI/1-5
, CLXXV II/1-3, CLX,CC
E/13-28
). At
Poiene
_et
i t
wo e
ar-r
ings h
ave b
een d
iscovered in g
raves n
os. 5
5, 6
6, 2
30 a
nd
3
20, a
nd o
ne e
ar-r
ing i
n g
raves n
os. 7
1 a
nd 3
27; t
he o
vera
ll n
umber i
s 1
0
p
ieces. A
t Päduren
i, g
raves n
os. 3
, 3
4, 7
9 a
nd 8
0 c
onta
ined t
wo e
arings
;
g
raves n
os. 9
, 2
5, 39
, 82 a
nd 84 c
ontained o
ne ear-ring
; t he overall n
umber
i
s 1
3 p
ieces. As r
egards t
he o
ther s
ites t
he fo
llowing nu mber o
f pieces a
re
p
ubl
ished
: t
hree f
ro m V
irt
ieco
lu, t
wo f
ro m V
älen
i-Bot W
i a
nd f
ragmen
ts
p
robab
ly b
elong
ing t
o t
wo p
ieces f
ro m Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära. Two f
ragmen
tary
e
ar-r
ings h
ave b
een f
ound i
n s
yste ma
tic e
xcava
tion a
t Bu
tnäre
_sit
iand f
ragmen
ts
b
elong
ing t
o t
wo o
ther s
pec
i mens d
iscovered b
y c
hance i
n t
he o
rchard b
elong-
i
ng t
o N. Ch
ivaru are i
n t
he Museu m o
f Pia
tra N
ea mt
. I n c
onsequence, ac-
c
ording t
o t
he pub
lished mater
ial a
nd the r
esu
lts o
f our e
xcava
tion, 33 p
ieces
a
re k
nown a
t p
resen
t (
see T
able 5
).

2
. Ho l
low b eads i
n the shape of ab arrel (
P l. CLXXV/3, C UO CVIII/
1,3,
CLX) a/2, 4, 6-8, CL200ü/1-6 ). Two v ariants made in t
he same technique
a
nd of t
he sa me shape and s
ize a re d
istinguishab le. T hey d
if
fer in a
n orna-
men
tal detail
: t he median zone is decorated with c on
ical p
rotuberances
(
Pl. CLXXV
III/1
) o
r w
ith r
oset
tes (
Pl. CLXXV
III/3
). Bo
th v
arian
ts h
ave b
een
d
iscovered i
n g
rave n
o. 6
5 a
t P
oiene§t
i (
Pl. CLXXV
III/
1, 3
). Usua
lly a
s
ing
le piece o
ccurs in each grave (Po
iene§ti
, graves n
os. 3
6, 115, 2
26, 251,
2
88 and 327
; P ädureni
, g raves nos. 3, 1
4, 39
, 79, 84 a
nd 8
5); two p
ieces
(
P5
,duren
i g
rave n
o. 2
2), t
hree p
ieces Päduren
i, g
raves n
os. 3
4 a
nd 8
0) a
nd
f
our p
ieces (
Poiene§
ti g
rave n
o. 6
5) o
ccur more r
are
ly i
n t
he s
a me g
rave.

T
en b
eads h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oiene e
i, 1
4 a
t Pä
.duren
i a
nd 4 a
t
Bu
tnä
.re e
i. B
eads h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gdbara a
nd i
n o
ther
c
e meteries, but t
heir n
u mber i
s u
nknown. Since t
hey are much more f
rag
ile
t
han ear-rings they d
ecay eas
ily. This e
xpla
ins t
he re
la t
ively sma
ll n
umber of
o
f f
inds ofb eads.

e
. P
endan
ts i
n t
he s
hape o
f ab
asket
, w
ith e
longa
ted c
onica
l b
ottom
, h
igh
a
nd c
ylindr
ica
l b
ody a
nd b
road s
emi-c
ircu
lar h
and
le (
Pl. CLXXV
III/2
,4);
t
hey a
re worked i
n f
i
ligree a
nd d
eta
iled d
ecora
tion w
ith c
onica
l p
ro m
inences
a
nd g
ranu
lat
ion
. I
ntact o
r f
ragmen
tary s
pec
i mens h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n
a
l most a
ll t
he c
e me
ter
ies wh
ich h
ave b
een more e
xtens
ively i
nves
tiga
ted
.
The l
arges
t n
u mber (
16
) o
f t
hese o
rna men
ts h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t P
a-d
uren
i;
o
nly t
wo p
ieces h
ave b
een f
ound a
t P
oiene e
i (
Pl. CLXXV
III/2, 4
, CLXXX/1 ,3
,
CLX)OC
E/7-12
). Usua
lly
, t
wo o
rna men
ts o
f t
h
is t
ype h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n
t
he s
a me u
rn (
Päduren
i, g
raves n
os. 4
, 1
7, 3
4, 4
8, 6
8); more r
are
ly o
ne
(
Päduren
i, g
raves
, n
os. 3
, 3
9 a
nd 7
9; P
oienel
ti, g
raves n
os. 6
5 a
nd 2
54)

1
04
o
r t
hree (
Päduren
i, g
rave n
o. 8
0). S
ix s
pec
i mens f
ro m Mo
ldoven
i-Gäbara
a
re p
ubl
ished
; t
hey w
ere d
i§covered i
n t
he s
ame g
rave (
grave n
o. 3
6 -P
l.
CLXX EX/
1-6 ). P endan
ts, l
ike si
lver b
eads worked i
n f
i
ligree
, were worn
t
ogether with o
ther t
ypes o
f beads i
n n
ecklaces a
nd were a
lways p
laced i
n a
c
entra
l p
osition
. T he n
ecklace f
ro m g
rave no. 3
6 at Mo
ldoveni-Gäbara
c
onsis
ted on
ly of p
endants. Ithas been n
oticed t
hat e
ar-rings
, beads i
n t
he
s
hape o
f ab
arre
l and b
asket-pendan
ts o
ccur r
oughly in t
he s
a me t
o mbs a
t
P
äduren
i. This i
s p
art
ially con
firmed i
n t
he c
e metery o
f Po
ieneet
i. I t
s
hows t
hat t
he women who w
ore e
ar-r
ings wan
ted t
o h
ave b
eads o
r s
i
lver
p
endan
ts i
n t
heir n
eck
laces. T
he f
ol
low
ing t
able s
hows t
he s
itua
tion a
t
Päduren
i a
nd i
l
lustra
tes b
etter t
h
is o
bserva
tion
.

TABLE 5

S
i
lver o
rna men
ts worked i
n f
i
ligree t
echn
ique
,
d
iscovered a
t P
aduren
i

N
o. o
f N
o. o
f N
o. o
f b
eads i
n No. o
f b
asket-
g
rave e
ar-r
ings s
hape o
f b
arre
l p
endan
ts Observa
tion

3 2 1 1 g
rey u
rn

4 2 t

9 1 !
I

1
4 1
_ 1 r
ed u
rn

1
7 2

2
2 2 g
rey u
rn

2
5

3
4 2 3 2

3
9 1 1 1

4
8 2

6
8 2

7
9 2 1 1 r
ed u
rn

8
0 2 3 3 g
rey u
rn

8
2 1 1

8
4

8
5

T
ota
l 1
3 1
6

1
05
Accord
ing t
o t
he t
able o
rna men
ts worked i
n f
i
ligree t
echn
ique h
ave b
een d
is-
c
overed o
nly i
n g
raves c
onta
ining w
heel- made u
rns
, g
rey-f
ired (
13 p
ieces
)
a
nd more r
are
ly, r
ed-f
ired (
t
hree p
ieces
).

We po
int out a
lso t
hat o
nly 16 o
f 77 excava
ted graves con
tained t
hese
k
inds o
f orna men
ts. Th is n
u mber see ms t
o be smal
l, bu
t ifw e t
ake i
nto
a
ccoun
t t
he f
act t
hat men
, wo men a
nd c
hildren w
ere i
nterred i
n t
he c
e me
tery
,
a
nd t
hat o
nly w
o men wore t
hese o
rna men
ts, t
hen t
he s
tat
ist
ica
l i
nforma
tion
c
an b
e r
ight
ly a
pprec
iated
. T
here i
s n
o e
vidence o
f t
he n
u mber o
f t
o mbs
belong
ing t
o wo men a
nd i
n consequence w
e d
o n
ot k
now e
xact
ly t
he n
umber o
f
wo men w
ho wore such o
rna ments.

T
able 5 s
hows t
hat a
l
l t
hree t
ypes o
f o
rnamen
ts (
ear-r
ings
, b
eads a
nd
b
asket-pendan
ts) h
ave b een d
iscovered i
n f
ive t
o mbs (
graves n
os. 3
, 34
, 39,
7
9, and 80
). T he graves nos. 3
, 34, 7
9 and 8
0 conta
ined two e
ar-r
ings, on
ly
o
ne piece was d
iscovered i
n grave n
o. 39. I tf
ollows that 9o
f 1
3 ear-rings
were d
iscovered with t
he o
ther t
ypes o
f fi
ligree orna men
ts, a
nd one e
ar-ring
o
ccurs (
grave no. 84
) w
ith a s
i
lver bead
. I n t
hree c
ases (
graves n
os. 9
, 25
a
nd 82
) t
he ear-rings a
re n
ot assoc
iated w
ith f
i
ligree o
rna men
ts, b
ut w
ith
o
ther p
ieces
, espec
ial
ly g
lass o
r cha
lcedony b
eads. T hree graves (
nos. 14,
2
2 and 8
5) c
onta
ined o
nly b
eads i
n t
he s
hape o
f abarre
l (tota
l: f our s
peci mens
),
a
nd f
our g
raves (
4
, 1
7, 4
8 a
nd 6
8) h
ad o
nly b
asket-pendan
ts w
ithou
t e
ar-r
ings
o
r s
i
lver b
eads.

The presence o
f asingle bead or b
asket-pendant c
an b e j
ust
ified by t
he f
act
t
hat t
hey were hung f
ro m a n
ecklace or were worn as amulets; the presence
o
f asing
le e ar-r
ing can b
e explained i
n o
ther w ays
; f irst
ly the ear-r
ings
may h
ave b
een d
estroyed i
n t
he p
yre o
r i
n t
he u
rn; s
econd
, t
he r
espec
tive
p
erson may h
ave worn o
nly a s
ing
le e
ar-r
ing
; t
h
ird
, o
ne o
f t
he e
ar-r
ings
may h
ave b
een l
ost a
nd o
nly t
he e
xist
ing s
pec
i men p
laced i
n t
he ur
n.

T
he s
itua
tion a
t P
oiene§t
i i
s t
o ac
erta
in e
xten
t d
ifferen
t f
ro m t
hat e
xist
ing
a
t Päduren
i; t
he t
hree c
ategor
ies o
f o
rnamen
ts (
ear-r
ings
, b
eads a
nd b
asket-
p
endan
ts) d
o n
ot o
ccur t
ogether i
n a
ny o
f t
he t
o mbs. I
n as
ing
le c
ase t
he s
a me
g
rave c
onta
ined o
nly e
ar-r
ings a
nd b
eads (
grave n
o. 2
37 c
onta
ining o
ne s
ing
le
s
pec
i men o
f e
ach k
ind o
f o
rna men
t), b
eads w
ith b
asket t
ogether h
ave a
lso b
een
d
iscovered i
n as
ing
le c
ase (
grave n
o. 6
5, c
onta
ining f
our b
eads a
nd a b
asket-
p
endan
t). I
n t
he r
est o
f t
he c
ases e
ach t
ype o
f o
rnamen
t was d
iscovered b
y
i
tsel
f. As a
t Pä
.duren
i, t
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he e
ar-r
ings (
8 o
ut o
f 1
0) o
ccur i
n
p
airs (
graves nos. 55
, 66
, 290 a
nd 3
20)
; t wo g
raves (nos. 71 and 327) c
on-
t
ained o
nly a s
ingle e
ar-r
ing
. As at Päduren
i, the ma
jor ity o
f the f
il
igree
o
rnamen
ts f
ro m P
oiene§t
i h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n g
rey u
rns (
10 p
ieces
);
o
nly t
hree u
rns (
as a
t Pgduren
i) were r
ed-f
ired
.

A
pproxi ma
tely t
he same p roport
ion e
xists between the graves conta
ining
s
i
lver orna men
ts and t
hose without t
hese k
ind of ornamen ts, 13 o
ut of 6
6 at
P
oienest
i and 16 o
ut o
f 77 a
t P ädureni. On the other h
and , t
he nu mber of
o
rna men
ts i
s a
l mos
t d
oub
le a
t Päduren
i i
n c
o mpar
ison w
ith P
oien e
i; 4
3
p
ieces a
t Pä
chiren
i a
nd o
nly 2
2 p
ieces a
t P
oiene9
ti. T
his wou
ld s
how t
hat t
he
ma
ter
ial p
rosper
ity o
f t
he p
eop
le was l
ower d
uring t
he l
ater p
eriod o
f t
he
Carp
ic culture, i
n co mpar
ison with t
hat ex
isting i
n t
he p
eriod of i
t
s grea
test
f
lowering
, i n t
he s
econd half o
f t
he 2nd century a
nd t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 3rd

1
06
c
entury A
.D. t
o wh
ich p
eriod t
he c
e metery o
f Päduren
i i
s d
ated. Dur
ing t
he
p
eriod o
f t
he e
xis
tence o
f t
he s
ett
le men
t a
nd c
e metery a
t Päduren
i, t
he Go
ths
o
ccup
ied t
he Nor
th-Pon
tic s
teppes a
nd t
ook o
ver t
he l
eadersh
ip o
f t
he a
nti-
Ro man c
oal
ition o
n t
he L
ower Danube f
ro m t
he Carp
i who h
ad l
ed i
tunt
il t
he
m
idd
le o
f t
he c
entury
. T
his n
ew s
i
tua
tion b
rough
t a
bou
t al
ower ma
ter
ial
s
tandard f
or t
he Carpi i
n th
is period. T h
is i
s the e
xplanat
ion
, w e th
ink, o
f the
e
xistence o
f alarge n
u mber o
f si
lver ornaments and o
f o
ther grave-goods a
t
P
äduren
i i
n c
ontras
t w
ith t
he s
i
tua
tion e
xis
ting a
t P
oiene§
ti, a
lthough a
n a
p-
p
rox
i ma
tely e
qua
l n
u mber o
f g
raves h
ave b
een e
xcava
ted i
n b
oth c
e me
ter
ies.
(
66 a
t P
oiene t
i, 7
7 a
t Päduren
i). T
he d
if
ference i
n g
rave-goods c
an b
e e
x-
p
lained a
lso by t
he fact t
hat s
o me sett
le men
ts c
ould b
e richer and o
thers
p
oorer, but we b
elieve tha
t th
is is not t
he c
ase w
ith Po
iene§ti which was
r
eal
ly a
n impor
tan
t Carp
ic s
ett
le men
t.

Tab
le 6 shows the s
ituat
ion at P
oiene9ti a
s concerns t
he orna men
ts under
d
iscuss
ion. We s hou
ld note t
hat we c
annot show a s
im i
lar s
ituat
ion at t
he
o
ther c
e meteries
, since the ma
terial i
s not p
ubl
ished. The r ela
tively l
arge
n
u mber o
f s
i
lver o
rna men
ts d
iscovered w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
ontex
t s
hows t
hat
t
he Carp
i, l
ike t
he G
eto-Dac
ians o
f t
he L
a r
i
‘ne p
eriod
, p
referred s
i
lver
o
rnamen
ts. The p
rob
le m i
s t
o d
ecide where
, a
nd b
y who m
, t
he o
rnamen
ts
w
ere p
roduced. I
tis k
nown t
hat t
he f
i
ligree t
echn
ique
, b
oth i
n s
i
lver a
nd
g
old
,is a
n a
ncien
t o
ccupa
tion t
ypica
l o
f Or
ien
tal a
nd Graeco-Etruscan me
tal-
w
ork
. T
he f
a mous d
agger w
ith t
he h
and
le d
ecora
ted w
ith g
ranu
lat
ion d
is-
c
overed i
n T
utenkha men
's t
o mb a
nd t
he Etruscan o
rna men
ts f
ro m t
he 7
th-
5
th c
entur
ies B
.C. a re a
t t
he p
eak o
f f
il
igree working
.

TABLE 6

S
i
lver o
rnamen
ts worked i
n f
i
ligree t
echn
ique
d
iscovered a
t P
oien e
i

No. o
f N
o. o
f N
o. o
f b
eads i
n No. o
f b
asket-
No. t
o mb e
ar-r
ings s
hape o
f b
arre
l p
endan
ts Observa
tion

1 3
6 1 g
rey u
rn
2 5
5 2
3 6
5 1
_ 4 1 t
f

4 6
6 2 r
ed u
rn
5 7
1 1 g
rey u
rn
6 15 1 r
ed u
rn
7 2
26 1 t
8 2
30 2 g
rey u
rn
9 2
51 1 T

1
0 2
54 1 I
T

1
1 2
88 1 I
T

1
2 3
20 2
1
3 3
27 1 1 1

T
ota
l 1
0 1
0 2

1
07
We men
tion t
hat t
he g
ranu
lat
ion o
ccurs more f
requen
tly o
n g
old o
rnamen
ts
t
han o
n t
he s
i
lver s
pec
i mens. T
he f
i
ligree a
nd g
ranu
lat
ion t
echn
ique a
re a
lso
w
ell k
nown during t
he He
llenist
ic per
iod
. T
hese t
echn
iques a
re n
ot t
ypica
l
o
f t
he Ro man o
r Cel
tic wor
ld. 325

T
he a
rt o
f f
i
ligree a
nd g
ranu
lat
ion work w
as i
ntense
ly d
eve
loped i
n t
he
Nor
thern c
oun
tries f
ro m t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D. ,a
nd r
eached a p
eak i
n
t
he 5
th-6th c
entury A
.D.

T
he silver orna ments f
ro m the Carpic con
tex t cons
titute a c
learly-def
ined
e
ntity ow
ing to the metal (s
ilver) of wh
ich they are made a nd t
o their f
orm.
The manner of their working shows that t
hey w ere produced in Ro man work-
s
hops, and s o f
ar al
l Ro man ian scho
lars support this opin
ion. S
ome t echnica
l
d
eta
ils o
f t
he e
ar-r
ings (
see t
he "
Herak
les k
not" o
n t
he i
nside o
f t
hese p
ieces
)
r
eflect aH
ellen
ist
ic w
ork-techn
ique (
Pl. CLXXV/5-6
, CLXXV
1/5
, CLX)02/
2
2-23).

We have ment
ioned tha
t t
hese k
inds of o
rnaments are n
ot k
nown anywhere
e
xcept i
n t
he area i
nhab
ited by t
he Carp
i. H owever
, ornaments o
f t
he t
ype found
i
n t
he Carp
ic c
ontex
t d
o o
ccur i
n s
o me p
laces w
ith
in t
he Ro man p
rov
ince o
f
Dac
ia n
a me
ly S
oporu
l d
e C
i mp
ie a
nd Obre
ja i
n T
ransy
lvan
ia, F
ärca9e
le a
nd
Re9ca i
n Olten
ia, o
n the righ
t bank o
f the O
lt. Gh. Pop
ilian has r
ecently d
is-
covered "
fragments o
f si
lver orna men
ts worked i
n t
he f
iligree t
echnique" i
n
t
he c
e metery a
t L
ocusten
i. 3
26

Such o
rna ments h
ave n ot b
een found in t
he s
ett
le ments and t
he ce meteries
b
elonging t
o the f
ree Dacians fro m t
he West and t
hey are n
ot at
tested w ith
in
t
he Lip4a cu
lture. F il
igree o rna ments o
ccur, i
n addit
ion to t
he area inhabi-
t
ed b
y t
he Carp
i, i
n t
he N
orthern r
egions
; t
he most s
outhern s
pec
i mens h
ave
b
een discovered i
n the Nor
th of Germany and w
ith
in the Przeworsk c
ult
ure
,327

but t
hese p
ieces d
iffer f
ro m t
he Carp
ic ones i
n meta
l (gold), i
n t
he f
orm a
nd
i
n t
he manner o
f a
rranging t
he decora
tion
. T hese orna men
ts are l
inked w
ith
t
he Nor
thern a
rea where t
he f
il
igree and granu
lation t
echnique i
n go
ld was
v
ery h
igh
ly d
eve
loped i
n t
h
is p
eriod 3
28 (
Pl. V
).

The b
est ana
logies c
an b
e drawn w
ith t
he gold f
ibu
la fro m Debal
tevo (
the
r
egion o
f Dneprope
trovsk) wh
ich was d
iscovered by agroup of workers o
n t
he
o
ccas
ion o
f t
he b
uild
ing o
f t
he r
ailway embankmen
t. A
ccord
ing t
o s
ome i
n-
f
orma
tion t
he f
ibu
la was f
ound t
ogether w
ith t
wo v
esse
ls o
f c
opper i
n a
b
arrow 3
29 (
Sar ma
tian t
o mb?
). T
he f
ibu
la w
as c
ons
idered l
ost f
or a l
ong
t
ime, bu
t entered t
he c
ollect
ion of t
he Len
ingrad Hermi
tage in 1968. T he
c
ones, granules a
nd t
wists not
iceable o
n t
he bow o
f t
he fi
bula f
rom D ebaltevo
a
re i
dentical t
o t
hose e
ncountered on t
he Carp
ic ornaments. T he fi
bu la is
d
ated t
o t
he i
st c
entury B
.C.-is
t c
entury A
.D. 330

A sma
ll v
esse
l o
f g
old w
ith t
he l
id d
ecora
ted w
ith f
i
ligree w
ork h
as b
een
d
iscovered on t
he N or
thern s
hore o
f t
he Black S
ea, at O
lbia; itis c
onsidered
a
s aS armat
ian p roduct.3
31 Two b
racelets w
ith f
i
ligree work h
ave been
d
iscovered a
t O
lbia a
nd a
t Sm
iela
, n
ear K
iev. 3
32 Bo
th s
pec
i mens a
re made
o
f g
old. Ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat t
hese b
race
lets w
ere made i
n a Greek t
ech-
n
ique
,334 i
tis p
resu mab
le tha
t they were manu
factured in acen
tre s
i
tua
ted
i
n t
he North-Pon
tic s
teppes
, like Olb
ia. T he f
iligree a
nd granu
lat
ion
t
echn
ique was t
aken o
ver f
ro m t
he N
orth-Pon
tic c
it
ies b
y o
ther g
roups o
f

1
08
p
eop
le 3
33 a
nd d
iffused a
s f
ar a
s Den mark
, N
orway a
nd Sweden
. T
hese t
ech-
n
iques a
ppear i
n f
orms w
hich b
eco me t
ypica
l o
f d
iverse p
opu
lat
ions a
ccord
ing
t
o t
heir p
reference a
nd t
o t
he p
referred me
tal o
f g
old f
or t
he G
erman p
eop
les
a
nd o
thers a
nd o
f s
i
lver f
or t
he Carp
i (
Pl. V
).

T
he f
i
ligree-work
, a
dop
ted a
nd p
rac
ticed b
y t
he o
ther p
eop
les o
f t
he n
orth
c
ould a
lso b
e a
cqu
ired b
y t
he Carp
i, who i
nher
ited f
ro m t
he Dac
ians a s
kil
l
i
n s
i
lver-work
ing
. I
tis t
rue t
hat n
o v
est
iges o
f workshops h
ave b
een f
ound
i
n t
he Carp
ic c
ontex
t, b
ut w
e must t
ake i
nto a
ccoun
t t
he f
act t
hat u
ntil n
ow
n
one o
f t
he s
ett
le men
ts h
as b
een c
o mp
lete
ly e
xcava
ted
. We d
o n
ot, h
owever
,
e
xclude t
he p
oss
ibi
lity t
hat t
hese o
rna men
ts w
ere manu
factured i
n c
entres
s
i
tua
ted i
n t
he Nor
th-Pon
tic s
teppes i
n s
pite o
f t
he f
act t
hat o
rna men
ts o
f
Carp
ic t
ype h
ave n
ot s
o f
ar b
een d
iscovered i
n t
hese a
reas.

T
he fact t
hat t
hey were no
t taken o
ver by t
he S
arma t
ians is i
n favour o
f
t
he h
ypothesis t
hat t
hey were produced i
n Carp
ic areas and t
hat t
he persons
who w
ore t
hese o
rna men
ts h
eld s
uch a h
igh s
ocia
l p
osit
ion t
hat t
he S
ar ma
tians
l
iving i
n the Carp
ic terr
itory n
ever acquired t
he m. For th
is reason
, in the
l
ight o
fp resent e
vidence, we t
hink i
t most p
robable t
hat t
he o
rnamen ts u
nder
d
iscussion w
ere produced i
n t
he Carpic r
egions,335 by meta
l-workers coming
f
rom the North-Pon
tic c
it
ies, who knew t
he fi
ligree a
nd granula
tion t
echn
ique
we
ll a
nd p
aid a
tten
tion t
o l
oca
l p
references
; t
he n
atives c
ould l
earn t
he
t
echn
ique f
ro m t
hese a
rtisans. I
fthe f
i
ligree a
nd g
ranu
lat
ion a
rt was p
rac-
t
iced i
n t
he Nor
thern c
oun
tries
, s
o much more c
ould i
tbe a
cqu
ired b
y t
he
Carp
i, who were t
he s
uccessors o
f t
he Thraco-Dacians a
nd creators o
f are-
markab
le ar
t, as i
s a
ttes
ted by t
he l
arge nu mber o
f h
oards d
iscovered with
in
t
he t
err
itory o
f Dac
ia. A
ll t
he o
rna men
ts d
iscovered w
ith
in t
he C
arp
ic c
on-
t
ext a
re made o
f si
lver
, which w
as a
lso t
he meta
l p
referred i
n t
he e
arl
ier
p
eriod b
y t
he Geto-Dac
ians.

We s
hou
ld men
tion t
hat t
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he f
inds
, b
oth i
n t
he C
arp
ic c
e me-
t
eries a
nd t
hose w
ithin t
he p
rovince
, cons
ist of f
ragments and n
ot of i
ntact
s
pecimens. T he n
u mber o
f f
il
igree o
rna men
ts in t
he Carp
ic ce meter
ies is
much more than 101, but we h
ave li
sted on
ly t
he publ
ished mate na (Cioara-
Once9t
i, Säuce§t
i); t he n
u mber o
f the p
ieces d
iscovered a
t Väleni-Bot W i,
Moldoven
i-G bara a nd at o
ther s
ites i
s known t
o be much l
arger than tha
t
pub
lished i
n our Table.

b
. Bucket-pendan
ts

T
hese a
re made o f i
ron
, bu
t one is o
f bronze (
Poiene9ti
, c re mat
ion-
g
rave n
o. 3
27); 335a t
hey a
re o
f c
ylindrica
l form, with f
lat bot
to m and a
sma
ll s
emic
ircu
lar h
and
le (
Pl. CL X
[V/7-10
, CLX)O
ZII/
13-14
). Un
til n
ow
t
hese ornaments have b
een d
iscovered o
nly i
n t
he ce meter
ies (see T
able 9
).
The most n
u merous p
ieces h
ave been f
ound a
t Bärboasa-Gä läneet
i (
9 s
peci-
mens
), t wo i
n grave no. 227 and s
even i
n g
rave n
o. 281. Four p
ieces h
ave
b
een found i
n the cre ma
tion graves a
t Po
ieneg
ti (
graves n
o. 5
5, 71, 2
30 and
3
27) a
nd t
wo s
pec
i mens o
ccur i
n t
he i
nhu mat
ion-graves f
rom t
he s
a me
c
e metery (
graves n
os. 130 and 3
47). Two pieces are known a
t Päduren
i
(
grave no. 9
). The bucket-pendants a
re n
ot t
ypica
l o n
ly of t
he Carp
ic cul
ture.
T
his t
ype o
f p
endan
t o
ccurs i
n Ro man
ia a
lso i
n t
he S
ar ma
tian t
o mbs a
nd i
n
t
he c
eme
ter
ies o
f S
intana d
e Mur e-Cerneahov t
ype
, i
n t
he c
e me
tery a
t

1
09
 TABLE 7

S
ilver o
rna men
ts worked i
n f
i
ligree t
echn
ique
d
iscovered i
n t
he C
arp
ic c
e meter
ies

Ear- Basket T
ota
l
S
ite r
ings Beads p
endan
ts o
rna men
ts O
bservat
ion

V
irt
ieco
iu 2 _ - 2 Casual f
ind
Po
ienee
ti 1
0 1
0 2 2
2 Excavat
ion
Päduren
i 1
3 1
4 1
6 4
3 Rescue e
xcava
tion
Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära 2 x 6 8
+x Excava
tion
Bu
tnäre Tt
i 2
+2 4 1 9 Rescue e
xcava
tion
(
7
) a
nd c
asua
l
f
inds (
2
)
Vä
len
i-Bo
teet
i 2 x x 2
+x Excava
tion
C
ioara-Once e
t
i 5 - 3 8 Rescue e
xcava
tion
S
auce t
i - 2 2 Rescue e
xcava
tion
Bärboasa-Gä
läneet
i 1(?
) 1(
?) 2 Rescue e
xcava
tion
T
ifeet
i - 1 1 Casua
l f
ind
G
uva N
iecovu
lui 1 - 1 2 Excava
tion

T
ota
l 3
9 2
9 3
3 1
01+x

TABLE 8

S
ilver o
rna men
ts worked i
n t
he f
i
ligree t
echn
ique
d
iscovered i
n t
he c
e meter
ies o
f Ro man Dac
ia

Ear- Basket Tota

l
S
ite r
ings Beads p
endan
ts o
rna men
ts Observa
tion

A
S
oporu
l d
e C
i mp
ie 3 2 6 Excava
tion
Obre
ja 2 2 4 Excava
tion
F
ä.rcaee
le 1 Casua
l f
inds
Reeca 1 1 Excava
tion
L
ocue
ten
i Excava
tion

T
ota
l 4 6 2 1
2

1
10
 TABLE 9

Bucket-pendan
ts d
iscovered i
n t
he Carp
ic c
e meter
ies

Cr
e mat
ion- I
nhu ma
tion-
No. S
ite b
uria
ls b
uria
ls Observa
tion

1 P
oiene§
ti 4 2 5o
f i
ron a
nd 1 o
f
b
ronze

2 Päduren
i 2

3 Du m
itre§
tii-Gä
läp
i 2

4 Mo
ldoven
i- abara 1

5 V
älen
i-Bote§
ti x x T
heir n
u mber n
ot
s
pec
ified

6 Bärboasa 9

7 S
auce§t
i 1

T
ota
l 1
9 2

TABLE 1
0

Ear-r
ings o
f s
i
lver o
r b
ronze
,
w
ith t
he e
nds t
wisted r
ound e
ach o
ther

Ear-r
ings o
f b
ronze Ear-r
ings o
f s
i
lver
S
ite
S
ett
le men
ts Ce me
ter
ies S
ett
le men
ts Ce meter
ies

Därmäne t
i-
P
iatra Nea m 1

Pädureni 2 2
(
Discovered i
n g
rey-urns
)

Po
ieneet
i 2
(
Discovered i
n g
rey-urns
)

Po
iana-Du
lce§t
i 1
(
Set
tle men
t a
t S
i
lis
te)

Butnäre§
ti 1

(
Grey-urn
)

1
11
s
oporu
l d
e C
i mp
ie a
nd i
n t
he S
outh- West o
f T
ransy
lvan
ia a
t Cr
ist
ian a
nd
Mere§t
i (
accord
ing t
o I
. P
op, t
he '
p
ieces d
iscovered h
ere w
ere b
rough
t b
y t
he
Carp
i). One p iece has been f
ound in t
he sett
le ment at Mätäsaru i n Mun-
t
enia
, and another has been recovered fro m a c
re mation-burial at Färca.
eele-
Ol
t. T he p
endan ts d
iscovered in the S
ar matian context and with
in the Cerneahov
c
ulture a
re made o
nly o
f i
ron
.

However
, t
he mos
t n
u merous p
ieces h
ave b
een d
iscovered w
ith
in t
he
Przeworsk cu
lture
,336 their n
u mber e
xceeding t
hat o
f t
he speci mens f
ound
e
ither i
n Carpic g
raves or i
n Sarmat
ian graves o
r in t
he c
e meteries o
f the
S
intana d
e Muree-Cerneahov type. T hey d
if
fused f
rom t
he Przeworsk c
ultura
l
a
rea over t
he Carp
ic t
erritor
ies. 337

c
. T
ubu
lar amu
let-pendan
ts

These amulet-pendants are made o

f bronze-sheet
, with a r
ing f
or h
anging;
t
he e
nds of t
he ring are tw
isted round e
ach other (
Pl. CLX)0(V/1-2). T hese
o
rna men
ts h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n c
e meter
ies
, a
t P
äduren
i (
two p
ieces i
n
g
rave n
o. 3
4 a
nd o
ne i
n g
rave n
o. 7
7) a
nd a
t P
oieneet
i (
one p
iece i
n g
rave n
o.
2
88) a
nd i
n s
ett
le men
ts a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti (
one f
ragmen
tary - P
l. CLXV/8-
a
t S
i
liete a
nd a
nother i
ntac
t a
t V
arn
ig). T
he p
endan
t d
iscovered a
t V
arn
ita
i
s made o
f i
ron a
nd has t
he upper end b
ent
, without c
hain l
oop. T he hypo-
t
hes
is tha
t t
hese p
ieces were need
le-holders 3
38 does no
t see m p
lausible, since
t
he bot
to m i
s n
ot c
apped
; t
he t
ube h
as b
oth e
nds o
pen (
Pl. CLX
IV/1, CL200
(V/
1
-2).

Amu
let p
endan
ts o
f t
he s
a me s
ort a
s t
hose d
iscovered i
n t
he Carp
ic s
i
tes
h
ave b
een r
ecovered f
ro m s
evera
l S
arma
tian t
o mbs b
oth i
n Ro man
ia (
Focean
i,
imand
) and in t
he USSR. 3
39 I
n asing
le c
ase a c
lay amu
let has b
een d
iscovered
i
n the s
ett
le ment a
t Därmäne§t
i-Pia
tra Neam. (
Pl. XXXV/7).

d
. Ear-R
ings

Made of b
ronze or s
ilver wire wi
th t
he ends tw
isted r
ound e
ach o
ther
(
s
imilar t
o t
he amulet-pendan
ts ) (
Pl. CLX1001/10-11, CLXX X
[II/
1-4) . These
o
ccur both i
n set
tle men
ts and ce me
ter
ies. T hey occur i
n pa
irs i
n graves
(
Pädureni, grave n
o. 34), or s
ingly (
Päduren
i, graves nos. 77
, 8
2;
Po
iene§
ti, g
raves n
os. 3
9, 5
5, 2
30; Bu
tnaree
ti, g
rave n
o. 1
8).

S
uch p
ieces
, made o
f s
i
lver o
r o
f b
ronze a
re k
nown i
n Ro man
ia f
rom t
he
Late La T
ene per
iod 340 a nd t
here i
s n
o doub
t tha
t they a
re o
f Geto-Dac
ian
or
igin. Usual
ly they h ave been c
ons
idered as r
ings. We consider t
he m a
s
e
ar-r
ings
, t
aking a
ccoun
t o
f t
he f
act t
hat p
endan
ts o
f b
ronze-w
ire h
ung f
ro m
s
o me p
ieces (
Poienej
ti, g
raves n
os. 3
9 a
nd 2
30, P
l. C DOO
ZII
I/4
). I
tis
p
ossib
le tha
t they were worn a
s buckle-r
ings, bu
t certain
ly n ot f
inger-r
ings
,
s
ince t
his i
nterpreta
tion i
s con
tradicted bo
th b
y the f
inds fro m graves n
os. 39
a
nd 230 a
t Po
ieneeti, in which t
wisted-wire p
endants o
f bronze h
ung f
ro m
t
hese p
ieces and b
y the observat
ion that t
he t
wisted p
art was t
oo t
hick t
o a
llow
i
tto b
e w
orn o
n t
he f
inger
.

12
 e
. S
i
lver b
race
lets

1
. Bracelets o
f t
he Dacian t
ype made of s
i
lver ( Va
'
len
i-Bote§
ti) o
r o
f
b
ronze (
Moldoven
i-Gab -
ära
, grave n
o. 1) w
ith rela
tively t
h
in h
oop, round
,
s
quare o
r rectangular i
n sect
ion, w
ith t
he ends w
ith a h
ook a
nd l
oop r
esul
ting
f
rom t
he sharp bending o
f the w
ire wh
ich was t
hen tw
isted r
ound t
he h
oops
n
ear t
he f
asten
ing p
lace (
Pl. CLXX M
I/1
). F
our b
ronze b
race
lets h
ave b
een
f
ound i
n t
he c
e me
tery a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära (
grave n
o. 1
) a
nd a s
i
lver o
ne a
t
Vä
len
i-Bote e
i (
Pl. CLX MC W/2
).

Amin
iature brace
let (
dia meter 0
.025 m ) s uspended f
ro m a
nother b
race
let
h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t Moldoven i-Gabära. 341

2
. Bracelets o
f t
he Daco-Sar ma
tian t
ype, made o
f bronze with a t
h
in
b
and wh
ich i
s round o
r r
ibbed in s
ection
, with t
he t
wo ends expanding i
nto
c
onica
l p
ro m
inences. Usua
lly
, t
hey a
re o
f sma
ller s
ize t
han t
he s
pec
i mens
o
f t
he f
irst t
ype (
abou
t 4
-6 cm
); t
h
is p
resu mes t
hat t
hey w
ere e
ither w
orn
b
y c
hildren o
r s
uspended f
rom o
ther l
arger b
race
lets. T
his t
ype o
f b
racelet
h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he C
arp
ic c
ontex
t a
t P
oiana-Du
lce§t
i a
nd w
ith
in t
he
s
ett
lemen ts o
f t
he Ch
ilia- M
ili
tari type
, at Mätäis
aru (
Pl. C UO0aI/9
,
CL200C
EII/5). T h
is t
ype of b
racelet occurs f
requen
tly i
n Sarmat
ian graves
d
iscovered i
n t
he S
outh o
f t
he USSR. 342 T
his t
ype i
s a
lso e
ncoun
tered i
n s
o me
Dac
ian hoards (
Poiana-Gorj, Säräcsäu). 3
43 The p
resence o
f the t
ype b
oth i
n
t
he Dac
ian and Sarmatian con
texts, causes us t
o n
a me i
tthe Daco-Sarmatian
t
ype. A c
arefu
l a na
lysis o
f t
he speci mens d
iscovered u
nti
l now a
l
lows u s t
o
af
irm t
hat t
he bracele
ts wi
th ribbed shape i
n sec
tion a
re typ
ica
l of t
he Dacian
wor
ld a
nd t
hose wh
ich a
re r
ound i
n s
ect
ion a
re t
ypica
l o
f t
he S
armat
ians
,
a
lthough p
ieces w
ith r
ibbed b
and s
o met
i mes a
lso o
ccur i
n t
he S
arma
tian c
on-
t
ext (
Karpusovo
i, grave n
o. 3)
, bu
t t
his f
act i
s e
xpl
icable i
fwe t
ake i
n
to c
on-
s
idera
tion t
he rela
tions e
xis
ting b
etween t
hese t
wo peop
les.

3
. F
rag men
tary t
orques o
f s
i
lver d
iscovered a
t T
irpe§t
i, d
istr
ict o
f
Nean4
.344 One o
f t
he t
erm
ina
ls (
t
he o
ther o
ne was b
roken i
n a
ncien
t t
imes
)
r
epresen
ts a s
tylised s
nake which i
s at
ypica
l Dac
ian decora
tive mot
if. T he
t
wist
ing o
f t
he band, made when coo
l, g
ives t
he i
mpression t
hat i
tis made
f
ro m many s
pira
ls (
Pl. CL)0
(XIV/3
).3
45 Ana
log
ies w
ith t
orques f
rom
T
irpe t
i exist i
n the Dac
ian c
ontex
t a
t S
ingiorgiu
; 346 ano
ther
, probably a
lso
c
oming fro m Transylvan
ia, i
s i
n t
he Magyar Ne mzet i Museum, a
t Budapest. 347
S
o me a
nalog
ies c
an b
e d
rawn w
ith t
he t
wo s
pec
i mens d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-
G
orj .
348

T
he p
ieces f
ro m t
he Dac
ian c
ontex
t a
re b
road
ly d
ated t
o t
he I
st c
entury
B
.C.-the i
st c
entury A
.D. On t
he b
asis o
f t
he ma
ter
ial d
iscovered a
t
T
irp e
i, t
he t
orques f
ound i
n t
h
is s
i
te c
anno
t b
e d
ated e
arl
ier t
han t
he f
irs
t
h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. ,p
rov
ided t
hat w
e d
o n
ot a
dmit t
he e
xis
tence o
f
s
o me e
arl
ier t
races o
n t
he s
ame s
i
te, wh
ich s
ee ms i
mprobab
le, t
aking a
ccoun
t
o
f t
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l e
vidence. We men
tion t
hat as
ett
le men
t b
elong
ing t
o t
he
e
arl
ier p
hase o
f t
he C
arp
ic c
ulture h
as a
lso b
een d
iscovered a
t T
irpeet
i.

4
. Bronze b
race
let o
f L
a t
ene t
ype w
ith t
hree r
anges o
f sma
ll p
rotrud
ing
b
ars o
n t
he e
xter
ior (
Pl. CLX =V/1). A s
ing
le p
iece i
s k
nown t
o h
ave b
een
d
iscovered a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabg
,ra i
n a
n i
nhu ma
tion-bur
ial (
grave n
o. 2
03).

1
13
T
his t
ype o
f brace
let i
s widely d
istributed b
oth i
n t
he Carp
ic a
nd t
he Sarma
tian-
P
ont
ic world f
ro m t
he La Tene period; itis n
ot t
ypica
l on
ly o
f t
he G
eto-
Dac
ians, as i
s g
eneral
ly supposed. This t
ype o
f brace
let i
s encoun
tered fro m
t
he banks o
f t
he S
eine and t
he Lo
ire t
o t
he Chersonesus
; ito ccurs f
ro m West
t
o East a
t B
ibracte (
France
), S
tradon
itz (
Bohe m
ia), Ma
lopo
lsk
i
. (
Vol
inia
),
O
lbia a
nd Chersonesus. 349 S
uch b
race
lets h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n Dac
ia a
t
Grad
istea- Muncelu
lui, P
ecica (
excava
tion o
f 1
934
) a
nd Po
iana-Tecuc
i. D
uring
t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D. ,t
h
is t
ype o
ccurs p
art
icu
lar
ly i
n S
armat
ian
c
ontex
ts .
350

f
. Orna men
t-cha
ins o
fbronze

S
everal f
ragmen
ts h ave been d
iscovered i
n t
he ce metery a
t Poieneet
i
(
graves n
os. 65 a
nd 254
) o ne f
ragment in t
he c
e metery at Moldoveni-Gabva
ra
(
grave n
o. 1
) a
nd t
wo f
ragmen
ts i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti. Two
t
ypes of c
ha in are d
istingu
ishable: cha
ins cons
ist
ing of h
oops (
Poiana-Dul-
c
e9ti, S
ili ee and Poiene9t
i, grave n
o. 254
) and c
hains made o
f t
hin t
wis
ted
w
ire (
Poiene9
ti, g
raves n
os. 6
5, 2
30 a
nd 2
54; Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
, g
rave
n
o. 1
, P
oiana-Du
lce
_et
i, Varn
i,
t1).

T
he c
hain f
orm a
t P
oian
.a-Du
lce
_9t
i c
ons
ists o
f 1 b
road c
ylindr
ica
l l
i
nks
(
Pl. CL
20 =/6
) a
nd t
he s
pec
i men f
rom P
oienee
ti (
grave n
o. 2
54) c
ons
ists
o
f e
longa
ted a
nd f
la
ttened l
inks (
Pl. CL200
CEI
I/7
). Af
ragmen
t o
f c
uirass
c
o mposed o
f as
eries o
f n
arrow i
ron h
oops h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oienej
ti
(
P1 C= M
I/11) .

I
ts ee ms t
hat t
he cha
ins made o
f bronze tw
isted wire were more n
umerous.
T
his type of c
hain was o
bta
ined by b
ending a
nd winding the w
ire i
n a manner
t
o f
orm l
oops a
t t
he e
nds
, t
o r
ece
ive t
he n
ext s
egmen
t. Two s
egmen
ts o
f
c
hain h
ave been d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-Dulceet
i, the set
tle men
t at Varni
_
lä.
(
S
. XVI -0.40 m) one s
egment h
as been f
ound in grave no. 1 a
t Moldoveni-
Gabara a
nd another i
n grave n
o. 6
5 a
t Poiene9t
i. T hree s
egments o
f c
hain
l
inked w
ith t
he spring o
f afibu
la h
ave b
een discovered a
t P
oiana-Du
lce e
i,
f
ro m a d
estroyed t
o mb (
Pl. CLX
[X/8 CWO =/
2 CLXXX
III/8-10 , 1
2,16
).

S
uch chains c
ould be worn a
s necklaces and s
o me
ti mes d
if
feren t amu
let-
p
endants h
ung fro m t
he m (Mo
ldoven
.i-Gabg
.ra, grave no. 1
, Poieneeti, g
rave
n
o. 6
5) o
r s
o me o
ther o
bjects w
ere s
ecured f
ro m t
he m i
n o
rder n
ot t
o l
oose
t
he m
, a
s i
n t
he c
ase o
f t
he f
ibu
la f
ro m P
oiene9
ti (
Pl. CLXIX/8
).

g
. Beads

Beads made o
f g
lass o
r o
f o
ther ma
ter
ials
, o
f d
ifferen
t f
orms a
nd s
ize
p
layed a
n i
mpor
tan
t p
art i
n t
he o
rna men
ts. They h
ave b
een f
ound i
n q
uite
l
arge n
u mbers
, e
spec
ial
ly i
n g
raves a
nd t
o a sma
ller e
xten
t i
n s
ett
le men
ts.
Un
like t
he o
ther k
inds o
f o
rnamen
ts, b
eads w
ere a
ccess
ible t
o al
arger
n
u mber of w
o men. Necklaces o
f beads (
many of t
he m d
ecayed or i
n aslaggy
s
tate ow
ing to c
ontac
t w
ith fi
re) h
ave been d
iscovered i
n graves a
t Pädureni
a
nd P
oienej
ti.

I
tis i
n
terest
ing t
o n
ote t
hat b
eads
, a
nd o
rnamen
ts i
n g
enera
l, a
re more
n
u merous among t
he Carp
i t
han o
ther T
hraco-Dac
ian p
eop
les. Th
is i
s d
ue t
o
ag
rea
t e
xten
t t
o t
he c
lose c
ontac
t o
f t
he Carp
i w
ith t
he S
arma
tians. A
t t
he
s
a me t
ime
, t
he r
ichness o
f t
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l ma
ter
ial d
iscovered i
n

14
s
ett
lemen
ts a
nd c
e meter
ies r
eflects a h
igher s
tandard o
f l
i
ving among t
he
Carp
i s
ince t
hey ma
inta
ined t
heir i
ndependence a
gainst t
he Ro mans a
nd o
ther
g
roups o
f p
eop
les a
nd o
bta
ined g
oods f
ro m t
heir own p
roduct
ion
, t
rade, o
r b
y
r
apac
ious i
ncurs
ions.

T
he s
itua
tion o
f t
he f
ree Dac
ians f
ro m Mun
ten
ia d
iffers f
ro m t
hat o
f t
he
Carp
i fro m Mo
ldav
ia, desp
ite t
he f
act t
hat t
hey a
lso l
ived i
n c
lose r
elat
ion-
sh
ip with t
he S
armatians. Ornaments, and we r
efer p
art
icular
ly t
o beads
,
a
re very rare o
r are co mplete
ly a
bsent i
n t
he ce meter
ies o
f t
he Ch
ina-
.
Matasaru t
ype, f
or the populat
ion f
ro m t
h
is area was permanen
tly wa
tched
b
y t
he Ro mans a
nd c
ould n
ot f
ind a s
trong p
olo
tica
l a
nd m
ilitary o
rgan
iza
tion
r
espected b
oth by t
he Ro mans a
nd t
he S
arma t
ians. In t
hese c
ircu mstances
t
he f
ree Dacians f
ro m Munten
ia were n
ot a
ble t
o make r
apacious i
ncursions
i
nto t
he Emp
ire o
r t
o r
ece
ive s
t
ipend
ia f
ro m t
he Ro mans
, i
n c
ontrast w
ith
t
he S
arma
tians
, a
nd p
robab
ly t
he Carp
i, who r
ece
ived t
h
is t
ribu
te.

S
ince t
he materia
l r
ather t
han t
he co
lour o
f f
or m o
f t
he b
eads i
s impor
t-
a
nt f
or t
he chrono
logy o
f t
his o
rna men
t and o
n t
he bas
is o
f t
he raw ma
terial
u
sed w
e c
an e
stab
lish s
o me r
ela
tionsh
ip e
xist
ing w
ith o
ther g
roups o
f p
eop
les
,
we w
ill d
escr
ibe t
he m a
ccord
ing t
o t
he ma
ter
ial.

1
. G
lass b
eads. I
tseems t
hat t
h
is c
ategory i
s t
he mos
t n
u merous a
l-
t
hough many o
f t
he m h
ave b
een d
estroyed o
r a
re i
n af
ragmentary s
tate. They
are p
resent in a
l
l the s
ett
le men
ts and c
e meter
ies. The mos t n
u merous
p
ieces see ms t
o have b
een d
iscovered a
t Poiene§
ti, where t
he co mp
lete r
ange
o
f f
orms a
nd c
olours i
s e
ncoun
tered
; g
lass b
eads h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n
2
0 t
o mbs w
ith u
rns i
n t
his c
e metery (
Pl. CLX
,CXV
I/5
,10
). G
lass b
eads h
ave
b
een f
ound i
n 1
1 t
o mbs a
t I
lduren
i; g
raves
, n
os. 3
, 6
7 a
nd 7
9 c
onta
ined
c
olour
less a
nd g
raves n
os. 3
2, 4
8, 6
7, 7
9, 8
2, 8
3 a
nd 8
5 c
onta
ined c
oloured
b
eads
.

T
here a
re b
eads o
f sma
ll a
nd l
arge s
ize a
nd o
f c
ylindr
ica
l o
r s
pher
ica
l
f
orm
, w
hite
, v
iolet
, r
ed, b
lue c
oloured. Pr
is ma
tic o
r p
olyhedron-shaped
b
eads o
r t
hose f
lat
tened w
ith r
ectangu
lar f
orm o
ccur more s
carce
ly. T
he
c
olour a
nd t
he c
o mpos
ition o
f t
he p
aste o
f many b
eads a
re i
n a
n a
dvanced
s
tate o
f d
ecay ow
ing t
o t
he f
ire a
nd c
ontact w
ith t
he g
round
.

2
. B
eads o
f g
lass-paste. These a
re r
arer a
nd a
re o
f t
ubu
lar f
orm
,
s
o met
i mes wi
th knots i
n t
he shape o
f a
n eye in r
elief
. T hey are b
lack-
b
luish o
r reddish c
oloured a
nd the "
eyes" are d
efined b
y a wh
ite or ye
llow
ish
c
irc
le. T
here a
re a
lso s
phero
ida
l s
pec
i mens i
n t
he s
hape o
f a melon
(
Päduren
i, g
rave n
o. 3
) o
r o
f h
exagona
l f
orm (
Pl. CL200
(V/5
, 2
1, CL2CO
ZVI/
1
, 1-12).

3
. Beads of cha
lcedony
. T hese are r
ela
tive
ly n
u merous a
nd occur e
spe-
c
ial
ly in c
e meter
ies. They are o
f spher
ical f
orm a
nd the s
ize v
aries b
etween
0
.01 and 0
.02 m; s peci mens w
hich exceed t
h
is size are v
ery rarely en-
c
ountered (P
l. C DOCKV/50 ). Two kinds o
f cha
lcedony are d
istinguishable
,
v
itreous a
nd of c
halky a
spect. Beads o f v
i
treous cha
lcedony occur rather
s
carce
ly w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
ulture
; o
ne h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t
a
t P
oiana-Dulce t
i (
Varn
i A and t
wo i
n t
he c
e metery a
t Päduren
i (
Pl. CL20(V/
1
7, 20
, CD CXXV/50). On t
he o
ther h
and b
eads of c
halcedony o
f c
halky a
spect
o
ccur r
ather f
requen
tly a
nd a
re t
ypica
l t
o t
he Carp
ic c
ulture (
Pl. CLXXV/9-11,

1
15
1
3-16 , 18-
19 , CLXK(V/22-49
, 5 1-54
). We emphasise t
his f
act t
o mark the
d
ifference from t
he b
eads o
f cha
lcedony o
f c
halky a
spect wh
ich are t
ypica
l of
t
he I
azyges Sar ma
tians. Many scholars who d
o not make th
is d
ist
inct
ion
,
l
ook f
or ana
logies with t
he b
eads o
f chalky a
spect w
ithin t
he Sarmat
ian c
ontex
t
i
n t
he Hungar
ian p
lain (
Alf
tild
i), p
resu m
ing t
he e
xistence o
f r
ela
tionsh
ips
b
etween the I
azyges a
nd t
he Carpi wh
ich did not e
xis
t. We wou ld c
i
te the
s
pherica
l for m o
f t
he f
ew spec
i mens of v
itreous b
eads d
iscovered w
ith
in the
Carp
ic c
ontex
t a
nd t
he l
ack o
f b
arre
l-shaped b
eads wh
ich a
re t
ypica
l t
o t
he
I
azyges. I
tis a
lso wrong t
o s
uppose t
hat c
halcedony b
eads a
re miss
ing f
rom
t
he S
arma
tian s
i
tes s
itua
ted i
n t
he S
outh o
f t
he USSR. T
hey d
o o
ccur i
n t
his
a
rea
, b
ut i
n r
educed n
u mbers. 351

The most n
u merous cha
lcedony beads o
f c
halky a
spect h
ave b
een d
iscovered
a
t t
he Carpic s
ite a
t Pädureni
, in 2
0 graves (
nos. 3
, 4, 9
, 14, 1
6, 1
7, 2
1, 22,
2
5, 2
6, 3
2, 3
8, 3
9, 4
2, 4
8, 6
0, 6
8, 7
9, 8
0 a
nd 8
5) a
nd a
t Po
ieneg
ti i
n 1
5 g
raves.

4
. Cora
l b
eads. These a
re p
resen
t i
n a
l most a
l
l t
he c
e meter
ies wh
ich
h
ave b
een e
xtens
ive
ly i
nvest
igated b
ut s
o f
ar a
re a
bsen
t f
ro m t
he s
ett
le men
ts.
Because o
f c
ontac
t w
ith f
ire t
hey h
ave l
ost t
heir o
rig
ina
l r
ed c
olour a
nd h
ave
ag
rey a
ppearance a
nd f
or t
his r
eason s
o me a
rchaeo
log
ists o
ften c
onfuse t
hem
w
ith c
alcined b
ones. They c
a me f
ro m t
he Persian Gu
lf t
o t
he Carpi
, via t
he
S
ar ma
tians. They were u
sed as b
eads and s
trung on as
tring t
hrough t
heir
n
atura
l l
ong
itud
ina
l h
ole. T
he mos
t n
u merous c
ora
l b
eads h
ave b
een d
iscover-
e
d a
t P
oienee
ti, i
n t
he c
re ma
tion-bur
ials
; t
hey a
re a
bsen
t f
ro m t
he i
nhu ma
tion-
g
raves. More t
han 1
40 s
egmen
ts o
f c
ora
l h
ave b
een f
ound i
n 1
5 g
raves w
ith
u
rns a
t P
oienee
ti. S
o me c
onta
ined 2
5 b
eads (
grave n
o. 2
30) a
nd o
ther c
on-
t
ained 3
3 p
ieces (
grave n
o. 2
54); 4
5 h
ave b
een r
ecovered f
ro m g
rave n
o. 5
5;
t
he g
reat n
u mber shows t
hat t
hey are c
o mp
lete neck
laces. T he n
umber of
b
eads i
s much reduced a
t Päc
luren
i in c
o mparison w
ith t
he p
ieces d
iscovered
a
t P
oienee
ti (
Pl. CL
2OCXV/3-4
, CLXXXV
I/13-24
, C1
,2 =11
1/20-72
).

We mention t
hat t
he Celts considered coral as aprotector against ev
il and
a
lso u
sed itas a medica ment.352 I tis p
ossible that cora
l played the sa me
r
ole o
f adefence aga
inst the devil among the Carpi, and t
his could exp
lain
t
he p
resence o
f c
ora
l amu
lets i
n g
raves n
os. 6
5 a
nd 2
54 a
t Po
ienee
ti, i
n wh
ich
t
hey o
ccur h
ung f
ro m a t
wisted b
ronze c
hain (
Pl. CL2O
<XII
I/8, 1
0, 1
6).

5
. Beads o
f c
ornelian
, approx
i ma
ting i
n s
tructure t
o those o
f c
halcedony
;
t
hey a
re r
ed-br
ick c
oloured a
nd po
lyhedron s
haped. Six have b
een d
iscovered
i
n g
rave n
o. 2
54 a
t Po
ieneet
i (
Pl. CL
200
(V1/2-4
, 6
). One s
pec
i men h
as b
een
d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-Du
lceet
i, V
arn
ig (
t
he s
econd l
eve
l). L
ike t
he v
itreous
c
halcedony b
eads t
hose o
f c
orne
lian c
ould c
o me f
ro m P
ers
ia o
r Egyp
t; t
he
r
aw ma
ter
ial a
lso e
xis
ted i
n I
ndia.

6
. B eads o
f l
apis l
azul
i o
fb lu
ish co
lour, a
nd d
iscoida
l s
hape. T hese
o
ccur r
arely and o
nly d
uring t
he ear
lier p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture. In
s
ett
le men
ts t
hey h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-Du
lceet
i, Varn
ig a
nd i
n
c
e meter
ies
, a
t V
irt
isco
iu a
nd Bu
tnäreet
i (
Pl. CW O W/8
).

B
eads of l
apis l
azul
i are frequen
tly encountered i
n S
ar ma
tian t
o mbs situa-
t
ed i
n t
he North-Pont
ic steppes and i
n t
he extra-Carpath
ian area o
f Ro mania
(M
itoc
, Probo
ta, Pogoräet
i, Cäsc
ioarele
, T
irg rr
, O
lten
i a-
Iordoc a
nd
Coada Ma
lulu
i). They a
re a
lso a
ttested w
ith
in t
he Z
arub
in e c
ulture
. 3
53

16
Lap
is l
azu
li b
eads d
iscovered i
n t
he S
armat
ian a
nd Carp
ic s
i
tes i
n Ro man
ia,
c
anno
t b
e d
ated l
ater t
han t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. S
uch p
ieces
o
nly o
ccur a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti i
n t
he f
irs
t o
ccupa
tion l
eve
l (
t
hree p
ieces
).

7
. Bronze b
eads. Two s
pec
i mens a
re k
nown
: o
ne a
t P
oiene§t
i wh
ich
was d
iscovered i
n g
rave no. 6
6 and another at Päduren
i, f
ound i
n g
rave no.
34. That f
ro m P
oienejt
i is o
f c
ylindrical f
orm , and t
he s
pecimen f
ro m
Päduren
i i
s i
n t
he s
hape o
f a melon
; b
oth p
ieces b
ear t
hree h
orizon
tal r
ows
p
rotrud
ing o
n t
he e
xter
ior (
Pl. CL
20001
I/15
).

Ana
log
ies w
ith t
he g
lass b
eads a
nd t
hose o
f v
itreous p
aste e
xist i
n t
he
L
ate Dac
ian c
ontex
t (
Poiana
, T
inosu
l, P
opeet
i e
tc.); t
he s
pec
i mens o
f
c
halcedony
, c
ora
l, c
orne
lian a
nd l
apis l
azu
li a
rrived among t
he Carp
i b
y t
he
a
gency o
f t
he S
arma
tians. Bronze b
eads w
ere p
robab
ly impor
ted f
ro m t
he
Ro man w
orld
, l
ike s
o me t
ypes o
f g
lass b
eads wh
ich h
ave b
een d
iscovered
b
oth i
n C
arp
ic a
nd G
eto-Dac
ian c
ontex
ts (
t
he l
st c
entury B
.C.-the I
st c
entury
A
.D.).

F
. OTHER OBJECTS

1
. H
ead o
f e
lephan
t, s
kilfu
lly made o
f b
one
; t
he n
eck i
s r
ounded a
nd
t
he t
runk t
urned i
nside w
ith t
wo i
ncised t
usks. T
he e
ars a
re t
urned f
orward
a
nd the eyes a
re r
epresented b
y c
ircles i
n r
elief
, with a h
ollow on t
he cen
tre.
The head o
f t
he a
ni ma
l has t
wo perforat
ions ,o ne h
orizontal
ly, t
he other
v
ert
ica
lly (
Pl. CLX
[1/
1, CL M
II/1). I
tis d
iff
icu
lt t
o d
eterm
ine t
he p
urpose
o
f t
h
is o
bject
. Was i
tperhaps moun
ted o
n as
cep
tre o
r worn a
s a
n amu
let?
The i
mpeccab
le s
tyle o
f t
h
is o
bjec
t r
eminds o
ne o
f S
cyth
ian-Sarma
tian
a
rt 354 a
nd t
he r
epresen
tat
ion o
f a
n e
xot
ic a
ni ma
l i
ndica
tes t
hat t
he p
iece i
s
a
n impor
ted product a
rriv
ing at P
oiana-Ih
ilceet
i (Si
liete
) b
y the a
gency o
f
t
he S
arma t
ians. A piece of s
uch beau
ty c
ould belong on
ly t
o an o
uts
tanding
p
erson o
f t
he c
o m mun
ity
.

2
. Sma
ll b
ell o
f b
ronze o
f c
onica
l f
orm
, w
ith h
oop f
or h
ang
ing o
n t
he
t
op. One s peci men h
as been discovered in t
he cre mation-burial no. 4
0 a
t
Moldoveni-Gabära and a
nother s imilar i
n t
he inhu mat
ion-grave n o. 203 i
n
t
he sa me c
e metery. The p ractice of plac
ing sma ll bel
ls in graves i
s
t
ypica
l of t
he Sarmat
ians and t
he presence o
f such o
bjects i
n the c
e metery
a
t Moldoveni-Gabära e
vident
ly ref
lects Sarmat
ian in
fluence (
fig. 21/2 )
.

3
. P
endan
t o
f b
ronze
, s
imi
lar t
o ac
hess-pawn 0
.03 m i
n h
eigh
t a
nd
w
ith t
he d
ia meter o
f t
he b
ase 0
.017 m (
Pl. CLX[I/5
, CL X[V/5). I tsee ms
t
o b
e a"s mall be
ll" f
ul
l o
f l
ead
, cons
idering i
t
s great w
eight
, 2 3.52 g
.
Th
is p
iece was d
iscovered i
n g
rave n
o. 3
4 a
t P
äduren
i. Ap
iece o
f t
he
s
a me f
orm
, a
lso made o
fbronze
, was f
ound i
n t
he f
ort o
f Dra
jna d
e S
us .
355

Are t
hey w
eigh
ts u
sed f
or w
eigh
ing d
ifferen
t f
in
ished a
rtic
les? Both p
ieces
were cast by t
he c
ire p
erdue method. The perfect
ion o
f t
he shape s
hows
t
he ex
is tence a
t t
hat t
ime o
f ar
tists o
f ask
ill which c
annot b
e equa
lled, e
ven
t
oday
. We b
elieve t
hat t
he s
pec
i mens d
iscovered b
oth a
t P
äduren
i a
nd
Dra
jna d
e S
us w
ere i
mpor
ted Ro man p
roducts.

1
17
 V
III

CO
INS AND CO
IN HOARDS

1. Coins. Re lat
ively f
ew co
ins have b
een discovered w
ithin t
he s
ett
le-
men
ts and ce meter
ies o
f t
he Po
ieneet
i type in c
ontrast w
ith t
he l
arge n
u mber
o
f h
oards (
90) b
uried i
n t
he t
err
itory o
f Mo
ldav
ia i
n t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he
2
nd century a
nd the f
irst ha
lf o
f t
he 3rd c
entury
. Co ins h
ave been d
iscovered
i
n c
e meteries a
t Poiene e
i, Dochia a
nd at Därmanegt
i a
nd in s
ett
le men
ts at
Poiana-Dulcegti, S
i
ligte a nd V
arn 4
_, P
iatra Nea mk,L
utär
ie, T
irpe5
ti,
Cäbe9ti e
tc. (see Table 1
1).

Two b
ronze c
oins h
ave b
een f
ound i
n u
rns
, o
ne i
n g
rave n
o. 2
88 a
t
P
oienep
ti a
nd another a
t Du m
itre
_et
ii-Gä
lär
ii. The res
t of t
he c
oins d
iscovered
w
ith
in t
he c
e meteries p
robably c
o me f
rom des
troyed graves
. The coins f
ro m
Poieneet
i a
nd Du m
itre§t
ii Gä
lä t
,
ii were d
iscovered in g
rey urns. Both co
ins
are much w
orn and burn
t; t
he co
in fro m P
oiene e
i is a
l most c
o mp
lete
ly
d
estroyed
, a
nd t
hat f
ound a
t Du m
itreet
ii-Gä
l e
i i
s ab
arbarous i
mita
tion o
f a
c
oin d
ating f
ro m t
he t
ime o
f An
ton
inus P
ius (
138-161). The f
act t
hat i
tis
p
erforated i
ndica
tes tha
t i
t was worn as a meda
llion by the c
re ma
ted p
erson
.
The p
resence of t
his p
iece i
n t
he to mb c
annot be connected w
ith t
he f
unct
ion
o
f t
he c
oin a
s "
Charon
's o
bol" b
ut w
ith i
t
s u
se a
s a
n o
rna men
t.

F
ive o
ther c
oins
, f
our o
fbronze a
nd o
ne o
f s
i
lver
, h
ave b
een d
iscovered
i
n t
he c
e metery a
t P
oiene e
i. T
hey p
robab
ly b
elong t
o d
estroyed g
raves a
nd
a
re i
ssues o
f t
he f
ollow
ing emperors
: t
wo o
f P
hil
ip t
he Arab (
244-249
), o
ne
o
f Trebon
ianus Ga
llus (
251-253
), a
nd t
he l
ast
, wh
ich i
s i
l
leg
ible i
s t
ypica
l o
f
t
he 3
rd c
entury
. T
he s
i
lver c
oin i
s o
f O
tac
ilia S
evera
, w
ife o
f P
hil
ip t
he
Arab
, a
nd t
he p
iece d
iscovered i
n t
he c
eme
tery a
t Doch
ia (
t
he s
pot "
La
P
erde
le"
) i
s o
f b
ronze a
nd s
truck a
t N
icaea d
uring t
he r
eign o
f G
ord
ian I
I
(
238-244
).

Three s
i
lver c
oins h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-Du
lceg
ti, (
S
in ge
);
o
ne of Trajan
, issued b
etween 1
12 and 17, t
he s
econd o
f Antoninus P
ius
s
truck between 154 a
nd 155 a
nd t
he t
hird o
f F
aust
ina I
, wife of Marcus
Aure
lius (
161-176
). C
oins o
f An
ton
inus P
ius (
138-161) a
nd o
f F
aus
tina I
h
ave a
lso b
een d
iscovered a
t V
arn
iIä
, b
ut b
oth p
ieces a
re o
f b
ronze a
nd a
re
o
f d
ifferen
t i
ssues t
o t
hose d
iscovered a
t S
i
lig
te. T
hree s
i
lver c
oins
, o
ne
o
f Hadr
ian (A. D
. 118
), another o
f An
toninus P
ius (
A. D
. 150-151) a
nd t
he
t
hird o
f Marcus Aure
lius (A. D
. 1
71) have a
lso b
een d
iscovered a
t Varn
i p- .

Two c
oins h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t a
t T
irpee
ti, n
ear T
g.
Nean4
, o
ne o
f T
rajan (
post 1
06) t
he o
ther o
f H
adr
ian
. Co
ins o
f T
rajan a
nd
Hadr
ian h
ave also b
een discovered a
t P
iatra-Neam.t(see Table 1
1) and a
p
iece o
f Faus
tina I(139-140) h
as been r
ecovered f
ro m t
he sett
le men
t at
L
uth/r
ie. T
he l
atest c
oin f
ro m t
he Carp
ic s
i
tes h
as b
een d
iscovered b
y

1
18
 TABLE 1

Co
in-f
inds i
n t
he C
arp
ic t
err
itory (
set
tlemen
ts, c
e meter
ies e
tc.) 356

N
o. S
ite a
nd f
ind-spot Nu mber o
f c
oins a
nd i
ssuer Meta
l Da
te T
ype Reference Notes

1 Po
iana-Du
lce9t
i, 1T
rajan AR 12-117 Cohen 2 ,2
76; Unpub
lished Excava
tion
S
il
i9te (
set
tle men
t) BMC, 5
49 c
f
. n
ote 2
70

An
ton
inus P
ius AR 1
54-155 Cohen 2 ,2
01;
H
. Ma
tting
ly
(
hereaf
ter Mat
t.),
8
29

1 Faust
ina a I
l-a AR 1
61-176 Cohen 2 ,1
5; Ma
tt.,
1
099

2 Po
iana-Du
lce9t
i, 1 Hadr
ian AR 18 Cohen 2 ,7
45; BMC, 6
9 Unpub
lished Excava
tion
Varn
ig (
set
tle men
t)
An
ton
inus P
ius Bronze 1
38-161 R
IC, I
l
l, p
. 14
,
n
o. 6
70 Unpub
lished Excavat
ion

An
ton
inus P
ius AR 1
50-151 Cohen 2 ,616
; HIC,
p. 50, no.201;
BMC, n o. 735

F
aust
ina Bronze 1
61-176 Cohen 2 ,1
91

1 Marcus Aure
lius AR 1
71 Cohen 2 ,14

3 P
iatra N
eatt4
Lutär
ie (
sett
le men
t) 1F
aust
ina I AR 1
39-140 Cohen 2 ,2
15; S
CIV , 1
0, 1959
,
Mat
t., 136 1
, p. 1
58

4 P
iatra Nea m
3 1Hadr
ian AR 1
27-128 S
track
, I
, 1
80 S
CIV , 2
1, 1970
, Casua
l f
inds
Dea
lul C
ernegura 2
, p. 3
44;
"La S
chit" S
CN, 4
, 1
968,
p
. 4
58

5 P
iatra N
ear
r4 L
utär
ie? 1 Tra
jan Bronze p
ost 1
06 S
CIV , 1
9, 1968, Casua
l f
inds
1
, p. 1
79

6 P
iatra N eam3 1s
ester
tius Marcus Cu
(
neighbourhood
) Aure
lius

1L
ucius V
erus Bronze S
CIV
, 1
3, 1
962, Casua
l f
inds
1
, p
. 2
21

1F
aus
tina a I
l-a AR
Casua
l f
inds
1J
ulia Do
rnna AR

7 T
irpe9 t
i, d
istr
ict o
f 1T
rajan AR p
ost 1
06 S
CIV
, 1
3, 1
962
, Excava
tion
Nea
in, (
set
tle men
t) 1
, p
. 1
12

1 Hadr
ian AR Cohen 2 ,102; S
CIV , 1
3, 1962,
BMC, 1 36 1
, p. 2
22

8 D
och
ia, d
istr
ict o
f 1G
ord
ian I
I Bronze 2
38-244 S
truck a
t N
iceea Museu m o
f Casua
l f
inds
N
eanq (
ce metery
) P
iatra Nea m
t

9 Mo
ldoven
i-Gabgra
, 1 Tra
jan AR 12 17 Cohen 2 ,6
48 S
CIV , 1
0, 1959
, Excava
tion and
d
istr
ict N
eaiV (
a
t t
he 1
, p. 1
58 c
asual f
inds
f
oot o
f t
he h
i
ll G
abgra
) 1 Roman c
oin Ma
ter ia
le, 6
,
• p. 474
1
0 P
oiene9
ti, d
istr
ict o
f 2P
hil
ip I Bronze 244-249 Excava
tion and
Vas
lui (
ce me
tery
) Trebonianus Ga
llus Bronze 251-253 c
asual f
inds
2i
l
legible Bronze 3
rd c
entury
A
.D.

1
1 D
um itre9
tii 1 An
ton
inus P
ius Bronze 1
38-161 (
per
forated
) S
CIV , 1
3, 1962
, Casua
l f
ind
d
istr
ict I
a9i 1
, p. 2
20; AM,
(
ce me
tery
) 6
, 1
969, p
. 1
23,
n
. 1

1
2 C
abe9
ti, d
istr
ict Bacau 1 Marcus Aure
lius Bronze Me mor
ia Ant
iqu
ita
tis
,
1, 1972, p
. 3
25
1 Aure
lian Bronze Cohen 2 ,9
5 S
CIV
, 1
5, 1
964
,

19
1
3 T
azläu
, d
istr
ict o
f 1 Tra
jan Bronze
Nea m
i
, (
set
tle men
t) 1 Caraca
lla Bronze S
truck a
t T
omis S
CIV
, 1
9, 1
968, Casua
l f
ind
1
, p
. 1
80

1
4 Mo
in et
i, d
istr
ict o
f 1 An
ton
inus P
ius Bronze R
IC, I
I, p
. 1
14, S
CIV
, 2
1, 1
970
, C
asua
l f
ind
Bacäu (
neighbourhood
) n
o. 6
56 2
, p
. 3
43

1
5 Märg
inen
i, d
istr
ict o
f 1 Tra
jan AR p
ost 1
06 R
IC, I
, p
. 2
53, S
CIV
, 2
1, 1
970, Casua
l f
ind
N
eare (
set
tle men
t) n
o. 1
28 2
, p
. 3
43

1
6 Racova
, d
istr
ict Ba a
l
.' 1 Faust
ina I AR 1
71 Cohen 2 , 1
1; BMC, S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, Casua
l f
ind
(
set
tle men
t?) 3
54 1
, p
. 1
32

1 Marcus Aure
lius AR 1
71 Cohen 2 ,1
071;
BMC, 5
51

1
7 L
eon
te9
ti-Gh
indäoan
i, 1 Hadr
ian AR S
CIV
, 1
9, 1
968, Casua
l f
ind
d
istr
ict o
f Nea m
t 1 Co m modus AR 1
, p
. 1
78

1
8 Tävädäre9t
i-Dea
lu 5 Ro man d
enar
ii AR 2
nd c
entury AM
, 6
, 1
969, Casua
l f
ind
Mare, d
istr
ict Bach
iu A
.D. p
. 2
64, n
. 7

1
9 Du
rnbrava-Gura 1 An
ton
inus P
ius Bronze R
IC, I
I, p
. 1
14, S
CIV
, 2
1, 1
970, Casua
l f
inds
d
istr
ict Bacäu n
o. 6
70 2
, p
. 3
42
"
Calea Bä
trTn
ilor"

2
0 G
läväney
ti, d
istr
ict 1 Co m modus AR R
IC, 1
2, p
.392, S
CIV
, 2
1, 1
970
, C
asua
l f
inds
n
o. 2
74 2
, p
. 3
42

1 An
ton
inus -Gord
ian n
i AR R
IC, I
I, p
. 2
3,
n
o. 6
7

2
1 C
ioran
i-Pufe9t
i, d
istr
ict 1 An
ton
inus P
ius AR 1
57-158 B MC, 9
18, 3
00g
; S
CIV
, 2
1, 1
970, Casua
l f
inds
Vrancea (
set
tle men
t?) 2
0 mm 2
, p
. 3
41
1 Co m modus AR 1
75-176 B MC, Ro me, 6
44; S
CIV
, 2
4, 1
973,
3
00 g
; 2
0 mm 1
, p
. 1
47

2
2 M
irce9t
i-Täc e
, d
istr
ict 2 Marcus Aure
lius AR
Vas
lui "
Dea
lul M
iclea" S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, Casua
l f
inds
1F
aus
tina a L
I-a AR
(
set
tle men
t?)

2
3 Vas
lui (
city
) 1G
ord
ian M Bronze S
truck a
t S
CIV
, 2
1, 1
970
, Casua
l f
inds
Marc
ianopo
lis 2
, p
. 3
45

2
4 Punge9t
i, d
istr
ict 1 Ro man i
mper
ial AR S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971,
Vas
lui (
Dea
lul Bä
trina" d
enar
ius 1
, p
. 1
32

2
5 B
irlad-Va
lea S
eacä
, 1 Ph
ilip I Bronze S
truck a
t Mese mbr
ia I
nforma
tion Excava
tion
d
istr
ict Vas
lui V
. P
alade
(
set
tle men
t) 3
57

2
6 Bereg
ti- Mer
ia, d
istr
ict 1 Hadr
ian AR S
CIV
, 2
3, 1
972
, Casua
l f
inds
Ga
l e "
Ripa Ursu
lui" 1
, p
. 1
42
1 Faust
ina a I-a AR Probab
ly t
ype
R
IC, 5
09

2
7 Pogone9t
i-Ive9t
i, 358 Tra
jan (
?) Bronze S
CIV
, 2
3, 1
972,
d
istr
ict Vas
lui
, 1
, p
. 1
45
Gräd
ina D
. T
oader

2
8 Tanacu
, d
istr
ict Vas
lui 1 Hadr
ian AR I
nforma
tion Casua
l f
ind
"La Trans
forma
tor" V
. Cäp
itanu

2
9 Mogo9e9
ti, d
istr
ict I
a9i 1 Hadr
ian AR Type S
track
, 1
11 S
CIV
, 2
3, 1
972
, Casua
l f
ind
1
, p
. 1
45

3
0 Broscäup, d
istr
ict 1 Marcus Aure
lius AR 1
68-169 R
IC, M, p
. 229, Dac
ia, NS
, 1
9, Casua
l f
ind
Boto9an
i, "Dea
lul n
o. 2
07 1
975
, p
. 3
13
Cor
laten
ilor"

3
1
. Sdncest
i, d
istr
ict 1 An
ton
inus P
ius AR 1
49-150 BMC, 7
09 S
CIV
, 1
4, 1
963
, Casua
l f
ind
Botojan
i 2
, p
. 4
71

3
2 B
ivo
lar
i, c
o m mune o
f An
ton
inus P
ius AR 1
41 S
CIV
, 3
, 1
952,
Dob
ircen
i, d
istr
ict 3i
ndeterm
ina
te c
oins AR p
. 3
7 Casua
l f
inds
Boto9an
i

1
20
3
3 Z
ätunoa
ia, c
o mmune o
f 1 Marcus Aurel
ius AR 1
75 BMC, 6
27; Cohen 2 , S
CIV
, 1
5, 1
964, Casua
l f
i
nd
L
unca
, d
istr
ict Botogan
i 9
16 4
, p
. 5
80

3
4 Daraban
i, d
istr
ict 1 Marcus Aure
lius AR Dac
ia, NS
, 20, Casua
l f
inds
B
otagan
i F
aust
ina I(
or I?
) AR 1
976, c
hron
icle
n
o. 7
7

3
5 On
igcan
i, d
istr
ict Bacäu 1S
ept
imius S
everus AR S
CIV , 2
4, 1973, Casua
l f
ind
1
, p. 1
46

3
6 Bereg
ti-B
istr
ita
, d
istr
ict 2 Tra
jan AR
I
b
id. Casua
l f
inds
B
acä
u 1 Faust
ina I AR

3
7 Däm
ienegt
i, d
istr
ict 1 Tro
jan AR
I
bid
., p
. 1
47 Casua
l f
inds
B
acäu 1Hadr
ian AR

3
8 Pänceg
ti, d
istr
ict Bacäu 1Hadr
ian AR 19-122 BMC, Ro me, 1
33 I
b
id., p
p. 1
49- Casua
l f
inds
1S
ept
imius S
everus AR 1
93-194 R
IC, Ro me, 1
3; 3g
, 1
50
1
7 mm

3
9 Rog
ior
i, d
istr
ict B
itcäu F
aus
tina I AR 1
61-176 BMC, Ro me
, 1
36; I
b
id., p
. 1
50 Casua
l f
ind
2
, 4
0 g
, 1
8 mm

4
0 S
ascu
t, d
istr
ict Bacdu 1 Marcus Aure
lius AR I
b
id. Casua
l f
ind

4
1 S
tefan e
el Mare
, d
istr
ict Much worn a
nd p
erfora
ted
B
acäu
, "
Dea
lul V
ior
ica" Ro man d
enar
ius AR Dac
ia, NS
, 19, Casua
l f
ind
(
set
tle men
t) 1
975
, p. 3
23

4
2 Tecuc
i (
c
ity
), d
istr
ict 1 Hadr
ian AR w
ith t
he l
egend I
b
id. Casua
l f
ind
AEG yPros
G
alat
i, S
tr. Andre
i
S
aguna 1
1

4
3 Berei
ti, d
istr
ict Ga
lat
i, 1 Marcus Aure
lius Dac
ia, NS
, 20, Casua
l f
ind
"
Birzan
i" 1
976, c
hron
icle
n
o. 6
8

4
4 Cuca
, d
istr
ict Ga
lat
i 1 Caraca
lla AR 2
16 R
IC, 2
75 I
b
id., n
o. 7
5 Casual f
ind

4
5 Po
iana-Tecuc
i, d
istr
ict 1 Marcus Aure
lius AR 1
61-162 M.188
; Cohen 2 ,5
19 S
CIV , 8
, 1957
,
G
ala
ti (
set
tle men
t) 1
-4,pp.167-
Casua
l f
inds
1T
acitus Bronze 2
75-276 1
70

4
6 Brähäseg
ti, d
istr
ict Roman imper
ial c
oins 3
rd c
ent. S
CIV
, 3
, 1
952, Casua
l f
inds
G
ala
ti A
.D. p
. 2
13

4
7 M ena
, d
istr
ict I
agi D
enarius o
f Hadrian AR Me mor
ia An
ti-
a
nd Marcus Aurel
ius AR w
ith D
ivus q
uitat
is, R
, Casua
l f
ind
1
970 (
1972
),
p
. 3
22

4
8 G
läväneg
tii V
ech
i, I An
ton
inus P
ius AR S
CIV
, I
, 1
951, Excava
tion
d
istr
ictI
agi (
set
tle men
t) 1
, p
. 6
8

4
9 B
icaz
, d
istr
ict N
ea m
t 1 Hadrian AR Me mor
ia An
ti-
Antoninus P
ius AR q
uita
tis, R, Casua
l f
inds
1P
hil
ip I AR 1
970 (1972
),
p
p. 3
18-319

5
0 C
indeg
ti, d
istr
ict N
ea m
t, 1 Hadr
ian AR I
b
id., p
. 3
19 Casua
l f
ind
"
Cetä
tuie"

5
1 G
lrc
ina
, d
istr
ict N
ea mt 1 Marcus Aure
lius AR I
b
id. Casua
l f
ind

5
2 Zäneg
ti, d
istr
ict N
ea mt
, Com modus AR 1
81-182 I
b
id., p
. 3
20 Casua
l f
ind
"
Dea
lul V
iel"

5
3 Murgeg
ti, c
o m mune o
f T
rajan AR 17 I
bid. Casua
l f
ind
G
irov
, dis
trict Nea mt

5
4 Vorn
icen
ii Mar
i-S
ipo
tel
, 1J
ulia Donna AR 1
93-197 BMC, V. p
. 1
05, Dac
ia, NS
, 1
9, Casua
l f
ind
d
istr
ict S
uceava no. 4
24 1
975, p
. 3
24
(
set
tlemen
t) I
nforma
tion
E
. Emand
i

1
21
5
5 Z
vor T9
tea
, d
istrict 1 Faust
ina Augusta AR I
b
id. Excava
tion
S
uceava
, (
ce metery
) 1 Marcus Aurel
ius AR

5
6 c
heia-Suceava 1 An
ton
inus P
ius AR S
CIV
,13
,196
, Excava
tion
2
, 1
, P
. 2
22

5
7 Z
orlen
i, d
istr
ict Vas
lui 1J
ulia Do mna AR Dac
ia, N
S,1
9, Casua
l f
i
nd
1
975, p
. 3
16

5
8 C
imp ineanca-Foc9an
i, 1 Faust
ina I AR D
iva Faus
tina I
b
id., p
. 3
22 Casua
l f
i
nd
d
istr
ict Vrancea

5
9 a poteet
i, d
istr
ict Vrancea 1 Tra
jan AR S
CIV ,3, 1
952
, Casua
l f
i
nd
1 Hadrian AR p
. 215

6
0 Vo
lo cani, c
o m mune 1 Tra
jan AR Dac
ia, NS
, 19, Casua
l f
i
nd
o
f V
idra, d
istrict 1
975, p
. 3
24
Vrancea

6
1 Sm e
, d
istr
ict G
al e Ro man imper
ial d
enar
ii AR I
bid., p
. 3
23 Casua
l f
i
nd

1
22
C
. B
uzdugan a
t Cabe e
i- M
il q
ti i
n ab
urned s
unken-f
loored h
ut a
nd i
s d
ated
f
ro m t
he t
ime o
f Aurel
ian
.

T
he c
oins
, b
esides t
he f
i
bulae
, a
re i
mpor
tan
t d
ating e
vidence f
or t
he
chronology o
f the Carpic c
ulture. On the basis o
f t
he co
ins of Tra
jan, Hadr ian
,
Antoninus P
ius, Marcus Aure lius a
nd Faus t
ina I, we d
ate t
he f
irst occupat
ion
l
evel ofthe set
tle ments a
t Poiana-Dulce e
i, to b
oth t
he f
irs
t and the second
h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. T
his c
hrono
logy i
s a
lso s
uppor
ted b
y t
he e
arly
f
i
bulae d
iscovered a
t S
il 4te a
nd Varn
itã wh
ich c
an a
lso b
e d
ated t
o t
he f
irst
h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. (
see a
bove
). T
he d
ating i
s a
lso s
uppor
ted b
y
o
ther ma
ter
ial a
s w
e w
ill s
how l
ater
. T
his s
hows t
hat w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic
c
ulture, t
he e
arl
ies t i
ssues b
elong t
o Tra
jan, t
he conqueror o
f Dacia, and t
he
l
a
tes t o
nes a
re coins o
f Aurel
ian, t
he emperor who abandoned t
he prov
ince
f
ounded b
y Tra
jan
. Ro man c
urrency c
ircu
lated i
ntense
ly w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic
r
egions d
uring t
he e
xistence o
f t
he p
rov
ince o
f Dac
ia.

T
able 1 s
hows t
hat a
bou
t 1
03 c
oins b
elong t
o t
he c
lass o
f i
sola
ted f
inds
w
ith
in the Carp
ic t
err
itory
, 78 o
f si
lver, 2
1 of b
ronze
, one o
f c
opper , a
nd
o
ne uncer
tain. The major
ity o
f t
he co
ins (
76) be
long t
o t
he 2
nd century and
o
nly 2
1 are dated f
ro m t
he 3rd c
entury
; t he da
te is n
ot s
pec
ified f
or fi
ve
c
oins (
"Ro man imperial c
oins"
). 1 3 coins (
10 of s
i
lver a
nd 3 o
f bronze)
b
elong t
o t
he per
iod o
f Tra
jan a
nd 14 pieces are i
ssues o
f Hadr
ian ; al
l these
c
oins a
re o
f s
ilver. 12 co
ins (
8 o
f si
lver a nd 4 o
f b
ronze
) are issues o
f
An
toninus Pius and s
ix p
ieces of s
ilver be
long t
o Faustina I(w
ife o
f Antoninus
P
ius), so t
hat t
he overa
ll nu mber o
f the i
ssues f
ro m t
he per
iod of An
toninus
P
ius is 1
8. I tis i
nteresting t
o no
te t
hat t
he major
ity o
f t
he co
ins d
ating
f
ro m t
he 2nd c
entury A. D. have b
een d
iscovered t
o t
he West o
f t
he S
iret
,
s
how
ing t
hat d
uring t
h
is p
eriod
, c
oin-c
ircu
lat
ion was more i
ntense i
n t
he a
rea
b
etween t
he Carpa
thians a
nd t
he S
iret t
han i
n t
he z
one b
etween t
he S
iret a
nd
t
he Pru
t a
nd Dn
ies
ter
.

2
. H
oards. 9
0 c
oin-hoards h
ave b
een r
ecovered f
ro m Mo
ldav
ia (
see t
he
map
, P
l. I
).

I
tis i
n
terest
ing t
o emphas
ise t
he f
act t
hat t
he t
err
itory wh
ich was t
he most
i
ntense
ly i
nhab
ited b
y t
he Carp
i i
s a
lso where t
he b
uria
l o
f h
oards i
s s
ign
ifi-
c
ant
ly c oncen
trated, in t
he sub-Carpathian zone and i
n the region o
f h
il
ls fro m
t
he cen
tre of Mo
ldav ia. C ertain
ly there are a
lso Carpic traces in t
he p
lain
o
f Moldavia (
see the map, Pl. I)
, bu
t h oards have n
ot been discovered here
,
a
nd i
tis p
oss
ible t
hat t
hey w
ere n
ot h
idden i
n t
h
is a
rea
, b
ecause t
he h
iding o
f
h
oards w
ere l
ess s
ure b
ecause o
f t
he p
resence o
f t
he S
arma
tians.

T
able 1
2 s
hows c
oin-hoard g
roups a
ccord
ing t
o t
he l
atest i
ssue.

TABLE 1
2

N
o. L
ates
t emperor r
epresen
ted Nu mber o
f h
oards

1 An
toninus Pius 4
2 Marcus Aurelius 8
3 C
o m modus 2
6
4 S
ept
im ius Severus 8
5 P
ert
inax 1
c
ontd. o
ver

1
23
 TABLE 1
2

No. L
atest emperor r
epresen
ted Nu mber o
f h
oards

1 An
ton
inus P
ius 4
2 Marcus Aure
lius 8
3 Co mmodus 2
6
4 S
ept
imius S
everus 8
5 P
ert
inax 1
6 C
lod
ius A
lbinus 1
7 P
escenn
ius N
iger 1
8 Cara
.cal
la 1
9 Severus A
lexander 3
1
0 Unpub
lished h
oards a
nd h
oards
w
hose c
onten
ts a
re s
cat
tered 3
7
T
ota
l 9
0

The h
oards whose c
onten
ts a
re s
cat
tered r
epresen
t t
he f
inds wh
ich e
ntered
p
rivate c
ollect
ions and have most
ly been l
ost b
efore being s
tudied by s
pecial-
i
sts. On the bas
is either o
f i
nforma t
ion g
iven by persons who hand
led the
c
oins or o
f the s
tudy of s
o me s
peci mens
, ithas been presu med t
hat t
hese
h
oards w
ere b
uried i
n t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. o
r i
n t
he f
irst
h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. 359 We n
otice t
hat t
he h
iding o
f t
he h
oards t
ook
p
lace i
n the s
econd ha
lf o
f the 2
nd century and t
he f
irs
t half o
f t
he 3rd c
entury
j
ust a
t t
he time when t
he Carpic c
ulture was a
t it
s maxi mu m d
evelopment.
The f
irst h
oards w
ere b
uried d
uring t
he r
eign o
f An
ton
inus P
ius
; t
hese h
ave
b
een d
iscovered a
t Munce
lu d
e S
us, n
ear Paecan
i, Buc
iu m
i, n
ear T
g. Ocn
.a
.,
Märg
ineet
i (
d
istr
ict o
f Buzäu
) a
nd Bräeet
i (
d
istr
ict o
f Bot
clan
i) (
Pl. I
).
The l
atest h
oards a
re h
idden d
uring t
he p
eriod o
f S
everus A
lexander (
t
hree
h
oards
): C
indee
ti, d
istr
ict o
f N
ea mt (
the l
a
test c
oin i
s f
ro m 2
22-223
),
Mun
teneet
i, d
istr
ict o
f V
aslu
i (
l
atest i
ssue d
ated f
ro m 2
28) a
nd Murgen
i,
d
istr
ict o
f V
aslu
i. I
tis p
oss
ible t
hat t
he h
oard d
iscovered i
n t
he d
istr
ict o
f
Vas
lui (
t
he f
ind-p
lace i
s u
nknown
) al
ong t
ime a
go a
nd f
ro m wh
ich o
nly 4
2
c
oins s
urv
ive
, t
he l
ast i
ssue b
elong
ing t
o Carca
lla
,was a
lso b
uried d
uring
t
he r
eign o
f S
everus A
lexander
. I
tis p
art
icu
lar
ly n
oticeab
le t
hat l
arge
n
u mbers o
f h
oards were b
uried a
t t
he e
nd o
f t
he r
ule o
f C
o mmodus
; t
h
is
p
resu mes t
hat s
o me e
ven
ts a
ffec
ted d
irec
tly t
he who
le t
err
itory i
nhab
ited
b
y t
he Carp
i.

T
he q
uest
ion o
f t
he r
eal r
easons wh
ich b
rough
t a
bout t
he b
uria
l o
f t
hese
h
oards i
s s
til
l under d
iscussion
, since t
he l
i
terary s
ources do n
ot c
onta
in
s
uff
icien
t i
nfor ma
tion f
or us t
o draw f
irm h
istor
ical c
onclus
ions. According
t
o t
he general po
lit
ical s
itua
tion a
nd t
o so me v
ague l
i
terary i
ndica
tions
, i
t
h
as been supposed tha
t t
he bur
ial o
f h
oards dur
ing t
he re
ign o
f Marcus
Aure
lius i
s ow
ing t
o t
roub
les c
aused b
y t
he w
ars w
ith t
he Marcomann
i, a
nd
t
he h
iding o
f t
he o
ther g
roups o
f h
oards wou
ld b
e d
ue t
o t
he d
isturbances
which a
cco mpanied t
he move men
t o
f t
he G
oths f
ro m t
he Ba
ltic S
ea z
one t
o
North-Pon
tic steppes •3
60

1
24
 T
he mass
ive p
resence o
f h
oards w
ith
in a r
ela
tive
ly sma
ll t
err
itory r
eflects
t
he e
xis
tence o
f as
trong e
cono m
ic b
asis among t
he Carp
i a
nd a
t t
he s
ame t
ime
a
ttes
ts in
tense co m merc
ial rela
tionships with t
he Emp ire. Itis p
ossible t
hat
s
o me h
oards consisted of c
oins fro m p
art of t
he t
ribu
te p a
id b
y the Ro mans
, 361
a
lthough t
here i
s n
o l
i
terary i
nforma
tion a
bou
t t
h
is. I
tis i
nteres
ting t
o p
oin
t
o
ut t
hat t
he h
oard
ing a
nd b
uria
l o
f h
oards i
n t
he Carp
ic r
egions t
ook p
lace s
o
l
ong a
s t
he G
oths w
ere n
ot l
oca
ted i
n t
he im med
iate v
icin
ity o
f t
he C
arp
i a
nd
were n
ot d
angerous t
o t
he b
oundar
ies o
f t
he Emp
ire o
n t
he L
ower Danube.
A
fter t
heir e
stab
lishmen
t i
n t
he Nor
th-Pon
tic s
teppes
, t
he G
oths w
ill h
ave
t
aken over t
he l
eadership o
f t
he ant
i-Ro man c
oalit
ion o n t
he Lower Danube
a
nd wi
ll have "
obliged" t
he Ro mans t
o p
ay t
ribute to t
he m, t
o t
he de
tri ment
o
f t
he Carp
i. T h
is was t
o happen i
n 238, e
ven ifa
t th
is date t
he Carpi p
re-
t
ended t
o b
e s
tronger (
according t
o t
he in
for ma
tion o
f Petrus Pa
tricius
,
f
ragmen
t 8
)
.

H
owever
, i
n d
iscuss
ion o
f t
he h
oards a
nd h
oard
ing w
e mus
t n
ot f
orget t
hat
t
hese b
elonged t
o t
he t
r
iba
l a
ristocracy a
nd n
ot t
o t
he c
o m mon p
eop
le.

1
25
 I
X

MAG
ICAL AND CULT PRAC T
ICES

T
he l
ow s
tandard o
f d
eve
lop men
t o
f t
he means o
f p
roduct
ion a
nd t
he
impo
tence o
f man t
o c
o mba
t t
he f
orces o
f n
ature a
s w
ell a
s l
ack o
f k
now
ledge
c
aused t
he Carp
i, l
ike many a
ncien
t p
eop
les
, t
o s
ub m
it t
he mse
lves t
o t
he
f
orces o
f n
ature a
nd t
o imag
ine u
nrea
l c
auses o
f t
hings i
nstead o
f r
eal
,
s
cient
ific c
auses. The e
xistence o
f t
hese b
eliefs among t
he Carp s i
i i l
lus-
t
rated by s
evera
l a
rchaeo
logical f
inds wh
ich in area
l sense r
eflect t
he idea
o
f man that l
ife i
s d
irec
ted b
y cer
tain na
tura
l forces
, a
nd t
hat t
hese c
an b
e
i
nfluenced (
for be
tter o
f w
orse) b
y var
ious ri
tes.

T
he s
alutary e
ffec
t o
f t
he s
un o
n t
he h
u man r
ace
, t
he a
ni ma
ls, a
nd o
n
v
ege
tat
ion h
as l
ong b
een n
oticed b
y man a
nd h
e b
egan t
o c
ons
ider i
tas a
n
A
lmigh
ty G
od. T
he c
ult o
f t
he s
un b
egan t
o b
e w
idespread i
n t
he Bronze Age.
Archaeo
log
ical research s
hows tha
t the c
ult o
f t
he sun a
lso received p
art
icular
a
ttent
ion l
ater i
n t
he La Tene p
eriod, when i
tw as p
racticed both b
y t
he Carpi
a
nd t
he G
eto-Dac
ians.

I
n t
h
is c
ontex
t w
e r
e me mber t
he p
rac
tice o
f t
he b
uria
l r
i
tua
l o
f c
re ma
tion
b
y t
he Carp
i, i
n wh
ich man h
ad h
is b
ody p
urif
ied o
f s
in b
y f
ire
, w
hich was
c
ons
idered a
s ap
iece b
roken f
ro m t
he s
un, a
nd a
lso t
he e
xis
tence o
f s
igns
(
t
amgas) on t
he metal m
irrors (Pl. CLXX
III/1-2 , 4
, CLXX IV/1-4, CLXXV/1)
c
ons
idered by s
cholars as s
olar symbo
ls (
see s upra
). We r e me mber t
hat
e
ven t
he m
irror, owing to i
ts d
isc f
orm, i
s as olar symbo
l, and that t
he
a
ncien
t Ch
inese c
ons
idered mirrors a
s s
olar s
ymbo
ls. S
o me g
roups o
f
p
eoples o
f Siberia (t
he I
ukagh
iri
) c
alled t
he m
irror t
he "
pectora
l s
un" u
ntil
r
ecently (
see supra).

Mirrors with t
amgas, i
n a
ddition t
o t
heir u
t
ilitarian r
ole
, h ad a magica
l-
a
potropaic s
ignif
icance t
o t
he Carpi a
nd Sarmat
ians ; they pro
tected the
b
earer d
uring l
i
fe a
nd a
fter d
eath a
gains
t e
vil s
pir
its
, a
nd f
or t
h
is r
eason
m
irrors w
ere p
laced i
n t
o mbs. I
n a
ddit
ion t
o m
irrors
, o
ther e
le men
ts wh
ich
c
an b
e c
onnected w
ith t
he c
ult o
f t
he s
un, o
ccur i
n t
he Carp
ic c
ontex
t. F
or
e
xa mp
le, ap
it wh
ich d
if
fers i
n c
onten
ts f
rom t
he r
est o
f t
hose k
nown u
nti
l
n
ow h
as b
een i
den
tif
ied a
t P
oiana-Du
lce§
ti, (
Varn
ig) (
p
it n
o. 1
3). T
he p
it
was o
f c
ylindr
ica
l f
or m
, w
ith a d
ia meter o
f 1
.05 m a
nd d
epth o
f 0
.95 m.
S
even n
ew j
ugs w
ere p
laced o
n t
he Nor
th-Nor
th-Eas
t s
ide a
t t
he b
ottom.
I
nit
ial
ly, t
he j
ugs w
ere p
laced w
ith t
he mou
th d
own
, b
ut b
ecause o
f t
he s
ett
ling
o
f t
he ground
, so me o
f t
he m c
hanged position s
o t
hat o
nly jugs 2
, 4and 5
h
ave b
een discovered i
n t
heir i
nit
ial p
osition; 3, 6and 7 were i
ncl
ined t
o
t
he c
entre o
f t
he b
otto m a
nd j
ug 1 was l
a
id o
n o
ne s
ide w
ith t
he mou
th t
o t
he
wa
ll (
Pl. XV
III/4-6
). F
ive j
ugs w
ere g
rouped t
o t
he N
orth (
1-5
) a
nd t
wo
(
6-7
), w
ere placed 0
.15 m to t
he Eas
t. The jugs were wheel- made i
n f
ine
f
abr
ic; six a
re grey-f
ired a
nd one (
no. 1
) i
s red-br
ick f
ired. T he j
ugs were

1
26
w
ere empty
, not even c
onta
ining e
arth
. We emphas ise tha
t t
he p
it d
id not
c
onta
in o
ther archaeo
logica
l mater
ial and was f
i
lled with t
he s
ame earth which
h
ad been excava
ted from i
t
. I t was p
ossib
le t
o de
termine the f
orm o f t
he p
it
o
nly by c
areful scrap
ing
, on t
he basis o
f t
he d
if
feren
t hardness of t
he ground.

The manner o
f t
he disposal o
f the pots, (
al
l are n
ew )
, in as emicirc
le, w
ith
t
he o
penings t
o t
he South-South- West t
o the d
irec
tion fro m whence t
he sun
w
arms s
tronger d
uring a
ll w
eathers a
nd t
he n
u mber s
even o
f t
he p
ots
, wh
ich
i
s p
ree m
inen
tly c
ons
idered amag
ica
l n
umber
, a
llows u
s t
o s
uppose t
he e
xis-
t
ence o
f a mag
ica
l-re
lig
ious p
ract
ice c
onnected w
ith s
ome s
upers
tit
ion b
y
wh
ich t
he p
rotec
tion o
f t
he s
un was s
olic
ited.

Qu
ite a s
imilar f
ind has b
een made a
t S
ucidava (Cele
i) where s
even sma l
l
p
ottery jugs h
ave been f
ound in ab
ox made o
f large br
icks; six o
f the m w
ere
a
rranged i n ac
irc
le a
nd t
he s
even
th, w
ith t
he mou
th d
own
, was p
laced a
t t
he
c
entre .
362

Af
ew p
its c
onta
ining a
l mos
t e
xclus
ively o
nly p
ieces o
f t
he c
rus
ty h
ear
th -
f
ragmen
ts o
f t
he c
lay-
lined d
o me o
f k
i
lns
, f
ired p
ebb
les b
elong
ing t
o t
he f
ound-
a
tions o
f t
he hear
ths, ashes a
nd c
harcoal h
ave b
een d
iscovered in t
he s
ett
le-
ment a
t Varn
ita (
pits n
os. 7, 1, 1
6, 52 a
nd 6
4). Frag ments o
f "f
ire-dogs"
f
ro m a h
earth have b
een recovered f
ro m p
it n
o. 7 a
nd a c
lay f
igur
ine of a
s
tyl
ized ani ma
l with bu
lging b
ody, and w
ith t
he h
ead and t
he l
egs broken has
b
een f
ound i
n p
it n
o. 1
1 (
Pl. CL/l).

T
he p
its c
onta
ining s
uch r
e ma
ins a
re o
f d
if
feren
t f
orms a
nd s
ize
; t
wo
were o
f c
ylindr
ical f
orm (p
it n
o. 7
: dia meter 1
.45 m; dep
th 1.90 m; pit
n
o. 52: d
ia meter 1
.10 m; depth 1
.55 m
); p it n
o. 1 was "bot
tle" s
haped
(
d
ia meter 1
.35 m
; d
epth 1
.90 m
); p
it n
o. 1
6 was t
runca
ted-cone s
haped
(
d
ia meter max
i mu m 1
.50 m
; d
ia meter m
ini mum 1
.20 m
; d
epth 1
.40 m
) a
nd
p
it n
o. 6
4 was "
barrel" s
haped (
d
ia meter max
i mu m 1
.70 m
; d
iameter
m
ini mu m 1
.40 m; depth 2
.45 m
). The last p
it was c
arefu
lly dug i
n a
ncien
t
t
imes and c
onta
ined an e
normous q
uan
tity of a
shes, c
harcoal, f
ragments o
f
crus
ty hearths and f
ired p
ebbles b
elong
ing to t
he b
ase of h
earths
; t he p
ottery
was not n
u merous and was b
urnt. Pits c
ontain
ing such r
e ma
ins have a
lso
b
een d
iscovered in t
he Carpic c
ontex
t at T
ife e
i-Panc iu (
distr
ict o
f Vrancea
)
a
nd i
n t
he set
tle ment o
f Chi
lia- Mä
täsaru t
ype, at Mätäsaru (t
he 2nd-3rd
c
entur
ies A.D
. )i
n Mun
ten
ia; a
nd i
n t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ine s
ite o
f Po
iana-
T
ecuci.3
63

We ment
ion t
hat t
he fragments of h
earths d
iscovered i
n t
he Carp
ic s e
ttle-
men
ts and i
n t
hose o
f the Ch
ilia- M
ili
tari t
ype which h
ave b
een i
nvestigated
b
yus (
Poiana-Du
lce9
ti, Bu
tnäre?
ti, Mindr
i9ca
, Bon
Ieet
i, Mä
täsaru
, Uden
i,
Maldär
, S corn
ic e i
), occur u
sua
lly i
n pi
ts or i
n s
unken-f
loored h
uts b
ut v
ery
r
arely in t
he occupat
ion l
ayer; such d
ebris d
oes o
ccur in t
he o
ccupa
tion
l
ayer e
spec
ial
ly a
round t
he h
ear
ths b
uil
t i
n t
he o
pen a
ir.

T
aking i
nto a
ccoun
t t
hese o
bserva
tions a
nd t
he e
xistence o
f t
he s
olar c
ult
among t
he Dac
ians a
nd t
he Carp
i, w
e c
an p
resu me t
hat t
he h
ear
th, w
ith i
t
s
f
ire
, wh
ich was c
onsidered a
s apiece broken f
ro m t
he sun
, received p
ar-
t
icu
lar at
ten
tion w
ithin t
he C
arp
ic s oc
iety. On the bas
is of t
hese fac
ts, there
I
s n
o doubt about t
he e
xistence o
f ah
ear
th-cu
lt, b
oth among t
he G
eto-Dac
ians
a
nd t
he C arp
i. 364

1
27
 0 iM

F
ig. 2
4 Po
iana-Du
1ce9
ti, Varn
ig, p
it A
6, w
ith d
og's s
kele
ton
;
1
-3, b
roken v
esse
ls; 4
, f
rag men
t o
f t
erre p
is . 5
, b
ones o
f
c
att
le; 6
, c
harcoa
l; 7
, f
ragments o
f h
ear
ths.

1
28
 So me f
inds br
ing to l
igh
t other be
liefs a
nd supers
titions pract
ised b
y t
he
Carp
i. F or example, n
ine Pi
ts contain
ing ske
letons of an
i ma
ls (dogs a
nd
hares
) have been d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-Dulce§t
i, ( Varn
il
,g) d
uring t
he excava-
t
ions of 1
962, 1967 a
nd 1969. These p
its are enu mera
ted in o
rder of t
heir
i
dent
ification
: A l, A2 and s
o on. A l
l the p
its were o
f cyl
indr
ical f
orm and
q
uite deep. T he ma
jority o
f the s
keletons l
ay on t
he bot
to m i
n t
he f
ollow
ing
p
osi
tions
: t he s
keleton l
ies o
n i
ts righ
t side (Al, A2
, A3 a
nd A4
); o n i
ts l
ef
t
s
ide (
A5, A7 and A9
); o n
ly two s
keletons (A8
, l ay o
n i
t
s r
ight s
ide a
nd A6
o
n i
t
s l
ef
t s
ide
) w
ere i
nterred s
o mewha
t h
igh i
n t
he p
it (
Pl. CL
IX, CLX a
nd
f
ig
. 2
4)
. T
he f
ol
low
ing i
s ab
rief d
escr
ipt
ion
.

P
it A
l, s
keleton o
f d
og (
5-7 y
ears o
ld)
, w
ell p
reserved
, l
a
id o
n i
t
s r
ight s
ide
,
t
he h
ead t
o t
he N
orth- Wes
t a
nd t
he f
ron
t l
eg-bones e
xtended (
Pl. CL
IX/l
).
Under t
he s
keleton
, o
n t
he b
otto m
, t
here i
s at
h
ick l
ayer o
f a
shes r
esu
lted
f
ro m t
he pur
ifica
tion o
f t
he pi
t by f
iring. Hu mus
, w ithou
t archaeologica
l
r
e mains was t
hrown over t
he ske
leton. Sherds, pieces of h
earth
, b ones o
f
a
ni ma
ls, c
harcoa
l a
nd a
shes wh
ich u
sua
lly f
i
lled a p
it
, o
ccur i
n t
he f
i
lling
o
f p
i
t A
l, a
t 0
.60 m a
bove t
he s
keleton
. I
thas n
ot b
een p
oss
ible t
o r
estore
a
ny p
ot f
ro m t
he f
ragmen
ts o
f p
ottery d
iscovered i
n t
he p
it.

P
it A
2, s
keleton o
f h
are
, w
ell p
reserved
, l
a
id o
n i
t
s r
igh
t s
ide t
o t
he w
estern
e
dge o
f t
he p
it. T
he a
ni ma
l w
as l
a
id o
ver a t
h
in l
ayer o
f a
shes
, w
ith t
he h
ead
t
owards t
he S
outh-South-Eas
t (
Pl. CL
IX/2
). T
he b
otto m o
f t
he p
it w
as f
ired
.
A l
ayer o
f sandy s
oil mixed with ashes and c
harcoa
l, 0.30 m t
hick, l
ay above
t
he ske
leton and t
h
is explains the good s
tate o
f p
reservat
ion o
f the b
ones.
Ma
ter
ials u
sua
lly o
ccurr
ing i
n t
he f
i
lls o
f p
its (
fragmen
ts o
f p
ottery
, b
ones
o
f a
ni ma
ls e
tc.) a
nd a b
lade o
f a
n i
ron k
nife w
ere d
iscovered i
n t
he u
pper p
art
o
f t
he h
ole.

P
it A3, skeleton o
f dog (
under one y
ear o
ld), whose bones h
ave b
een p
artia
lly
d
isturbed by a mole (P
l. CLX/1). T he s
ke leton w
ith t
he h
ead t
owards t
he
East
, lay o
n it
s right s
ide o
ver a l
ayer o
f a
shes 0
.04 m t
hick. T he a
shes
resu
lted f
ro m t
he burning o
fbranches i
n t
he p
it. Alayer o
f ashes 0
.15 m
t
hick l
ay a
bove t
he s
keleton a
nd was o
ver
laid b
y t
he o
rdinary f
i
lling s
oil
c
ons
ist
ing o
f much a
shes
, f
rag men
ts o
f p
ottery
,bones o
f a
ni ma
ls, p
ieces o
f
c
rus
ty h
ear
th a
nd c
harcoa
l.

P
it A
4. Two s
kele
tons o
f d
ogs h
ave b
een d
iscovered o
n t
he n
orthern s
ide o
f
t
he p
it
; t
he h
eads a
re o
rien
tated t
o t
he West a
nd t
he s
keletons a
re l
a
id o
ne
b
ehind t
he o
ther on t
he b
ottom o
f t
he p
it (Pl. CLX/3). Ow ing t
o t
he a
bsence
o
f ashes
, t
he ske
letons are t
o al
arge ex
ten t d
eco mposed
. T he pi
t h
as no
t
b
een p
urif
ied b
y f
ir
ing. Al
arge q
uern o
f p
rim
itive t
ype h
as b
een f
ound i
n
t
he c
entre o
f t
he p
it a
nd a l
arge p
ebb
le h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t t
he l
eg-bones
o
f s
kele
ton n
o. 2
. A s
hou
lder o
f s
heep was p
laced b
etween t
he q
uern a
nd t
he
p
ebb
le, p
robab
ly a
s a
n o
ffer
ing
.

No f
ragment o
f p
ottery o
r o
ther a
rchaeo
log
ica
l r
e ma
ins h
ave b
een d
is-
c
overed i
n t
he f
i
ll o
f t
he p
it a
nd c
onsequen
tly t
he d
ating i
s e
stab
lished o
n t
he
b
asis o
f t
he c
hrono
logy o
f o
ther s
imi
lar f
eatures. T
he p
it was b
ack-f
illed a
s
hort t
ime a
fter i
thad b
een e
xcava
ted a
s i
s a
ttes
ted b
y t
he f
act t
hat o
ther
s
herds a
re n
ot i
nser
ted i
n t
he f
i
ll o
f t
he p
it. P
it n
o. 1
3 i
s s
imilar (
supra
).

1
29
P
it A5
, s
keleton o
f ah
are
, w
ell-preserved
, l
ay o
n i
ts l
ef
t s
ide w
ith t
he h
ead
t
o t
he S
outh- Wes
t (
Pl. CLX/5
). T
he s
keleton l
ay t
o t
he S
outh-Eas
t l
imit o
f t
he
p
it
, o
ver a t
h
in l
ayer o
f a
shes r
esu
lting f
rom t
he b
urn
ing o
f b
rushwood o
n t
he
s
pot. Ag rey wheel- made d
ish b
roken in s
i
tu was p
laced t
o the f
ront o
f t
he
s
keleton
, a
t adistance of 0
.20 m fro m i
t
. T he s
oil l
ayer wh
ich covered t
he
s
keleton c
onta
ined much a
sh a
nd f
ew a
rchaeo
log
ica
l r
e ma
ins (
fragmen
ts o
f
p
ottery
, p
ieces o
f h
ear
th, af
ew b
ones o
f a
nima
ls a
nd t
hree p
ebb
les
).

P
it A6 c
onta
ined o
rdinary a
rchaeo
log
ica
l r
ema
ins i
n i
t
s u
pper p
art
: s
herds
,
c
harcoa
l, p
ieces o
f h
ear
th a
nd a l
arge n
u mber o
f b
ones o
f p
igs a
nd c
att
le.
A ske
leton o
f ad og i
n agood s
tate o
f preserva
tion was f
ound i
n t
he f
i
ll o
f t
he
p
it, which c
onta
ined a l
arge quant
ity o
f ashes a
t adepth o
f 1
.50 m f
rom the
t
op a
nd 0
.30 m a
bove t
he b
otto m o
f t
he p
it. T
he a
ni ma
l l
ay o
n i
t
s l
e
ft s
ide
w
ith t
he head t
o t
he East; so me o
f t
he b
ones (
par
ticular
ly t
he r
ibs a
nd ver-
t
ebrae
) had been d
isturbed b
y moles. The l
ower par
t of al
arge g
rey wheel-
made p
ot was p
laced o
ver t
he p
elv
is o
f t
he d
og; t
he r
est o
f t
he p
ot l
ay o
n t
he
b
otto m o
f the p
it to t
he S
outh o
f t
he ske
leton (
f
ig. 2
4); o ther f
ragments o
f th
is
p
ot have been discovered i
n o
ther p
arts o
f t
he pi
t, s
ituated a
t the l
eve
l o
f the
s
keleton
. Af
rag men
t o
f a
n o
x r
ib was f
ound i
n f
ron
t o
f t
he s
kul
l a
t ad
istance
o
f 0
.15 m f
ro m t
h
is; t
wo o
ther r
ibs
, n
ear
ly c
o mp
lete, w
ere s
i
tua
ted a
t a
d
epth o
f 0.20 m under t
he ske
leton. A small p
orous hand- made vesse
l was
d
iscovered on t
he bot
to m o
f t
he p
it
; i
t was d
ecorated wi
th a cordon (P
l.
XLV
III/
1). T
he sma
ll p
ot, p
laced w
ith t
he mou
th u
ppermost
, h
ad a d
eter
iora-
t
ed r
im. T
hree b
ases o
f p
orous v
essels w
ere a
rranged w
ith t
he o
pen p
art
d
own
, r
ound t
he p
ot wh
ich was p
laced u
nder t
he s
keleton
; a
nother b
ase o
f
apot was placed i
n t
he n
orma l p
osit
ion at t
he e
dge o
f t
he p
it
; f
ragmen
ts o
f
t
hese vessels have b
een d
iscovered in t
he f
i
ll o
f t
he p
it.

F
our v
esse
ls h
ave b
een r
estored i
n t
heir e
ntirety f
rom t
he r
ecovered
f
ragmen ts of p
ottery, agrey amphora of t
he Carpic t
ype, agrey urn-pot
, a
r
ed fru
it-s tand and t
he smal
l porous p
ot. F ive po
ts have b
een par
tially res-
t
ored
; t h
is large nu mber o
f r
estored v
essels is n
ot e
ncountered i
n other
a
rchaeo
log
ica
l f
eatures o
f t
h
is k
ind
.

P
it A
7, s
keleton o
f d
og, l
ay o
n i
t
s l
ef
t s
ide w
ith t
he h
ead t
o t
he S
outh-East
(
Pl. CLX/6
). T
he a
ni ma
l w
as p
laced d
irect
ly o
n t
he b
otto m o
f t
he p
i
t a
nd
l
ater a p
art o
f t
he s
keleton was d
isturbed b
y mo
les. T
he wa
lls a
nd b
otto m
o
f t
he p
it a
re n
ot f
ired
. T
he f
i
ll c
onta
ined a r
ela
tive
ly l
arge q
uan
tity o
f
a
shes wh
ich a
l
lowed a g
ood s
tate o
f p
reserva
tion o
f t
he s
keleton
, c
ons
ider
ing
t
hat t
he a
ni ma
l was u
nder o
ne y
ear o
ld. V
ery f
ew f
ragmen
ts o
f p
ottery h
ave
b
een r
ecovered f
ro m t
he f
i
ll o
f t
he p
it. We emphas
ise t
he l
arge s
ize o
f t
he
p
i
t i
n c
o mpar
ison w
ith t
he sma
ll s
keleton o
f t
he a
ni ma
l a
nd t
he v
ery sma
ll
n
u mber o
f o
bjects d
iscovered i
n i
t
, a
s i
n o
ther p
its o
f t
h
is k
ind
.

P
it A8. Ske
leton of ahare w
ith t
he s
keleton par
tia
lly decayed b
y c
orrosive
a
gents h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he f
il
l o
f the p
it
, at adepth of 1
.70 m f
ro m t
he
p
resen
t s
oil l
eve
l a
nd 0
.45 m a
bove t
he b
ottom o
f t
he p
it. The s
keleton
,
p
robab
ly t
hrown i
n
, was l
y
ing o
n i
t
s r
ight s
ide w
ith t
he h
ead t
o t
he S
outh
; a
f
l
int b
lade a
nd a b
ase o
f g
rey whee
l- made p
ot (
Pl. CLX/4
) w
ere p
laced n
ear
t
he s
keleton
. T he f
il
l, d irty-ye
llow c
oloured
, did no
t c
on ta
in a
shes. F
ew
s
herds and bones o
f ani mals were r
ecovered f
ro m t
he p
it.

1
30
P
it A
9. Un
like t
he o
ther p
its
, t
h
is p
it h
ad a l
edge o
f n
atura
l e
arth i
nside, r
ound
t
he w
alls o
f t
he b
otto m
, O
. 1Ö
-0.25 m i
n b
read
th a
nd 0
.15 m i
n t
h
ickness. A
f
ragmen
tary p
ot, t
he u
pper p
art b
roken
, i
n av
ert
ica
l p
osit
ion
, f
i
lled w
ith p
ure
a
shes w
ithou
t o
ther r
e ma
ins o
r i
ngred
ien
ts was d
iscovered o
n t
he w
estern s
ide
o
n t
he b
otto m. A s
keleton o
f ad
og l
ay o
n i
ts l
ef
t s
ide
, w
ith t
he h
ead t
o t
he
S
outh a
nd p
laced o
n t
he n
atura
l l
edge
, was d
iscovered a
bove t
he p
ot w
ith t
he
a
shes
. Al
arge s
herd b
elong
ing t
o t
he s
ame p
ot w
as p
laced o
ver t
he s
kul
l
(
Pl. CLX/2
).

Few a
rchaeolog
ical re ma
ins (
sherds
, bones o
f an
i mals a
nd fragments
o
f t
erre p
ise
) have been r
ecovered f
ro m t
he f
i
ll o
f t
he p
it. N either t
he b
otto m
n
or t
he w
alls o
f t
he p
it b
ore t
races o
f c
ontac
t w
ith f
ire.

I
n r
ecap
itu
lat
ing
, w
e n
otice t
hat t
hree o
f t
he n
ine p
its (
nos. A
2, A
5 a
nd
A8
) c
onta
ined s
keletons o
f h
ares a
nd s
ix (
Al, A
4, A6
, A
7 a
nd A9
) h
ad
s
kele
tons o
f d
ogs
;365 t
wo s
keletons w
ere f
ound i
n p
it n
o. 4 a
nd t
he r
est c
on-
t
ained o
nly o
ne s
keleton
.

T
he p
lan o
f t
he s
ett
le men
t s
hows t
hat t
he p
its c
onta
ining t
he s
keletons o
f
a
ni ma
ls a
re s
cat
tered among t
he s
unken-f
loored h
uts a
nd s
torage p
its a
nd
t
hey are n
ot g
rouped a
ll t
ogether. They w ere d
iscovered i
n t
he most d
ensely
i
nhab
ited area o
f t
he s
ett
le ment, where p
it no. 1
3 con
tain
ing seven v
essels
h
as a
lso b
een d
iscovered (
Pl. V
II).

I
tis d
if
ficu
lt t
o d
etermine the s
ignificance o
f t
hese f
eatures. Both the
o
rien
tat
ion and t
he v
aried p
osit
ion of the ske
letons a
nd t
he fi
ll o
f t
he p
its may
produce t
he impression t
hat t
he a
ni mals under d
iscussion b
elong o
nly i
ncident-
a
lly to t
he f
eatures. However , t
he fact t
hat t
he ske
letons o
ccur on
ly in p
its
o
f ac
erta
in f
or m (
cyl
indr
ica
l), c
arefu
lly d
ug, a
nd t
hat mater
ials h
ave b
een
i
nten
tiona
lly p
laced i
n t
hese f
eatures a
nd a
lso t
hat t
he b
otto m was p
urif
ied b
y
f
ire w
hereas t
he b
otto ms o
f s
torage p
its w
ithou
t s
keletons w
ere n
ever f
ired
i
nten
tiona
lly
, a
rgues i
n f
avour o
f t
he i
nten
tiona
l d
isposa
l o
f t
he s
keletons.
Even t
he si
tua
tion e
ncoun
tered i
n pit A4 wou
ld support t
his hypo
thesis, f
or
t
he two d
ogs were l
y
ing on t
he s
a me side
, with t
he sa me or
ientation a
nd t
his
f
act c
annot b
e a
cciden
tal.

T
he p
resence o
f e
ntire s
keletons o
f h
ares (
p
its n
os. A2
, A
5 a
nd A
8), r
e-
p
resen
ting a
ni ma
ls wh
ich w
ere n
ot b
red i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t, w
ould a
lso s
uppor
t
t
he i
dea. 366 I
fwe admit t
hat t
he an
i ma
ls, d
ogs a
nd hares were i
nten
tiona
lly
p
laced i
n t he p
its a
ccording t
o more o
r l
ess r
espected r
itua
l, t
hen the
q
ues
tion i
s t
he s
ign
ificance o
f t
hese b
uria
ls o
f a
ni ma
ls.

A
ccord
ing t
o t
he o
bserva
tions n
oticed i
n p
it A
6 (
see a
bove
), i
tis p
oss
ible
t
o b
elieve t
hat t
hese b
uria
ls w
ere c
onnected w
ith s
o me mag
ica
l p
rac
tices
when d
ogs o
r h
ares w
ere s
acr
ificed
; s
omet
i mes t
hese c
eremon
ies w
ere
a
ssoc
iated w
ith b
anque
ts. T
he s
acr
ificed a
ni ma
l, a
nd r
e ma
ins o
f t
he b
anque
t,
w
ith t
he v
esse
ls u
sed a
nd t
he h
ear
th a
nd a
shes w
ere t
hrown i
n t
he p
it. As
r
egards t
he p
it A6 f
irs
t a sma
ll h
and- made p
ot w
ith a c
ordon w
ith t
humb
impress
ions a
nd t
hree b
ases
, a
lso o
f p
orous v
esse
ls, w
ith t
he mou
ths d
own
were arranged round t
he c
entral po
t and c
overed w
ith a l
ayer o
f sandy s
oil
and t
hen the r
e mains o
f t
he banquet w
ere t
hrown in
to t
he pit
. S o me v
essels
b
roke i
n t
he p
it
, p
robab
ly when t
hey were t
hrown
, a
nd o
thers w
ere b
roken
b
efore t
hey w
ere t
hrown
, l
ike t
he f
our p
ots whose b
ases w
ere d
iscovered o
n

1
31
t
he b
otto m o
f t
he p
it and s
herds b
elonging t
o t
he res
t of t
he vessels w
hich h
ave
b
een recovered f
ro m t
he midd
le and t
he upper p
art o
f t
he feature.

I
fwe a
dm i
t the hypothes
is of t
he s
acrif
ice o
f d
ogs and hares
, then we mus
t
p
resume t
hat banquets d
id not a
lways f
ol
low t
hese cere mon
ies connec
ted w
ith
c
erta
in superst
itit
ions, for some pi
ts do not c
ontain a
rchaeolog
ical materia
l
w
hich l
ead to t
his in
terpretat
ion. T he c
hoice of d
ogs and h
ares f
or sacri
fice
c
ould b
e determined either b
y econo mic c
riter
ia, dogs and h
ares b
eing pre-
f
erred t
o o
ther a
ni ma
ls wh
ich were o
f g
reater v
alue, or by s
enti menta
l
r
easons, t
he d
og, for e
xample
, being c
ons
idered the a
ni mal most devoted t
o
t
he man.

H
ares w ere p
robably s
acrificed t
o bring good f
ortune in h
un t
ing to t
hose
who took p
art i
n the c
eremonies. T h
is e xp
lana t
ion i
s plausib
le , s
ince the
s
ett
le ments at Po
iana-Dulce e
i w ere surrounded by f
orest on three si
des and
i
n consequence hunt
ing p
layed a large part i
n the l
i
ves of the i
nhabitants. O n
t
he bas
is o
f t
he bones r
ecovered w
e c
an a
ffirm t
hat t
he f
o
llow
ing a
nima
ls were
h
unted: t
he hare
, the w
ild boar
, t
he b
eaver, t
he r
oebuck
, the s
tag
, the w
olf
a
nd t
he f
ox. A ccord
ing t
o t
he l
i
terature b
uria
ls of d
ogs with
in sett
lemen ts
a
re k
nown even f
ro m n
eol
ith
ic t
imes. We men tion t
he s
ettle men
t with l
inear
p
ottery a
t H
urbanovo
, i
n S
lovak
ia, w
here "
a d
og's s
keleton i
nten
tiona
lly
b
uried" h
as b
een d
iscovered
. S
herds o
f l
a
te l
i
near p
ottery (
one v
esse
l h
as
e
ven b
een r
estored
)367 h
ave b
een f
ound n
ear t
he s
keleton
. Ano
ther s
kele
ton
o
f adog, c
omplete, has b
een i
dent
ified i
n t
he s
ett
le ment o
f L
engye
l t
ype a
t
H
lubokYch Ma kvkäch
, in Morav
ia P368 We do n
ot i
ntend t
o r
ecord h
ere a
l
l
t
he fi
nds of t
h
is k
ind occurring in d
ifferen
t places a
nd with
in diverse c
ultures
,
b
ut we want on
ly t
o p
oint ou
t the fac
t that bur
ials o
f dogs are more s
carce in
s
ett
le ments t
han i
n c
e meteries.

Usual
ly d ogs occur w ithin ce meteries, in human g raves; c omplete ske
le-
t
ons o r i
solated bones h ave b een discovered in these t
o mbs. S uch f
inds are
known f ro m the Neolithic to the Early Med ieval period. T he w ork o
fH erman
Behrens 369 c onta
ins informa tion concerning th
is p rob
le m as regards the
Neolithic and t he Chalcolithic, both set
tle ments and ceme teries. H e poin
ts
out the impor tant part played b y t
he dog within the bur
ia l c
eremony a nd con-
s
idered h
im as t
he p
referred a
ni mal o
f death
; t he d
og w
as p
laced i
nthe s
ame
g
rave t
o serve a
s aguide f
or t
he dead person.3
70

T
he p
resence o
f s
kele
tons o
f d
ogs i
n g
raves b
eco mes q
uite f
requen
t among
t
he Scyth
ians a nd par t
icu
lar ly t
he Sarmatians (Usti-Lab
inska ia, Lado
jskaia,
Ake rman I etc.) .
371 B
oth skeletons i
n the
ir entirety and i
solated b
ones have
b
een found in Sarma tian graves. S ke
letons of horses beside t
hose ofdogs
o
ccur in so me graves.

S
keletons o
f d
ogs h
ave a
lso b
een d
iscovered i
n s
ome G
etan c
rema
tion-
b
uria
ls i
nbarrows f
rom t
he 4
th c
entury B
.C. a
t Mumd
jikar o
n t
he r
igh
t
b
ank of t
he Danube in Bu
lgaria a
nd at Z
i mnicea a
nd Peretu o
n the l
ef
t side
o
f the r
iver, i
n t
he Roman ian p
lain
, dis
trict of T
eleorman. T he skele
ton of
alarge dog w
as placed a t t
he S
outhern border o
f t
he grave f
ro m b
arrow
n
o. 1 a
t Mumdji
lar; i tw
as surrounded with s
tones and t
he sku
ll l
aid o
n a
l
arger s
tone. T he c
remated h
u man bones were scat
tered o
ver the who
le
a
rea o
f t
he g
rave. S
herds o
f amphorae o
ccur t
o t
he E
ast o
f t
he s
kul
l o
f t
he

1
32
d
og.3
72 Two s
keletons o
f d
ogs w
ith b
ones o
f ah
orse h
ave b
een d
iscovered
a
t P
eretu 3
73 i
n ag
rave b
elong
ing t
o aG
etan c
hief
tain
; o
ne s
kul
l o
f ad
og
h
as b
een f
ound a
t Z
i mn
icea i
n ac
re mat
ion-bur
ial i
n ab
arrow
, t
he s
kul
l b
e-
i
ng l
aid a
t t
he b
order o
f t
he g
rave. A c omplete ske
leton of adog
, without
g
rave-goods
, of
ten o
ccurs i
n t
he space b
etween the graves
; a ccord
ing to
A
lexandr
ina Alexandrescu
, the d
irector o
f t
he excava
tion, t
he s
keletons may
b
e con
te mporaneous w
ith t
he c
e metery. Buria
ls of dogs a
re k
nown w ith
in
t
he C
arp
ic c
ulture
, i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t a
t L
ie t
i-Tecuc
i where t
wo p
ots w
hich
c
an b
e r
estored a
nd a c
oin o
f An
ton
inus P
ius h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he s
a me
g
rave .
374 S
uch f
inds o
ccur a
lso i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f M
ilitar
i- Ma
tasaru
t
ype a
t Uden
i, Mätäsaru
, B
ucharest- M
ilitar
i 3
75 a
nd Bucharest-Lake T
ei.
376

S
kele
tons o
f d
ogs h
ave b
een d
iscovered w
ith
in t
he S
intana d
e Mure -Cerneahov
c
ulture
, f
ro m t
he 4
th c
entury
, i
n t
he f
ol
low
ing s
ett
le men
ts: B
irlad
, V
alea
S
eacä
, Ra
i- Murgen
i (
d
istr
ict o
f V
aslu
i) 377 a
nd i
n o
ther p
laces
.

S
ince t
he ma
ter
ials a
re u
npub
lished a
nd n
ot a
lways p
roper
ly e
xam
ined
,
i
tis p
oss
ible t
hat i
n f
act t
here a
re s
keletons o
f h
ares among t
hose c
ons
idered
a
s b
elong
ing t
o sma
ll d
ogs. A
s r
egards t
he i
nves
tiga
tions c
arr
ied o
ut b
y u
s,
w
e men
tion t
hat t
he s
keletons w
hich h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-Du
lcejt
i,
M aä
saru a
nd a
t Udeni o
ccur i
n t
he most i
ntense
ly i
nhabited areas of t
he s
et-
t
lements
; t
he s
keleton o
f d
og f
ound a
t Uden
i was covered with sherds.

I
n c
onc
lus ion
, there a
re bur
ials of d
ogs b
oth within t
he Carpic a
nd t
he
M
ili
tar
i- M aäsaru t
ype s
ett
le ments
; h ares have been d
iscovered on
ly a
t
Po
iana-Du
lce,ti. As r egards t
he l
ater period
, s ke
letons o
f hares have been
f
ound o
n t
he b
ot to m o
f t
hree s
torage-pits f
ro m t
he early Med
ieval sett
le ment
(
the 1
0th-lith centuries
) at More9ti
; 378 t
his represen
ts an e
le men
t o
f con-
t
inu
ity o
f so me ancient c
usto ms among t he popu
lation o
f t
h
is time. T ak
ing
i
nto a
ccoun
t t
he f
act t
hat b
uria
ls o
f h
ares a
re n
ot k
nown w
ith
in t
he S
arma
tian
c
ontex
t a
nd t
he b
uria
l o
f d
ogs i
n g
raves h
as b
een r
ecen
tly a
ttested a
t Z
i mn
icea
,
P
ere
tu a
nd Mu md
jilar
, w
e c
ons
ider t
hat t
he Carp
i i
nher
ited t
he c
ustom f
ro m
t
he G
eto-Dac
ians
; i
n t
h
is c
ase S
ar ma
tian i
nf
luence o
nly g
ave a
n i
mpu
lse t
o
t
he d
evelop men
t o
f s
uch a s
uperst
itit
ion. S
uch f
eatures h
ave b
een d
iscovered
i
n b
oth o
ccupa
tion l
eve
ls (
t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.) o
f P
oiana-Du
lce e
i
wh
ile i
tsee ms t
hat i
n Mun
ten
ia t
hey o
ccur o
nly d
uring t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.

"
Fire-dogs". Firedogs h
ave been d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-Dulce Si a
t Varn
ig:
o
ne almost c
o mp
lete s
peci men (
t
he pro
to mae a
re p
artial
ly missing) i
n t
he
s
unken-f
loored h
ut n
o. 1
3 a
nd f
rag men
ts o
f o
ther p
ieces i
n t
he f
i
ll o
f s
o me
p
its a
nd a
lso i
n t
he s
unken-f
loored h
ut n
o. 2 a
t S
i
l 4te. Af
ragmen
tary p
ro-
t
oma h
as been f
ound a
t S
ili2
te, i
n the occupa
tion l
ayer o
f S. V/1963 at adep
th
o
f 0
.40 m. The piece f
rom sunken-floored hu
t n
o. 13 was found broken i
n
t
wo f
rag men
ts o
n t
he f
loor o
f t
he r
oo m
; a
ccord
ing t
o i
t
s p
osit
ion i
tsee ms
t
hat i
tfe
ll fro m a h
igh s
upport d
uring t
he burn
ing o
f t
he h
ut. We mention
t
hat t
he sunken-f
loored hut n
o. 1
3 had no h
earth. The p
iece i
s made o
f or-
d
inary c
lay w
ith c
rushed s
herds i
n t
he p
aste
, l
ike t
he h
and- made p
ottery
. I
t
h
as b
een t
wice e
xterna
lly c
oated w
ith c
lay
, e
xcep
t f
or t
he b
ase. T
he f
irs
t
c
oat
ing i
s g
rey-ye
llow
ish i
n c
olour l
ike t
he c
olour o
f t
he p
iece i
n s
ect
ion
,
wh
ile t
he s
econd i
s y
ellow
ish. I
tis t
rapezc
ida
l i
n s
ect
ic -i
, a
nd r
e aa
rigu
lar
i
n e
levat
ion (
Pl. CL
IV/5, CLV/3-4
). Two n
roto mae o
f ani ma
ls (horse o
r
r
am) are s
i
tuated o
n t
he u
pper p
art
, a
t t
he ends. T he l
ater sides are

1
33
d
ecorated w
ith a med
ian re
liefed r
ibbing. T he s
a me orna men
t occurs o
n one
o
f t
he la
teral t
erminals. Itconsi ks o
f two p
erpendicu
lar ribbings
: that s
i-
t
uated o
n t
he b
ase marks t
he n
eck o
f t
he a
ni ma
l a
nd t
hat o
n t
he u
pper p
art
o
f t
he n
eck p
robab
ly r
epresen
ts t
he mane o
f ah
orse (
Pl. CL
IV/5
, CLV/3).

T
he s
pec
i men d
iscovered i
n t
he s
unken-f
loored h
ut n
o. 2 (
S
ili ke
) i
s i
n a
much more f
rag men
tary s
tate. I
tis i
n a
n o
rdinary f
abr
ic c
onta
ining a l
arge
q
uan
tity o
f c
rushed s
herds a
nd i
s g
rey-ye
llow
ish f
ired. The p
iece b
ears t
he
t
races o
f t
wo c
oat
ings made a
t t
wo d
ifferen
t s
tages. I
tis o
f t
rapezo
ida
l f
orm
i
n s
ect
ion
, a
nd r
ectangu
lar i
n e
leva
tion. Two c
ordons w
ith t
hu mb i
mpress
ions
which a
re frequen
tly e
ncoun
tered on Dac
ian a
nd Carp
ic p
orous p
ottery, occur
on t
he l
ateral s
ides o
f t
he p
iece (
Pl. CLV/1-2). The p
resence o
f these orna-
men
tal mo
tifs a
rgues i
n f
avour o
f aT
hraco-Dac
ian o
rig
in f
or t
hese p
ieces.
"
Fire-dogs" d
ecorated w
ith t
hese orna men
ta l mot
ifs h
ave a
lso b
een d
iscovered
i
n t
he Getan s
ett
le men
t a
t Poiana-Tecuci. 3
79

T
he o ther f
rag ments o
f "
fire-dogs", which h
ave b
een discovered a
t Varn
ig
a
nd S
ili9te are not d
ecorated
, cannot be r
estored i
n t
heir en
tirety a
nd i
tis not
p
oss
ible t
o i
den
tify t
he a
ni ma
ls r
epresen
ted b
y t
he p
roto mae. T
aking i
nto
a
ccoun
t t
he f
inds f
ro m P
oiana-Tecuc
i a
nd f
rom o
ther c
ultures
, t
he p
roto mae
c
an r
epresen
t h
eads e
ither o
f h
orses o
r o
f r
ams. 3
80 S
uch p
ieces o
ccur i
n
Ro mania even fro m t
he Bronze-Age, w
ith
in t
he Monteoru c
ulture. "Fire-dogs"
with t
he proto mae in t
he shape o
f h
eads o
f r
ams have been d
iscovered a
t
S
ära
ta Mon
teoru b
y I
. Nestor
.

Taking i
nto a
ccount the f
act t
hat s
o me h
andles of vessels be
longing t
o t
he
Mon
teoru culture a
lso bear t
he heads o
f rams like t
he "fire-dogs" 3
81 a
nd t
hat
t
he horned f
orhead of aram has been f
ound i
n the set
tle ment o
f the Mon
teoru
t
ype a
t M
indr
isca
, u
nder a r
i
tua
l h
ear
th, w
e mus
t p
resume t
hat t
he r
am h
ad
arelig
ious sign
ificance among t
he p
eople o
f t
he Mon
teoru culture•382 The
Greek mytho
logy c ons
idered Apo
llo a
s aG od c
oming f
ro m t
he N or
th a nd t
he
p
eop
le o
f Arcad
ia worshipped Apol
lo in t
he i
mage of aram. Apollo was e
arly
c
ons
idered t
he Pro
tector-God of f
locks a
nd l
ater h
e became t
he p
rotector o
f
t
he ar
ts and mus
ic .3
83 We cannot e
xclude t
he p
ossibi
lity t
hat t
he ram was
c
onsidered a
s adiv
ine protec
tor of f
locks w
ith
in the Monteoru c
ulture (
Thrac
ian
c
ulture
). Trad
ition b
eing h
anded d
own f
rom t
he p
ast
, i
tis p
oss
ible t
hat t
he
r
am h
ad t
he s
a me r
elig
ious s
ign
ificance w
ith
in t
he Dac
ian c
ulture
; t
h
is wou
ld
b
e i
l
lus
tra
ted b
y t
he p
roto mae o
f r
ams d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-Tecuc
i a
nd p
er-
h
aps b
y s
o me o
f t
he "
f
ire-dogs f
ro m P
oiana-Du
lce,
ti (
whose p
roto mae d
o n
ot
s
urv
ive
). The Bronze-Age e
vidence s
uggests a mag
ica
l s
ign
ificance f
or t
hese
images b
oth in t
he Thracian a
nd Greek wor
ld; a nd t
h
is cou
ld h e
lp us t
o ex-
p
lain t
he presence o
f "f
ire-dogs w
ithin t
he Carp
ic contex
t, since t
he Carp
i
were a
lso a T
hraco-Dac
ian p
opu
lat
ion.

C
o mp
lete o
r f
ragmen
tary "
f
ire-dogs" h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n Moldav
ia,
a
t G
heläe9t
i-B
lrgaoan
i (
d
istr
ict o
f N
eam3
) a
nd B
orose9U-Sc
inte
ia (
d
istr
ict o
f
I
aip
i) i
n t
he Bastarn
ian con
text (
set
tle men
ts of t
he Po
ienejti-Luka§evka t
ype
).
They f
orm a dist
inct g
roup wh
ich dif
fers from t
hat i
nclud
ing the s
pecimens
o
f Thraco-Dac
ian t
ype a
nd a
nalog
ies w
ith t
he m e
xist o
nly i
n t
he t
err
itor
ies
i
nhabited by t
he German peoples. 3
84 Another d
istinct group o
f "
f
ire-dogs"
i
s encountered w
ithin t
he Celto-Gallic c
ontext. T he Gall
ic clay "
f
ire-dogs"
(
chenets
) r
egard
less o
f t
heir d
ate
, e
ither f
ro m t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod o
r f
ro m

1
34
t
he R
o man p
eriod
, a
re c
haracter
ized b
y t
he n
atura
lis
tic r
epresen
tat
ion o
f t
he
a
natom
ica
l d
eta
ils (
t
he h
ead
,. e
yes a
nd h
orns
) a
nd o
f t
he f
estoons wh
ich d
ecora-
t
ed t
he a
ni ma
l (
usua
lly t
he r
am). 3
85 S
o me s
pec
i mens s
how a c
erta
in s
ty-l
i
za-
ti
on, b
ut n
ot i
n ag
eo metr
ica
l manner
, i
n t
he mode
lling o
f t
he n
eck a
nd o
f t
he
b
ody
. T
he o
rna men
tal mot
ifs
, s
o me o
f t
he m b
eing s
igns o
f as
ymbo
lic c
ha-
r
acter
, a
re i
ncised
.

T
he d
istr
ibu
tion o
f t
hese p
ieces i
s g
enera
lly c
onf
ined t
o t
he t
err
itory o
f
Gau
l, e
xcep
ting f
or t
he meta
l "
f
ire-dogs", whose d
istr
ibu
tion-area i
ncluded
t
he who
le area i
nhab
ited b
y t
he C
elts i
n d
if
feren
t p
eriods
, f
ro m Br
ita
in t
o
Dac
ia.386

A
nother g
roup o
f "
f
ire-dogs" o
ccurs i
n S
outhern Bu
lgar
ia, b
etween t
he
mounta
ins o f S
redna Gora a
nd Rodope (
the v
alleys o
f the S
tru ma a
nd Tund
ja
r
ivers)‚387 A n
u mber o
f t
ypes a
re d
ist
inguishable with
in th
is group
, but b
e-
c
ause o
f t
he l
ack o
f s
trat
igraph
ic e
vidence t
he q
uest
ion o
f t
heir c
hrono
logy
a
nd e
thn
ic-cu
ltura
l o
rig
in i
s s
t
ill d
ispu
ted
. lypo
log
ica
lly s
o me o
f t
he m c
an
b
e d
ated t
o t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod a
nd c
onnected w
ith t
hose d
iscovered i
n t
he
Geto-Dacian c
ontex
t. We r e
fer t
o clay s
pec
i mens
, itis t
rue i
n afragmen t-
ary s
tate
, whose proto mae a
re i
n the s
hape o
f t
he heads o
f r
a ms o
r horses.
The s
econd c
ategory c
ons
ists o
f t
he mass
ive c
lay s
pec
i mens wh
ich r
epresen
t
i
n an
atura
lis
tic manner o
nly t
he h
ead a
nd t
he n
eck o
f t
he r
am. T
he d
ating
o
f t
hese "
f
ire-dogs" i
n t
he Ro man p
eriod i
s s
ugges
ted b
y t
he i
nscr
ipt
ion i
n
Greek l
etters o
n t
he s
pec
i men f
ro m Or
landovt
i (
reg
ion o
f S
ofia
) 388 wh
ich i
s
d
ated t
o the 3
rd century A.D.3 89 The th
ird c
ategory inc
ludes t
he stone "
fire-
d
ogs" which represent i
n an atural
istic manner the heads p
art
icularly o
f
r
ams. The d at
ing in t
he 3rd-2nd c entury B
.C. a nd t
he Cel
tic o
rigin, wh
ich
i
s s
uppor
ted b
y Bu
lgar
ian s
cho
lars i
s n
ot c
onv
inc
ing
, b
ecause o
f t
he l
ack b
oth
o
f p
rec
ise s
tra
tigraph
ic e
vidence a
nd o
f ma
ter
ials o
f Ce
ltic t
ype i
n t
he s
i
tes
i
n w
hich s
uch p
ieces h
ave b
een d
iscovered. 390 Probab
ly, i
n a
ddit
ion t
o
Cel
tic inf
luence i
n t
he o
rna men
t,"fire-dogs" a
lso r
eflect a Greek inf
luence
as regards t
he t
echn
ique o
f working in s
tone. Itis t
rue tha
t s o me ana
logies
c
an b
e d
rawn w
ith G
erman s
pec
i mens
, 3
91 a
s r
egards t
he g
eo me
tric manner
o
f t
he form
, but we do n
ot be
lieve t
hat ar
ela
tion c
ould e
xis
t b
etween t
hese
t
wo ca
tegories o
f "
fire-dogs".

Al
ast g
roup o
f "
f
ire-dogs" i
s a
ttested t
o t
he East o
f Dac
ia, i
n t
he T
hraco-
S
cyth
ian c
ontex
t. T
he f
inds o
f s
uch p
ieces a
re c
oncen
tra
ted e
spec
ial
ly o
n t
he
Lower Dnieper a
t G
avrilovka, Zolota
ia Balka a
nd Liubi movka. 392 The p
ieces
are o
f c
lay and h
ave t
wo proto mae which a
re sym metr
ica l
ly arranged
; t hese
r
epresen
t h
eads o
f r
a ms o
r o
f h
orses l
ike t
hose f
ro m t
he Dac
ian c
ontex
t.
S
ince t
here a
re s
trik
ing a
nalog
ies b
etween s
o me p
ieces f
rom G
avr
ilovka a
nd
Zo
lota
ia Ba
lka a
nd t
hose f
rom t
he Dac
ian c
ontex
t d
iscovered a
t P
oiana-
Tecuc
i a
nd e
ven a
t P
oiana-Du
lcep
ti, i
n my o
pin
ion t
here i
s n
o d
oub
t a
bou
t t
he
c
onnect
ion o
f t
hese "
f
ire-dogs" w
ith t
he T
hraco-Dac
ian g
roup. T
hey a
re o
f
t
he s
ame c
o m mon G
eto-Dac
ian o
rig
in a
nd t
hey s
pread o
ver o
ther g
roups o
f
p
eop
les
, l
ike t
he S
cyth
ians
, w
ith who m t
he Dac
ians l
ived i
n s
o me g
eograph
ic-
a
l a
reas a
nd i
nf
luenced e
ach o
ther
. N
. N
. P
ogrebova c
ons
iders t
he "
f
ire-
d
ogs" t
o b
e ar
esu
lt o
f Ce
ltic i
nf
luence e
xer
ted o
n t
he S
cyth
ian a
reas b
y t
he
a
gency o
f t
he Daco-Get
ians.393 N
. V
. P
ogrebova a
nd a
lso o
ther r
esearchers
h
ave l
ost s
igh
t o
f t
he f
act t
hat t
he "
f
ire-dogs" f
ro m t
he C
elt
ic c
ontex
t i
n

1
35
Gau
l h
ave
, w
ith r
are e
xcep
tions
, 3
94 as
ing
le p
roto ma a
nd c
an b
e c
ons
idered
a
s b
eing a symmetr
ica
l, e
xcep
t f
or t
he "
f
ire-dogs" o
f i
ron wh
ich a
re s
ym me-
t
r
ical. 3
95

I
ttherefore f
ollows t
hat t
he "
f
ire-dogs" f
or hear
ths a
re d
iffused over
t
hree main areas
, the Ce
ltic
, Thraco-Dacian a
nd German r
egions. 3
96 Ear
ly
a
nd more r
ecen
t o
pin
ions wh
ich a
ssigned s
uch f
inds i
n t
he mass t
o t
he Cel
ts
mus
t b
e r
evised s
ince t
he e
vidence d
oes n
ot s
uppor
t t
h
is. The e
xis
tence o
f
s
imilar
ities b
etween d
iverse g
roups does n
ot presu me a co m mon o
rig
in b
ut
r
ather rec
iproca
l in
fluences
; e very g
roup had a d
istinct d
eve lopment
. A
c
arefu
l exa mina
tion a
llows to d
ist
inguish s
evera
l types and v
ariants with
in
e
very group
, wh ich a
re connected i
n t
ime and s
pace with c
ertain groups of
p
opu
lat
ions. F
or e
xa mp
le, t
he f
ol
low
ing t
ypes a
re d
ist
ingu
ishab
le w
ith
in
t
he T
hraco-Dac
ian g
roup
: t
he S
outhern-Thrac
ian t
ype w
ith s
evera
l v
arian
ts,
t
he T
hraco-Scy
thian t
ype a
nd t
he G
eto-Dac
ian t
ype. T
he "
f
ire-dogs" f
ro m
P
oiana-Du
lce t
i b
elong t
o t
he Carp
ic v
arian
t o
f t
he G
eto-Dac
ian t
ype.

T
here a
re d
if
feren
t o
pin
ions b
oth a
s r
egards t
he s
ign
ificance a
nd t
he p
rac-
t
ical u
til
ity o
f t
he "
fire-dogs" f
or hear
ths. T he h
ypo
thesis tha
t t
hese pieces
were p
laced in t
he c
entre o
ft he h
earth t
o h
old l
ogs s
ee ms t
o me unacceptable
s
ince n
either t
he i
ntac
t spec
i mens n
or the o
ther f
ragments d
iscovered a
t
Po
iana-Dulcest
i bear t
races o
f smoke, or o
ther t
races s
howing c
ontac
t with
f
ire
, and the t
wo s unken-floored huts i
n which "
fire-dogs" have been d
iscovered
h
ad no f
ire-hearths. T h
is r ole was p
layed by t
he genuine f
ire-dogs f
or
h
earths da
ting f
ro m the M iddle Ages and Modern times and i
n consequence
t
he c
urren
t n
a mes (
"Feuerbockyc
henets"
) u
sed f
or t
he p
reh
istor
ic p
ieces a
nd
f
or t
he spec
i mens f
ro m the p
er iod i
nvestigated by u
s, are s
trictly conven
tion-
a
l. Since, however
, these na mes are conventiona
l in t
he l
i
tera ture
, w e
h
ave cont
inued to u
se t
he t
er m b
ut w
ithin q
uotat
ion marks. We d o e
ndorse
t
he c
ult-sign
ificance o
f t
he "f
ire-dogs", a
lthough w
e cannot g
ive more d
etai
ls
b
ecause of t
he l
ack o
f i
nforma
tion b
oth i
n t
he l
i
terature a
nd i
n o
ur own i
nves-
t
iga
tions.

1
36
 X

THE CHRONOLOGY AND DAT

ING OF THE CARP
IC CULTURE

T
he e
arl
iest r
ecovered C
arp
ic ma
ter
ial was d
ated i
n t
he 3
rd-4
th c
entur-
i
es,3 97 and t
o t
he ex
ten
t o f t
he i
nvest iga
tions, the da
ting was c
onf
ined to t
he
second h alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
en tury A .
D. 398 The c
e meteries o
f V
irt4coiu,
Poiene ei, Pädureni
, Mo ldoveni-Gabära e tc. were dated t
o t
his t
ime, and
s
ince o
nly sma
ll e
xcava
tions w
ere c
arr
ied o
ut i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts, t
he s
i
tua-
t
ion o
f t
he who
le c
ulture was j
udged o
n t
he b
asis o
f o
bserva
tions d
rawn f
ro m
t
he ce meter
ies. I n d
eal
ing with the Carpic ce meteries in 1961 Iput forward
t
he f
irst chronology o
f t
hese si
tes o n t
he bas
is o f t
he material ex
isting at
t
hat t
ime ; Is howed t
hat t
he ce meteries a
t Päduren i and V
irti coiu are ear
lier
t
han those a
t Poiene e
i and Moldoveni-Gabära ; 399 a
nd tha
t they could no
t be
c
onte mporaneous r
egiona
l v
arian
ts d
ating f
ro m t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury
. A
t t
hat t
ime Id
ated t
he c
e me
ter
ies a
t P
äduren
i a
nd V
irt
i_eco
iu t
o
t
he f
i
rst h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury a
nd Is
howed t
hat t
he c
e metery a
t P
äduren
i c
an
b
e e
arlier a
nd only i
n par
t con
te mporaneous w
ith t
he necropolis a
t Vir
ti§coiu
a
nd t
his f
act wou
ld also i
nvo
lve t
he dating o
f t
he f
irst c
e metery t
o the 2nd
c
entury A
.D. A
t p
resen
t o
n t
he b
asis o
f s
o me f
ibu
lae (
types 1
-5) a
nd o
ther
materia
ls, we wou
ld da
te the c
e metery o
f Pädureni i
n t
he 2nd c
entury a
nd
t
he fi
rst h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd cen
tury A.D . a
nd we maintain t
he d
ating o
f t
he n
ecrop-
o
lis o
f V
irt
i ro
iu t
o t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury a
nd t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A
.D.

T
he tra
its which d
ifferent
iate t
he c
e me
tery o
f V
irti9co
iu fro m t
hat o
f
Päduren
i consist o
f t
he t ypes o
f f
ibu
lae
, beads o
f l
apis l
azul
i and of s
o me
f
i
ligree o
rna men
ts. I
n j
udg
ing t
he s
i
tua
tion o
f V
irt
i ro
iu w
e t
ake more i
nto
a
ccoun
t t
he g
rave-goods w
hich o
ccur t
here a
nd a
re a
bsen
t a
t Päduren
i t
han
t
hose wh
ich are present a
t Padureni and a
re l
acking f
ro m Vir
tijco
iu, s
ince
s
o me o
bjects c
ould exis
t but n
ot surv
ive because o
f t
he fea
ture of t
he f
ind
;
we c
an e
xpla
in i
n t
h
is way t
he a
bsence o
f s
o me s
i
lver p
endants a
nd o
f t
he
Dac
ian c
up. On t
he o
ther h
and t
wo f
ibu
lae w
ith s
emi-d
isc s
haped s
pring-
p
late h
ave b
een f
ound a
t V
irt
i9co
iu; t
his t
ype i
s n
ot e
ncoun
tered a
t Päduren
i,
b
ut i
s p
resent a
t V
älen
i-Bo
tep
ti. T
he b
eads o
f l
apis l
azu
li a
re p
resen
t a
t
V
irt9co
iu b
ut a
re a
bsen
t f
rom P
a
7duren
i. Beads o
f l
apis l
azu
li a
lso o
ccur i
n
t
he ce metery a
t Bu
tnäre9ti. Itis k
nown that b
eads o
f l
apis l
azul
i occur
f
requently in t
he S
armatian s
ites d
ating f
ro m t
he b
eginn
ing o
f the 3
rd century
A
.D. a
t t
he l
ates
t a
t M
itoc
, F
oc9an
i, Cäsc
ioare
le, Bocan
i e
tc. We men
tioned
i
n t
he c
hap
ter d
evo
ted t
o t
he o
rna men
ts t
hat t
his t
ype o
f b
ead i
s a
lso k
nown
w
ith
in t
he Z
arub
ie c
ulture d
ating n
ot l
ater t
han t
he l
imits o
f t
he I
st c
entury
A
.D. So me d
ifferences of t
he po
ttery (
we refer t
o t
he presence or absence
o
f s
ome t
ypes of vessels
) can b
e dist
ingu
ished between t
he ce metery o
f
V
irt
i§co
iu a
nd t
hat o
f Päduren
i, b
ut we d
o n
ot emphas
ise t
he m t
aking i
n
to
a
ccoun
t t
he f
eatures o
f t
he f
inds a
t V
irt
i9co
iu. T
he c
e meter
ies o
f P
oiene e
i

1
37
a
nd Mo
ldoven
i-Gabä
.ra c
an b
e d
ated i
n t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
a
nd t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D., o
n t
he b
asis o
f t
he f
ibu
lae w
ith i
n-
c
urved f
oot
, t
he f
ibu
la w
ith d
oub
le s
pring
, s
o me f
orms o
f p
ottery (
l
ike t
he
z
oo morph
ic h
and
led u
rns
), t
he a
bsence o
f b
eads o
f l
apis l
azu
li a
nd o
f s
o me
d
eta
ils o
f t
he method o
f wear
ing wh
ich a
re i
ndica
ted b
y t
he p
ract
ice o
f p
lac
ing
t
wo f
ibu
lae i
n a
n u
rn. Th
is d
ating i
s a
lso s
uppor
ted b
y t
he c
oins o
f Ph
ilip t
he
Arab
, Trebon
ianus G
allus a
nd O
tac
ilia S
evera
, t
he w
ife o
f Ph
ilip t
he Arab
, d
is-
c
overed a
t Po
ien u
ti. We s
uppor
t t
h
is d
ating b
ut w
e d
o n
ot e
xclude t
he p
os-
s
ibi
lity t
hat n
ew e
xcava
tions o
r t
he c
o mp
lete p
ubl
ica
tion o
f t
he ma
ter
ial d
is-
c
overed a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabä/r
a may s
how t
hat t
h
is c
e metery e
xisted e
ven f
rom
t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. I
fthe i
nhu ma
tion-bur
ials a
re c
onte m-
p
oraneous w
ith t
he c
re ma
tion-bur
ials
, t
hen t
he c
e me
tery a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
c
erta
inly b
egan i
n a
n e
arl
ier p
eriod
, a
s i
s s
uggested b
y t
he e
xis
tence o
f t
wo
u
npub
lished f
ibu
lae f
ound i
n t
he i
nhu ma
tion-graves. Bu
t t
he l
arge ma
jor
ity o
f
t
he g
raves d
iscovered a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära a
re d
ated t
o t
he midd
le a
nd t
he
s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. Even t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he c
e metery a
t
P
oiene e
i c
an b
e d
ated s
o me d
ecades e
arl
ier
, b
ut t
here i
s l
i
ttle e
vidence f
or
t
his d
ating a
lthough w
e c
ons
ider i
tas b
eing p
oss
ible
, s
o t
hat o
nly t
he i
nves-
t
iga
tion o
f t
he s
ett
le men
t o
r t
he c
o mp
lete e
xcava
tion o
f t
he c
e metery c
an
p
roduce n
ew e
vidence i
n s
uppor
t o
f t
h
is i
n
terpreta
tion
. The c
e me
tery a
t
Bu
tnäre e
i, wh
ich was i
nvest
iga
ted l
ater
, c
an b
e d
ated f
ro m t
he e
nd o
f t
he
2
nd c
entury t
o t
he m
idd
le o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. o
n t
he b
asis o
f f
i
bulae, a
m
irror o
f S
arma
tian-Carp
ic t
ype
, t
wo b
eads o
f l
apis l
azu
li a
nd s
o me f
or ms
o
f p
ottery
; t
h
is c
e metery i
s c
onte mporaneous w
ith t
he n
ecropo
lis o
f V
irt
ij-
c
oiu a
nd t
o al
arge e
xten
t w
ith t
hat o
f Päduren
i. T
he c
e metery o
f Bärboasa-
Gä
läne§
ti, o
n t
he b
asis o
f t
he g
rave-goods
, (
f
ibu
lae
, p
ottery
, mirrors o
f
S
ar ma
tian-Carp
ic t
ype a
nd o
ther o
bjects
) must b
e d
ated i
n t
he 3
rd c
entury
A
.D.; t
his c
e metery i
s p
art
ial
ly c
onte mporaneous b
oth w
ith t
hose o
f Päduren
i,
V
irt
isco
iu, Bu
tnares
ti a
nd t
hose o
f Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära a
nd P
oiene r
i. The
c
e metery a
t Va
len
i-Bo
tes
ti i
s b
road
ly d
ated i
n t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
.D.,
w
ithou
t s
pec
ifica
tion o
f t
he d
ate o
f i
ts b
eginn
ing
; a
ccord
ing t
o t
he o
pin
ion o
f
t
he e
xcava
tors
, t
he f
ina
l d
ate o
f t
he c
e me
tery was n
ot l
ater t
han t
he midd
le
o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. We c
anno
t d
iscuss t
he o
ther c
e meter
ies w
hich a
re
who
lly u
npub
lished. We a
lso c
anno
t s
how c
hrono
log
ica
l t
ables b
ased o
n t
he
o
bjec
ts, f
ro m t
hese l
ast c
e me
ter
ies
, s
ince o
nly a v
ery f
ew p
ieces o
f t
hose
d
iscovered a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
, Bärboasa-Ga
lane t
i a
nd Vä
len
i h
ave b
een
p
ubl
ished i
n s
u m mary a
rchaeo
log
ica
l r
epor
ts o
r a
rtic
les.

As r
egards t
he s
ett
le men
ts, t
he r
esearches a
t P
oiana-Du
lc e
i,where f
or
t
he f
irs
t t
ime t
wo o
ccupa
tion l
evels h
ave b
een i
den
tif
ied
, g
ive u
s t
he most
c
o mp
lete i
nforma
tion
. On t
he b
asis o
f t
he c
oins o
f T
rajan
, Hadr
ian
, An
ton-
i
nus P
ius
, Marcus Aure
lius a
nd F
aust
ina I (
see T
able 1
1) w
e d
ate t
he f
irs
t
o
ccupa
tion l
eve
l f
ro m t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
t P
oiana-Du
lcept
i i
n b
oth t
he f
irs
t a
nd
t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. T
his d
ating i
s a
lso s
uppor
ted b
y t
he
e
arly f
ibu
lae d
iscovered a
t S
i
14te a
nd V
arn
ifä (
types 1
, e
arly v
arian
t, 6a
nd
7
)
, whose e
xistence i
n t
he f
irs
t h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. i
s a
ccep
ted b
y
al
arge n
u mber o
f s
cho
lars
, a
s w
e h
ave men
tioned
. Th
is e
arly d
ating i
s c
on-
f
irmed b
y s
evera
l v
essels wh
ich a
s r
egards t
he f
abr
ic, t
he t
echn
ique, f
orms
a
nd d
ecora
tion a
re c
losely c
onnected w
ith t
he G
eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene p
eriod
.
T
his f
act i
s e
xpl
icab
le, f
or t
he Carp
ic c
ulture i
s ac
ont
inua
tion o
f t
hat

1
38
o
f t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod
, b
ut w
ith
in t
he n
ew h
istor
ic c
ond
itions d
eterm
ined b
y
t
he p
resence o
f t
he Ro mans a
nd o
f t
he S
arma
tians i
n t
he Dac
ian t
err
itory
.

The f
irst o
ccupation-
level f
ro m t
he s
ett
le ments a
t Po
iana-Dulce ti r
epre-
s
ents a
lso the ear
liest p
hase o
f t
he Carpic cu
lture and i
tis a
lso a
ttested a
t
T
irpee
ti, near Tg. Nea m, Pia
tra Nea mjt
-Lu
tär
ie a
nd a
t Mägura (
C nuggra
),
t
o t
he Sou
th- West o
f Bacäu.

F
our c
oins o
f Tra
jan (
t
hree o
f s
i
lver a
nd o
ne o
f b
ronze
) a
nd t
hree c
oins o
f
Hadr
ian (
AR) d
iscovered i
n o
ther s
ett
le men
ts i
n t
he d
istr
ict o
f N
eam
I (
see
T
able 1
1) s
uppor
t t
he e
arly d
ating o
f t
he f
irst s
tage o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture.
A
lso, t
he torques f
ro m Tirpe§t
i (
see supra and Pl. CLXXX
EV/3) c
annot b
e
d
ated l
ater t
han the f
irst ha
lf o
f t
he 2nd c
entury A.D. ,f
or we h
ave n
oted t
hat
i
tis t
ypica
l of t
he ist cen
tury B.C.-the 1st c
entury A.D
.

The f
irst o
ccupation l
eve
l in t
he s
ett
le ments a
t Si
li§te a
nd Varni0 probably
c
eased a
t the end o
f the 2
nd cen
tury A
.D . and i
ts f
inal da
te can b
e connected
w
ith t
he c
oncea
l men
t o
f t
he c
oin-hoard
, d
iscovered l
ong a
go i
n t
he a
rea o
f
t
he v
il
lage o
f Po
iana a
nd w
hose c
onten
ts were s
cat
tered ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat
t
he hoard c a me i
nto pr
ivate possession. According t
o the o
pin
ion of num is-
mat
ists 401 it was probably b
uried in t
he s
econd hal
f of t
he 2
nd century A.D .
o
r at t
he b eginning o
f the 3
rd century A.D. T ak
ing into a
ccoun
t the fact t
hat
c
oin-hoards e
nding w
ith i
ssues o
f C
o m modus w
ere b
uried a
t Vä
len
i-Bo
tep
ti,
Bä
läneet
i a
nd B
irgäoan
i, wh
ich a
re s
itua
ted n
ear P
oiana-Du
lce§t
i a
nd a
lso a
t
P
uricen
i, Mästä
.can-Bor
le9t
i, Red
iu a
nd S
ocea w
hich a
re a l
i
ttle f
urther away
,
b
ut i
n t
he s
a me r
egion
, w
e c
anno
t e
xclude t
he p
oss
ibi
lity t
hat t
he c
oin-hoard
d
iscovered a
t Po
iana-Du
lcee
ti was a
lso b
uried i
n t
h
is t
ime. We men
tion t
hat
2
6 c
oin-hoards e
nding w
ith i
ssues o
f C
o m modus h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he
Carp
ic t
err
itory (
Cos
te§t
i, F
ede
leeen
i, Vä
len
i-Bo
tes,
s
t
i, Bä
länejt
i (
two
),
G
ura Vai
l
, P
lopana
, S
ascu
t, Ad
jud
, P
oiana S
ärä
ta, Ce
t4iva
,Ezer
,
B
irlad, Schineni, P
uriceni, Red
iu, Tirpejti, S
ocea, S
trunga (P
l. II). This
massive buria
l of c
oin-hoards was c
ertain
ly the a
rchaeolog
ical echo o
f e
vents
wh
ich t
ook p
lace o
n t
he Carp
ic t
err
itory a
nd w
ith wh
ich w
e c
onnect t
he e
nd o
f
t
he firs
t occupat
ion leve
l at Poiana-Dulce§
ti and o
f course a
lso of t
he o
ther
s
ett
le ments. Accord ing to t
he publ
ished materia
l and of t
hat e
xist
ing i
n the
Museu ms of P
iatra Neam j, Tg
. Neam I and Bacäu a
nd handled by u
s, i
ts ee ms
t
hat t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
t P
iatra Nea m
l-Lu
tär
ie, T
irpeet
i a
nd Mägura (
probab
ly
t
he f
irs
t o
ccupa
tion-
level o
f t
h
is s
i
te) a
lso c
eased a
t t
his t
ime.

I
tis more dif
ficu
lt to k
now wha t even
ts brought a
bout the h
iding o
f t
he 26
c
oin-hoards a
nd the end o
f so me s
ett
le ments. T he sunken-f
loored huts a
nd
t
he s
torage-p
its a
t P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti, a
t Van
iil
,ä
. a
nd S
i
lig
te h
ave b
een f
ired
,
a
ll t
he o
bjects r
e ma
ining on t
he s
pot, i
n si
tu ; th
is f
act p
resu mes a s
urprise
a
ttack. After t
he r
e mova
l of t
he danger
, t he p
eople c
ame back to t
heir
h
o mes
, a
nd b
uil
t o
ther h
ouses i
n t
he p
laces o
f t
hose wh
ich h
ad b
een d
estroyed
.
On t
he o
ther h
and
, i
tsee ms t
hat t
he i
nhab
itan
ts o
f t
he s
ett
le men
t a
t P
iatra
Nea mit
-Luthr
ie d
id n
ot c
ome b
ack t
o t
heir h
o mes s
itua
ted a
t t
he f
oot o
f t
he
P
etr
icica moun
tains a
fter t
he r
e mova
l o
f t
he d
anger
, b
ut p
referred t
o e
stab
lish
t
he mse
lves i
n t
he o
pen p
lain
, a
t ad
istance o
f a
bou
t 2 km t
o t
he N
orth
, o
n t
he
m
iddle t
errace o
f t
he Cue
jdiu
lui, i
n t
he present q
uarter o
f Därm-
än e i i
n t
he
t
own o
f Pia
tra Nea m
t. Probably t
he i
nhabitan
ts of t
he f
ormer s
ettle men
t d
id
n
ot r
eturn t
o t
heir h
o mes b
ecause o
f t
he p
osit
ion o
f t
he s
ett
le men
t, e
xposed

1
39
 t
o b
ad wea
ther; the s
trea ms o
f water f
ormed by t
orrent
ial r
ains a
nd the mel
t-
i
ng o
f t
he snow f
l
ooded t
he dwellings, t
he s
unken f
loored h
uts
, and the o
ther
d
o mest
ic features s
unk in t
he ground (
the s
torage p
its). T he t
ruth o
f th
is
o
pinion is a
ttes
ted by t
he f
act t
hat the n
ew-chosen place was l
ess exposed t
o
f
l
oods a nd s
loping b
oth t
o the West, t
o the r
iver o
f Cuejdu
lui, and t
o the E
ast
a
nd t
he S
outh
; t
he p
lateau w
as s
l
igh
tly h
umped
. T
hese d
isturbances d
id n
ot
b
ring about t
he movement of t
he popula
tion to o
ther reg
ions or i
ts c
hasing
f
rom its na
tive p
laces
; t he popu
lation cont
inued to l
ive on t
he s
ame lands
, a
nd
l
i
fe resu med i
ts n
orma l c
ourse. I fthe ashes and t
he re ma
ins o
f t
he fi
red
h
uts h
ad n
ot s
urv
ived
, w
e m
igh
t b
e i
ncl
ined t
o i
dea
lize t
he l
i
fe o
f t
hese p
eop
le,
o
ur assu mp
tion being i
nfluenced by t
he ri
chness of t
he a
rchaeologica
l mater
ial
d
iscovered in t
he set
tle ments and i
n t
he cemeter
ies and espec
ially b
y t
he
a
bundance and beauty o
f the ornaments.

The c
auses w
hich brought abou
t the h
iding o
f t
he co
in-hoards and t
he d
es-
t
ruc
tion o
f some se
ttle men
ts are based o
n specula
tion on
ly. On the bas
is o
f
t
he o
bserva
tion t
hat c
oin-hoards o
f t
he p
eriod o
f C
ommodus a
re a
lso b
uried
o
n the territory of the Ukraine , in t
he forest steppe area, B . M
itrea c onnects
t
he hid
ing o f treasures i n Mo ldavia a
nd the Ukra ine w
ith the same e vent, d
is-
t
urbances w ithin the local popu la
tion, caused b y t
he move men t o
f the Goths
f
ro m t
he Ba ltic Sea to the Nor th-Pontic steppes. O ther researchers ( I
.
S
chm idt, V . V. Kropo tkin) 402 supported the same thesis for o
ther c o
in-hoards
b
uried d ur
ing t he second h a
l f of t
he 2nd century A.D. a nd the f
irs
t h a
lf of t
he
3
rd c
entury A
.D.

Tak
ing a
ccount o
f t
he f
act t
hat t
he b
urial o
f co
in-hoards e
nding with i
ssues
o
f C
o mmodus i
n Moldav
ia i
s connec
ted wi
th the d
estruc
tion o
f set
tlements
(
Varnitä
, Si
li te, Lutärie
, Tirp W i
), and t
hat al
arge area i
n which treasures
o
f t
his t
ime have not been d
iscovered ex
ists b
etween t
he group o
f coin-hoards
d
iscovered i
n the P
olish-Ukrainian zone a
nd t
hat f
ound i
n middle and Southern
Mo
ldav
ia, Ib
elieve t
hat o
ther c
auses b
rough
t a
bou
t t
heir c
oncea
l men
t. My
h
ypothes
is can a
lso b
e s
upported by t
he f
act t
hat t
he t
reasures f
rom these t
wo
r
egions s
ee m n
ot t
o b
e b
uried in t
he s
ame year 4 " s
o tha
t, ifwe a
ccept t
he
t
hes
is t
hat t
he c
oncea
lmen
t o
f c
oin-hoards i
nthe P
olish-Ukra
inian a
rea was
t
he c
onsequence o
f d
isturbances a
nd movements of p
opu
la t
ion determ
ined b
y
t
he m
igration o
f t
he Goths t
owards t
he S
outh
, another i
nterpre
ta t
ion mus
t b
e
f
ound f
or t
he s
i
tua
tion e
xis
ting w
ith
in t
he C
arp
ic e
nvironmen
t.

On t
he b
asis o
f t
he i
n
forma
tion o
f D
io C
ass
ius (
LXI
I, 8
, 1
) t
hat "
Commodus
waged w ars on t
he Barbarians beyond the Dacian boundaries" (i
.e. the bound-
aries o f Roman D acia) i
n which Albinus and Niger"
(the two future emperors)
" a c q ui re d f
a me" w
e consider t
hat one of t
hese confl
icts could be with t
he
Carp i 4°4 a nd t
hat o
n that o
ccasion Ro man soldiers penetrated in
to Carpic
t
erri
tory, probab
ly t
hrough the O
ituz pass
, where a t
reasure w
as bur
ied a
t
Apa Särä
ta (P
l. I) i
n t
hat p
eriod. P ossib
ly SHA V
ita Co mmodi (
13.5
) wh
ich
men
tions t
hatu
nder t
h
is emperor "
the D
acians w
ere d
efea
ted" i
n f
act r
efers
t
o t
h
is e
ven
t.

W
ith r
egard t
o t
he s
econd o
ccupa
tion-
leve
l a
t P
oiana-Du
lce§t
i w
e men
tion
t
hat c
oins have n
ot been d
iscovered i
n it
, bu
t on t
he bas
is o
f the f
ibu
lae and
o
ther ob
jects i
tis large
ly dated t
o t
he 3rd c
entury A
.D . a
nd of c
ourse t
o the
e
nd of t
he 2nd c
entury A.D. ,af
ter 192
, i fwe a
ccept t
he t
hes
is that t
he f
irst

1
40
o
ccupat
ion-
level ceased a
t the end o
f t
he r
ule o
f Co m modus. We shou
ld note
t
he a
bsence o
f asterile l
ayer between t
he t
wo o
ccupation leve
ls wh
ich have
b
een a
ttested a
t Varni.t
ä a
nd Si
liste
, which d
e monstrates c
ont
inuity o
f occupa-
t
i
on. I n t
he l
ight o
f present e
vidence i
tis d
if
ficult t
o know i
fthe se
ttle men
ts
a
t P
oiana-Du
lce9
ti c
eased i
n t
he m
idd
le o
r a
t t
he e
nd o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.
F
ibu
lae w
ith i
ncurved f
oot a
nd t
hose w
ith d
oub
le b
ila
tera
l s
pring
, wh
ich a
re
k
nown a
t Bärboasa-Gä
läne§t
i a
nd Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
, a
re a
bsen
t a
t V
arn
itä
.
a
nd S
i
li9te. Ob
jec
ts wh
ich c
an b
e d
ated o
nly t
o t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A
.D. d
o n
ot o
ccur i
n t
he l
ast t
wo s
ett
le men
ts. I
tis v
ery d
if
ficu
lt t
o
d
ate t
he e
nd o
f t
hese s
ett
le men
ts a
ccord
ing t
o t
he p
ottery
, s
ince t
he Carp
i
w
ere c
onserva
tive i
n ma
inta
ining t
he p
referred f
orms
; t
he p
ottery f
rom
C
arp
ic o
r o
ther c
ontex
ts c
annot y
et b
e d
ated i
n d
ecades.

Because t
he materia
ls discovered i
n o
ther i
nvest
igated sett
le ments i
s u
n-
p
ubl
ished, we cannot d
iscuss the
ir da
ting, e
xcept
ing those which have b
een
b
rough
t t
o l
ight a
t Mindr
ißca a
nd Butnäre§t
i a
s ar
esu
lt o
f e
xcavat
ions c
arr
ied
o
utb
y me. The s
ett
le men
t a
t Butnä
.r W
i b
elongs t
o t
he s
ame p
eriod a
s t
he
c
emetery a
nd w
e d
o n
ot dwe
ll o
n i
t
. F
ibu
lae a
nd c
oins a
re a
bsen
t f
ro m t
he
s
ett
le ment
. The set
tle ment a
t Mindri ca where a t
ria
l e xcavat
ion was carr
ied
o
ut in 1
960, c
an b
e dated t
o t
he middle or t
he second half o
f the 3
rd cen
tury
A
.D. ,o
n t
he b
asis o
f ab
ronze f
ibu
la o
f S
arma
tian t
ype w
ith t
he b
ow i
n t
he
s
hape o
f t
he l
etter D (
type 1
2/a
). The i
ndiv
idua
l d
ating o
f e
very s
ett
le men
t o
r
c
e metery i
s impor
tant f
or t
he chronology o
f these s
ites ow
ing to t
he f
act t
hat
e
ach of t
he m h
as i
ts own p
ecul
iarities and n
ot al
l began a
t the s
a me t
ime. The
e
nd o
f as
ett
le men
t d
oes n
ot a
lways c
oinc
ide w
ith a h
istor
ic e
ven
t; t
here a
re
a
lso na
tural causes, fl
oods or f
ires s
tar
ted by man o
r by a
ccident
. On ly when
apheno menon i
s widely a
ttested c
an t
he si
tua
tion b
e genera
lized, like t
he
b
uria
l of treasures o
ver t
he who
le Carp
ic t
err
itory d
uring t
he p
eriod o
f
Com modus.

I
fthe p
ublica
tion of o
ther mater
ia l i
s n
ecessary f
or a d
etailed chrono
logy
o
f t
he s
ites t
he evidence b
rought t
o ligh
t by t
he e
xcavat
ions at Poiana-
D
ulce9ti
, Pia
tra Nea m
t-Lutär
ie and T
irpe§t
i is v
ery impor
tan
t f
or t
he deter-
m
ination o
f t
he c
hronolog
ical l
imits o
f t
he Carp
ic cu
lture. On t
he b
asis of
t
h
is e
vidence t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture c
an b
e d
ated t
o t
he f
irst y
ears
o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. T
he f
irst o
ccupa
tion-
leve
l o
f t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
t
P
oiana-Du
lce§
ti r
epresen
ts t
he e
arl
iest p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture.

I
tis known t
hat t
he Dac
ian s
ett
le ments o
f Moldavia c
eased a
t t
he e
nd o
f t
he
l
st c
entury A.D. (Po
iana-Tecuc
i) and e
special
ly at t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 2
nd
c
entury (
Pia
tra 5
oi mu
1ui (
Calu
), B
itca D
oa mne
i, Räcä
täu
, Bradu
, P
oiana-
Du
lce§t
i (
at Bro9teanu
) e
tc. T he
ir destruc
tion was connec
ted (excep
t for
Po
iana-Tecuc
i) with t
he Dac
ian s
econd war (105-1061
. Un til t
he i
dentif
icat
ion
o
f t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
t P
oiana-Du
lce§
ti, t
he f
inds o
f V
irt
isco
iu-Po
iene§
ti t
ype
were d
ated i
n the 3rd century A
.D .; th
is dat
ing favoured t
he hypothes
is that
t
he Carpi c
a me fro m t
he N or
th t
o Moldavia
, after t
he Costoboces had been
d
estroyed
. I
n c
onsequence
, a who
le c
entury was a
rchaeo
log
ica
lly emp
ty.

T
he c
oins
, t
he f
ibu
lae a
nd t
he p
ottery d
iscovered i
n t
he f
irs
t l
eve
l o
f t
he
s
ett
le men
ts at Poiana-Dulc q
ti al
low us t
o f
i
ll t
his g
ap and t
o r
estore t
he
c
ontinu
ity o
f l
ife
, w hich was i
nterrup
ted, f
or a moment
, at l
east f
ro m t
he

1
41
a
rchaeo
log
ica
l p
oin
t o
f v
iew
, b
y t
he Dac
ian-Ro man wars. The n
ative p
opu
la-
t
ion f
ounded n
ew s
ett
le men
ts, n
ear t
he o
ld o
nes
, a
fter t
hey l
ef
t t
heir d
estroyed
h
o mes
, a
s h
appened t
o P
oiana-Du
lce .
p
ti, P
iatra Neanq a
nd t
o o
ther p
laces.
I
fw e c
o mpare t
he t
opography o
f t
he set
tle ments o
f the La Tene p
eriod with
t
hat o
f t
he Carpic o
nes we f
ind t
hat t
he se
ttle men
ts from L a Tene were loca
ted
o
n high p
ro mon
tories o
r in more h
idden p
laces , wh
ile those f
ro m t
he 2nd-3rd
c
enturies A
.D. were s
itua
ted in more open p
laces
, which were n
earer t
o r
outes
o
f access. For e
xa mp
le at P
iatra Nea
rrq, occupat
ion f
ro m t
he p
eriod o
f
Bureb
ista-Deceba
lus has on
ly b een f
ound on he
ights (B
itca Doa mne
i , C
ozla
and P
ietr
icica
) while t
he s
ettle men
ts fro m t
he 2nd-3rd c
enturies are s
i
tuated
a
t t
he f
oot o
f t
he P
ietr
icica moun
tains (
l
ike t
he s
ett
lemen
t a
t L
utär
ie) a
nd o
pen
p
laces on t
he t
errace o
f t
he Cue
jdiului (
l
ike Därmänejt
i), d
esp
ite t
he f
act t
hat
h
eights wh
ich had b
een i
nhab
ited before e
xis
ted a
round.

The La Tene s
ett
le ment a
t P
oiana-Dulce§t
i (which c
eased at t
he b
eginning
o
f t
he 2nd c
entury, i
n 105-106
) i
s si
tuated on a more r
etired p
lace, o
f t
riangular
f
orm
, w
ith t
wo s
ides c
onf
ined b
y af
orest
, a
nd t
he t
h
ird o
ne l
imited b
y t
he
b
rook o
f t
he Brop
teanu
lui. T
he s
ett
le men
t i
s s
itua
ted f
arther f
ro m t
he e
dge
o
f t
he t
errace a
nd f
ro m t
he r
iver Mo
ldova.

S
ince t
he set
tle men
t was des
troyed i n t
he Dacian-Ro man wars, t
he survivors
l
eft t
heir f
ormer ho mes and e
stablished themselves at a more o
pen place, on
t
he edge o
f the t
errace of t
he Moldova river (
the set
tle ment a
t S
il
iete
) o r i
n i
ts
im med
iate v
icin
ity (
t
he s
ett
le men
t a
t Varn
ifä
). The s
a me was t
rue a
t T
iseet
i-
T
g. Ocna
, where t
he s
ett
le men
t f
ro m t
he p
eriod o
f Bureb
ista t
o Deceba
lus i
s
l
ocated a
t ag
rea
t h
eigh
t o
n C
etä p
ie, a
nd t
hat f
ro m t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.
i
s s
itua
ted a
t V
ii9oara o
n more o
pen g
round
. D
id t
he Ro mans f
orb
id t
he
v
anqu
ished p
eop
le t
o b
uild t
heir h
o mes o
n t
he h
eigh
ts a
nd d
id t
hey o
blige t
he m
t
o l
ive i
n more a
ccess
ible p
laces? I
tis d
i
fficu
lt t
o a
nswer
. Or i
tis p
oss
ible
t
hat t
he p
eop
le made t
he d
ecis
ion f
or e
conom
ic r
easons a
nd, i
n o
rder t
o r
e-
a
ssure t
he Ro mans t
hat t
hey w
ould n
ot a
ttack t
he m
, e
stab
lished t
hemse
lves
i
n o
pen p
laces n
ear t
he ma
in means o
f c
ommun
ica
tion
.

I
fthe measure was imposed o
n t
he i
nhab
itants b
y t
he Ro mans
, then i
t was
p
robably c
onf
ined only t
o t
he mounta
inous r
egion a
nd t
hose areas w
hich were
i
naccess
ible, and i
tw ou
ld have on
ly been t
emporarily e
nforced. I n t
he l
ong
t
erm the Carp
i estab
lished t
he mselves i
n p
laces wh
ich suited t
heir own i
nter-
e
sts
, af
ter t
he departure o
f t
he Ro mans. The f
act t
hat t
races o
f h
abitation
o
ccur a
t P
iatra Nea mb Poiana-Du
lce ei, T
is ei and i
n many o
ther places
i
n t
he v
icin
ity o
f t
he Dac
ian s
ett
le men
ts, d
oes n
ot mean t
hat a
l
l t
he f
ormer
s
ett
le men
ts w
ere r
estored
. Probab
ly s
ome o
f t
he m d
isappeared
, s
ince
many o
f t
he i
nhab
itan
ts r
etired t
o more i
naccess
ible p
laces where t
hey e
s-
t
abl
ished t
he mse
lves. We must n
ot f
orge
t t
hat many p
eop
le p
erished o
r were
c
aptured i
n war
; t
here a
re r
ules o
f war w
hich h
ave a
cted i
n a
ll h
istor
ic p
eriods
b
ut t
he who
le p
opu
lat
ion h
as n
ever p
erished i
n c
onsequence o
f s
uch a
n e
ven
t.

We must p
oint o
ut t
hat u
ntil n
ow the e
arl
ier p
hase o
f t
he C
arp
ic c
ulture
h
as not b
een a
ttes
ted t
o the East o
f t
he S
iret
.

T
he b
uria
l o
f many c
oin-hoards i
n Mo
ldav
ia d
uring t
he r
eigns o
f An
ton
inus
P
ius
, Marcus Aure
lius a
nd C
o mmodus d
emonstra
tes t
hat t
he Carp
ic c
ulture
g
oes back t
o t
he 2nd c
entury A.D. Archaeo
logical research s
hows t
hat
, excep
t-
i
ng t
he Carp
i, there w
as no popu
lat
ion i
n Moldav
ia that cou
ld h
ave b
uried

1
42
c
oin-hoards i
n t
hat p
eriod. T
he n
umis mat
ist B
. M
itrea d
eserves c
red
it f
or
c
onnect
ing t
hese t
reasures W
ith t
he Carp
i.4" T
he S
armat
ians
, a
lso a
ttested
h
ere
, w
ere i
n t
oo sma
ll an
u mber a
nd w
ere e
stab
lished p
art
icu
lar
ly i
n t
he
a
rea b
etween t
he S
iret a
nd t
he Prut
. I
n d
iscuss
ing t
h
is p
rob
le m w
e mus
t t
ake
i
nto a
ccoun
t t
he f
act t
hat t
he S
arma
tians d
id n
ot b
ury c
oin-hoards i
n t
heir own
t
err
itor
ies, s
i
tua
ted o
n t
he V
olga
, t
he D
on a
nd o
n t
he Dn
ieper
. C
oin-hoards
h
ave n
ot b
een r
ecovered f
ro m t
he s
teppe o
f t
he S
outh o
f t
he USSR
, b
ut o
nly
f
ro m t
he f
ores
t-steppe a
rea
; t
h
is h
as c
aused s
cho
lars (
L. S
chm
idt
, V
.
Kropo
tkin
, B
. M
itrea e
tc.
) t
o s
uppose t
hat t
hese t
reasures w
ere b
uried b
y a
s
edentary p
opulat
ion, a nd L
. S
ch m
id, (
t 2
2.ci
t
. p
. 2
00), s
upposed t
hat t
h
is
p
opulat
ion was Dacian.

Future e
xcava
tion wil
l bring t
o l
ight new settle ments o
f t
he type f
ound at
P
oiana-Dulce9t
i, Lutärie a
nd Tirp ei and will de monstrate once more the
c
ont
inuity ex
ist
ing between t
he Late Dacian sett
le men ts a
nd the Early Carpic
s
ett
le men
ts. T
he p
ottery i
s a
n e
viden
t p
roof o
f t
h
is c
ont
inu
ity
.

With r
egard to t
he end o
f t
he Carpic culture
, the c
e meteries a
t Po
ienesti,
Moldoveni-Gabära a nd t
he s
ett
le ment a
t Cäbe ti- M
il Wi produce more con-
c
lusive evidence
; f ibulae w
hich can b
e dated to t
he s
econd half o
f t
he 3rd
c
entury A
.D. a
nd t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 4
th c
entury o
ccur i
n t
hese s
i
tes. A
b
urnt c
oin o
f Aure
lian h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n as
unken-f
loored h
ut a
t Cäbe§t
i-
M
il Wi.

On t
he bas
is of t
he archaeolog
ical mater
ial we are i
ncl
ined t
o d
ate the e
nd
o
f t
he Carp
ic c u
lture more to t
he end o
f t
he 3rd c
entury t
han t
o t
he beg
inning
o
f t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D. ,a
nd t
he a
ncien
t l
i
terary s
ources h
elp u
s t
o d
eter m
ine
more e
xact
ly i
ts f
ina
l d
ate. A
t p
resen
t a
l
l s
cho
lars c
onnect t
he e
nd o
f t
he
c
ulture w
ith t
he f
ight
ing b
etween t
he Ro man a
nd t
he Carp
i f
ro m 2
95-297 a
nd
c
ons
ider t
hat Aure
lius V
ictor (
Caesares
, 3
9, 4
3) a
nd o
ther a
ncien
t a
uthors
r
efer t
o t
hese e
ven
ts when t
hey s
tate t
hat t
he who
le Carp
ic p
eop
le was t
rans-
f
erred in
to the empire: Carpu m nat
io t
rans
lata omnis i
n nos
tru m s
olu m or
Carporu m gens u
niversa i
n Ro man
ia se t
rad
idit (
Consular
ia Constan
tinopol
itana
a
d a. 295).

New i
nfor ma
tion fro m r
ecent t
imes t
hrows doub
t upon the v
erac
ity of t
h
is
t
hes
is. T he corrected republ
icat
ion o
f t
he mi
litary d
iplo ma f
ro m Ave
llino
,406
k
nown fro m a
s early a
s 1824 (C
IL , XVI, 157) b
ut wrongly r
ead, al
lows the
i
nterpre
tation t
hat t
he Ro mans waged four wars a
gainst t
he Carp
i d ur
ing t
he
y
ears 3
02-303. T
he d
iplo ma o
f Ave
llino i
s d
ated f
ro m 7J
anuary 3
04. T
he
s
ame f
act i
s a
scer
tained f
ro m t
he m
ilitary d
iplo ma f
ro m G
rana
ione d
i
Campogna
tico (
Grosseto
), 407 d
ating f
ro m 7J
anuary 3
06. T
he e
xistence o
f
t
hese c
onf
licts i
s a
ttested b
y t
he t
i
tles o
f t
he emperors o
f t
he t
etrarchy (
see
Tab
le 1
3). According t
o t
he e
dict o
f to
lera t
ion i
ssued b
y Gale r
ius in Apr
il
3
11, t
he Ro mans c
arr
ied o
ut anew expedit
ion aga
inst t
he C
arpi b etween 306
a
nd 3
11 a
nd G
aler
ius r
ece
ived f
or t
he s
ixth t
ime t
he t
i
tle o
f Carp
icus
Max
i mus
, a
s i
s a
lso s
tated b
y Euseb
ius
, V
III, 1
7, 3
.

S
ince t
he Ro mans a
gain c
onducted c
ampa
igns a
gainst t
he C
arp
i d
uring
t
he p
eriod 3
13-319
, a
s i
s s
hown b
y t
he t
i
tle o
f Carp
icus Max
i mus awarded t
o
Constan
tine t
he Grea
t a
nd wh
ich occurs o
n an i
nscript
ion f
ro m Mauretan
ia
da
ting f
ro m 3
19 (CIL
, V
III
, 8412
), itis c
lear t
hat t
he Carp
i were st
ill a

1
43
d
anger t
o t
he Ro mans i
n t
he f
irst q
uar
ter o
f t
he 4
th c
entury A
.L)
. I
fiti
s t
rue
,
a
s a
ll s
cholars a
t present t
hink, that the Carpic sett
le ments and ce me
teries
c
eased a
t t
he end o
f the 3
rd cen tury in 295-297), then who were the Carpi who
c
ont
inued t
o menace the security of t
he Emp ire and a ga
inst who m the Ro mans
waged n
o less t
han f
our c
a mpaigns in 3
02-303 408 a
nd w
ith who m t
here was
renewed f
ight
ing b
etween 306 and 3
11 and between 3
13 and 3
19? Were t hey
t
he s
a me Carp
i who a
re a
ttested i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts a
nd t
he c
e meter
ies o
f S
in-
t
ana d
e Mure§ t
ype o
r mus
t w
e p
rolong t
he d
ating o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture i
nto
t
he f
irst q
uar
ter o
f t
he 4
th c
entury
, u
nti
l a
bou
t 3
19, a
ccep
ting t
hat o
nly s
o me
o
f t
he Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
e meter
ies c
eased i
n 2
95-297?

We must w
ait f
or t
he r
esu
lts o
f r
esearch i
nto t
he S
intana d
e Mures c
ulture
wh
ich mus
t d eterm
ine on t
he b
asis o
f t
he mater
ial e
vidence when t
he S
ji
ntana
d
e Mure§ cu
lture began i
n t
he ex
tra-Carpa
thian t
err
itory o
f Ro man
ia and a
lso
i
n Mo
ldav
ia and Munten
ia. Accord ing t
o t
he mater
ia l wh
ich has b
een publ
ished
s
o f
ar, i
tsee ms t
hat f
inds o
f t
he S
intana d
e Mures type which c
an be d
ated t
o
t
he e
nd o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury a
nd t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D. h
ave n
ot
b
een made i
n t
he a
rea s
tud
ied b
y u
s. I
fso me i
sola
ted f
inds c
an b
e a
t
tribu
ted
t
o t
h
is p
eriod (
see Do
lh W
ii Mar
i) t
hese d
o n
ot a
lter t
he g
enera
l c
onc
lus
ion
t
hat t
he g
reat ma
jor
ity o
f t
he p
ubl
ished ma
ter
ial o
f S
intana d
e Mure t
ype i
s
d
ated f
ro m t
he s
econd q
uar
ter o
f t
he 4
th c
entury a
nd e
spec
ial
ly t
o t
he m
idd
le
a
nd t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
hat c
entury
. I
tcan b
e p
resu med t
hat s
o me i
sola
ted
i
nf
iltrat
ion o
f German peop
les t
ook p
lace a
t the end o
f t
he 3rd century a
nd t
he
b
eginning o
f t
he 4
th c
entury, b
ut t
he Go
ths estab
lished t
he mselves in mass o
n
t
he t
err
itory o
f Mo
ldav
ia o
nly a
f
ter 3
19, a
fter t
he e
nd o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture.
Even a
fter t
h
is d
ate t
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l e
vidence s
ugges
ts t
hat ar
ela
tively
l
arge n
u mber o
f Carp
i r
e ma
ined i
n t
he t
err
itory t
o t
he East o
f t
he C
arpa
thians
a
nd l
ived a
longs
ide t
he G
oths. T
he Carp
i w
ere d
elivered f
rom t
he a
uthor
ity
o
f t
he G
oths b
y t
he p
ene
trat
ion o
f t
he Huns i
n
to t
hese r
egions a
t a
bou
t t
he e
nd
o
f t
he 4
th c
entury a
nd, t
ogether w
ith t
he Huns
, t
hey a
ttacked t
he emp
ire a
gain
b
ut w
ere r
epu
lsed b
y t
he emperor Theodos
ius Ii
n 3
81.

I
n c
onc
lus
ion
, i
n t
he l
igh
t o
f p
resen
t e
vidence t
he Carp
ic c
ulture c
an b
e
d
ated b
etwen A.D. 1
06 a
nd 319. F uture a
rchaeo
log
ica
l i
nvest
iga
tion may
s
erve t
o re
inforce t
h
is c
onc
lus ion
. 409

1
44
 X
I

WHO WERE THE CARP

I?

We must f
irs
t d
iscuss t
he o
rig
in a
nd t
he s
ign
ificance o
f t
he w
ord Carp
i.
S
ome s
cho
lars c
ons
ider t
hat t
he n
a me Carp
i o
rig
ina
tes f
ro m Carpa
tes
,410

a
nd a
ccord
ing t
o o
thers
, i
tder
ives f
rom t
he I
ndo-European w
ord *
kar "
to
p
raise". 4
11 Whether t
he na me o
f the Carp
i d er
ives f
rom the Carpa
tes-
mountain (Kap -
7
,,
!
fTn. 5 p0c
s
, ),4
12 or f
ro m t
he Indo-European f
orm of *
kar,
i
tis certa
in tha
t the Carpic p
opulat
ion lived around t
he Carpa
thian moun
tains,
b
ut s
cho
lars who s
uppor
ted a
n i
ndes
truc
tib
le l
ink b
etween t
he n
a me o
f t
he
Carpa
thian moun
tains a
nd t
he n
ame o
f t
he Carp
ic p
opu
lat
ion p
ut f
orward t
wo
d
iametr
ica
lly o
pposed o
pin
ions. Accord
ing t
o s
o me o
f t
he m t
he C
arp
ic p
opu
la-
t
ion t
ook t
heir n
a me f
ro m t
he moun
tains. T
o maschek 4
13 i
s e
loquen
t i
n t
h
is
v
iew. O thers th
ink t
hat t
he Carpa
thians took t
heir n
a me f
rom the Carpi
,
who i
nhabited t
h
is reg
ion and V. Parvan was t
he most obs
tinate s
upporter o
f
t
h
is o
pin
ion
. Accord
ing t
o t
he o
pin
ion o
f t
he Ro man
ian s
cho
lar
, t
he Carpa-
t
h
ian moun
tains a
re "
the moun
tains o
f t
he Carp
i i
n t
he s
ame w
ay a
s w
e e
n-
c
oun
ter in t
he s
a me reg
ion, A
lpes Bastarn
icae i
n t
he T
abu
la P
eut
inger
iana
a
nd Mon
tes Serroru m i
n Ammianus...." .
414

W
ith r
egard t
o t
he o
rig
in o
f t
he Carp
i, t
he ma
jor
ity o
f Ro man
ian a
nd
f
oreign s
cholars presu med a T
hraco-Dacian or
igin, o
n the b
asis e
ither of t
he
s
tudy o
f To maschek or of t
he n
a me if
,lor
.o M9
4
.oct
, men t
ioned by Z
os i mos
(
IV, 3
4, 6)
.415 T
he t
erm Ko
co -T
o56,3«
Yt, has b
een transla
ted i
nto "
Carpi o
f
Dac
ian o
rigin", o
r has b
een i
nterpreted a
s "Dacians mixed w
ith t
he Carp
i".416
These i
nterpreta
tions h
ave b
een v
ery b
adly s
haken b
y U
lrich Kahrs
ted
t who
s
howed t
hat t erm K
he t r
.
xp7o 6x
cx Lc
anno
t b
e t
rans
lated f
ro m Greek i
n
to
"
Carp
i-Dac
ians" a
nd i
tdoes n
ot i
ndica
te a m
ixed p
opu
lat
ion i
nclud
ing Dac
ians
a
nd C
arp
i, a
s f
or e
xa mp
le t
he "
Libyphoen
icians" a
re n
ot ap
opu
lat
ion c
ons
ist-
i
ng o
f L
ibyans a
nd P
hoen
icians a
nd, b
y a
nalogy w
ith t
h
is n
a me he K
, t o
cp7o56
:xo
cL
a
re "Dacians f
rom t he c
oun
try o
f the Carp
i" .147 Kahrs
tedt s
ays t
hat t
his
f
act must b
e presu med e
ven i
fthere was not the i
nformation o
f Z
osi mos. Ac-
c
ord
ing t
o t
he s
ame s
cho
lar
, f
or t
he c
orrect t
rans
lat
ion o
f t
h
is w
ord w
e mus
t
a
lso t
ake a
ccoun
t of t
he fact t
hat t
he na me o
f Carpo-Dacians i
s absen
t from
t
he l
i
terary s
ources so l
ong as t
he na me of Carp
i appears i
n t
he m; the Carpo-
Dac
ians a
re men
tioned o
nly w
hen t
he Carp
i d
isappear
. Accord
ing t
o U
lrich
Kahrs
ted
t, K
cp -r
t
o563
,
ta, Ld
oes n
ot r
epresen
t t
he n
a me o
f at
r
ibe o
r o
f ap
eop
le,
but a p
art o
f t
he Dacians a
fter t
heir g
eograph
ical p
osit
ion, the Dacians f
ro m
Carpia or t
he Dac
ians fro m t
he c
ountry o
f t
he Carp
i. T h
is dist
inguished
s
cho lar c
oncludes t
hat, i
n th
is way, we d
o no
t need t
o be worried by t
he i
n-
f
orma
tion o
f Aure
lius V
ictor
, who s
tated t
hat t
he who
le Carp
ic p
opu
lat
ion was
t
rans
ferred t
o t
he Emp
ire.

1
45
 Adi
fferen
t hypo
thesis was p
ut f
orward b
y Iu
lian An
tonescu i
n 1964. He
i
s apar
tisan o
f t
he idea o
f t
he Clt
ic or
igin o
f t
he Carpi a
nd c
onsidered t
hat
t
he term -
-
ia
,p -r
t
ob&x
.c
,L "
sanc
tioned t
he a
ssim
ila
tion o
f t
h3 Carp
i b
y t
he n
ative
Dac
ians." 418

Ico mbat
ted t
he t
hesis o
f t
he Celt
ic or
ig in o
f the Carpi o
n the occas
ion of
my d
igression d
evoted t
o t
his prob
le m a
t the I
nstitute o
f Archaeology on 1
4th
January 1
965. 4
19 On t
hat o
ccas
ion Ishowed t
hat U
lrich Kahrstedt i
s r
ight
when he p
ut f
orward t
he opin
ion t
hat t
he n
ame K o
:pr
ro56x.
c)
'
,L i
n Greek d
oes
n
ot i
ndica
te a m
ixed p
opu
lat
ion o
f D
acians a
nd Carp
i. However
, h
is v
iew
t
hat i
t means "
the Dac
ians f
ro m Carp
ia" c
annot b
e s
uppor
ted b
y t
he a
rchaeo-
l
ogica
l a
nd h
istor
ica
l e
vidence.

T
he assert
ion of Aurel
ius V ictor ,C arporu m nat
io trans la
ta omn is i
n
n
ostru m so
lu m, which i
s cons idered by Kahrstedt as afunda men tal argu ment
i
n support o
f h
is view, is refuted bo
th by the archaeological evidence a nd by
h
istorica
l sources. F or exa mp le
, w e would c
ite the military diplo mas f
rom
Ave
llino a
nd Grosseto a
nd t
he h
onor
ific t
i
tle o
f Carp
icus Max
i mus t
aken b
y
Cons
tan
tine the Great i
n 3
18 or 3
19 and a
lso t
he Carp
ic archaeo
logica
l ma-
t
eria
l which occurs f
requen
tly i
n si
tes o
f g
intana d
e Mure -Cerneahov t
ype
w
ith
in t
he e
xtra-Carpa
thian a
rea o
f Ro man
ia.

Contrary t
o t
he op
inion of Kahrstedt
, the a
rchaeo
log ical and h
istorical
e
vidence shows t
hat t
he Goths, and not t
he Dac
ians, penetrated i
nto the Carp
ic
t
err
itory a
fter t
he r
e mova
l o
f al
arge n
u mber o
f t
he Carp
i t
o t
he Emp
ire. I
n
any case i
tis i
mpossib
le t
o see f
ro m whence t
he Dacians c
ould arr
ive in t
he
Carpic l
ands a
t tha
t t
ime, when g
roups of f
ree Dacians h
ave just p
enetra
ted
f
ro m t
he Nor
th a
nd South i
nto t
he t
erritory o
f t
he f
ormer Ro man p
rovince o
f
Dac
ia, and e
ven t
heoretica
lly i
tis h
ard ly a
ccep
table t
o s
uggest t
he move men
t
o
f Dac
ians Eastwards
, t
owards t
he i
nvas
ion o
f t
he G
erman
ic p
eop
les. We
t
herefore c
onsider t
hat t
he u
se o
f t
he n
a me Kc
xpT
:o56o(c
cL i s an
ormal c
on-
s
equence and t
hat i
tw as t
he s
ing
le n
ame which c
ould b
e used b
y a
n a
nna
lis
t
i
s t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D. ,w
hen t
he Carp
ic p
opu
lat
ion was d
ivided i
n t
wo, ap
art
t
ransferred t
o t
he Emp
ire a
t t
he e
nd o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury a
nd a
t t
he b
eginn
ing o
f
t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D. ,a
nd a
nother p
art c
ont
inu
ing t
o l
ive o
n t
he t
err
itory o
f t
he
f
ormer p
rov
ince o
f Dac
ia.

S
ince Zosi mus knew that s
o me earl
ier l
iterary sources stated t
hat t
he whole
Carp
ic peop
le h ad been t
ransferred to t
he Empire, and gave the impression t
hat
t
he Carp
ic population d
id not re ma
in to t
he North o
f the Danuble, he f
ound i
t
n
ecessary t
o s
pec
ify t
hat t
he Carpo-Dac
ians
, t
hat i
s t
o s
ay t
he Carp
i f
rom
Dac
ia, t
ogether w
ith t
he S
cir
i a
nd t
he Huns h
ad b
een d
riven o
ver t
he Danube
b
y T
heodos
ius Ii
n 3
81 a
nd o
bliged t
o e
stab
lish t
he mselves i
n p
laces wh
ich
t
hey had a
bandoned. H
e wished to emphas
ise tha
t these were no
t t
he Carp
i who
l
ived i
n t
he Empire. The f
act t
hat t
hey are ment
ioned only u
nder t
he name
o
f C
arp
i a
nd n
ot o
f "
Carpo-Dac
ians" i
n t
he t
ime o
f C
onstan
tine t
he Grea
t i
s
e
xpl
icable, f
or t
he i
nfor ma
tion r
efers t
o t
he Carpi f
ro m o
uts
ide the emp
ire
,
c
onsider
ing t
hat t
he emperor r
eceived t
he h
onorif
ic ti
tle o
f Carp
icus Maximus
i
n c
onsequence o
f t
he war waged b
y t
he Emp
ire. We k
now t
hat
, a
ccord
ing
t
o Ro man l
aw, ab
ellu m c
ould o
nly b
e waged a
gainst e
ne m
ies l
iv
ing b
eyond
t
he boundar
ies of t
he Empire a
nd t
he emperor could n
ot rece
ive t
he t
i
tle o
f
Carp
icus Maxi mus f
or s
uppressing a Carp
ic r
ising i
nside t
he emp
ire.

1
46
Consequent
ly, t
hz
) n
otice o
f Z
os -
Imus p
art
ially d
enied t
he i
n
forma
tion t
hat
:
Carporu m n
atio trans
i
lit
ta coMnis in nos
tru m solu m 42 ° o
r Carporu m gens
un
iversa in Ro mania se tradidit 32
-
1 This o
onfirms t he a rchaeolog
ical o
bser-
va
tion t
hat materials of t
he Cerneahov t ype GC
'3'
. 7 i
; 2 n addition to Dac
ian or
Carp
ic p
ottery u
nti
l l
ate i
n
to t
he Hunnenze
it.

W. T
o mascheck c
ons
idered t
hat a
fter 3
80 t
he Carpo-Dac
ians w
ere s
ubdued
b
y t
he Huno-Bu
lgar
ians a
nd b
y t
he S
cir
i a
nd ama
lga ma
ted w
ith t
he m. 422 I
tis
d
if
ficult t
o admit t
he a
ssimila
tion o
f t
he Carpi b
y the Huns a
nd much more b
y
t
he Sc
iri, cons
idering t
hat t
he Huns d
ominated Ro man
ia by f
orce o
f a
rms and
n
ot b
y t
he n
u mber o
f t
heir p
eop
le.

S
afar
ik c
onsidered t
he Carpi a
s b
eing S
lays and l
ocated t
he m i
n Eastern
G
alic
ia. According t
o Sa
farik, t
he Croa
tians a
re the d
escendents o
f the Carp
i;
t
h
is h
ypo
thes
is w
as a
lso s
uppor
ted b
y D
erjav
in. 422 a T
he f
irst p
art o
f t
h
is
b
ook shows t
hat t
he Carp
ic c
ulture i
s a Dac
ian one i
n essence a
nd can be c
on-
s
idered a
s adeveloped f
orm of t
he G
eto-Dac ian L
a '
Vane cul
ture t
o which h
as
b
een added Ro man and Sarmatian in
fluences. T he Dacians l
eft the
ir mark on
t
he Carpic c
ulture in t
he f
ie
ld of pottery, in f
uneral r
ites and ri
tual and i
n
many o
ther custo ms, as Ipo
inted out in t
he chapters devoted t
o the m. The
D
acian o
rig
in o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture i
s i
ncon
tes
tib
le, b
ut i
tis p
oss
ible t
o a
sk
w
hy t
h
is c
ulture i
s a
ttr
ibu
ted t
o t
he C
arp
i a
nd n
ot t
o a
nother p
opu
lat
ion
. T
he
a
nswer i
s g
iven b
y t
he g
eography o
f P
tole my wh
ich men
tions t
he f
ol
low
ing
p
eop
les i
n t
hese r
egions
: t
he S
arma
tians
, t
he Bastarnae
, t
he Cos
tobocae
, t
he
Carp
i and t
he Peucines. T
he T
agr
i a
nd t
he Tyregetae a
re n
ot r
elevan
t h
ere
f
or obv
ious reasons. 423

Theoret
ically, t
he Carp
ic cu
lture c
ould be a
t
tribu
ted to any o
f t
hose men-
t
i
oned by Ptole my
. But , i
n f
act
, on t
he bas
is of t
he archaeo
logical f
inds
, t
he
C
arp
ic c
ulture canno
t be a
t
tributed t
o the S
ar matians
, t
he Bas
tarnae o
r to t
he
P
euc
ines
, b ut o
nly t
o t
he Carp
i or t
o the Costoboces. The mater
ial c
ulture o
f
t
he S
ar ma
tians i
s k
nown i
n t
he S
outhern a
rea o
f t
he USSR
, o
n t
he t
err
itory o
f
H
ungary a
nd e
ven o
f Ro man
ia a
nd i
s d
if
feren
t f
rom t
hat o
f t
he Carp
ic t
ype
;
b
oth c
ultures a
re p
art
ial
ly c
onte mporaneous a
nd i
nf
luenced e
ach o
ther i
n s
o me
g
eographica
l zones. T he Carpic cu
lture cannot b
e ass
igned t
o t
he Bastarnae
,
n
a med a
lso the P
eucin
i, 4-
4 w
2 ho were a p
eople of German
ic or
igin whose
c
ulture i
s k
nown t
o t
he Nor
th a
nd e
ven t
o t
he East o
f t
he C
arpa
thians d
uring
t
he 3
rd -
Ist c
entury B
.C. (
t
he P
oienep
ti-Luka
_evka c
ulture
) a
nd wh
ich d
if
fers
f
unda men
tal
ly f
ro m t
he Carp
ic c
ulture.

The Carpi a
nd t
he Cos
toboces r
e ma
in to c
ons
ider
. A ccording t
o t
he view
o
f t
he majority o
f s
cho
lars t
he two p
opula
tions w
ere re
lated by t
heir c
o m mon
Thraco-Dacian or
igin. 425 C
erta
inly i
tw ou
ld b
e adif
ficu
lt t
ask t
o at
tribu
te
t
he Carpic cu
lture t
o one o f t
hese p
eoples
, ifh
istor
ical e
vidence d
id no
t exis
t
t
o h
elp u
s.

We h
ave a
lready d e mons
tra ted t
hat t
he Carpic c
ulture is d
ated to t
he 2nd-
-
3rd centur
ies A.D. S ince the Costoboces d
isappear fro m t
he scene and t
he
s
ett
le ments a
nd ce meteries of the Po
iana-Dulc Wi-Pat'
dureni type c
ontinued t
o
e
xist
, w
e a
re l
ef
t t
o c
ons
ider t
he Carp
i, who a
re men
tioned a
s t
he p
rinc
ipa
l
a
ggressors a
gainst t
he Ro man Emp
ire o
n t
he L
ower Danub
le i
n t
he 3
rd
c
entury A .
D. 427 b
y t
he l
i
terary a
nd e
pigraph
ica
l s
ources. Probab
ly a p
art
o
f t
he Cos
toboces f
l
ed t
o t
he C
arp
i a
fter t
hey s
uffered d
efea
t d
uring t
he p
eriod

1
47
o
f Marcus Aure
lius
, a
nd t
hey may h
ave ama
lgama
ted w
ith t
he m i
n t
he c
ourse
o
f t
ime
, a
s r
ecen
t a
rchaeo
log
ica
l r
esearch s
eems t
o z
i
e monstra
te. I
tis i
nter-
e
sting t
o p
oin
t o
ut t
hat t
he e
nd o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ultu s
imu
ltaneous w
ith t
he
d
ecay o
f t
he mil
itary a
nd econo m
ic. p
o,ver o
f t
he '
:atp
i and t
he r
e mova
l of a
l
arge p
art o
f t
he m t
o t
he Empire at t
he end o
f t
he 3rd c
entury a
nd t
he beg
inning
o
f t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D. (
see s
upra
).

T
he c
oinc
idence b
etween t
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l a
nd h
istor
ica
l i
nforma
tion d
ispe
ls
a
ny d
oubt t
hat t
he c
ulture o
f Poiene§t
i-Poiana-Dulce
_9t
i be
longed t
o t
he Carp
i,
a
nd s
ince n
o-one who has a g
ood knowledge o
f t
he archaeo
logica
l mater
ial c
an
c
ontest t
he o
rig
in o
f t
he c
ulture
, w
e mus
t r
ecogn
ise t
hat t
he Carp
i, t
he c
rea-
t
ors a
nd t
he b
earers of t
he cu
lture under d
iscuss
ion, were a
lso o
f Dac
ian
o
rig
in. The attr
ibut
ion of t
he Poien ut
i cu
lture t
o t
he Carp
i, con
tribu
tes
a
lso t
o t
he proble m o
f t
he l
ocal
isation o
f t
his p
opulation
, since i
tc anno
t b e
s
olved o
nly on t
he bas
is of t
he wr
itten s
ources, which are s
o met
i mes contro-
v
ers
ial a
nd o
nly r
efer t
o t
he Carp
i f
ro m t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. T
here a
re f
ew
a
ncien
t l
i
terary a
nd e
pigraph
ica
l n
otices c
oncern
ing t
he Carp
i, a
nd t
hey a
re
c
ontrovers
ial a
nd f
ragmen
tary
. T
here i
s n
oth
ing s
urpr
ising a
bout t
h
is s
itua-
t
ion, f
or many ancien
t peop
les appear in t
he anc
ient l
i
terary sources, on
ly
when t
hey c
o me in
to con
tact with t
he Graeco-Ro man wor
ld. Even t he major-
i
ty o
f modern h
istorians ment
ion the Carpi o
nly when t
hey d
iscuss Roman
p
olicy c
oncern
ing t
he L
ower Danube o
r when t
hey c
ommen
t o
n t
he map o
f
P
tole my
.

On t
he b
asis o
f s
tudy of t
he a
ncient s
ources s
cholars s
uch a
s W. To mas-
c
heck,429 U
. Kahrsted
t430 and V. Parvan 4
31 made impor
tan
t con
tribu
tions
t
o p
rob
le ms c
onnected w
ith Carp
ic h
istory
, wh
ich c
aused c
ons
iderab
le c
ontro-
v
ersy a
t t
he t
ime. H
owever
, i
n s
pite o
f t
he e
ffor
ts o
f t
hese a
nd o
ther r
e-
s
earchers t
he ma
jor p
rob
le ms o
f Carp
ic h
istory c
anno
t b
e s
olved o
nly o
n t
he
b
asis o
f l
i
terary a
nd e
pigraph
ic s
ources.

S
ince t
he a
ttr
ibu
tion o
f t
he c
ulture o
f P
oiene t
i-Po
iana-Du
lce§t
i t
ype t
o
t
he Carp
i s
ee ms t
o me t
o b
e c
erta
in, i
tis n
ecessary t
o u
se t
he t
erm C
arp
ic
c
ulture i
n p
lace o
f t
he P
oiene9t
i, V
irt
isco
iu-Po
iene
_pt
i o
r P
oiene9t
i-V
irt
isco
iu
c
ulture, i
n t
he s
a me w
ay, a
s, f
or e
xa mp
le, w
e t
alk a
bou
t t
he G
etan o
r Ge
to-
Dac
ian c
ulture and n
ot a
bout t
he Piscu
l Cräsani or Po
iana cu
lture. T he
t
erm Carpic cu
lture i
s more conc
ise and i
ndicates t
he n
a me both o
f t
he cu
lture
a
nd o
f t
he p
eop
le. Accep
ting t
h
is n
a me
, w
hich i
s a
lready u
sed b
y s
o me
s
cho
lars
, 4
32 w
e a
void c
onfus
ion b
etween t
he P
oiene t
i (
Carp
ic) c
ulture a
nd
t
he P
oiene9
ti c
ulture o
r t
he P
oiene9t
i-Lukajs
evka (
Bastarn
ian
) c
ulture.

W
ith r
egard t
o t
he l
oca
liza
tion o
f t
he C
arp
i, s
cho
lars s
uch a
s W. T
o mas-
c
heck
, E . H
. M
inns and V
. Parvan 433 c
onsider t
hat t
he proble mat
ic
K
ocXX t
,
T
r
. C L men tioned b
y Herodotus (
IV, 17
), Strabo (X
II, 3, 21) a
nd
P
o mpon
ius Me
la (
I
I, 1
, 7
) a
nd t
he K
o.4
)-7
C5c L ment
ioned b
y Ephoros (
fragm.
1
58/78
) a
nd P
seudo-Skymos (
842-844
) w
ere i
n f
act t
he Carp
i. I
n c
onform
ity
w
ith t
his t
hes
is, t
he e
arl
ies
t l
i
terary s
ources l
oca
ted t
he C
arp
i t
o t
he Eas
t
o
f t
he Pru
t, i
n t
he Mo
ldav
ian S
.S.R. a
nd i
nthe S
outh- Wes
t Ukra
ine
, b
ut n
ot
b
eyond t
he L
ower Dn
ieper (
Borys
thenes
) t
o t
he Eas
t. Herodo
tus
, w
ho l
oca
ted
t
he KOAÄ LE C5
a
.L . near t
he t
own of t
he Borysthenes
, ment
ioned t
he Carpic
r
iver (
IV, 4
9) which wou
ld f
low i
nto t
he Danube and wou
ld r
ise i
n t
he coun
try
s
itua
ted t
o t
he Nor
th o
f t
he Umbr
i. H
erodotus a
lso men
tions t
he A
lpis r
iver
,

1
48
wh
ich wou
ld r
un t
o t
he N
orth a
nd a
lso f
low i
nto t
he Danube
. P
robab
ly t
he
a
ncien
t h
istor
ians c
onfounded t
he t
wo c
hains o
f moun
tains - t
he Carpa
thians
a
nd t
he A
lpes -w
ith t
wo u
niden
tif
ied r
ivers
.

T
he work o
f P
tole my c
onta
ins c
learer i
nfor ma
tion wh
ich c
an b
e c
onnected
w
ith t
he Carp
i. H
e, a
t a
boW
; t
he n J
.w.e o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. 3 men
tions t
he
C
arp
ians (
I
II, 5
, 1
0) a
nd l
oca
ted t
he m b
etween t
he P
euc
ini a
nd t
he B
astarnae
.
O
n t
he o
ccas
ion o
fthe d
escr
ipt
ion o
f t
he s
ett
le men
t o
f t
he I
azyges s
itua
ted
b
etween t
he Danube a
nd t
he T
isa, Pto
le my men t
ions t
he l
ocal
ity Carp
is (I
II,
7
, 1
) on t
he b
end of t
he D
anube (
near Aquincu m)
. P to
le my a
lso (
II
I, 10
, 7)
s
tates t
hat t
he s
hore f
ro m t
he Nor
thern mouth o
f t
he I
stros t
o t
he mouths o
f
t
he Borysthenes r
iver and t
he i
nterior
, unt
il t
he Hierasos (S
iret
) r
iver was
i
nhab
ited to t
he South o
fthe Sar ma
tian T
yragetes by t
he Harpi ("Apr
. L0
1
H
e a
lso men
tioned i
n t
he s
ame r
egion
, t
he l
oca
lity o
f Harp
is ("
Apr
:Lg 1
76X L
g
w
ith t
he f
o
llow
ing c
oord
ina
tes, l
ong
itude 5
6 ° ,l
a
titude 4
7° 1
5
'. O
n t
he b
asis
o
f t
he coord
inates g
iven for Piroboridava (long
itude 54° and l
at
itude 47°) a
nd
f
or Tyras (
long
itude 50° and l
atitude 47° 40
' )itr esul
ts t
hat Harpis was
n
earer Tyras t
han Piroboridava. A ccording t
o the in
for ma
tion g
iven b y
P
tole my
, the Harp
i and t
he "pol
ls" o f Harpis c
an b
e located i n t
he S
outh o
f
t
he Moldav
ian S.S.R. and i
n t
he South- West o
f t
he Ukraine. 434 T
o t
he
e
xtent t
hat P
tole my men
tioned c
onte mporary a
nd n
ot e
arl
ier f
acts ,
435 i
t would
r
esu
lt f
ro m h
is i
nfor ma
tion t
hat t
he Harn
i, a Carp
ic t
r
ibe o
r r
ela
ted t
o t
he
C
arp
i, l
ived t
o t
he North o
fthe mouths o
f t
he Danube
, i
n t
he a
rea s
itua
ted
b
etween t
he Prut a
nd t
he D
niester i
n t
he midd
le o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.

According t
o t
he anonymous g
eographer f
ro m Ravenna (
Cos mograph
ia, I,
1
2, 11) t
he Carp
ic people w
ent o
ut f
ro m t
he c
ountry of t
he S
ar mat
ians (ex q
ua
p
atr
ia g
ens Carporu m
, q
uae f
u
it e
xped
ita i
n b
ello
, e
gressa e
st)
. On t
he b
asis
o
fth
is s
ource
, modern s
cho
lars b
egan t
o l
oca
te t
he Carp
i w
ith
in t
he r
egions
t
o t
he E
ast a
nd t
o t
he Nor
th o
fthe Carpa
thians
. T
h. Mo m msen
, 436 C
.
Pa
tsch , 437 B
. Rappaport
, 438 L. Sch m
idt, 439 F
r. Althei m 44 ° a
nd o
thers
l
ocated the Carp
i between t
he Siret a
nd the Prut, and W. T omascheck , 441
C
. M i
ll er 442 a
nd E. H. Minns 443 are i
nclined to e
xtend their area over
t
he Moldav
ian S .S.R . and t
he S outh- Western Ukra ine
. The Rom an
ian re-
s
earchers, I . Andr
iesescu,4 44 V. Christescu , 445 R. Vulpe, 446 I
. N
estor, 447
B
. Mitrea 448 etc. also t
hough t of t
he territory o f Moldav
ia.

Accord
ing t
o U
lrich K
ahrsted
t, t
he Carp
i a
t f
i
rst l
i
ved t
o t
he East o
f t
he
Dn
iester and t
hen advanced i
n t
he 2
nd century f
ro m t
he East t
o t
he West
, a
long
t
he North-Pont
ic shore, push
ing t
he D
o.clans f
ro m t
he t
erritor
ies o
f t
he
Dn
iester a
nd t
he P
rut
. A
ccord
ing t
o P
tole my
, K
ahrsted
t s
ays, t
he P
rut was
t
heir Western l
imi
t and a
fter t
hree g
enerations t
hey a
re encountered o
n t he
Lower Danube a
nd in t
he Dobrud
ja, i
nclud
ing the De
lta o
f the Danube
. 449
Kahrsted
t conc
ludes tha
t t
he D
acians to t
he West a
nd t
he Carpi t
o t
he E
ast,
o
n the Lower Danube
, fough
t aga
inst Ro me i
n t
he 3
rd century A
.D. According
t
o t
he l
i
terary s
ources, U
lrich Kahrsted
t s
ays, t
he Carp
i were i
n t
he f
ore-
f
ron
t o
f t
he b
att
le a
gainst t
he Ro man Emp
ire i
n t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.

S
chü
tte d
iffers f
ro m t
he a
bove- men
tioned s
cho
lars, a
nd l
oca
ted t
he C
arp
i
o
nly t
o t
he N
orth
, b
etween t
he T
agr
i t
o t
he S
outh a
nd t
he B
astarnae t
o t
he
Nor
th. T
he D
anish s
cho
lar l
oca
ted t
he Costoboces 4
5 °i
n Northern Mo
ldav
ia
i
n t
he c
entra
l Mo
ldav
ian
. p
lateau
. A
ccord
ing t
o N
. G
ostra
, i
nit
ial
ly t
he Carp
i
l
ived i
n Northern Dac
ia.`1
51

1
49
 A
V. Parvan
, dea
ling with t
his p
roble m, at
te mp
ted t
o l
ocate t
he Carpi bo
th
t
o t
he North a
nd t
o the East o
f t
he Carpathians. In t
he o
pin
ion of t
he Ro man-
i
an s
cho
lar t
he Carp
i e
xtended "
densely f
rom t
he V
istu
la t
o t
he mou
ths o
f t
he
Danube a
nd t
o t
he Dn
ieper
, o
n t
he who
le N
orthern a
nd Eastern s
ide o
f t
heir
mountains - t
he Carpathians". V . Pärvan says t
hat only t
his conclusion "can
make clear t
o us why the Getan (Carp
ic) e
le ment s
pread s o f
ar, even beyond
t
he Dniester
, a s i
s sta
ted b y P
tole my
, even in '
Api
tt ,oL un
til the Lower
Dn
ieper". Accord ing to V
. P arvan t
he s
tatemen t o
f Ptole my i
s strengthened
b
y t
he p
lace-na me e
vidence t
o t
he East o
f t
he Dn
iester
. Pärvan b
elieved t
hat
W. T
o mascheck was q
uite r
igh
t i
n c
ons
ider
ing t
hat t
he K
o
.,XX L t
.50
( L a
nd
t
he Kap7 C5
aI, w
ere i
n f
act t
he Carp
i. W
ith r
egard t
o t
he l
oca
lity o
f
Carpis mentioned b
y Pto
le my (
II
I, 7
, 1
), P
ärvan says: "th
is na me c
annot b
e
separated f
ro m t
hat o
f t
he Dac
ian-Carp
i i
n the n
eighbour
ing r
egion to t
he
North-Eas t
, o n the moun
tains wh
ich have t
hemselves t
he name o
f t
he s
a me
people ...". 453 A
ccording t
o Pärvan
, the p
resence o
f t
he Carp
i i
n t
he region
o
f Pannon
ian Danube a
nd o
f t
he S
lovak
ian C
arpa
thians i
s a
ttested e
ven f
ro m
t
he t
ime o
f Herodotus (
IV, 49) who mentions t
he Carp
is river
. With regard t
o
Kopi
tCXot
. 4
54 t
he Ro man
ian scholar cons
idered t
hat Norber
t J
okl
(
Stre
itberg-Festgabe
, L eipz
ig, 1924, p. 179
) "r
ightly c
o mpares the name o
f
t
he Thracian p
eople on t
he Eastern Rhodope, t
o the E
ast o
f the Trausi,
K
op7
ri.X0 L ,w
ith t
he n
a me o
f t
he g
rea
t G
etan p
eop
le s
ituated t
o t
he Nor
th
o
f t , K
he Danube ö
cp-
r
t 0t
,
T
he T
ransy
lvan
ian s
cho
lar A
l. F
erencz
i a
tte mp
ted t
o l
oca
te t
he Carp
i i
n
t
he Eastern area of Transylvania
, i
n the area of C
iucului. H e po
inted ou
t
t
he geographical un
ity of t
his reg
ion which could "
supply su
ffic
iently t
he needs
o
f a small mountainous people". Al Ferencz i c
onsidered t
hat the "
country o
f
t
he Carpo-Dac
ians" was s
itua
ted h
ere a
nd he "
ident
ified" C
um idava w
ith the
g
reat c
itade
l on "
Piscul C
et4ii" n
ear T
u9nadul C
iucului, w
hich was cons
idered
b
y h
im a
s t
he c
apita
l o
f t
he Carpodac
ians". 4
56

Archaeo
log
ica
l i
nves
tiga
tions d
uring t
he l
ast t
wo d
ecades c
ontr
ibutes c
on-
c
lus
ive
ly t
o t
he p
rob
le m o
f t
he l
oca
lisat
ion o
f t
he Carp
i, a
nd t
hese r
esearches
d
e mons
tra
ted t
hat t
he Carp
ic p
opu
lat
ion i
nhab
ited i
n
tens
ively t
he p
resen
t t
er-
r
i
tory o
f Mo
ldav
ia.

I
n my o
pin
ion t
he Carp
i w
ere a Dac
ian t
r
ibe who i
n
itia
lly i
nhab
ited t
he
r
egion o
f t
he Eas
tern Carpa
thians
, t
he z
one s
i
tua
ted t
o t
he West o
f t
he S
iret
,
c
onf
ined t
o t
he S
outh b
y t
he r
ivers o
f P
utna a
nd Trotus
, a
nd t
o t
he N
orth b
y
t
he Mo
ldava r
iver
. I
n t
he c
ourse o
f t
ime t
he Carp
i g
radua
lly e
xtended s
o
t
hat t
hey e
xer
ted t
heir a
uthor
ity o
ver t
he g
rea
ter p
art o
f t
he G
eto-Dac
ian
t
err
itory s
i
tua
ted t
o t
he Eas
t o
f t
he Carpa
thians d
uring t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury
A
.D. Probab ly t
hese are t
he s
a me p
eople who P
tole my (
II
I, 5, 10
) ment
ioned
u
nder t
he n
a me o
f the Carp
iani a
nd l
ocated b
etween the Peucin
i and t
he
Bas
tarnae i
n t
he m
idd
le o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. Bu
t t
he p
rob
le ma
tic
K
oAX vt L a
nd K
o
c,p7 C5
c men
tioned b
y t
he a
ncien
t l
i
terary s
ources
(
Herodotus
, S
trabo
, P
o mpon
ius Me
la, Ephoros a
nd P
seudo-Skymnos
) a
nd
c
onnected w
ith t
he Carp
i by t
he majority o
f t
he scho
lars , are c
onsidered by
u
s as be
ing a
t most t
r
ibes o
f Geto-Dacian or
igin, related t
o t
he Carpi.457
I
n c
onsequence o
f th
is, iti
s ou
t of t
he ques
tion (
as Ulrich Kahrstedt t
hon
frht
)
t
hat i
1
itia
liy t
he Carp
i i
nhab
ited a
n a
rea t
o t
he Eas
t o
f t
he Dn
iester a
nd t
hen

1
50
b
egan
, f
ro m t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D. ,t
o move West t
o t
he Dac
ian t
err
itory
.
Even a
t p
resen
t s
o me a
rchaeo
log
ists r
efer t
o t
he P
ont
ic Carp
i 4
58

Taking i
nto accoun t t
he archaeological f
inds, t
he t
hesis t
hat the Carpi
c
a me f
ro m the North 459 t
o the present t
erritory o
f Moldav
ia also cannot be
a
ccepted. T he f
ol
lowing l og
ical conclusion can b
e drawn f
ro m the analys
is
o
f t
h
is p
rob
le m
; t
he ma
ter
ial c
ulture wh
ich was p
ree m
inen
tly a Dac
ian o
ne,
c
ould n
ot h
ave c
o me f
ro m t
he Nor
th o
r f
ro m t
he East t
o t
he e
xtra-Carpa
thian
t
err
itory
.

The Carp
i who m Ihave a
t
te mpted t
o l
ocate between t
he Moldova river
t
o t
he Nor
th and t
he Putna o
r Trotus r
iver t
o the South
, ex
tended to t
he East
a
nd t
o t
he S
outh a
nd o
ccup
ied t
he r
egion b
etween t
he S
iret a
nd t
he Prut a
nd,
we b
elieve t
hat t
hey s
pread t
o t
he East o
f t
hat r
iver t
o t
he Dn
ies
ter
, b
ut i
n a
sma
ller n
u mber t
han i
n t
he t
err
itory b
etween t
he S
iret a
nd t
he Prut
. 460

We h
ave showed above t
hat the a
rchaeo
logica
l f
inds de mons
trate t
he de-
s
truc
tion o
f t
he La Tbne set
tle ments i
n Mo
ldavia (
Bitca D
oa mnie, P
iatra
S
oi mu
lui (
Calu
), Räcä
täu
, P
oiana-Du
lce§t
i (
La Bro§
teanu
) e
tc. d
uring t
he
s
econd Dac
ian war (
105-106
). T
he d
efea
t o
f t
he D
acians b
y t
he Ro mans
f
avoured t
he p
enetra
tion o
f Sarmat
ian groups t
o t
he Wes
t o
f t
he Prut. In t
h
is
s
itua
tion
, the Dac
ian t
ribes t
o t
he Eas
t of t
he S
iret w
ere s
low t
o recover
ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat t
he S
armat
ians a
nd o
ther p
eop
les a
ttack
ing t
he emp
ire,
p
ermanen
tly c
rossed t
heir t
err
itory
.

The Carpi who i

nhabited t
he s
ub-Carpa
thian z
one r
ecovered more qu
ick
ly
t
han o
ther tr
ibes, since they w
ere n
ot p
ressed b
y the S
arma t
ians and t
heir
t
err
itory was n
ot u
sed a
s a"
corr
idor" b
y t
he b
arbar
ians who a
ttacked t
he
emp
ire
; i
n t
he c
ourse o
f t
ime t
hey e
xtended t
heir d
omina
tion o
ver t
he o
ther
G
eto-Dac
ian t
ribes s
i
tua
ted t
o t
he Eas
t o
f t
he S
ire
t. I
n c
onsequence
, w
e c
on-
s
ider t
he Carp
i as a Dac
ian t
ribe who l
ived o
n the Eastern Carpa
thians a
nd
i
n t
he ad
jacent a
rea f
ro m a
ncient t
imes, but were no
t noted f
or a l
ong t
ime
b
y t
he h
istor
ians
, b
ecause t
he G
etans o
n t
he L
ower Danube a
nd t
he T
ransy
l-
v
anian Dac
ians
, t
hanks t
o s
ome g
rea
t r
ulers s
uch a
s Dro m
ichaetes
,
Bureb
ista a
nd Deceba
lus p
layed a much more i
mpor
tan
t h
istor
ica
l r
ole.

I
tis c
lear fro m t
he s
tudy o
f t
he long h
istory o
f t
he G eto-Dacians t
hat a
p
redominant t
r
ibe , concen
trat
ing around t
he m t
he nu merous Geto-Dacian
t
ribes
, e
xis
ted a
t a
l
l t
imes. T
his e
xpla
ins why o
nly t
he Dac
ians a
re men
tioned
i
n t
he d
if
feren
t p
eriods
, o
r p
re-e m
inen
tly t
he C
ostoboces o
r t
he C
arp
i, who
o
ften a
ttacked t
he Ro man Emp
ire i
n al
ater p
eriod (
t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies
A
.D.).

1
51
 X
II

TRACES OF THE CARP

I I
N MUN
'TEN
IA,
S
CYTH
IA M
INOR
, RO MAN DAC
IA AND I
N PANNON
IA

Fro m t
he mil
itary and p
olit
ica
l poin
t of v
iew, the Carp
i dom inated t
he
"
free" Dacians o
f Muntenia dur
ing t
he per
iod of t
heir maxi mu m d
evelop men
t.
T
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l f
inds a
t Va
lea T
eaneu
lui a
nd a
t G
ura N
iscovu
lui i
n t
he
d
istr
ict o
f Buzäu s
how t
hat t
he Nor
th-Eastern p
art o
f Mun
ten
ia b
elonged t
o
t
he a
rea of t
he Carp
ic c
ulture. The archaeo
logica
l invest
igat
ions c
arried
o
ut a
t Mätäsaru
, Bucharest- M
ilitar
i a
nd i
n o
ther si
tes shows tha
t s
o me g
roups
o
f Carp
i a
lso p
ene
tra
ted i
nto t
he r
est o
f Mun
ten
ia a
t t
he e
nd o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury
a
nd i
n t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. F
ield-observa
tion s
hows t
hat t
he
Carp
i s
ett
led h
ere i
n t
he e
xis
ting s
ett
le men
ts o
f t
he l
oca
l p
opu
lat
ion
. S
o f
ar
t
races o
f t
he C
arp
i a
re a
bsen
t f
ro m t
he a
rea b
etween t
he A
lutanus l
imes a
nd
t
he T
ransa
lutanus l
imes
, 461 b
ut w
e c
anno
t b
e c
erta
in o
f t
his.

The question o
f t
he presence o
f the Carpi i
n Scythia Minor and i
n Ro man
Dacia is a
lso much discussed by t
he special
ist l
iterature. I n t
he l
ight o
f
present evidence we c
annot draw a def
init
ive conclusion as t
o th
is proble m
and possibly fu
ture r
esearch wil
l throw ligh
t on it
; h owever w e c
an for mu
late
ah
ypothes
is wh
ich may b
e c
onf
irmed o
r d
enied b
y f
uture f
inds
, a
lthough i
tis
wrong t
o pretend tha
t t
here is clear e
vidence at present. Certa
inly, f
or a
u
seful d
iscussion, itis n
ecessary to understand the Geto-Dac
ian La fene
p
eriod and the c
ulture o
f the f
ree-Dacians, particularly o
f t
he Carp
i, in order
t
o d
eterm
ine t
he e
xact t
ypo
logy
, •
which
, i
n t
he c
ase o
f t
he p
ottery
, h
as a
n
e
volut
ion o
ver many c
entur
ies
, f
ro m t
he H
alls
tat
t p
eriod t
o t
he 4
th c
entury
A
.D.

As Ihave dug many set

tle ments
, ei
ther from t
he La Tine p
eriod ( Pope§t
i,
d
istr
ict of I
l
fov, Cuciu
lata, d
is tr
ict o
f Brapov, Mä
täsaru and Päne ti
, d is
trict
o
f Di mbov
ita, Po
iana-Dulce9ti-Bro9teanu, d
istr
ict o
f Nea m
_
t), or Carpic
(
Poiana-Ih
ilce9t
i, a
t S
i
l4te a
nd a
t Varn
ig, B
utnär W
i, d
istr
ict o
f N
earn,
Bo
r4e9t
i, Päduren
i, d
istr
ict o
f Vrancea, Mrndr4ca
, d
istr
ict o
f Bacäu
), a
nd
f
ro m t
he 2nd-3rd centur
ies A.D. i
n Munten
ia (
IVr
atäsäru
, distr
ict of D
i mbov
ila
,
S
cornice e
i, Ma ldär, Vultur e
i, d
istr
ict o
f O
lt, Bragadiru-Zi mn
icea and
Ude S
i, d
istr
ict o
f T
eleorman
) a
nd i
n S
cyth
ia M
inor (
Dinoget
ia) o
r D
acia
I
nferior (
Sto
ln icen
i) Ic
an d
iscuss the proble m o
f t
he p
resence o
r t
he absence
o
f traces o
f the Carp
i i
n Ro man Dacia
, S cyth
ia Minor or i
n P
annon
ia.

Iw
ill d
iscuss o
nly t
he ma
ter
ials wh
ich a
re d
ated t
o t
he 3
rd-4
th c
entur
ies
A
.D., when t
he s
ources r
ecord t
he Carp
ic p
resence i
n t
he Emp
ire. I
t mus
t
a
lso b
e r
e me mbered t
hat t
he p
resence o
f t
he C
arp
i i
n p
laces i
n Roman Dac
ia
a
nd Scy
thia Minor d
oes not e
xclude t
he ex
istence o
f i
ndigenous G
eto-Dacians
c
ont
inuing t
o li
ve i
n the
ir nat
ive terr
itory d
uring t
he Ro man d
ominat
ion, jus
t
a
s t
he e
xis
tence o
f Daco-Ro man s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
e meter
ies d
oes n
ot e
xclude

1
52
t
he p
resence a
lso o
f t
he Carp
i i
n s
o me o
f t
hese r
egions. I
n c
onsequence o
f
t
his n
ot a
ll t
he ma
ter
ials o
f D
acian t
ype f
ro m t
he 3
rd-4th c
entur
ies A
.D. must
b
e a
ttr
ibuted auto ma
tica
lly to t
he i
ndigenous Geto-Dac
ians or t
o the Carp
i who
p
ene
trated i
nto or were set
tled i
n these p
rovinces. Every Carpic ob
ject must
b
e c
areful
ly exa mined a
nd w e mus
t judge t
he evolut
ion o
f t
he Dacian forms
w
ith
in t
he Ro man Emp
ire a
nd i
n t
he t
err
itor
ies s
i
tua
ted o
uts
ide t
he Emp
ire
(Mo
ldav
ia) o
r i
n t
he a
reas l
ess d
omina
ted b
y t
he Ro mans b
ut p
er manen
tly
superv
ised by t
he m (
Muntenia
). I n o
ther words
, the ma
terials f
ro m t
he
Dobrudja must b
e j
udged by c
o mparison w
ith t
hose o
f Moldav
ia, Muntenia,
O
ltenia and o
f Transylvan
ia, w
ithou
t l
osing s
igh
t o
f t
he s
i
tua
tion wh
ich i
s
t
ypical o
f every p
rovince.

T
he presence o
r absence o
f h
and- made po
ttery o
r even o
f g
rey whee
l- made
p
ottery i
s not
, genera
lly speak
ing
, ac riter
ion for s
eparat
ing t
he Dac
ian
(
Daco-Ro man
) ma
ter
ial f
ro m t
he Carp
ic. H
owever
, t
he f
orm o
f t
he v
esse
ls,
a
nd s
o met
i mes t
he f
abr
ic a
nd t
he t
echn
ique
, a
re c
onc
lus
ive c
riter
ia i
n t
his
s
ense
; we r
e member t
hat t
he g
rey (
and a
lso r
ed) s
herds o
f Carp
ic t
ype d
if
fer
i
n t
h
is r
espec
t f
ro m t
hose o
f t
he Ch
ilia t
ype i
n Mun
ten
ia a
nd f
ro m t
hose o
f
t
he Sin
tana d
e Mure9-Cerneahov t
ype a
nd much more f
ro m t
he g
rey a
nd r
ed
Hel
lenist
ic a
nd Ro man p
ottery
.

On t
he basis of t
his
, the ma teria
ls publ
ished in Pon t
ice , I
, and c onsidered
by C
. S corpan as being Carp
ic, a re, i
n the most part
, G e
tan fro m the Hellen-
i
stic and Ro man period. On the b as
is of t
hese co mparative cr
iteria o nly
some jugs and fragments of f
ruit-stands be
longing to the forms of pottery men-
t
ioned i
n P
ont
ice
, I
, c
an b
e a
ttr
ibuted t
o t
he Carp
i. The r
ed mug f
ro m Cara
ibi
l
(
Pon
tice
, I
, f
ig. 4
a-4b
) a
nd t
he t
wo g
rey mugs f
ro m Hor
ia (
Pon
tice
, I
, f
ig.
7
a-7b a
nd 8
a-8b
) a
re i
ncluded i
n t
h
is c
ategory
. On t
he o
ther h
and
, t
here a
re
n
o a
nalog
ies w
ith
in t
he C
arp
ic c
ontex
t (
at P
iatra N
ea mp
-Lu
tär
ie, S
loboz
ia,
Gabära
) w
ith t
he j
ug f
ro m Rasova (
Pon
tice
, I
, f
ig. 2
1a-21c
); t
h
is j
ug i
s w
ell
d
ated t
o t
he 2
nd -
ist c
entu r
yB.C. ,o
n t
he b
asis o
f t
he f
ragmen
ts o
f aH
ellen-
i
stic amphora. T he mugs f
ro m Cara
ibil a
nd Hor
ia are o
f G
eto-Dac
ian L a
Tene or
igin; ana
logies with t
he m
, in t
he l
ater p
eriod
, ex
ist w
ith
in the Carp
ic
c
ulture and i
n s
o me S
armat
ian t
o mbs as ar
esult o
f Carp
ic inf
luence. T hey
c
ould not h
ave b
een carr
ied t
o t
he Dobrud
ja by t
he Sarmatians
, as so me
s
cholars are incl
ined to b
elieve 462 s ince none o
f t
he Sarmatian graves d
is-
c
overed in th
is region con
tain Carp ic pots. Usually t
he Sarmatians used t
he
p
ottery o
f the popula
tion o
f the r
eg ion in which t
hey s
ettled a
nd we do not
b
elieve t
hat i
t was n
ecessary t
o c
arry C
arp
ic v
esse
ls t
o a
n a
rea where Ro man
p
roducts w
ere v
ery a
ccess
ible. T
he t
hree f
ragmen
ts o
f f
ruit-stands f
ound
a
t C
ara
ibi
l 463 may b
e a
ttr
ibu
ted t
o t
he Carp
i, s
ince t
hey a
re a
bsen
t f
ro m t
he
set
t le men
ts and ce meter
ies of the f
ree Dacians i
n Munten ia (
Chil
ia,
Scornice9ti, Maldär, Mä täsaru, Udeni, Bragadiru-Zi mnicea, Bucharest-
Militari, Bucov e
tc.). Two f rag men
ts of agrey fru
it-stand have been d
is-
c
overed i
n Mun
ten
ia, a
t T
irggor (
set
tle men
t o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.)
,464
b
ut w
e must men
tion t
hat a
n e
arl
ier G
eto-Dac
ian s
ett
le men
t was s
itua
ted i
n
t
he v
icin
ity
. Ano
ther f
ragmen
t h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t S
träu
le§
ti-
Mä
icäne9t
i, n
ear Bucharest a
nd Margare
ta Cons
tan
tinu
i 4
65 s
tates t
hat t
his
f
ragmen t belongs t
o af
rui
t-stand o
f t
he sa me t
ype as t
hat f
ound a
t Lacul T
ei.
The f
ruit-stand o
f Lacu
l Tei (
unpub
lished
, i n t
he Munic
ipal Museu m o
f
Bucharest
) b
elongs t
o t
he G
etan p
ottery a
nd i
tis t
herefore p
oss
ible t
hat t
he

1
53
p
iece f
ro m S
träu
lee
ti- Mä
icäneet
i was a
lso e
arl
ier
, s
ince t
races f
ro m t
he L
a
T
ene p
eriod h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t t
h
is s
i
te. 466 H
owever
, e
ven i
fthese
f
rag men
ts o
f f
ruit-stand f
ro m T
irg
gor a
nd S
träu
le9t
i b
elong t
o t
he 3
rd c
entury
(
and t
his is poss
ible
), the
ir nu mber i
s t
oo sma
ll t
o a
llow us t
o c
ons
ider tha
t
t
he f
ruit-stand was a f
or m o
f p
ottery t
ypica
l o
f t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f Chil
ia-
M
ilitari t
ype. Itis i
nterest
ing to n
ote t
hat b
oth f
inds a
re si
tuated i
n t
he
c
ulture-area o
f Mi
litari t
ype, where t
races o
f t
he Carpi a
re present
, and t
hat
t
hese v
est
iges a
re a
bsen
t f
ro m t
he c
ulture-area o
f S
corn
iceet
i-Ch
ilia
t
ype.

The si
tuation i
n the Dobrud
ja re ma
ins t
o b
e s
ettled, but we mention t
hat
t
he f
ruit-stand i
s no
t attested a
t En
isala w
here s
yste mat
ic excavation has n
ot
b
een carr
ied out
. I tis p
ossib
le t
hat t
he f
ruit-stand cou
ld last i
n t
he areas
o
ccup
ied b y t
he Ro mans f
ro m t
he L
a Tene period; this is n
ormal, but t
he fru
it-
s
tand i
s n ot afor m o
f pot
tery t
ypical o
f t
h
is period in Munten
ia, a
t s
ites o
f
Ch
ilia- M
ilitar
i type, partia
lly c
ontrol
led by t
he Ro mans, as i
thad b
een i
n the
La Tene p
eriod or a
s i
t was i
n t
he Carpic s
i
tes. F urthermore, fru
it-stands
o
f Carpic t
ype h
ave character
ist
ic t
raits. N o
t a
ll f
ruit-s
tands b
elonged to t
he
Carp
ic p
ottery, and w
hen we r
efer t
o speci mens of Carp
ic type
, we d o n
ot re-
f
er t
o t
he genera
l type o
f v
esse
l, as so me scholars have s
upposed
. 467 Even
i
fthe f
ragmen
ts o
f f
ruit-stands d
iscovered a
t C
ara
ibi
l c
ould b
e C
arp
ic, t
he
s
pec
i men f
ro m H
istr
ia (
Pon
tice
, I
, p
. 3
60, f
ig. 1
8), i
s, a
ccord
ing t
o t
he p
ro-
f
i
le o
f the r
im, cer
ta in
ly ear
lier and b
elongs t
o atype o
f f
ruit-stand frequently
e
ncoun
tered in t
he 2nd-the 1
st c
entury B.C. and more r
arely to t
he ist century
A
.D.

Ihave h
andled t
he Getan mater
ial fro m H
istr
ia, i
n t
he Museum of Constanta
a
nd i
n my o
pin
ion noth
ing suggests a C
arp ic o
rig
in. We should men
tion that
t
races o
f t
he Carp
i h
ave n
ot b
een f
ound i
n e
i
ther o
f t
he o
ther Wes
t-Pon
tic
c
it
ies o
f T
omis a
nd Ca
lla
tis a
nd we b
elieve t
hat t
hey a
re a
lso a
bsen
t f
rom
V
isterna. 468

The f
lagon-a mphorae, which occur frequently i
n the Dobrud
ja, are not
Carpic and t
hey did not c
o me fro m Moldavia t
o the Dobrudja, b
ut t
he other way
round. T he grey fragment with burnished decorat
ion included i
n t
he ma teria
l
p
ubl
ished i
n P
ont
ice
, I
, may b
e Carp
ic; i
t was d
iscovered a
t Runcu
, n
ot f
ar
f
ro m H
1r9ova (
Pont
ice, I
, p
. 361, fig
. 19). So me f
ragments o
f g
rey p
ottery
wh
ich in f
abr
ic, p
rofi
le a
nd burnished d
ecorat
ion can be c
onnec
ted w
ith t
he
Carpi h
ave been f
ound at D
inogetia. We r
efer especia
lly t
o t
he s
herds which
can b
e dated t
o t
he 3rd-4th c
entury A
.D. and n
ot to t
he e
arl
ier mater
ials
,
d
ating f
ro m t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod p
robab
ly f
rom t
he l
st c
entury A
.D. ,o
r f
ro m
t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D., wh
ich w
ere d
iscovered i
n t
he S
ect
ion S
.I, w
hich Id
ug
w
ith Professor Gh. S
tefan i
n 1
952. 469 The f
ragments o
f p
ottery d
iscovered
a
t N
icul4e l-Dru mu
l Bli i may a
lso b elong t
o t
he Carp
i; the archaeo
logical
r
epor
t men
tions t
hat "
they a
re o
f g
rey o
r r
edd
ish f
abr
ic a
nd made i
n at
echn
ique
wh
ich dif
fers f
ro m t
hat of Ro man p
ottery" ;
470 t
he hand- made s
herds are
s
o met
i mes d
ecorated with cordons with t
humb- i mpressions and t
he wheel- made
f
ragmen
ts h
ave b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion wh
ich i
s u
nknown w
ith
in t
he R
o man
p
ottery
." A sma
ll b
ronze c
oin p
robab
ly i
ssued i
n t
he p
eriod o
f t
he emperor
Va
len
tin
ian I(
364-375
) 4
71 was f
ound a
t t
he s
ame s
i
te.

1
54
 I
tis c
lear t
hat p
ottery wh
ich c
an b
e c
onnected w
ith t
he Carp
i h
as b
een d
is-
c
overed a
t Cara
ibi
l, H
oria
, N
icu
litel-Dru mu
l Bà
lji
i, D
inoget
ia a
nd Runcu-
H
ir rva. I
t s
ee ms t
hat s
o me o
f t
he Carp
i who i
nf
iltra
ted i
nto o
r w
ere t
rans-
f
erred t
o t
he e
xis
ting Daco-Ro man s
ett
le men
ts a
lso e
xis
ted a
t Hor
ia a
nd
Cara
ibi
l. Cer
tain
ly, f
uture e
xcava
tion w
ill p
roduce more e
vidence a
nd d
e-
t
a
ils a
s,r
egards t
he p
rovenance o
f t
hese ma
ter
ials
, wh
ich e
i
ther r
epresen
t
impor
ts f
ro m t
he Carp
ic r
egions o
r r
eflect t
he e
ffec
tive p
resence o
f t
he
Carp
i who p
enetra
ted i
nto t
h
is a
rea o
r w
ere t
ransferred t
here b
y t
he Ro mans.
I
n t
he l
igh
t o
f p
resen
t e
vidence we n
otice t
hat ma
ter
ials o
f C
arp
ic t
ype o
ccur
o
nly i
n p
laces s
i
tua
ted t
o t
he Nor
th a
nd Wes
t o
f t
he Dobrud
ja, n
ot t
oo f
ar f
ro m
t
he Danube a
nd i
n t
he v
icin
ity o
f f
orts wh
ich b
elonged t
o t
he d
efens
ive s
yste m
o
f t
he Danube l
imes. 472 Probab
ly t
he Carp
i w
ere p
lan
ted i
n t
h
is r
egion b
y
t
he Ro mans f
or t
wo purposes
, on the one hand t
o observe t
he m bet
ter and on
t
he o
ther hand t
o employ t
he m i
n dif
ferent ways which were necessary t
o sup-
p
ort t
he fron
tier army. T he e
xistence of t
he Vicus Carporu m, no
t far f
ro m
Cars
iu m (
Hirsova
) s
hows t
hat t
he Carp
i h
ad b
een p
laced i
n t
he v
icin
ity o
f t
he
Danube a
nd o
f o
ther f
orts.

Eutrop
ius (
IX, 2
5, 2
) 473 men
tions t
he e
stab
lishmen
t o
f g
roups o
f Carp
i
o
n t
he b
oundary o
f t
he Emp
ire d
uring t
he p
eriod o
f D
iocle
tian a
nd Oros
ius
(
VII
, 25, 12
), referr
ing to t
he s
a me fac
t, mentions t
hat t
he Carpi were
p
laced among t
he guard-posts (
f
iniu m d
ispersere p
raesidia
). This see ms t
o
b
e v
erif
ied i
n O
lten
ia, where Carp
ic t
races h
ave b
een d
iscovered o
n t
he
O
lt, a
t F
arcase
le, s
i
tua
ted b
etween Ro mu
la a
nd S
laven
i, b
ut n
earer t
o
Ro mu
la, where a f
rag ment of ear-ring (
see T
able 8
) h
as b
een f
ound
, a
nd a
t
Govora-Sa
t not f
ar fro m S
tolniceni.

We must p
oin
t out t
hat a
t G
ovora-Sat
, which h
as been we
ll d
ated by E
.
Mosca
lu t
o the s
econd ha
lf o
f t
he 3
rd century A
.D. "wheel-made and h
and- made
Dac
ian p
ottery i
s p
resen
t i
n al
arger q
uan
tity t
han Ro man p
ottery" 4
74 a
nd
f
or t
his r
eason Moscalu c
ons
idered t
hat "
the D
acian po
ttery f
ro m Govora-
S
at. . .wh
ich i
s represen
ted b
y whee
l- made a
nd hand- made s
peci mens
,
i
ndica
tes t
he p
resence o
f aDacian popu
lat
ion who u
sed a p
ottery which con-
t
inued t
he f
orms c
urrent i
n t
he Late La T
ene p
eriod". He c on
tinues, "on
t
h
is basis
, we c
an say t
hat t
he G eto-Dac
ian L
a T
ene l
asted u
nti
l t
he s
econd
h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D ." 475

Certa
inly Mosca
lu i
s r
igh
t to p
oint o
ut t
he "
La Tene" f
eatures of t
he pot
tery
f
ro m G
ovora-Sat, b
ut h
e i
s wrong i
n h
is conc
lus
ion f
ro m t
his, na me
ly tha
t
t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod l
asted u
ntil t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D., w
ith
in
t
he province of Dac
ia In
ferior, in as
ett
le men
t wh
ich was s
i
tua
ted n
ear t
he
important m
ilitary and c
ivil c
entre o
f S
toln
iceni.
476

Iti
s impossib
le t
o speak o
f t
he ro man
isat
ion of Ro man Dac
ia, i
fthere are
s
ett
le men
ts dat
ing f
ro m t
he end o
f t
he Ro man p
eriod which show t
he c
ontinua-
t
ion o
f t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod u
ntil t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. a
nd
Govora-Sa
t is n
ot asettle ment away fro m Ro man i
nfluence
, a nd s
i
tuated f
ar
f
ro m t
he main roads b
ut on the contrary itis si
tuated near t
he mil
itary a
nd
c
ivil c
entre o
f S
toln
icen
i n
ear t
he impor
tan
t r
oute u
p t
he v
alley o
f t
he O
lt.

I
n my o
pin
ion t
he p
eop
le a
t G
ovora-Sa
t a
re C
arp
i who p
ene
tra
ted i
n
to o
r
w
ere t
ransferred t
o t
he Emp
ire
, p
oss
ibly a
fter t
he e
ven
ts o
f 2
45-247. 477 As
l
ater i
n t
he Dobrud
ja, d
uring t
he r
eign o
f Aure
lian (
in 2
72) a
nd o
f D
iocle
tian
,

1
55
a
lso i
n O
lten
ia, t
he Ro mans a
tte mp
ted t
o e
stab
lish t
he Carp
i i
n t
he v
icin
ity o
f
t
he f
ort
ified s
ett
le men
ts (
Oros
ius. ,V
II, 2
5, 1
2) where t
here w
ere s
old
iers
who c
ould o
bserve t
he m a
nd o
blige t
he m t
o w
ork f
or t
he g
arr
ison. T
he i
dea
t
hat "
Carp
ic in
fluence is not a
ttes
ted a
t Govora-Sa
t" which i
s based o
n the
a
bsence o
f "
the grey wheel- made amphorae a
nd mirrors o
f Carpic t
ype" i
s
implausib
le for t
wo reasons
; firs
tly, f
ragments o
f amphorae of t
his t
ype
have been d
iscovered (
one o
f t
he m h
as been e
ven p
ubl
ished) 478 a
nd secondly
,
t
he a
bsence o
r t
he p
resence o
f m
irrors o
f S
arma
tian t
ype i
s n
ot c
onc
lus
ive
e
vidence f
or t
he a
ttr
ibu
tion o
f as
ett
le men
t t
o t
he Carp
i, f
or a
lthough t
here
a
re n
u merous Carpic s
ett
le men
ts in Mo
ldavia
, f
ragmen
ts o
f m
irrors h
ave
b
een f
ound on
ly at Po
iana-Dulce e
i at S
i
li§
te.

A
lthough t
he ma
jority o
f Ro man
ian r esearchers c
ons
ider tha
t t
he Carpi
a
nd not t
he G
oths p
enetra
ted the t
erritory of t
he f
ormer prov
ince o
f Dacia
a
fter t
he r
etrea
t o
f t
he Ro mans
, t
here a
re f
ew t
races wh
ich c
an b
e a
ttr
ibu
ted
t
o t
he Carp
ic p
eop
le. I
n t
he l
igh
t o
f p
resen
t e
vidence
, ma
ter
ials o
f C
arp
ic
t
ype are k
nown a
t Media -Baia d
e Nis ip
,4 79 Ormen § 480 S
i, oporul d
e C
i mp
ie,
Obre
ja,481 S
ebe9-Podul Pr
icopului 482 and at Arch
iud-Hinsuri.483 The
materia
ls o
f "Carpic t
ype" discovered a
t B
ezid b
elong to t
he set
tle men
t o
f
S
intana-Cerneahov t
ype 484 and t
he f
ragment o
f t
he f
ruit-stand and o
ther ma-
t
eria
l d
ate f
ro m t
he La fene per
iod. 485 The b
ucket-pendan
ts of i
ron d
is-
c
overed b
y chance a
t Cr
istian
, distr
ict o f Bra9ov a
nd at Mere e
i ,distr
ict o
f
Hargh
ita
,486 c
ould h
ave b
een d
if
fused b
oth b
y t
he Carp
i a
nd t
he G
oths
, s
ince
t
hey c
anno
t be dated
. Mater ials which d
o n
ot b
elong t
o t
he Carpi h
ave b
een
a
ttr
ibu
ted to t
he m b
oth i
n Transylvania a
nd i
n t
he Dobrud
ja, as i
n t
he c
ase
o
f t
he s
ett
le men
t a
nd t
he c
e metery a
t C
ipäu-Gir
le. 4
87 I
tis d
if
ficu
lt t
o k
now
when a
nd h
ow t
hese ma
ter
ials a
rrived a
t t
heir f
ind-spo
ts. T
hey c
an b
e
b
road
ly dated t
o the s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury a
nd a
t t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he
4
th c
entury A
.D .

I
n c
ontras
t w
ith t
he s
itua
tion a
t Med
ia -Ba
ia d
e N
isip a
nd Or men
i, w
hich
a
re s
i
tua
ted o
n t
he r
iver T
irnave
, a
nd w
here t
here w
ere Carp
i who i
nf
iltra
ted
i
nto t
his a
rea a
fter t
he r
etrea
t o
f t
he Ro mans f
ro m Dac
ia, a
lthough t
here a
re
o
nly c
asua
l a
nd i
sola
ted f
inds a
nd t
he d
ating e
vidence c
ons
ists o
nly o
f p
ottery
a
t both s
ites, t
he proble m i
s more comp
lica
ted a
t o
ther p
laces b
ecause t
he
majority o
f t
he material i
s not p
ubl
ished
.

With r
egard t
o t
he c
e metery a
t S
oporu
l d
e C
imp
ie, wh
ich i
s e
ntire
ly a
t-
t
r
ibuted e
ither to t
he Daco-Ro man p
opulat
ion ex
ist
ing i
n the p
rov
ince 488 or
t
o t
he Carpi 489 w
e cannot r
each a c
ertain c
onc
lusion b
efore t
he pub
lication
o
f a
ll t
he ma
ter
ial wh
ich h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t t
he s
i
te. I
n t
he l
igh
t o
f
p
resen
t e
vidence
, t
he h
ypothes
is o
f t
he e
xis
tence o
f a Daco-Ro man c
e me
tery
w
ith s
o me Carp
ic e
le men
ts a
t S
oporu
l d
e C
imp
ie s
ee ms t
o me p
laus
ible.
I
fthe p
resence o
f o
bjects o
f Carp
ic t
ype
, e
spec
ial
ly t
he f
i
ligree s
i
lver o
rna-
ments which are t
ypica
l of t
he Carpic world
, cannot be exp
lained by way o
f
t
rade, then we must admit t
he e
thnic presence o
f a Carpic group a
t t
his s
ite
i
n t
he s
econd half o
f t
he 3rd c
entury A.D.; these Carpi inf
iltrated i
nto o
r
w
ere estab
lished i
n an e
xist
ing Daco-Ro man set
tle ment a
fter the e
vents o
f
2
45-247
, o r d
uring t
he r
ule of Ca
llienus
, or even i
n 271, ifw e admit t
hat t
he
c
e metery a
t S
oporu
l d
e C
i mp
ie d
id n
ot e
nd i
n 2
71 b
ut l
asted u
ntil t
he b
eginn
ing
o
f t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D. 490 T
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he ma
ter
ial f
ound a
t S
oporu
l d
e

1
56
 A
C
i mp
ie d
ates f
ro m t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. a
nd o
nly a sma
ll p
art c
an b
e d
ated
t
o t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
enthry A
.D.

We h
ave men
tioned b
efore t
hat t
he p
oss
ibil
ity tha
t s
ilver ornaments o
f
Carp
ic t
ype w
ere worked i
n t
he Empire, c
annot b
e supported (
see s
upra).
The ma
ter
ial o
f Carp
ic t
ype d
iscovered i
n t
he c
e metery a
t S
oporu
l d
e
C
i mp
ie c
ould h
ave a
rrived h
ere b
y way o
f t
rade ‚
491 b
ut t
he s
ame p
oss
ibil
ity
c
anno
t b
e a
dmit
ted i
n t
he c
ase o
f t
he m
irror o
f S
arma
tian-Carp
ic t
ype f
ound
i
n the o
ccupa
tion l
ayer a
t t
he Daco-Ro man set
tle men
t a
t Sebes-Podu
l
Pr
icopului a
nd wh
ich can b
e d
ated la
ter than t
he second h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury
A
.D. ,t
aking i
nto a
ccoun
t t
he f
inds o
f s
uch o
bjec
ts b
oth i
n t
he S
arma
tian a
nd
i
n t
he C
arp
ic c
ontex
t i
n t
he e
xtra-Carpa
thian a
rea o
f Ro man
ia a
nd i
n t
he
S
outh o
f t
he USSR. We d
o n
ot b
elieve t
hat t
he m
irror f
ro m S
ebee was a
n
o
bjec
t i
mpor
ted f
ro m t
he S
ar ma
tian-Carp
ic e
nvironmen
t t
aking i
n
to a
ccoun
t
i
ts s
ign
ificance f
or t
hese p
eop
les. T
he e
xistence o
f t
he m
irror a
t S
ebee must
d
e mons
tra
te t
he e
thn
ic p
resence o
f S
arma
tians o
r Carp
i. S
ince t
he p
ene
tra-
t
ion o
f S
arma
tians i
nto S
ebee
, i
n t
he c
entre o
f Transy
lvan
ia, was n
ot p
oss
ible
,
f
or s
uch f
inds d
o n
ot e
xist i
n Transy
lvan
ia, w
e b
elieve t
hat t
he Carp
i w
ere
p
resen
t a
t P
odu
l-Pr
icopu
lui.

S
evera
l f
inds o
f Carp
ic t
ype h
ave b
een made i
n Transy
lvan
ia a
s i
n O
lten
ia
a
nd t
he D
obrudja
, b
oth i
n set
tle men
ts and c
e me
teries s
itua
ted near s
o me f
orts
,
n
a me
ly S
ebee
, Obre
ja near Apu
lu m, S
oporul d
e Ctmpie n
ot f
ar f
ro m Po
taissa
,
Govora-Sa
t n
ear S
toln
icen
i, Runcu n
ear Cars
iu m a
nd "
Vicus Carporu m"
,
Hor
ia, B
'ä
lpi
, n
ear N
oviodunum e
tc. I
n t
hese c
ond
itions
,
t
he i
dea o
f Carp
ic c
olon
isa
tion n
ear s
o me f
ort
ified c
entres
, wh
ich i
s s
uggested
b
y s
ome s
ources f
ro m t
he p
eriod o
f D
ioc
let
ian (
see s
upra
) b
eco mes more c
on-
v
inc
ing
. Cer
tain
ly, t
hese e
ven
ts c
ould a
lso h
ave h
appened b
efore t
he p
eriod
o
f t
he t
e
trarchy
, i
n t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.

I
tis p
oss
ible t
hat t
he Ro mans e
stab
lished Carp
i i
n e
xis
ting Daco-Ro man
s
ett
lemen
ts, i
n o
rder t
o e
ncourage Ro man
isa
tion a
nd t
o a
ccus
to m t
he m more
e
asi
ly to Ro man g
overn ment
. T he Ro man a
uthority i
n these v
ici was exerted
b
y persons who were f
avourable t
o Ro man d
omina t
ion and here t
he Carpi w ere
i
n c
ontact w
ith people o
f t
he same orig
in as t
he mselves
, w ith t
he sa me c
usto ms
a
nd t
rad
itions s
o t
hat t
he Carp
i w
ould h
ave t
he f
eel
ing o
f b
eing a
l mos
t a
t h
o me.
The Romans wou
ld c
ons
ider t
hat av
icus i
nhab
ited o
nly b
y t
he C
arp
i, a
nd s
o me
s
uch v
ici e
xisted a
t l
east i
n the D
obrudja
, like "
Vicus Carporu m", 492 i
n wh
ich
t
hey w
ere transp
lanted b
y force, cou
ld d
isobey t
he Ro man a
uthority more
e
asi
ly a
nd e
ven r
evo
lt a
gainst t
heir p
ower
. S
ince t
he Ro mans c
ons
idered t
he
Carp
i a
s b
eing v
ery d
angerous
, t
hey p
robab
ly t
ransp
lan
ted t
he m i
nto e
xist
ing
Daco-Ro man v
ici
, s ituated near important mi
litary centres. In these c ondit
ions
t
he Carp
i w ere more e asily observed and a
lso carried out work f
or the ma in-
t
enance o
f the Ro man army a nd possib
ly also helped t
o repair t
he fortif
ica t
ions
b
y c
arry
ing ma
ter
ials e
tc.

T
he c
olon
iza
tion o
f n
ew v
il
lages b
y t
he Carp
i (
v
illages i
nhab
ited o
nly b
y
Carp
i) p
robab
ly t
ook p
lace l
ater
, b
eginn
ing a
t t
he e
nd o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.,
when a l
arge nu mber of Carpi were transferred i
nto the Emp ire. T he trans-
p
lanted popu
lation could not t
hink of going b
ack t
o their ho mes, since the
Goths h
ad occupied their na
tive territory. T hey preferred the safety ensured
b
y t
he Emp
ire i
n p
lace o
f t
he i
nsecur
ity o
f t
he "
barbar
icu m". Amm
ianus

1
57
Marcel
linus (XXV
III, 1
, 5) men
tions the c
olonizat
ion o
f Pannon
ia by so me
Carp
ic groups. T he
ir t
races have b
een ident
ified a
t Gors
iu m and a
t Many,
which i
s s
i
tuated n
ear Sopianae. 493 We must r
e me mber t
hat i
f ap
otter d
id
no
t exis
t among t
he c
olonizing Carp i
, then t
hey h
ad to adop
t t
he Roman
p
rov
inc
ial p
ottery
; p
ottery- mak
ing was a s
pec
ial
ized c
raf
t a
nd n
ot e
very
man c
ould make a whee
l- made p
ot.

We know that transplant

ing " barbarian" populat
ions into t
he Empire was
asta
te pol
icy e ven fro m t
he period of Augustus and began t
o be f
requently
p
racticed f
ro m the second half o
f the 2nd century A.D . Future research,
b
y new excavation and the publ
ica t
ion of ex
isting ma teria
l, wi
ll s
hed more
l
igh
t o
n t
he p
rob
le m o
f t
he p
resence o
r a
bsence o
f t
races o
f t
he Carp
i i
n t
he
v
arious p
rovinces o
f t
he Ro man Empire. As r
egards t
he histor
ical i
nter-
p
retat
ion of t
he ma
teria
l under d
iscussion
, we mus
t not f
orget t
hat t
he Carpi
w
ere a Dacian people. T he i
dea tha
t they were present w
ithin t
he Ro man
p
rovince o
f Dacia, in S
cythia Minor and in Pannon
ia, should n
ot arouse the
r
esistance o
f s
cho lars s
ince t
here is written ev
idence a
ttest
ing the presence
o
f Carp
i i
n s
o me p
rov
inces.

1
58
 X
III

THE S
OCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE CARP
IC POPULAT
ION

O
bserva
tions i
n t
he c
e meter
ies s
uggest t
hat Carp
ic s
ocie
ty was s
tra
tif
ied
.
F
or e
xa mp
le, g
raves i
n w
hich t
he c
re ma
tion r
e ma
ins h
ave b
een p
laced d
irect
ly,
w
ithou
t u
rns
, a
nd g
enera
lly w
ithou
t g
rave-goods
, b
elonged t
o t
he p
oor p
eop
le
a
nd the t
o mbs w
ith urns and grave-goods probably ind
icate t
he r
ich peop
le.
I
tis poss
ible t
hat t
he g raves with p
orous urns b
e longed a
lso t
o t
he poor peop
le
who were more t
raditional, s
ince such graves which have b
een d
iscovered at
P
oiene9
ti, Päduren
i and a
t Butnäregt
i conta
ined on
ly c
alc
ined bones a
nd no
g
rave f
urniture. 37 o
f 7
7 to mbs a
t Pädureni c
onta
ined o
nly t
he urn
, with o
r
w
ithout l
id a
nd w
ithout g
rave-goods. Graves w
ith r
ich f
unera
l-goods h
ave
b
een d
iscovered a
t Päduren
i, P
oienegt
i a
nd Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära. We men
tion
p
art
icularly g
raves n os. 34
, 79 and 8
0 at Päduren
i, nos. 239 and 2
54 a
t
P
oiene ti a
nd no. 1 a
t Moldoveni-Gabära. T he f
ol
lowing objects
, i
n add
ition
t
o t
he bones i
n the u
rn , were f
ound i
n grave no. 34 a
t Pädureni: afragment
o
f ma
ter
ial o
f g
old t
hread
, ap
owder-case
, c
onta
ining a r
osy c
oloured p
owder
,
t
wo amu
let-pendan
ts o
f b
ronze s
heet
, f
ragmen
ts o
f t
hree s
i
lver b
eads o
f f
i
ligree
w
ork
, t
wo e
ar-r
ings a
nd t
wo b
asket-pendan
ts o
f t
he s
ame ma
ter
ial a
nd
t
echn
ique
, ab
elt b
uck
le o
f b
ronze
, a"
bel
l-pendan
t", am
irror o
f Carp
ic-
S
armatian t
ype
, a sma l
l b
ronze key o
f Ro man t
ype, afragment o
f sheet b
e-
l
ong
ing to a
nu n
ident
ified o
bject
, an ear-r
ing and a f
inger-r
ing o
f bronze, a
p
in o
f afibu
la des
troyed b
y fi
re and v
arious beads. T he f
ol
lowing ob
jects
w
ere d
iscovered i
n g
rave n
o. 8
0: b
asket-pendan
ts, b
eads i
n t
he s
hape o
f a
sma
ll b
arre
l a
nd e
ar-r
ings (
a
ll o
bjec
ts o
f s
i
lver a
nd o
f f
i
ligree w
ork
), f
ibu
lae
o
f b
ronze
, "
powder", b
eads o
f c
halcedony a
nd o
f g
lass a
nd s
o me p
ieces o
f
b
ronze wh
ich c
anno
t b
e i
den
tif
ied b
ecause o
f t
heir s
tate o
f p
reserva
tion
,
b
eing d
estroyed b
y f
ire. T
he f
ol
low
ing o
bjects
, i
n a
ddit
ion t
o t
he b
ones i
n
t
he u
rn, were d
iscovered i
n g
rave no. 2
39 a
t Poienesti
: ar ho mbo
id bronze
b
rooch w
ith p
olychro me e
namel, wh
ich i
s so f
ar unique i
n t
he Carpic wor
ld,
af
i
bula o
f i
ron
, s
o me f
ragmen
ts o
f c
oloured g
lass b
elong
ing p
robab
ly t
o b
eads
d
estroyed b
y f
ire a
nd a b
eaker o
f g
lass. T
he f
ollow
ing o
bjects h
ave b
een
f
ound i
n g
rave n
o. 2
54: f
ragmen
ts o
f ab
asket-pendan
t o
f s
i
lver
, af
i
bula o
f
b
ronze, abuckle
, acha
in ofbronze a
nd l
inks o
f another cha
in o
f i
ron
, two
e
ar-rings o
f b
ronze
, an eed
le f
or s
ewing and n
u merous beads o
f c
ora
l (
32),
c
orne
lian (
6
), C
halcedony (
13) a
nd o
f g
lass (
7 a
nd o
ther n
u merous f
ragmen
ts).
A
ll t
he g
raves c
onta
ined g
rey u
rns. T
he f
ol
low
ing t
o mbs a
lso c
onta
ined r
ich
g
rave-goods a
t P
äduren
i: n
os. 3
, 9
, 1
4, 1
7, 2
2, 2
5, 3
6, 3
9, 4
8, 6
0, 6
8,
7
7, 8
2, 8
3, 8
5 a
nd 8
7. I
n c
onc
lus
ion
, t
he f
ol
low
ing s
itua
tion e
xisted a
t Päduren
i:
t
hree graves con
tained v
ery r
ich grave-goods
, 16 were w
ith r
ich grave-goods
,
2
1 with poor g
rave-goods a
nd 37 g
raves did n
ot c
ontain g
rave-goods.

1
59
 The v
ery r
ich p
eop
le a
ccoun
t f
or 3
.89 p
er c
ent o
f t
he who
le p
opu
lat
ion o
f
t
he s
ett
le men
t, a
nd w
ere p
robab
ly t
he l
eaders o
f t
he c
o m mun
ity
. T
he r
ich
a
ccoun
t f
or 2
0.87%
, t
he p
eop
le w
ith a modera
te s
tandard o
f l
iv
ing a
ccoun
t
f
or 27.28% a nd t
he p
oor account f
or 48.05%, abou t h
alf o
f the who
le p opulat
ion
o
f the s
ett
le ment. Th is i
s t
he socia
l structure of a Carp
ic co mmun ity, pos-
s
ibly be
long ing t
o a
n important Carp
ic centre if we t
ake into a
ccoun t the ma-
t
erial o
f gold t
hread d
iscovered in g
rave no. 34. Un t
il now, the ce metery
c
onta
ining t
he r
ichest g
rave-goods i
s t
hat o
f P
aduren
i b
ut u
nfor
tuna
tely i
tis
i
n ab
ad s
tate
, b
eing p
art
ial
ly d
estroyed o
n t
he o
ccas
ion o
f t
he d
iscovery
,
a
nd b
y wash
ing away o
f t
he t
erra
in. 494

This per
iod represen
ts t
he phase o
f t
he d
isin
tegrat
ion of t
he p
rim it
ive
c
o m muna
l syste m
, and o
f g
enti
lic re
lat
ions, when t
he soc
ial s
trat
ification
b
egan t
o b
e more a ccen
tua ted
. T he t
riba
l ar
istocracy conso
lidated i
ts
e
cono m
ic and p
olit
ical pos
ition a
nd p
robably t
he nu merous c
oin-hoards h
idden
i
n Mo
ldav
ia d
uring t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D. (
see P
l. I
) b
elonged t
o t
h
is
s
tra
ta o
f t
he p
opu
lat
ion. The o
rgan
iza
tiona
l f
orm c
ons
isted o
f t
he t
err
itor
ial
c
o mmunity, who t
ook t
he p
lace o
f t
he g
ent
ilic c
o m mun
ity wh
ich was b
ased o
n
b
lood-rela
tionsh
ip.

I
n consequence of t
heir c
onsolida
tion o
f mil
itary a
nd econo m
ic p ower t
he
Carpi created a s
trong tr
ibal u
nion who d
om ina
ted, f
ro m t
he econom ic, p
oli-
t
ical and military p
oin
t of v
iew the o
ther t
ribes l
iv
ing i
n t
he territory o
f
Mo
ldav
ia a
nd Mun
ten
ia, r
egard
less o
f whether t
hey w
ere o
f Dac
ian o
rig
in l
ike
t
he Costoboces or o
ther t
ribes o
f t
he f
ree Dacians f
rom Muntenia a
nd Moldova
o
r non-Dacian, l
ike the S
ar ma
tians. They were also a p
ermanent d
anger t
o
t
he boundaries o
f t
he Empire on t
he Lower Danube.

T
he Carp
i o
ften r
eturned t
o t
heir h
o mes w
ith r
ich p
lunder f
ro m t
heir
n
u merous i
ncurs
ions i
nto t
he Emp
ire
, b
ut f
irs
t o
f a
ll t
he Carp
i w
ere g
ood
a
gricu
ltura
l w
orkers
, b
reeders a
nd c
raf
ts men a
s Ih
ave d
e monstra
ted i
n t
he
c
hap
ters d
evo
ted t
o t
he o
ccupa
tions o
f t
he C
arp
i. Consequen
tly
, t
heir own
p
roduct
ion was a
t t
he b
ase o
f t
he Carp
ic e
conomy
. T
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l f
inds
s
how tha
t t
he Carpic peop
le had a h
igher s
tandard o
f l
i
ving t
han t
he other t
ribes
o
f f
ree Dac
ians and t
his i
s a
ttested by c
o mpar
ison o
f t
he g
rave-goods. Th is
e
cono m
ic f
ounda
tion a
l
lowed t
he m t
o ma
inta
in t
heir i
ndependence a
gains
t t
he
Ro man Empire and o
ther n
eighbour
ing "
barbar
ian" t
r
ibes
, a
s w
e w
ill s
how i
n
t
he fol
lowing chapter
.

1
60
 X
IV

RELAT
IONS BET WEEN THE CARP
I, THE RO MANS
, THE COSTOBOCES
,
THE S
AR MAT
IANS
, THE GOTHS AND OTHER GER MANIC PEOPLES

I
fthe s
tudy of t
he re
lat
ions b
etween t
he Carp
i and t
he Ro mans must b
e
b
ased on t
he i
nforma t
ion o
f l
i
terary a
nd ep
igraphica
l sources
, o ur i
deas o
f
t
heir r
ela
tions w
ith t
he o
ther p
eop
les must b
e b
ased p
art
icu
lar
ly o
n a
rchaeo-
l
ogica
l i
nforma
tion
.

We wi
ll d
iscuss the q
uestion o
f t
he Costoboces f
irst
, for t
hey were a
p
opu
lation r
elated t
o the Carpi, a
nd a
t t
he end we wil
l dea
l with t
he more
c
o mp
lex p
rob
le m o
f r
ela
tions w
ith t
he Ro man w
orld
.

1
. T
he Costoboces

T
he r
elat
ions b
etween t
he Carp
i a
nd t
he Costoboces
, t
he c
rea
tors
, a
nd
p
eop
le o
f t
he L
ipi4a c
ulture
, were p
robab
ly b
ased o
n ag
ood-ne
ighbour p
olicy
,
t
aking i
nto a
ccount t
heir c
om mon Thraco-Dacian o
rigin. I
n c
onsequence o
f
t
heir d
efeat i
n 1
70 and o
f t
he pressure e
xerted b
y so me groups o
f Germanic
r
ace
, alarge nu mber o
f t
he Costoboces p
robably p
enetra
ted t
he Carpic t
er-
r
i
tory a
nd amalga mated w
ith t
he Carpi d
uring t
his t
ime, as s
ee ms t
o b
e
a
ttes
ted by t
he a
rchaeo
logica
l f
inds o
f r
ecen
t years. We refer t
o t
he f
ruit-
s
tand f
ro m Vä
len
i-Bote§t
i (P
l. CIX/2
) a
nd o
ther mater
ials o
f t
he Lip4a type
,
e
ncoun
tered i
n s
o me Carp
ic s
i
tes. I
nvest
igat
ions c
arr
ied o
ut b
y S
oviet a
nd
Ro manian archaeolog
ists s
how tha
t apart o
f t
he Costoboces c
ont
inued to l
ive
i
n their n
ative land a
fter 1
70, b
eside n
ew-co mers l
ike t
he Sarmatians a
nd
t
he G
erman
ic p
eop
les. T
he f
act t
hat t
hese g
roups l
ived t
ogether i
s w
ell-
a
ttes
ted in t
he s
ub-Carpath
ian Ukraine a
nd i
n t
he immediate area
(
Zvinigorod
, Lencau
ti e
tc.) a
nd is con
firmed b
y f
inds f
ro m t
he North o
f
Mo
ldav
ia, i
n w
hich Carp
ic e
le men
ts o
ccur b
eside ma
ter
ials o
f L
ipita t
ype
(
5che
ia-Suceava
, Mede
len
i, Horod
i§tea e
tc.) 4
95 a
nd b
y t
he S
arma
tian g
raves
f
ro m t
he s
a me r
egion (
Vlis
ine§
ti, M
itoc
, BroscäuS
i e
tc.) 9
6 A c
re ma
tion-
c
e metery has been d
iscovered a
t Zvor
i§tea (distr
ict of S
uceava
) in r
ecent
t
imes; M. I gnat can d
ist
inguish t
he e
le ments of Przeworsk, L
ipila a
nd Carp
ic
t
ype exis
ting within t
h
is cemetery. T he northern fea
tures o
f t
he materia
ls
f
ound a
t Zvor
l9tea (
which h
ave b
een a
ttr
ibu
ted t
o t
he Asd
ing
i a
nd t
o t
he
Lacr
ingi by the Ro man
ian researcher i
n SC
IV, 2
1, 1970, 4
, p
p. 6
81-682) h
as
b
een contested by t
he P o
lish s
cholar Kaz
imir G
odlovski
, who k
nows t
he
Przeworsk c
ulture we
ll. T
he c
e metery o
f Zvor
i eea b
elongs t
o al
oca
l a
spect
o
f t
he L
ipi
ja c
ulture
, b
ut t
here a
re a
lso Carp
ic e
le men
ts w
ith
in t
h
is n
ecropo
lis.

T
he Nor
th of Mo
ldavia
, which was a z
one o
f in
teraction be
tween the Carp
ic
c
ulture a
nd tha
t o
f Lip
ip type
, was dominated b
y the Costoboces u
ntil 1
70,
a
nd a
fter t
his da
te the a
rea c
ame u
nder t
he c
ontro
l o
f t
he Carp
i, a
s i
s s
hown
b
y t
he archaeo
log ica
l f
inds
.

1
61
 I
n c
onc
lus
ion
, t
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l e
vidence s
hows t
hat t
he w
hole t
err
itory
o
f Mo
ldav
ia was i
nhab
ited b
y ap
opu
lat
ion o
f T
hraco-Dac
ian o
rig
in, r
egard
less
o
f whether t
hey w
ere Carp
i o
r Cos
toboces
.

2
. T
he S
ar ma
tians

The Sarmatians p
layed an important r
ole w
ith
in the Carpic t
ribal u
nion.
They s
pread t
o the West of t
he Prut f
ro m t
he f
irs
t decades of t
he 2nd century
A
.D. ,a s s
ee ms to b
e supported b
y the f
i t 5
nds a tef
äneet
i ( d
istrict o
f Botosani)
a
nd a
t Vas
lui
; t
hey l
ived w
ith t
he Carp
i a
nd t
he Cos
toboces o
n t
he t
err
itory
o
f Moldav
ia. 497 T
he defeat o
f t
he Dac
ians b
y t
he Ro mans i
n 1
05-106
, faci
li-
t
ated t
he penetrat
ion o
f so me Sarma
tian g
roups t
o t
he West o
f t
he Prut i
n
to
t
he Dac
ian t
err
ito r
y. Ear
lier t
races o
f t
he S
ar ma
tians a
lso h
ave b
een d
is-
c
overed in Moldavia in t
he Geto-Dac ian sett
le men
ts b u
t they d
o not i
ndicate
t
he e
ffective presence o
f the Sarma tians in t
hese areas: the ob
jects under
d
iscussion de monstra
te t he existence of t
rade which w as e
arl
ier than the
S
ar ma
tian p
enetra
tion t
o t
he West o
f t
he P
rut‚
497a We men
tion t
he c
auldron
o
fbronze (
t
he i
st c
entury B
.C.-the i
st c
entury A
.D.) f
ound i
n t
he G
eto-
Dac
ian s
ett
le men
t a
t P
iatra 5
ohn
ulu
i (
Calu
) s
i
tuated a
t t
he f
oot o
f t
he T
arcäu
moun
tains
, i
n a
n a
rea i
nto wh
ich t
he S
arma
tians n
ever p
enetra
ted
. T
he c
auldron
may be i
nterpreted a
s be
longing t
o war-plunder
. 498 The s
ett
lement a
t Pia
tra
5
oi mu
lui (Calu
) is d
ated t
o t
he 2nd c
entury B.C.-the I
st c
entury A
.D. and
n
ot f
ro m t
he 1s
t-3rd centur
ies A.D . a s R
. V
ulpe b
elieved
. I
tprobab
ly c
eased
a
s aresult o
f t
he even
ts of 105-106. 499

S
arma
tian i
nf
luence i
s a
lso p
resen
t i
n o
ther i
ndigenous s
i
tes f
rom t
he L
ate
La Tene period, such as t
he citadels a
t Poiana-Tecuci and Räc käu
, b o
th si
tua-
t
ed on the l
eft b
ank of the S
iret, which cer
tainly had r
elations w
ith the Sarma-
t
ians and t
he Hellenist
ic craft-centres o
f the Nor
th-Pon t
ic steppes. T he
Sar ma
tian i
nfluence b
eco mes gradual
ly s
tronger f
rom t
he 2nd c
entury A.D. ,
when they s
ettled o
n Carp
ic territory. The S
arma t
ian p
resence i
n the t
err
i-
t
ory o
f Moldav
ia and Ro man
ia is a
ttested b
y the g
raves, wh
ich h
ave been d
is-
c
overed e
ither b
y chance or b
y syste mat
ic excava
tion
. S et
tlements b
elong
ing
t
o t
h
is p
astora
l p
eop
le a
re n
ot k
nown
, b
ut S
arma
tian ma
ter
ial o
ccurs i
n
v
arious Carp
ic s
ett
le men
ts a
s Ih
ave s
tated
. Unt
il n
ow, S
arma
tian t
o mbs h
ave
b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he t
err
itory o
f Mo
ldav
ia i
n a
bou
t 3
8 p
laces s
i
tua
ted e
s-
p
ecia
lly o
n t
he p
lain a
nd v
ery r
are
ly i
n t
he r
ough a
rea o
f t
he e
dge o
f t
he p
lain
(
Ive9t
i, Poiene9
ti). 5" Sma
ll groups o
f Sarmatians i
nf
iltra
ted success
ive ly
t
o the Wes
t of t
he Prut a
s i
s at
tested b
y the f
act t
hat t
heir t
o mbs o
ccur in
s
ing
le f
inds (
Vas
lui
, F
oc9an
i, §
endren
i, M
itoc e
tc.) o
r i
n sma
ll g
roups c
on-
s
ist
ing o
f f
ro m t
wo (
I
ve9t
i, G
läväne9
tii V
ech
i) t
o 1
3 g
raves
, a
s i
n t
he c
ase
o
f Tru9e9t
i where t
he who
le c
e me
tery h
as b
een e
xcava
ted. T
he n
u mber o
f
g
raves i
s r
are
ly l
arger
.501 Cer
tain
ly t
he n
u mber o
f g
raves may b
e l
arger
i
n s
o me p
laces, t
aking i
nto a
ccount the d
estruct
ion of s
everal t
o mbs before
t
hey were r
ecorded by a
rchaeolog
ists. However , e
ven tak
ing i
nto account
b
oth t
his d
estruc
tion a
nd t
he f
act t
hat e
xhaus
tive e
xcavat
ions h
ave n
ot b
een
c
arr
ied o
ut i
n a
ll t
he p
laces
, i
tis c
lear t
hat t
here a
re n
o l
arge S
arma
tian
c
e meter
ies o
n t
he t
err
itory o
f Mo
ldav
ia a
nd Ro man
ia, i
n t
he w
ay t
hat
t
here a
re i
n t
he USSR t
o t
he East o
f t
he Dn
ieper a
nd p
art
icu
lar
ly i
n t
he a
rea
b
etween t
he Don a
nd t
he Ura
ls. Fro m t
h
is p
oin
t o
f v
iew t
he s
itua
tion e
xis
t-
i
ng i
n Ro man
ia i
s s
imi
lar t
o t
hat i
n t
he Mo
ldav
ian S
.S.R
. Th
is i
s u
nder-

1
62
s
tandab
le f
or t
he s
a me S
arma
tian t
r
ibes p
enetra
ted b
oth a
t t
he s
ame t
ime a
nd
p
rac
ticed t
he s
ame f
unera
l r
i
tua
ls i
n b
oth a
reas.

T
he S
arma
tians l
ost a c
ons
iderab
le p
art o
f t
he d
ist
inc
tive f
eatures o
f
t
heir f
unerary r
ites a
fter the
ir penetration i
nto t
he Dacian t
erritory and t
heir
c
ulture ga
ined f
eatures dis
tinct
ive to th
is region under t
he inf
luence exer
ted
b
y the Daco-Carpic i
ndigenous popula
tion . This e
xplains why barrow-graves
a
re no
t known in t
he t
erritory o
f Ro man
ia, a
lthough t
here a
re r
elat
ively f
re-
q
uen
t b ur
ials i
n ear
lier barrows, b
elonging e
specia
lly t
o t
he p
eriod o
f t
ransi-
t
i
on f
ro m t
he Neo
lith
ic t
o t
he Bronze Age (
t
he g
roup o
f g
raves w
ith o
chre :
Va
lea Lupulu
i, Gläväneeti
i Vechi, Larga J
ijia
, Suletea, Birlad-Prodana,
§
endren
i and Tecuci). T he secondary (
Sarmatian) bur
ials in barrows d
is-
c
overed un
til n
ow i n Moldav
ia a nd Mun
tenia are da
ted to a
fter 200, a
nd espe-
c
ial
ly f
ro m t
he f
irs
t h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. Probab
ly t
he S
arma
tians
w
ho p
enetra
ted i
n
to t
he e
xtra-Carpa
thian a
rea o
f Ro man
ia, wh
ich was u
nder
t
he Carp
ic d
omina
tion a
t t
hat t
ime
, d
id n
ot h
ave t
he a
bil
ity t
o b
uild s
u mptuous
t
o mbs a
nd p
referred t
o u
se e
xist
ing b
arrows. Th
is i
s a
n e
cho o
f t
he b
uria
l-
p
rac
tices f
ro m "
ho me", w
hich t
he Roxo
lan
i c
ould n
o l
onger r
espect o
n t
he
L
ower Danube.

The l
arge major
ity o
f the Sar ma
tian g
raves d
iscovered i
n Ro mania a
re
f
l
at-graves. T here a
re buria
ls of men, wo men a
nd ch
ildren a
nd this s
hows
t
hat t
he S
arma
tians were w
ith t
heir f
amil
ies i
n t
hese a
reas. T
he l
arges
t
n
umber o
f S
arma
tians p
ene
tra
ted i
nto Mo
ldav
ia a
nd Mun
ten
ia a
t t
he e
nd o
f t
he
2
nd c
entury and t
he f
irst h
alf o
f t
he 3rd c
entury A
.D.; they were p
ressed b
y
t
he G
oths, t
he new ru
lers ofthe Nor
th-Pon t
ic s
teppes
, who occup
ied Olb
ia
a
nd T
yras i
n a
bou
t t
he m
idd
le o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. T
he S
arma
tians who
p
ene
tra
ted t
he e
xtra-Carpa
thian z
one o
f Ro man
ia i
n t
hat t
ime
, a
ccepted
C
arp
ic h
ege mony
. T
he Roxo
lan
i, who d
id n
ot a
ccep
t Carp
ic h
ege mony
, t
urned
Wes
t t
o t
he I
azyges
, t
heir b
rothers
, where t
hey h
ad more f
reedo m. T
his
e
xpla
ins t
he p
resence o
f b
arrow-bur
ials i
n t
he Hungar
ian p
lain (
Alfö
ldy
) a
nd
t
he absence o
f t
u mu
li i
n Ro man
ia wh
ich w
ere u
nder s
trong d
ominat
ion b
y t
he
Carp
i.

I
tis s
ignif
icant t
hat t
he S
armatian b
arrow-graves are e
ncoun
tered a
s
f
ar a
s t
he eastern l
imit o
f t
he t
err
itory dom
inated by t
he Carp
i. We men t
ion
t
he b
arrow-ce me
ter
ies o
n t
he L
ower Dn
iester
: Ka
targ
i, 5
aba
lat a
nd O
loneet
i
(
iso
lated barrow) o
n t
he righ
t side o
f t
he r
iver a
nd Koro
tnoe, Ciobruc
i,
S
lobozeia and S
ukle
ia on t
he lef
t s
ide o
f t
he r
iver.5
03 The Carp
i and t
he
S
arma
tians l
ived i
n t
he s
ame t
err
itory a
nd i
nf
luenced e
ach o
ther. T
he Carp
i
a
dopted f
ro m t
he Sar ma
tians several t
ypes of b
ead, of c
halcedony, c
oral
, and
l
apis l
azu
li and mirrors with t
a mgas and o
ther o
bjects, a
s Ihave shown i
n t
he
c
hapter i
n which Idescribed t
he ma ter
ials f
ound in t
he s
ett
le ments a
nd i
n t
he
c
eme
ter
ies. I
n c
ontrast w
ith t
he e
arl
ier p
hase o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture when
o
nly f
in
ished a
rtic
les were a
dop
ted b
y t
he Carp
i, i
n t
he l
ater p
eriod t
hey a
s-
s
imilated and worked Sarmat
ian e
le ments i
n the f
ield o
f p
ottery, l
ike t
he
v
essels wi
th zoo morphic h
andles a
nd those w
ith handles w
ith knobs o
r cupu
lae.
The S
arma t
ian i
nfluence on t
he p
ottery s
hows, f
ro m t
he h
istorica
l p
oin
t o
f
v
iew, the a
ssimi
la t
ion of s
ome Sar mat
ian g
roups by t
he Carpi.

T
he S
arma
tians u
sed t
o t
he f
ul
l t
he Daco-Carp
ic whee
l- made p
ottery a
s
i
s s
hown b
y t
he g
rave-goods d
iscovered i
n t
heir t
o mbs
: d
ishes (
Tecuc
i,

1
63
F
oc.
p.n
i) amphorae o
f Carp
ic t
ype (
Pogorke
i) a
nd e
spec
ial
ly j
ugs a
nd s
ing
le
h
andled mugs (
Cio
inag
i-Ba
lin
te ei
, Foc.
9an
i, Tecuc
i , I
ve9t
i, Epuren
i, Unp e i,
.
S
erbote9t
i, Vas
lui
, Pop W
i, Va
lea Lupu
lui, Lecani, Pogor 4
ti, tefänejs
t
i).
J
ugs o
f Daco-Carp
ic t
ype a
lso o
ccur f
requen
tly i
n S
arma
tian g
raves f
ro m t
he
Mo
ldav
ian S
.S.R. (
Bocan
i, 5
oldänejs
t
i e
tc. P
l. CXXX
11).

Ptole my (Geographia
, I I, 1
0, 7
) r
ecorded t
he f
act t
hat t
he Sarmat
ians
l
ived together with t
he Geto-Dac
ians
; r eferr
ing t
o t
he popu
lation w
ho li
ved
t
o t
he Nor
th o
f t
he mou
th o
f t
he Danube r
ound t
he Dn
ies
ter
, h
e men
tions t
he
S
arma
tian Tyrasge
tae. T
his i
nfor ma
tion i
s a
rchaeo
log
ica
lly c
onf
irmed.
Carp
ic p
ots
, i
n a
ddit
ion t
o S
ar ma
tian p
ottery
, h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n g
raves
f
ro m t
he barrow-ce meteries of ,a
balat a
nd Ka targi, situated i
n the Sou
th-
Western area o
f Bugeac, where w e would expect there to be on
ly Sarma tians,
t
aking i
nto account t
he geography. T h
is shows t hat Sar mat
ians using Carpic
p
ottery l
ived so mewhere in t
he vic
inity. P tole my (I
II, 10, 7) mentions the
Harp
i i
n a
ddit
ion t
o t
he T
yrasge
tae i
n t
his r
egion
.

I
n my op
inion
, the Sarmatians w
ere never a ma
jor
ity of t
he p
opula
tion o
n
t
he t
err
itory o
f Moldav
ia , wh
ich was i
nhabited b
y t
he Carp
i, and t
heir c
onduct
i
s n
ot t
hat o
f c
onquerors i
n t
he Carp
ic c
oun
try
, t
aking i
nto a
ccoun
t t
he f
act
t
hat t
he Carp
i p
retended t
o b
e s
tronger t
han t
he G
oths i
n t
he m
idd
le o
f t
he 3
rd
c
entury A
.D., a
ccord
ing t
o t
he i
nforma
tion o
f P
etrus Pa
tric
ius
, f
ragm. 8
.
The Sarmatians were pressed t
o t
he East by t
he Go
ths; the n
ew conquerors
o
f the Nor
th-Pontic steppes, were c
onstra
ined to t
he S
outh a
nd t
he West by t
he
measures t
aken b
y t
he Ro mans t
o f
ort
ify t
he Danub
ian l
imes a
nd t
he b
oundar
ies
o
f Dac
ia a
nd t
he Carp
i, f
or g
rea
ter s
afety
, d
id n
ot a
l
low t
he m t
o move a
ny-
where
; b ecause o
f a
ll t
hese reasons, i
n the c
ourse of t
ime t
he S
armat
ians
were ob
liged n
ot o
nly t
o recognise t
he Carpic h
ege mony, b
ut al
arge p
ropor
tion
o
f t
he m b
eca me a s
eden
tary o
r s
emi-seden
tary p
opu
lat
ion
, 5" who w
orked
a
nd f
ough
t b
eside t
he Carp
i. C
erta
inly
, i
n t
he c
ourse o
f t
ime
, ap
art o
f t
he
S
ar ma
tians ama
lga ma
ted w
ith t
he Carp
ic c
o mmun
ity a
nd t
hey a
cqu
ired t
he
Dac
ian "
cit
izensh
ip". T
his c
ould e
xpla
in t
he e
xis
tence o
f i
nhu ma
tion-graves
w
ith
in t
he Carp
ic c
e meter
ies a
nd may b
e e
ven t
he c
re ma
tion-bur
ials i
n t
he
u
rns w
ith z
oo morph
ic h
and
les o
r w
ith c
upu
lae. Consequen
tly
, t
he mos
t
p
laus
ible h
ypothes
is c
oncern
ing t
he i
nhu ma
tion-bur
ials i
s t
hat t
hese g
raves
,
a
lthough b
elong
ing t
o t
he Carp
ic c
e meter
ies
, r
epresen
t t
he a
l
ien p
opu
lat
ion
w
ith
in the Carp
ic c o m mun
ity
, n a me
ly t
he Sarmatians, and the c
hildren i
nter-
r
ed in t
he i
nhu mat
ion-graves w ere for t
he most par
t the progeny of marr
iages
b
etween Sarmatians and the Carpi. This i
s the normal consequence of along
p
eriod when t
hese p
eop
les l
ived t
ogether
.

The Roxolan
i Sarma t
ians con
tributed t
o t
he e
nrichment o
f the Carp
ic cul-
t
ure with s
everal e
le ments wh
ich were t
ypica
l t
o the
ir own c
ulture and wh
ich
were a
dop
ted b
y t
he Carp
i; i
n t
h
is way
, t
hese e
le men
ts b
eco me c
o mmon
c
ultura
l a
sse
ts. We r
efer t
o t
he m
irrors o
f S
arma
tian-Carp
ic t
ype
, s
o me
t
ypes o
fbeads, t
he signs o
f mag
ical character s
cratched o
n so me v
essels a
nd
a
lso t
o t
he z
oo morph
ic images which occur on s
o me p
ots. In o
ther words, t
he
S
arma
tians w
ere n
ot mere p
assengers t
hrough t
he Carp
ic c
oun
try
, b
ut l
eft
t
heir impact o
n t
he s
pir
itua
l a
nd ma
ter
ial c
ulture o
f t
he Carp
i a
nd f
or t
h
is
r
eason t
hey c
annot b
e e
xcluded f
rom t
his g
rea
t c
o mmun
ity. T
his f
act d
oes

1
64
n
ot d
imin
ish t
he p
rinc
ipa
l p
art p
layed b
y t
he Carp
i i
n t
he c
rea
tion o
f t
he
c
ulture
; o
n t
he c
ontrary
, i
t makes g
rea
ter t
he mer
it o
f t
he Carp
i who w
ere
a
ble t
o a
ttrac
t b
eside t
he m t
hese n
o mad-warr
iors who w
ere a
lso g
ood
p
astora
lists.

3
. T
he G
oths a
nd o
ther G
erman
ic p
eop
les

T
here i
s l
i
ttle a
rchaeo
log
ica
l i
nfor ma
tion c
oncern
ing t
he r
ela
tionsh
ip b
e-
t
ween t
he Carp
i a
nd t
he G
oths o
r o
ther G
erman
ic p
eop
les. F
or e
xamp
le, t
wo
f
ibu
lae o
ccur i
n t
he s
a me g
rave i
n t
he c
e meter
ies b
elong
ing t
o t
he l
ate p
hase
o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture a
t P
oien ”t
i (
graves n
os. 15 a
nd 2
39) a
nd Mo
ldoven
i-
Gabära (
grave n
o. 1
). T
he p
ract
ice o
f p
lac
ing t
wo f
ibu
lae i
n t
he s
a me g
rave
was a
dopted by t
he Carpi fro m t
he G
oths o
r f
ro m o
ther Germanic p
eop
les w
ith
whom they c
a me i
nto contact
, a s Is
howed i
n d
iscussing t
he f
ibu
lae.

S
o f
ar, t
he po
ttery of t
he Przeworsk type is unknown wi
thin the Carpic
c
ulture. As regards re
lations with t
he Goths
, s o me a
ncient l
i
terary s ources
t
ell u
s tha
t t
he Carpi f
oughtb es
ide the Goths several t
imes in t
he course of
a
ttacks a
gains
t t
he Ro mans
, b
eginn
ing i
n 2
38 A
.D. (
cf. P
etrus Pa
tric
ius
,
f
ragm
. 8
). The a
rchaeo
log
ica
l f
inds w
ith
in t
he c
omp
lexes o
f S
intana d
e
Murep-Cerneahov t
ype o
f t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D., s
how c
lear
ly t
hat t
he Carp
i
l
ived b
eside t
he G
oths. Ishowed i
n the c
hapter devoted t
o t
he po
ttery t
hat
Carp
ic materia
l o
ccurs i
n e
very s
ett
le ment or c
eme tery i
n Moldavia.

4
. T
he Ro mans
: c
o m merc
ial r
ela
tions a
nd m
ilitary c
onf
licts

I
tis c
lear f
ro m t
he p
resen
tat
ion o
f t
he ma
ter
ial a
nd f
ro m t
he d
iscuss
ion
t
hat Ro man i
nf
luence was e
xer
ted b
oth o
n t
he p
ottery a
nd o
n s
evera
l t
ypes o
f
o
rnamen
t (
beads
, p
owder-cases e
tc.) a
nd o
n a
rtic
les o
f d
o mes
tic u
se s
uch
a
s keys
, a nd itis a
lso reflec
ted by s
o me t
ypes of f
ibulae and e
spec ia
lly by
c
oins and co
in-hoards. 505 I
n s
pite o
f c
onfl
icts because o
f the nu merous
r
aids made b y t
he Carp
i o n t
he Empire, c
lose re
la t
ions existed b
etween the
Ro mans and t
he Carp
i, b u
t un
like t
heir b
rothers from Mun
tenia
, the Carp
i
ass
im ila
ted Ro man i
nfluence on
ly t
o an e
xtent wh
ich alowed t
he m t
o r
e main
af
ree p
eop
le.

T
he Carp
i w
ere i
nterested i
n b
uying Ro man p
roducts a
nd i
n marke
ting
t
heir own p
roduc
ts; the Ro mans were in
terested i
n maintain
ing g
ood rela
tions
w
ith t
he Carpi
, not s
o much in order t
o buy t
heir a
gricultura
l p
roducts
,
(
cat
tle
, g
rain e
tc.) s
ell
ing t
heir p
roducts
, wh
ich ow
ing t
o t
heir s
uper
ior q
ual
ity
,
were much s
ough
t a
fter b
y t
he b
arbar
ian w
orld
, b
ut ma
inly t
o k
eep t
he p
eace
o
n t
he L
ower Danube.

Th
is allows u
s to presume tha
t in t
he course o
f t
he 2nd cen
tury and t
he f
irst
h
alf o
f the 3
rd c
entury A.D ., t
he Carpi s
everal t
imes received s
ubsidies f
ro m
t
he Ro mans t
o k
eep the peace o
n the Lower Danube
, at atime when grave
d
isturbances t
ook p
lace i
n t
he Nor
thern a
rea o
f Dac
ia, i
n P
annon
ia a
nd i
n
o
ther terr
itories o
f t
he Emp ire such a
s Mesopota m
ia and Br
itain
. T he Carp
i,
i
nterposed between t
he Costoboces and t
he Roxo
lani w
ere mos t s
uited t
o
k
eep
ing t
he p
eace o
n t
he L
ower Danube. The S
arma
tian-Roxo
lan
i, w
ho h
ad
p
rovoked many d
isturbances o
n t
he b
oundary o
f t
he Emp
ire d
uring t
he e
arl
ier
p
eriod
, p
art
icu
lar
ly i
n t
he i
st c
entury A
.D., w
ere u
nder C
arp
ic d
omina
tion
a
t t
h
is t
ime
, wh
ile t
he G
oths h
ad n
ot y
et a
rrived o
n t
he L
ower Danube.

1
65
 T
he Carp
i, who were p
referred by t
he Ro mans f
or pay
ing s
ubsid
ies, t
ook
f
ul
l a
dvan
tage o
f Ro man i
nf
luence which was adopted c
reat
ive
ly by t
he m
, as
Ishowed i
n ear
lier chapters and p
articu
larly i
n discuss
ing t
he p
ottery
. Roman
p
roducts c
ould circu
late both by e
xchange and a
s gif
ts g
iven t
o t
he Carpic
t
r
ibal aris
tocracy. T his may e
xplain the p
resence o
f pot
tery manufactured
i
n Ro man workshops i
n t
he s
a me ce me
teries and s
ett
le ments
; these products
c
ould n
ot t
rave
l s
o f
ar a
s t
he r
egion o
f N
eamp
lui b
y t
he a
gency o
f n
orma
l e
x-
change. We r
efer a
lso t
o t
he pate r
ae f
ound i
n the s
ett
le men
t a
t Po
iana-
Dulce9t
i a
nd i
n o
ther p
laces (
unpubl
ished) b
ut no
t to t
he amphorae c
arr
ied h
ere
b
y merchan
ts a
nd w
hich
, ow
ing t
o t
he f
orm a
nd t
o t
he t
h
ickness o
f t
he w
all
,
w
ere much e
asier t
ransported
.

N
o authen
tic Ro man vessels have b
een found in t
he ce metery a
t Poien Wi,
d
ating f
ro m t
he m iddle a
nd the second h
alf o
f the 3rd c
entury A .D.; all t
he
p
ottery was produced by t
he C arpi. Theoretical
ly, the Ro man inf
luence shou
ld
b
e stronger i
n the South o
f Moldav ia
, t
aking in
to account the Roman presence
o
n the l
ef
tb ank of t
he Danube, a
t Barboji
, b u
t unfortuna
tely n
one o
f t
he Carpic
s
ett
le ments o
r ceme ter
ies has b
een invest
igated in t
he v
icin
ity o
f t
he Danube
i
n t
he present t
erritory o
f t
he d
istric
t of Gala
ti.

S
ince Ihave a
lready discussed i
n every chapter, where relevant
, the re-
l
ationship w
ith t
he Ro man world, i
tis not n
ecessary to repeat again t
hat t
he
Daco-Carpi were sens
itive to a
nd recept
ive of Ro man i
nfluence to agreater
ex
tent than o
ther "
barbarians". N onetheless, itis n
ot possible t
o speak of
t
he Ro manization o
f the C
arp
i in Moldav
ia dur
ing the 2
nd-3rd cen
turies A.D.
The ra
ids made i n
to the Emp
ire perhaps a
lso ref
lect t
he d
esire o
f t
he Carpi
t
o acquire goods which t
hey c
ould n
ot ob
tain i
n any o
ther way
. T he prob
lem
o
f t
he c
onf
lic
ts b
etween t
he C
arp
i a
nd t
he R
o mans h
as b
een t
rea
ted i
n d
eta
il
b
y al mos
t all t
he foreign researchers dealing w
ith t
he history of t
he G oths
a
nd less inves
tigated by Ro manian scholars, a
lthough B. M itrea 5
06 must be
ment
ioned . T he fact t
hat specia
lists i
n the h
istory o
f the G oths a
lso discuss
t
his prob
lem i s u
nders tandable, for t
he Carpi o
ften a
ttacked t he Empire
j
oin
tly w
ith t
he G
oths. O
f c
ourse
, s
o me G
erman r
esearchers e
xaggera
ted
t
he r
ole p
layed b
y t
he Go
ths and d
iminished t
hat o
f t
he Carp
i, 5°7 a
nd Roman-
i
an h
istor
ians h
ave s
o me
ti mes e
xaggerated t
he p
ower o
f the C
arpi P508

On t
he b
asis o
f a
ncient l
i
terary a
nd e
pigraph
ical i
nforma
tion a
ll t
he
Ro manian a
nd f
ore
ign his
torians c
ons
idered t
hat t
he Carp
i were among t
he
most d
angerous e
ne mies to t
he Ro man Empire on t
he Lower Danube i
n the
3
rd century A
.D. 5
09 Even Jordanes (
Get
ica, 91, 25) c
onsidered t
hat t
he
C
arpi were a p
eop
le always r
eady f
or war a
nd o
ften h
ost
ile t
o the Ro mans
(
Genus hominum ad b
ella n
imis e
xpeditum q
ui s
aepe f
uere Ro man
is infest
i).

I
tis in
teresting to n
ote t
hat t
he incursions o
f the Carp
i, and of t
he Goths
a
nd Carpi jo
int
ly in
to the Danubian provinces t
ook place p
articu
larly in
p
eriods o
f cris
is, w hen t
he imperia
l a rmy w as e
ngaged in d
isputes f
or the
t
hrone o
r f
ight
ing o
n t
he o
ther b
oundaries o
f t
he Empire
; th
is presu mes t
hat
t
hey h
ad a g
ood k
nowledge n
ot o
nly o
f mil
itary t
act
ics a
nd s
tra
tegy but a
lso
o
f t
he p
oli
tica
l s
i
tua
tion i
n t
he Emp
ire.

There i
s no p
rec
ise in
formation a
bout t
he conf
lic
ts be
tween t
he Carp
i and
t
he Ro mans i
n t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D . i
n t
he l
iterary s
ources; i
tispossible
t
hat a
t t
hat t
ime t
he C
arp
i w
ere men
tioned u
nder t
he n
ame o
f D
acians
,

1
66
a
gains
t who m s
o me emperors
, l
ike Co mmodus
, waged wars
, a
s Imen
tioned
when Idiscussed the conceäl ment o
f coin-hoards a nd t
he d
estruct
ion of t
he
f
irst o
ccupation-level in t
he sett
le ments at Poiana-Dulcest
i. Probab ly, owing
t
o the importance of t
he Marco man ic wars, the histor
ians pa
id no a
ttent
ion
t
o sma
ller c
onf
licts. We c
annot e
xclude t
he p
oss
ibi
lity t
hat i
n t
his p
eriod o
f
g
rave d
isturbances o
n t
he N
orthern b
oundar
ies o
f Dac
ia a
nd Pannon
ia, t
he
Ro mans e
stab
lished a c
l
ien
t r
ela
tionsh
ip w
ith t
he Carp
i i
n o
rder t
o k
eep t
he
p
eace o
n t
he L
ower Danube
; t
h
is c
ould e
xpla
in t
he a
ccu mu
lat
ion o
f c
oin-
h
oards b
y t
he Carp
i i
n t
h
is t
ime, a
s Ih
ave s
uggested e
arl
ier.

On t
he other h
and, t
he l
i
terary sources r
ecord c
onfl
icts b
etween the Carp
i
a
nd the Ro mans i
n t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D . According t
o t
hese sources
, the
Carp
i led a
n an
ti-Ro man c
oalit
ion o
n t
he Lower Danube i
n t
he f
irs
t ha
lf of
t
he 3rd c
entury A
.D. ,and the Go
ths
, the n
ew ru
lers of t
he Nor
th-Pontic s
teppes
,
t
ook o
ver t
he l
eadersh
ip f
ro m t
he m
idd
le o
f t
he c
entury. T
here i
s n
ot much
d
ocu men
tat
ion o
f t
hese e
ven
ts a
nd s
o met
i mes i
tis l
imited t
o a mere e
pigraph
ica
l
men
tion o
r only to t
he honor
ific t
i
tle o
f Carp
icus Maxi mus. T he f
irst c
onfl
ict
b
etween t
he Carpi and t
he Ro mans wh
ich has b
een mentioned i
n t
he e p
igraphica
l
s
ources t
ook place i
n 214, i
n Caracal
la's t
imes. T he fi
rst i
nscript
ion (CIL,
I
I, 14416 a
nd Dessau ILS
, 7178) discovered a
t Oescus i
n Moesia I
nfer
ior in
1
896
, h as t
he l
ines 1
3-18 par
tia
lly d
estroyed (
the s
tone i
s broken
) and t
here
a
re t
herefore s
evera
l d
iferen
t i
nterpre
tat
ions. T
he f
irst s
cho
lars (
Dobrusk
i,
Do maszewsk
i e
tc.) o
f t
his p
iece c
ons
idered t
hat t
he c
onf
lic
t men
tioned b
y t
he
i
nscr
ipt
ion was c
onnec ted w
ith t
he Carp
i .5
11 La
ter, D
. Tudor resumed the
s
tudy o
f t
h
is docu men
t a nd c
ons
idered t
hat line 1
3 d
id n
ot r
efer t
o the Carp
i,
b
ut t
o t
he Cenn
i, ap
eop
le o
f C
elt
ic o
rig
in a
nd i
n c
onsequence t
he c
onf
lic
t o
f
2
11 d
id n
ot t
ake p
lace o
n t
he l
ower Danube b
ut o
n t
he Rh
ine. 5
12 A n
ew i
nscr
ip-
t
ion d
iscovered
, a
lso a
t O
escus
, (
in 1
950?
), f
ro m w
hich o
nly s
even l
ines
s
urv
ive
, a
nd whose t
ext i
s a
l most i
den
tica
l t
o t
he f
irs
t (
l
ines 1
2-18
) c
onf
irms
t
he f
irs
t o
pin
ion. 5
13 T
he s
econd i
nscr
ipt
ion c
onta
ins t
he f
ina
l p
art o
f a
n
h
onor
ific t
ext d
evo
ted t
o t
he s
ame T
. Aure
lius F
lav
inus b
y T
. Aure
lius
Ar
te midoros
, augustalis o
f t
he Oescus c
olon
ia. T he new f
ragment r
epeats
i
n aform which i
s al most i
den
tical t
o t
he t
ext o
f t
he f
irst i
nscr
ipt
ion concern-
i
ng t
he mo
tiva
tion o
f t
he award g
iven t
o T
. Aurel
ius F
lav
inus b
y Caraca
lla.
I
t i
s c
lear f
ro m t
he n
ew d
ocu men
t t
hat t
he f
igh
ting l
ed b
y F
lav
ianus t
ook p
lace
i
n t
he s
urround
ings o
f t
he c
i
ty o
f Tyras
; t
he s
ame l
oca
lity i
s men
tioned i
n
t
he s
a me c
ontex
t o
f t
he i
nscr
ipt
ion f
ound i
n 1
896. T
aking i
nto a
ccoun
t t
he
i
nforma
tion g
iven b
y t
he t
wo d
ocu men
ts, t
he g
enera
l s
i
tua
tion o
n t
he L
ower
D
anube a
nd t
he r
esu
lts o
f a
rchaeo
log
ica
l r
esearch
, i
tfo
llows t
hat o
nly t
he
Carp
i c
ould b
e t
he e
ne m
ies (
hos
tes
) a
gains
t who m T
. Aure
lius F
lav
ianus
f
ough
t i
n t
he n
eighbourhood o
f T
yras. An h
onor
ific i
nscr
ipt
ion d
iscovered a
t
D
ionysopolis (Ba
lcic
) 514 i
n 1967 d
ates f
ro m t
he s
ame time a
s t
hose we have
d
iscussed
; t his monu ment w
as erected b
y M. Po mpe
ius L
ucius
, benef
iciarius
c
onsu
lar
is o
f L
egio II
tal
ica An
ton
iniana a
nd b
uleu
tes a
t D
ionysopo
lis
,
Ca
lla
tis a
nd Marc
ianopo
lis a
nd t
he i
nscr
ipt
ion men
tions t
he f
act t
hat t
he c
i
ties
Ca
lla
tis
, D
ionysopo
lis a
nd Marc
ianopo
lis e
lected t
he s
a me T
. Aure
lius
F
lavianus (
prim
ipi
laris) t
o be h
onorif
ic bu
leu
tes. I tis c
lear
ly t
alk
ing abou
t
t
he dr
iving b
ack o
f abarbarian a
ttack b
y t
he Ro man a
rmy, and t
he o
ff
icers
who l
ed t
he mil
itary o
pera
tion h
ave b
een h
onoured w
ith t
he d
ign
ity o
fbu
leu
tes
b
y t
he g
ratefu
l c
it
ies a
fter o
rder h
as b
een r
estored. T
he ma
jor
ity o
f

1
67
r
esearchers a
gree t
hat t
he Carp
i p
rovoked t
hese d
isturbances. 5
15 I
t r
esu
lts
f
ro m t
he f
irst i
nscr
ipt
ion t
hat t
he c
ity o
f T
yras was a
ttacked i
n Caraca
lla
's
t
imes
, a
nd a
n i
ncurs
ion wh
ich a
ffec
ted t
he c
i
ties o
f Ca
llat
is, D
ionysopo
lis a
nd
Marc
ianopol
is took p
lace at t
he sa me t
ime .5
16 The Ro man g
arr
ison o
f Tyras
,
l
ed b
y T. Aure
lius Flavinus and t
he detachmen t o
f Legio II
tal
ica
, led b
y t
he
b
enef
iciarus M. Po mpe
ius L
ucius b
eside o
ther c
o m manders s
uccessfu
lly r
e-
moved t
he d
anger a
nd f
or t
his r
eason t
he c
ommanders r
ece
ived t
he h
onours
men
tioned i
n t
he i
nscr
ipt
ion.

S
o me researchers s
upposed t
hat Max
iminus Ialso f
ough
t agains
t t
he Carp
i
i
n 2
36. 5
17 Th
is opin
ion c
an no l
onger b
e s
upported, s
ince ithas b
een p
roved
t
hat t
he d
ocu men
t wh
ich was t
he b
asis f
or p
ostu
lat
ing i
t
, 5
18 h
as b
een wrong
ly
i
nterpreted. The d ocu men
t u
nder discuss
ion, co mpleted b
y o
ther f
ragments,
h
as allowed Professor D. M. Pipp
idi to e
stab
lish that t
he i
nscr
ipt
ion does n
ot
d
ate f
ro m t
he time o
f Max
im inus b
ut fro m t
hat o
f Gordian (
the y
ear 2
40) a
nd
i
ts c
ontents r
efer n
ot t
o a war
, but t
o the complete r
estorat
ion o
f t
he market
h
all o
f H
istr
ia, wh
ich h
ad l
ong b
een r
uined
.519

T
he s
econd Carp
ic a
ttack men
tioned b
y t
he a
ncien
t s
ources t
ook p
lace i
n
A
.D. 2
38, when t
he Carp
i a
nd t
he Go
ths i
nvaded Moes
ia I
nfer
ior. On t
he
b
asis o
f in
formation in t
he H
istor
ia Augusta i
th as been s
upposed t
hat H
istria
s
hould h
ave been des
troyed on t
hat o
ccasion
,520 bu
t the i
nscrip
tion a
nd coin-
f
inds a
ttes
t t
hat H
istr
ia c
ont
inued i
ts n
orma
l d
evelopmen
t i
n t
h
is t
ime
, a
nd
i
ndeed t
he c
ity s
truck i
t
s c
oins i
n al
arger q
uan
tity t
han b
efore .5
21

A
lthough "
Jul
ius Capitolinus" mentions only t
he Carp
i o
n the o
ccasion o
f
t
he i
nvasion o
f 2
38, i
ti s certain t
hat t
he G o
ths partic
ipa
ted b
eside t
he Carp
i,
a
ccording t
o t
he in
for mation of Pe
trus P a
tricius (f
ragm. 8
). T ul
lius
Menoph
ilus
, t
he g
overnor o
f Moes
ia, b
ough
t t
he r
etrea
t o
f t
he G
oths b
y
p
aying s
ubs
idies i
n o
rder t
o p
ush b
ack t
he i
nvaders f
ro m t
he E mpire a
nd t
o
d
isin
tegra
te t
he Carpo-Goth
ic c
oal
ition
; t
h
is was d
isp
leas
ing t
o t
he Carp
i.
I
n c
onsequence
, the Carp
i also s
olicited subs
idies f
ro m t
he Empire, g
iving
t
he r
eason t
hat t
hey
, the Carpi
, w ere stronger t
han t
he Goths (
Petrus
Pa
tric
ius
, f
rag m. 8
). The c
lever Ro man c
o m mander
, d
efy
ing t
he Carp
i,
c
onso
lida
ted t
he d
efence o
f t
he f
ron
tiers i
nstead o
f p
aying t
he s
ubs
idies.
Petrus Pa
tric
ius r
ecords t
hat T
ull
ius Menoph
ilus
, when i
nformed a
bou
t t
he
a
rrogance o
f t
he Carp
ic d
epu
tat
ion i
n d
e mand
ing t
he s
ubs
idies
, o
nly met
t
he m a
fter s
evera
l days a
nd g
ave t
he m t
he oppor
tunity t
o wa
tch t
he t
rain
ing
o
f t
he Ro man s
old
iers. In o
rder t
o break t
heir i
nsolence
, the g
overnor
moun
ted a h
igh r
ostru m
, p
laced r
ound h
im t
he l
eaders o
f t
he a
rmy a
nd t
hen
r
eceived t
he Carp
i, but d
id n
ot l
isten t
o wha
t they were say
ing, b
ut t
alked
t
o o
ther peop
le, as o
ne who had o
ther more important b
usiness. At t
he end
o
f t
he meet
ing
, the g
overnor t
old t
he m t
hat o
nly t
he emperor c
ould d
ecide
a
bout t
he p
rob
le m a
nd i
nstruc
ted the m t
o c
o me b
ack f
or an a
nswer af
ter f
our
mon
ths. When t
hey c
a me b
ack a
fter t
h
is i
n
terva
l, Menoph
ilus t
old t
he m
t
hat t
he emperor g
ave money o
nly to t
hose who requested iti
n asupplian
t
a
tt
itude a
nd to
ld t
he m t
o r
eturn t
o t
he emperor and to knee
l at h
is f
eet
, w hen
h
e migh
t b
e g
enerous. Bu
t t
he h
era
lds w
ithdrew f
urious
ly a
nd t
he Carp
i
w
ere q
uiet f
or t
hree y
ears d
uring t
he t
ime w
hen Menoph
ilus r
uled t
he p
rov
ince.

T
he Carpo-Goth
ic i
ncurs
ion o
f 2
38 c
aused ma
ter
ial d
amage a
nd s
pread
p
anic o
ver Moes
ia I
nfer
ior
, a
s i
s c
lear f
rom a
n i
nscr
ipt
ion d
iscovered a
t

1
68
Durosostoru m (
CIL
, I
I, 1
2455
) wh
ich men
tions t
he f
act t
hat a
n i
nhab
itan
t o
f
t
h
is city e
xpressed grat
itude t o t
he Gods for h
is de
liverance f
ro m barbarian
c
apt
ivity (
receptus ex c
aptivitate barbaroru m
) in t
he year o
f t
he consulate o
f
P
ius and Proculus (
Pio et Proculo consulibus
), that i
s t
o say 2
38. T he c
ity
o
f Marcianopol
is, whose w a
l ls were rein
forced by order o
f Menophilus was
a
lso a
ffected o
n t
hat o
ccas
ion
.522

Ow
ing to t
he f
act t
hat t
he Carp
i and t
he Goths w
ere the ma
in a
ttackers o
n
t
he Empire, o
n t
he Lower Danube, i
n t
he 3rd-4th c
entur
ies A.D. ,modern
h
istor
ians o
ften p
resu me t
hat t
he ene m
ies (hos
tes) of t
he empire ment
ioned
b
y the l
i
terary s
ources were i
n fac
t the Carpi and t
he Goths
, and have e
ven
a
tte mp
ted t
o p
roduce a
rchaeo
log
ica
l e
vidence i
n s
uppor
t. T
he p
resu med
Carp
ic a
ttack o
f 2
42 i
s s
ign
ifican
t f
ro m t
h
is p
oin
t o
f v
iew
. On t
he b
asis o
f
i
n
forma
tion g
iven b
y H
istor
ia Augusta (
Vita G
ord
ian
i, 2
6, 4
) t
hat t
he emperor
G
ord
ian
, h
ear
ing a
bou
t t
he p
enetra
tion o
f s
o me e
ne m
ies i
nto Thrace a
nd
Moes
ia, destroyed
, p ursued a
nd s
ubdued the m (
delevit
, fugavit
, expu
lit a
tque
s
um movit
), so me h
istorians h
ave p
resu med tha
t these hostes were i
n f
act
C
arp
i, who a
ttacked Ro man Dac
ia a
t t
he s
a me t
ime .5
23 --

The bur
ial o
f 10 c
oin-hoards, discovered on t
he t
err
itory o
f the province
o
f Dacia
, has been c
onnected with t
his supposed Carp
ic a
ttack o
f 242
: S äpata
d
e J
os (
d
istr
ict o
f Arge)
, D
obr
idor
, V
irtopu
, Bä
il W
i (
d
istr
ict o
f D
olj),
Ocna S
ibiu
lui
, Apo
ldu
l M
ic (
d
istr
ict o
f S
ibiu
), G
eo ma
l (
d
istr
ict o
f A
lba
),
J
eled
ing (
d
istr
ict o
f Hunedoara
), S
aga (
d
istr
ict o
f C
luj) p
524 I
thas a
lso b
een
s
upposed that t
he Transalu
tanus limes were abandoned 5
25 o
r broken 5
26 a
nd
t
hat t
he b
ridge-head at Barb e 5
27 was abandoned on t
he sa me o
ccasion.
Numis ma
tic research has r
ecent
ly de mons
trated t
hat t
hese co
in-hoards could
no
t have been b
uried i
n 242, s
ince t
hey conta
in co
ins issued a
fter t
h
is date
(
i
n 2
43 o
r 2
44). 5
28 T
he b
uria
l o
f t
he c
oin-hoards w
as p
robab
ly c
aused b
y t
he
Carp
ic i
nvas
ion o
f 2
45, 5
29 w
hich g
rew t
o s
uch a
n e
xten
t t
hat i
tbecame a r
eal
war l
ast
ing u
ntil t
he s
pring o
f 2
47.

A
l most a
ll t
he h
istor
ians who h
ave d
ealt w
ith Ro man imper
ial p
olicy o
n
t
he L
ower Danube h
ave p
oin
ted o
ut t
he i
mpor
tance o
f t
he a
ttack o
f 2
45; f
urther-
more
, so me h
istorians h
ave e
xaggerated t
he consequences o
f t
his even
t as
r
egards t
he province o
f Dac
ia. F or example
, o n t
he bas
is o
f t
he fact t
hat t
he
c
oins d
iscovered i
n t
he Ro man f
ort a
t I
l
isua
, d
ug b
y C
. T
orma
, e
nd w
ith i
ssues
o
f P
hil
ip t
he Arab 5
30 J
. J
ung d
rew t
he c
onc
lus
ion t
hat t
he Ro mans e
vacua
ted
t
he f
orts s
i
tua
ted o
n t
he N
orthern b
oundary ow
ing t
o Carp
ic p
ressure .5
31

O
ther r
esearchers 5
32 h
ave a
greed w
ith J
. J
ung
. A
ccord
ing t
o t
h
is o
pin
ion
,
many i
nhabitan
ts emigra
ted fro m Ro man Dac
ia o
n t
hat o
ccasion. A ccord
ing
t
o A. A
lföldy, Dac
ia "su
ffered" in c
onsequence o
f t
he Carp
ic invas
ion fro m
2
45-247, and t
he s
itua
tion o
f Dac
ia a
fter th
is attack was c
o mparab
le t
o t
hat
o
f Pannon
ia af
ter t
he Hunic i
nvas
ion o
f 376. 5
33

In s
pite o
f t
he f
act t
hat t
he c
onf
lict h
ad been t
err
ible and l
asted f
or abou
t
t
wo y
ears and e
ven t
he emperor Phil
ip t
he Arab was o
bliged t
o co me t
o t
he
bat
tlef
ield, the c
onsequences were not s
o grave as h
as b
een supposed
.534

Dacia was g
radual
ly restored a
nd returned t
o the n
ormal l
ife t
ypica
l o
f a
b
order r
egion
. T
he e
xten
t o
f t
he f
igh
ting f
ro m 2
45-247 i
s i
ndicated b
y i
n-
s
crip
tions
, l
i
terary s
ources a
nd t
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l a
nd n
umis ma
tica
l f
inds.

1
69
 I
n a
ddit
ion t
o t
he w
ell-known a
ltar f
ro m Apu
lu m r
aised b
y C
. V
aler
ius
S
erap
io i
n g
rat
itude f
or h
is e
scaPe f
ro m Carp
ic c
apt
ivity - a Carp
is l
i
beratus
(
CIL
, H
I, 1
054
) t
here i
s t
he i
nscr
ipt
ion (
t
he f
unera
l s
tela
) f
ro m I
nterc
issa
(
Dunapen
tele
). T
his impor
tan
t d
ocu men
t w
as d
iscovered b
y An
tal H
ekler i
n
1
913 and it
s va
lue was poin
ted o u
t only in 1
962 by S
gndor Soproni .5
35 I
t is
t
he t
o mb-stone of Pub
lius Aelius Procul
inus, who was a me mber of the per-
s
onal guard o
f the emperor and who died a
t Cas
tellum Carporum i n the
c
ourse o
f t
he Dac
ian w
ars -b
ello d
acico d
esidera
to a
d Ca
tel
lum C
arporu m
,
accord
ing to the t
ext
. S ändor S
oproni cons
idered tha
t the b
attle o
f Cas
tellum
Carporu m referred t
o t
he war against t
he Carpi. T h
is has also b
een accepted
by o
ther researchers,536 and s
ee ms t
o be suppor
ted by t
he informat
ion of
Z
osi mos
; h
e p
resen
ts r
ather s
um mary a
ccoun
ts o
f t
he r
ule o
f Ph
ilip t
he Arab
,
b
ut h
e r
ela
tes i
n d
eta
il t
he f
igh
t a
t t
he c
itade
l o
f t
he Carp
i. T
he a
ccoun
t o
f
Z
osi mos (
I
, 2
0) 5
37 a
nd t
he t
ext o
f t
he i
nscr
ipt
ion f
ound a
t I
nterc
issa q
uite
p
robably r
efer t
o t
he s
a me event and f
or th
is reason t
he c
itade
l men
tioned b
y
Zos
i mos c
ould b
e i
dent
ified with Caste
llu m Carporum.

T
he e
xten
t o
f t
he f
igh
ting i
s a
lso s
ugges
ted b
y t
he p
resence o
f t
he p
rae
tor
ian
g
uard
, wh
ich e
nta
iled t
he p
resence o
f t
he emperor
, a
nd o
f a
n a
rmy a
rrived
f
ro m t
he Rh
ine .5
38 F
igh
ting b
egan i
n 2
45 a
nd l
asted u
nti
l t
he s
pring o
f 2
47.
T
he l
ast g
rea
t b
att
le t
ook p
lace a
t Caste
llum Carporum a
nd P
. Ae
lius Procu
linus
d
ied here. S o me r
esearchers cons
idered t
hat Dac
ia I
nfer
ior w
as t
he mos
t
s
eriously a
ffected i
n t
his s
truggle .5
39

T
he a
vailab
le i
nfor ma
tion i
s n
ot e
nough t
o l
oca
te t
h
is c
itade
l. We d
o n
ot
k
now to what ex
ten
t Caste
llu m Carporu m i
s an a
ctual p
lace r
ather t
han r
efer-
r
ing t
o acitadel r
aised b
y t
he Carpi and t
e mporarily o
r permanen
tly o
ccupied
b
y the m. T he descrip
tion of Zos
i mos suggests t
hat i
tis t
alking a
bout a
f
ort
ification
.540 The at
te mpts s
o far made to l
ocate t
his Caste
llum Carporum
a
re n
ot c
onc
lus
ive. S
opron
i t
hough
t o
f t
he p
resen
t t
err
itory o
f T
ransy
lvan
ia,
p
oss
ibly t
o t
he Nor
th o
f Dac
ia, i
n t
he Carp
ic a
rea. Accord
ing t
o D
. Tudor
,
Caste
llu m Carporu m c
ould b
e in Muntenia
, which was a r
egion c
ontrol
led by
t
he Carpi and where t
hey had t
he opportun
ity t
o b
uild s
uch an ear
th for
tif
ica-
t
ion
.541 M. Macrea s
aid
: "
The p
oss
ibil
ity c
anno
t b
e e
xcluded t
hat u
nder
t
h
is na me a f
ort
ified l
ocal
ity among t
he f
ree Dac
ians is u
nderstood i
n t
he
c
oun
try facing Pannonia
, its n
a me r
eminiscen
t of t
he e
arlier l
ocal
ity o
f Carp
is
f
ro m t
he s
a me r
egion wh
ich i
s men
tioned b
y P
tole my". A
lthough M. Macrea
a
dmit
ted t
he h
ypothes
is t
hat P
. A
elius Procu
linus d
ied i
n t
he c
ourse o
f t
he
war f
ro m 245-247
, h e s
aid: "
However
, we cannot e
xclude the p
ossib
ility
t
hat t
he be
llu m Dacicu m ment
ioned b
y t
he i
nscript
ion fro m I
nterc
issa were
n
ot t
hat o
f Ph
ilip t
he Arab aga
inst the Carp
i, f
or t
he d
ate i
s uncer
tain
, b ut
t
he Dac
ian war o
f Maxim inus I
". 5
42 P
ersona
lly, o
n t
he bas
is of t
he ana
logies
wh
ich c
an b
e d
rawn b
etween t
he a
ccoun
t o
f Z
osi mos a
nd t
he t
ext o
f t
he i
nscr
ip-
t
ion f
ound a
t I
nterc
issa
, Ie
ndorse t
he o
pin
ion t
hat b
oth d
ocu men
ts m
igh
t
men
tion t
he s
a me c
itadel
, wh
ich mus
t b
e c
onnected w
ith t
he Carp
i a
nd w
ith
t
he e
ven
ts f
ro m 2
45-247. 5
43

Cas
tel
lu m Carporu m c
ould h
ave e
xisted o
nly i
n the t
err
itory d
om inated
b
y t
he Carpi a
nd not f
ar f
ro m t
he b
oundary o
f the "
country o
f t
he Carpi",
t
aking i
n
to a
ccoun
t t
hat t
he Ro mans c
ould n
ot v
enture t
oo f
ar i
n
to t
he "
barbar
ian"
t
err
itory
. I
tis ad
if
ficu
lt p
rob
le m t
o k
now i
f Caste
llu m Carporum was a
c
itade
l b
uilt o
f s
tone
, a
s S
ändor S
opron
i i
s i
ncl
ined t
o b
elieve
, o
r a mere

1
70
f
ort
ificat
ion o
f e
arth a
s D
. T
udor b
elieved. H
owever
, o
n t
he b
asis o
f t
he
a
ccoun
t o
f Z
osi mos (
I
, 2
0) Iam i
ncl
ined t
o a
ccep
t t
he h
ypothes
is o
f af
ort
ifica-
t
ion o
f s
tone .544 We mus
t n
otb
e s
urpr
ised t
hat t
he i
nscr
ipt
ion men
tions a
Dac
ian war a
nd n
ot a Carp
ic w
ar, c
ons
ider
ing t
hat t
he Carp
i w
ere o
f Dac
ian
o
rigin a
nd u
sed t
he s
a me bat
tle t
act
ics a
s t
hose used by t
he G
eto-Dac
ians
;
f
urthermore
, t
he con
flict t
ook p
lace o
n Dac
ian t
erritory
.

A
fter b
itter f
igh
ting
, t
he Ro mans l
ef
t t
he L
i mes t
ransa
lutanus a
nd w
ith-
d
rew t
o t
he l
ine o
f t
he O
lt. As
pec
ial c
oin-
issue w
ith t
he l
egend V
ictor
ia
Carp
ica and t
he h
onorif
ic tit
le of Carp
icus Max i mus bestowed upon Ph
ilip
t
he Arab by t
he s
ena
te a nnounced a Ro man v
ictory over the Carpi
, avictory
wh
ich was h
ard
ly o
bta
ined
.

T
he Go
ths
, t
he n
ew mas
ters o
f t
he N
orth-Pon
tic s
teppes
, t
ook o
ver t
he
l
eadership o
f the a
nti-Ro man c
oalit
ion o
n t
he Lower Danube f
ro m t
he middle
o
f t
he 3rd century A
.D . T he Carpi c
ont
inued t
o make i
ncursions i
nto t
he
Emp
ire i
n t
he s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. a
nd i
nto t
he 4
th c
entury
A
.D.; t
hey w
ere a
lone o
r b
eside t
he G
oths 5
45 a
nd o
ther t
ransdanub
ian
p
eop
les
, a
s i
n t
he t
ime o
f t
he emperors D
ecius a
nd G
all
ienus .5
46 T
he Carp
i
were d
efea
ted b
etween Cars
iu m a
nd S
ucidava b
y Aure
lian i
n 2
72. 5
47 T
hose
t
aken pr
isoner were s
ett
led in t
he Empire 5
48 a
nd a
ccording t
o so me h
istor
ians
i
t s
ee ms t
hat V
icus Carporu m was f
ounded on t
h
is occas
ion,549 a
lthough it
i
s men
tioned l
ater (
in V
alens
' t
imes
) b
y Am m
ianus Marce
llinus (
20(V
II, 5
, 5
).
The t
i
tle o
f Carp
icus Max
i mus w
as b
estowed u
pon t
he emperor Aure
lian
.550

The w
ithdrawal o
f t
he Ro mans fro m Dacia took p
lace in Aurel
ian's t
imes
;
t
his h
as caused s
o me h
istorians t
o cons ider t
hat t
he terr
itory of t
he f
ormer
p
rovince was o
ccupied by t
he Goths. 5
51 Ihave mentioned before t
hat n
ew
e
vidence c
ontradicts t
h
is t
hesis a
nd shows t
hat t
he Carp
i and t
he f
ree Dac
ians
f
rom the West a
nd not t
he G
oths p
enetrated i
nto t
he t
err
itory o
f t
he f
ormer
p
rov
ince o
f Ro man D
acia. T
he G
oths w
ill p
enetra
te i
nto r
egions o
f t
he f
ormer
p
rov
ince (
Transy
lvan
ia) l
ater
, i
n a
bou
t t
he m
idd
le o
f t
he 4
th c
entury A
.D.
The c
onfl
icts be
tween t
he Carpi a
nd the Ro mans i
ncreased d
uring t
he t
etrarchy
;
t
here was f
igh
ting f
ro m 2
95-297 and a
t t
he b eg
inning o
f t
he 4
th cen
tury fro m
3
02-303, wh
ich i
s attes
ted by the m
ilitary d
iplo mas f
rom Avell
ino and
Grana
ione d
e Ca mpognatico (
Grosetto
). 5
52 Ow
ing to t
he v
ictories g
ained i
n
t
he w
ars f
ro m 2
95-297
, t
he t
wo Augus
ti, D
ioc
let
ian a
nd Max
imian
, a
nd t
he
two C
aesares
, Galerius a
nd Constan
tius Chlorus
, took t
he ti
tle o
f Carp
icus
Maximus, t
he l
ast t
hree r
eceiving t
his t
i
tle fi
ve times a
fter t
he f
ight
ing f
ro m
3
02-303 (
see T
able 1
3). S
o me a
ncien
t l
i
terary s
ources men
tion t
hat t
he
whole p
eople of the Carpi was t
ransplan
ted in
to t
he Empire i
n consequence
o
f these wars .
553 Ihave sa
id before t
hat t
h
is view i
s u
nfounded
, a nd d
o not
need t
o dwell on ithere.

Imen
tioned a
bove t
hat c
erta
inly a l
arge n
u mber o
f t
he Carp
i w
ere t
rans-
p
lan
ted t
o t
he Emp
ire t
o Moes
ia I
nfer
ior a
nd P
annon
ia a
nd e
ven i
n
to t
he
f
ron
tier a
rea (
Eutrop
ius
, I
X, 2
5, 2
; Oros
ius
, V
II, 2
5, 1
2). I
n c
onsequence
o
f t
hese e
ven
ts, s
o me s
cho
lars c
ons
ider t
hat V
icus Carporu m d
ates f
ro m
t
his per
iod.554 Accord
ing to Amm ianus Marcellinus 1
, 5
)
, t
he
Carp
i w ere a
lso s
ett
led in Pannon
ia (see s
upra).

1
71
 TABLE 1
3

T
he t
i
tle o
f Carp
icus Max
i mus g
iven t
o Emperors o
f t
he T
etrarchy
,
a
ccord
ing t
o t
he c
onte mporary d
ocumen
ts

Ed
ict o
f
t
olera
tion o
f
G
ale r
ius
(
Apr. 311)
T
he e
dic
t o
f D
iplo ma fro m f
rom w hich
Max
im ian D
iploma f
rom Grana
ione Eusebius
2
0 Nov.- Ave
llino (
Grosetto) (V
III
, 1 7
,3)
Emperor 9D
ec. 3
01 7J
an. 3
04 7J
an. 3
06 t
ook h
is t
ext

1
. D
ioc
let
ian

2
. Max
imian V

3
. C
onstan
tius
Ch
lorus

4
. G
aler
ius

T
he l
osses s
uffered i
n t
he w
ars b
y t
he C
arp
i a
nd t
he mov
ing o
f al
arge
n
u mber o
f t
he m i
nto t
he Emp ire s
eriously dimin
ished t
heir military power
,
b
ut, i
n sp
ite o
f t
his, nu mbers o
f Carpi con
tinued t
o l
ive on t
heir ancient
t
err
itory
, s
o t
hat i
n t
he c
ourse o
f t
he p
eriod 3
06-311 G
ale r
ius was o
bliged
t
o wage n
ew wars a
gainst t
he Carpi and t
he t
i
tle o
f Carpicus Max
i mus was
b
estowed upon h
im f
or the s
eventh t
ime, accord
ing to t
he in
formation o
f
Euseb
ius (
VII
I, 1
7, 3
). T
he Carp
i a
ttacked t
he emp
ire a
fter t
h
is d
ate (
3
13-
3
18) b
ut were d
efea
ted by Constan
tine t
he Grea
t and t
he ti
tle of Carp
icus
Max
i mus was a
lso bes
towed upon th
is emperor (
see Tab
le 1 4
).

T
he Carp
i, a
ttrac
ted b
y t
he Huns a
nd t
he S
cir
i, p
enetra
ted a
gain i
n
to t
he
Empire i
n 3
81, bu
t w
ere repe
lled b
y T
heodos
ius I
, a
s Imentioned a
bove when
Id
iscussed t
he t
erm KapT
robi.xo
cI. ment
ioned b
y Z
osi mos (
IV, 3
4, 6
). This
i
s t
he l
ast men
tion o
f t
he Carp
i i
n t
he l
i
terary s
ources.

The Carpi
, who created a s
plend
id ma ter
ial c
ulture
, bequeathed t
o t
he ear
ly
p
eriod o
f the migra
tions a r
ich i
nheritance wh
ich i
s presen
t in t
he con
tents
a
nd t
he g
enes
is o
f t
he h
eterogeneous c
ulture o
f S
Ai
ntana d
e Muree-Cerneahov.
The Carp
i were more sensit
ive a nd r
eceptive t
o Ro man i
nf
luence than o
ther
"
barbarians" a
nd gradual
ly a bsorbed nu merous g
roups o
f migratory peop
les
a
nd c
ontr
ibu
ted i
n t
he f
ul t
o t
he g
enes
is o
f t
he Ro man
ian p
eop
le. S
pread
ing
o
ver t
he t
err
itory o
f t
he f
ormer Ro man p
rov
inces o
f Dac
ia a
nd S
cyth
ia M
inor
,
t
hey r
evita
lized t
he Daco-Ro man e
le men
t a
nd made i
tcapab
le o
f r
esis
ting
a
nd d
efea
ting t
he G
erman
ic p
eop
les a
nd o
ther m
igra
tory p
eop
les. T
hey k
new
b
oth Ro me a
nd Barbary a
nd t
hey o
pted f
ina
lly f
or t
he f
irst.

1
72
 TABLE 1
4

O
ther emperors w
ith t
he t
i
tle o
f Carp
icus Max
i mus

Da
te when t
he t
i
tle S
ources wh
ich men
tion
Emperor was g
iven t
his f
act

1
. Ph
ilip t
he Arab 2
47 Cohen
, V
, 1
35, 3

2
. Aure
lian 2
72 C
IL, I
I, 4
506
; S
upp
l. 7
586
;
V
I, 1
112
; MI
, 5
548, 5
561;
Dessau
, I
LS, 5
81

3
. Constan
tine t
he Grea
t 3
18-319 C
IL, V
III, 8
412

TABLE 1
5

Emperors o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury w
ith t
he t
i
tle Dac
icus Max
i mus

1
. Max
iminus 2
36 C
IL, I
I, 3
735-3736

2
. Dec
ius 2
49-251 C
IL, I
, 4
949
; D
essau
, I
LS,
5
17

3
. Ga
llienus 2
57 C
IL, I
, 2
200
; V
III, 1
430

4
. Aure
lianus 2
75 C
IL, X
III, 8
973; D
essau
,
I
LS, 5
81

1
73
 FOOTNOTES

1
. C
f. Gh. B
ichir, Carp
ii i
n i
stor
iogra
fia r
o mänä. is
trä
ing
, S
CIV
, 2
2,
1
971, 2
, p. 185.

2
. Isaw th
is mater
ial o
n t
he occas
ion o
f astudy-v
is it t
o t
he USSR. For
Bocan
i s ee G
. B
. Fedorov
, Izvest
ia-Ch
isinev, 4(31), 1
956, p. 5
2,
f
ig. 9
/1-8
; i
de m. M
IA, 8
9, 1
960
, p
. 3
33, p
l. 2
6/2-5
; p
l. 3
9/1;
p
l. 41/8 ; p
l. 42/3-4; pl. 4
6/3-5. F
or Bäläbäne e
i see Gh
. Bich
ir,
Les Daces Libres de P
epoque romaine ä l
a l
umiere des d
onnees
a
rcheolog
iques , in T
hraco-Dacica, Bucuresti, 1976
, p. 2 92, no
te 48.
The r
est o
f the materia
l is u
npubl
ished and co mes f
ro m the chance f
inds
a
nd fi
eld wa
lk ing
. T he p
resence of t
h
is ma teria
l suggests that t
he Carp
i
a
lso l
ived t
oge
ther w
ith t
he S
arma
tians i
n Bessarab
ia. We w
ill s
how
l
ater t
he r
ela
tions wh
ich e
xisted b
etwe
En t
he Carp
i a
nd t
he S
arma
tians
i
n t
h
is z
one. Probab
ly t
here w
ere f
ew Carp
i i
n t
h
is z
one i
n c
o mpar
ison
w
ith t
hose f
ound i
n t
he a
rea b
etween the Carpathians and t
he Pru
t. We
must n
ot l
ose s
igh
t o
f t
he f
act t
hat Carp
ic pottery occurs re
lat
ively f
re-
q
uen
tly within t
he Cerneahov cu
lture i
n Bessarab
ia and i
ts percen
tage
i
s r
ather higher i
n s
ites such a
s Mälä
"ie9t
i (
see G. B
. F edorov, MLA,
8
9, 1
960
, p
. 3
31, p
l. 2
4/1-6
; p
l. 2
7/1, 3
, 6
-8 e
tc.). T
he a
nthropo-
l
ogica
l a
nalys
is made b
y M. S
. V
elikanova s
hows t
hat t
he Med
iterranean
a
nthropo
log
ica
l t
ype t
ypica
l o
f t
he Carp
i i
s d
ominan
t i
n t
he c
e metery a
t
Mala
ies
ti and n
ot t
he Nor
thern type which i
s c
haracteris
tic o
f the Goths
(
cf
. AS, 3
, 1961, p
. 28 and f
ol
low ing
). T his s
hows that t
he Carpic
p
opu
lat
ion c
ont
inued t
o e
xis
t h
ere i
n ar
ela
tive
ly l
arge n
u mber a
fter t
he
a
rriva
l of t
he Go
ths. The o p
inion o
f s
o me S
oviet r
esearchers (
G. B.
F
edorov, E. A. Rik man e
tc.) t
hat t
he C
erneahov cu
lture on t
he t
err
itory
o
f t
he Mo
ldov
ian S
.S.R
. s
hou
ld b
e d
ated t
o t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D., s
ee ms
t
o me t
o b
e u
nfounded
, i
n t
he l
igh
t o
f f
inds s
o f
ar made. The e
arl
ies
t
Cerneahov s
ites i
n Bessarab
ia are d
ated f
ro m t
he middle and t
he second
h
alf o
f the 3
rd cen
tury A.D. (c
f. Gh. Bich
ir, 22
.cit.) and we d
o not
b
elieve t
hat t
he S
arma
tians i
nhab
ited e
xclus
ive
ly t
h
is r
egion i
n t
he 2
nd-
3
rd c
entur
ies A
.D., t
aking a
ccoun
t o
f t
he r
educed n
u mber o
f s
uch d
is-
c
over
ies a
nd w
e mus
t n
ot l
ose s
igh
t o
f t
he f
act t
hat i
n many c
ases t
here
a
re i
sola
ted g
raves o
r sma
ll g
roups o
f t
o mbs c
onta
ining Carp
ic p
ottery
.

3
. C
f. G
h. B
ich
ir, L
a c
ivil
isa
tion d
es C
arpes (
I
Ie-
IIIe s
iec
les d
e n
.'
e.)
l
a l
umiere d
es f
oui
lles a
rcheo
log
iques
, Dac
ia, N
.S. ,X
I, 1
967
, p
. 1
77.

4
. Gr. An
i.l
escu, AArch
, II, 1
929
, 3, pp
. 14-21; I
. L. Neagu
, AArch,
I
I, 1930, 3-6
, pp. 4
5-51 a
nd C. C
ihodaru
, AArch, II
, 1931-1932
, 7-8
,
p 0-53 a
p. 5 nd AArch
, I
I ,1
937-1938
, 1
3-14
, p
p. 3
0-59.

5
. C
f. AArch
, I
I, 1
937-1938
, 1
3-14
, p
p. 3
0-59. C
erta
inly T
amas
idava
c
ould n
ot b
e l
oca
ted a
t P
oiene9
ti (
see G
h. B
ich
ir, 22
.cit
., p
. 1
77

1
74
 f
ootnote 4
), b
ut i
t r
e ma
ins p
oss
ible t
hat t
here i
s ac
onnect
ion b
etween
t
he Carp
i a
nd t
he t
races f
ound a
t Po
iene e
i.

6
. Sk
iätur
ile d
e l
a Po
iene t
i d
in 1
949
, Ma
ter
iale
, I
, 1
953, p
p. 2
13-506.

7
. I
bid., p
p. 4
97-498, 5
05-506. T
he r
eal s
tra
tigraph
ica
l r
ela
tionsh
ip
b
etween t
he s
ett
le men
t a
nd t
he c
e metery a
nd t
he a
ttr
ibu
tion o
f t
he
s
ett
le men
t t
o t
he S
intana d
e Mure rCerneahov c
ulture h
as b
een e
stab-
l
ished b
y u
s o
n t
he b
asis o
f t
he i
nfor ma
tion a
nd t
he ma
ter
ials p
ubl
ished
b
y R
. Vu
lpe. S
ee G
h. B
ich
ir, Une
le o
bserv e c
u p
riv
ire l
a n
ecropo
lele
d
e t
ip Po
iene§
ti d
in Mo
ldova §
i r
elaV
ile a
ces
tor n
ecropo
le C
u l
u mea
s
ar matä
, SCIV
, 1
2, 1961, 2, p
p. 2
63, 2 69 a
nd 2
71. F irs
t, I. Nestor
(
see I
stRo m
, I
, p
. 6
78) dated t
he c
e metery o
f Po
iene§t
i to t
he second
h
alf o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D., s
ee I
stRo m
, I
, p
. 6
78.

8
. I
stRo m
, I
, p
p. 6
37-647.

9
. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, L
es Carpes a l
a l
umiere d
es d
ern
ieres d
ecouver
tes
a
rcheolog
iques d
e Mo
ldav
ie, A
tti
, I
I, Ro ma
, 1
966
, p
p. 7
4-79.

1
0. S
ee S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
p. 2
53-271; S
CIV
, 1
6, 1
965
, 4
, p
p. 6
75-694
;
S
CIV
, 1
7, 1
966, 3
, p
p. 4
89-509
; Danub
ius
, I
, 1
967
, p
p. 1
15-127
;
SCIV, 20
, 1969
, 2
, pp. 2
19-236; S CIV, 2
2, 1971, 2
, pp. 1
79-197
;
Actes-Praga
, I, 1
971, p
p. 1034-1037; SCIV
, 2 2, 1
971, 4
, pp. 6
63-670.

1
1. C
f. Dac
ia, N
.S., X
E, p
p. 1
77-224.

1
2. C
f. I
stRo m
, I
, p
p. 6
76-693.

1
3. N
. G
ostar
, f
l
ähäp W
i, p
p. 5
54-556
, 5
58-580 •

1
4. Gh. B
ich
ir, Ma
ter
iale
, V
, 1
959
, p
. 2
62.

1
5. Dan Gh. T
eodoru, Mater
iale, V
I, 1
959
, p p. 6
6-68
; i de m. i
n c
ollabora-
t
ion w
ith S
. Teodoru
, Ma ter
iale
, WI, 1961, p
p. 4
2-43.

1
6. S
. Mor
intz a
nd Gh. B
ich
ir, Ma
ter
iale
, V
I, 1
959
, p
. 4
87 a
nd G
h. B
ich
ir,
S
CIV
, 1
6, 1
965
, 4
, p
. 6
76, f
ootnote 7 a
nd p
. 6
85.

1
7. A
. Niu, I
. Za mo teanu and M. Za mo§
teanu
, Ma teriale
, V
I, 1
959
, p
p.
3
68-370
; ide m
, Ma teria
le , V
II, 1
961, pp. 344-346.

1
8. I
ulian An
tonescu
, Ma
ter
iale
, V
I, 1
959
, p
. 4
74.

1
9. S
. Mor
intz a
nd N
. Har
luch
i, Ma
ter
iale
, V
III
, 1
962
, p
p. 5
21-525.

2
0. Excava
tion
, I
ul
ian a
nd Eugen
ia An
tonescu.

2
1. G
h. B
ich
ir, Mater
iale
, I
X, 1
970
, p
. 1
22; i
de m
, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
I, p
.
2
06 a
nd 2
18.

2
2. G
h. B
ich
ir, FA, XV
I, 1
964
, 3
566
; i
de m
, S
CIV
, 1
7, 1
966, 3
, p
p. 4
89-
5
09.

2
3. C
f. s
upra n
. 1
3.

2
4. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, No
i c
ontr
ib e
i l
a c
unoa5
terea c
ultur
ii ma
ter
iale a
c
arp
ilor
, S
CIV
, 1
6, 1
965
, 4
, p
p. 6
75-694
; i
de m
, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
E,
p
p. 1
79-197. S
ince w
e g
ive i
n t
he p
resen
t work a s
ynthes
is o
f t
he d
ata

1
75
 c
oncern
ing t
he who
le c
ulture
, we w
ill n
ot p
resen
t ad
eta
iled d
escr
ipt
ion
o
f t
he e
xcava
tion a
nd t
he s
i
tes a
t P
oiana-Dulce§
ti; t
his i
s a
vailab
le i
n
t
he r
elevan
t monographs. F
or t
he s
tud
ies c
arr
ied o
ut a
t P
oiana-
Du
lcegt
i, s
ee t
he r
epor
t p
ubl
ished i
n Ma
ter
iale
, 1
975
, p
p. 9
7-105.

2
5. Excava
tion c
arr
ied o
ut b
y C
. Buzdugan
; Ip
art
icipa
ted i
n t
he w
ork f
ro m
1
965
, a
s d
elega
te o
f t
he I
nst
itu
te o
f Archaeo
logy
.

2
6. C
f. Gr
. F
oit
, S
tud
ii iMa
ter
iale (
I
stor
ie), I
, S
uceava
, 1
969
, p
. 2
3 a
nd
R
. Vu
lpe
, S
CIV
, I
, 1
950
, 1
, p
. 5
0.

2
7. C
f. Ma
ter
iale
, V
I, 1
959
, p
. 3
66, f
ig. 6a
nd Carp
ica I
, 1
968, p
. 1
58.

2
8. C
f. s
upra f
ootnote 2
0.

2
9. I
nforma
tion I
. M
itrea.

3
0. I
nforma
tion C
. Buzdugan
.

3
1. Gh. B
ichir
, SCIV
, 16, 1965
, 4, p. 6
78; S i
lvia T
eodor
, S
äpätur
ile d
e
l
a Cucorän
i, AM, 8
, 1975, pp. 1
39, 145-147.

3
2. G
h. B
ich
ir a
nd Eug
. P
ope s
cu, Cerce
tar
ile a
rheo
log
ice d
e l
a Mätäsaru
c
ontr
ibu
tia l
or l
a c
unoa terea c
ultur
ii ma
ter
iale a d
aci
lor l
i
ber
i,
S
tud
ii iCo mun
icär
i, I
, P
i ps
ti, 1
968
, p
p. 8
5-86 a
nd f
ig. 1
/4; i
de m
Ma
ter
iale
, I
X, p
. 2
75 a
nd f
ig. 1/3 , 5a
nd Gh
. B
ich
ir, Va
lach
ica
, I
,
T
irgov
i§te
, 1
969
, p
p. 1
6, 1
8 a
nd f
ig. 1
.

3
3. M. I
. Sm
i.p
co, KS
, 4
4, 1
952, p
. 6
8.

3
4. I
. Andr
ie9escu
, P
iscu
l Cräsan
i, Bucure9
ti, 1
924
, p
. 2
2 a
nd f
ollow
ing
.

3
5. R
. Vu
lpe
, S
CIV
, I
, 1
950
, 1
, P
. 5
0; i
de m
, S
CIV
, 2
, 1
951, 1
, p
p. 1
94-
1
95 a
nd 2
00; i
de m
, S
CIV
, I
I, 1
952, p
. 1
94. T
he s
urface dwe
llings
a
re p
redo m
inan
t c
o mpared w
ith t
he s
unken-f
loored h
uts a
t P
oiana-
Du
lc e
i (
cf. I
stRo m
, I
, p
. 2
30).

3
6. D
. Berc
iu, Arheo
log
ia p
reis
tor
icä a O
lten
iei, Cra
iova
, 1
939
, p
p. 1
91-
1
92.

3
7. I
nforma
tion D
inu V
. Rose
tti.

3
8. V
. L
eahu
, CAB, 2
, 1
965
, p
. 6
8.

3
9. C
. Da
icov
iciu a
nd c
ollabora
tors
, S
CIV
, I
I, 1
952, p
p. 2
99, 3
06; i
de m
,
Ma
ter
iale
, V
II, 1
960
, p
p. 3
06-307.

4
0. Gh
. B
ich
ir, Asezar
i d
acice i
n T
ara O
ltu
lui
, S
C S
ibiu
, X
IV, 1
970
, p
.
1
27; i
de m
, Ma
ter
iale
, V
II, 1
961, p
. 3
54.

4
1. C
. Ma
tasä e
t a
l., Ma
ter
iale
, V
II, 1
961, p
. 3
40.

4
2. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 3
3.

4
3. As t
h
is r
esu
lts f
ro m t
he t
ext a
nd t
he p
lan p
ubl
ished b
y V
. Ursache i
n
Carp
ica
, I
, p
. 12 a
nd f
ig. 1o
n p
. 13
, t
he s
i
tua
tion o
f t
he s
unken-f
loored
h
ut (
d
iscovered a
t Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
), i
n wh
ich t
hree h
ear
ths
, t
wo
j
oined t
o t
he b
order o
f t
he r
oo m a
nd t
he o
ther p
laced i
n t
he m
idd
le o
f
t
he r
oo m
, i
s u
nclear
. Even t
he f
orm o
f t
he "
sunken-f
loored h
ut" i
s

1
76
 s
trange (
see t
he s
ect
ion a
nd t
he p
lan
, f
ig. 1
). I
t s
ee ms t
hat o
ne
s
unken-f
loored hu
t has b
een bu
ilt f
ro m t
hree p
its (
whose con
tour h
as
n
ot b
een determ
ined) and t
he h
earths under d
iscuss
ion are n
ot i
n s
itu
b
ut a
re i
n f
act r
ejec
ted f
ragmen
ts o
f h
ear
ths.

4
4. C
f. G
h. B
ich
ir a
nd Eug
. P
opescu
, 2
2.c
it., p
p. 8
4-86.

4
5. C
f. S
CIV
, 1
6, 1
965
, 4
, p
. 6
81, n
. 2
3.

4
6. N
. C
ostar
, o
p.c
it., p
. 5
58.

4
7. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 4
4.

4
8. V
. L
eahu
, CAB, I
, p
p. 2
7-30
, f
ig. 1
7; i
de m
, CAB, 2
, p
p. 5
5-58 a
nd
f
ig. 3
6. S
ee e
spec
ial
ly t
he s
unken-f
loored h
uts n
o. 6 a
nd 8
. T
he f
orm
o
f s
o me s
unken-f
loored h
uts i
s l
ess c
lear ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat t
hey
h
ave b
een c
ut b
y o
ther c
o mp
lexes o
f t
he M
ilitar
i t
ype. C
oins
, p
ottery
a
nd t
he s
tra
ta wh
ich c
ut e
ach o
ther a
ttes
t t
he e
xis
tence o
f as
ett
le men
t
o
f M
ilitar
i- Mätäsäru t
ype (
t
he 2
nd-the 3
rd c
entury A
.D.) a
t C
äplu Nou.
There i
s s
uff
icien
t i
nforma
tion i
n t
he t
wo e
xcava
tion r
epor
ts o
f V
.
L
eahu t
o s
uppor
t o
ur t
hes
is t
hat t
wo s
ett
le men
ts (
and n
ot as
ing
le o
ne
d
ating f
ro m t
he L a Tene p
eriod
, fro m t
he 2nd c
entury B
.C., as t
he
a
uthor o
f the excavat
ion bel
ieved) e
xisted a
t CAelu Nou
: o ne f
ro m t
he
La Tene per
iod, t
he o
ther o
f t
he Militari-
lVrä
täsäru t
ype. F or t
he
t
welve bronze c
oins w
hich a
re sing
le c o
in-finds w
ith
in the s
ett
le men
t,
s
ee CAB, I
, p
. 3
4. T
he c
oins b
elong t
o t
he f
ol
low
ing emperors
:
Marcus Aurelius (
1
), S
ept
imius S
everus (
2
), Caracal
la (1
), Gord
ian
(
1), Tranqu
ill
ina, t
he w
ife o
f G
ord
ian (3
), Ph
ilip t
he Arab (
3
) and a
n i
l
-
l
egib
le c
oin wh
ich c
an a
lso b
e d
ated t
o t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D.

4
9. M
ioara T
urcu
, CAB, 2
, p
p. 2
70-276. F
our s
unken-f
loored h
uts h
ave
b
een d
iscovered a
t T
inganu; accord
ing to t
he t
ext t
hey are o
f t
he s
quare
f
orm with r
ounded c
orners (
p. 2
70) as a
t C4elu Nou
, but i
tis c
lear
f
ro m f
igure 2
7 t
hat t
he s
unken-f
loored h
ut n
o. 8 was o
f o
val f
orm. T
he
f
or m o
f t
he s
unken-f
loored h
uts f
ro m h
ere i
s l
ess c
lear ow
ing t
o t
he f
act
t
hat t
hey h
ave b
een c
ut b
y med
ieva
l d
epos
its
, b
oth s
ett
lemen
t a
nd
c
e metery
. T
he s
ett
le men
t i
s n
ot c
hrono
log
ica
lly d
elim
ited b
ut o
n t
he
b
asis o
f t
he ma
ter
ial d
iscovered i
tda
ted f
ro m t
he 2
nd-
the I
st c
entury
B.C.

5
0. Z
. S
zeke
ly, S
CIV
, 1
4, 1
963
, 2
, p
. 4
57, i
s wrong t
o d
ate t
he s
unken-
f
loored h
uts t
o a
fter t
he c
onques
t o
f Dac
ia b
y t
he Ro mans. Is
aw t
he
ma
ter
ial
, thanks to t
he k
indness o
f Z
. Szekely
, and on t
he b
asis o
f t
his
ma
ter
ial t
he sunken-f
loored h
uts c
an cer
tain
ly be d
ated t
o t
he La Tene
p
eriod (
Cf. G
h. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
6, 1
965
, 4
, p
. 6
86 a
nd n
. 3
1).

5
1. A
. L
äszlo
, AM
, V
I, 1
969
, p
p. 6
7-69.

5
2. Excavat
ion G
h. B
ich
ir (
1966
).

5
3. Ground s
urvey G
h. B
ich
ir (
1958
).

5
4. C
. S. N
icoläescu-P
lop pr
, Ma
ter
iale
, V
, 1
959
, p
. 1
7, a
nd Ma
ter
iale
,
V
I, p
. 47.

1
77
5
5. I
. T
. Drago m
ir, Ma
ter
iale .,V
III
, 1
962
, p
p. 1
2-13.

5
6. C
f. Gh
. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
6, 1
965
, 4
, p
. 6
86.

5
7. C
f. s
upra n
ote. 5
5.

5
8. De o
rig
ine e
t s
itu G
erm
.anoru m
, XV
I, 3
. As r
egards t
he e
arl
ier p
eriod
,
we k
now f
ro m Varro
, Rer
.rus
t. I
, 5
7, 2
, t
hat g
rain was s
tored i
n s
torage
p
its.

5
9. Ana
lys
is made b
y Professor A
l. Grosu.

6
0. C
f. s
upra f
ootnote 1
9.

6
1. S
. Mor
intz
, Ma
ter
iale
, V
II, 1
961, p
. 2
06, a
nd f
ig. 5
/2 a
nd Gh
. B
ich
ir,
Danub
ius
, I
, p
. 1
17. I
nit
ial
ly S
ebas
tian Mor
intz c
ons
idered t
hat t
he
ma
ter
ial b
elonged t
o t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod a
nd d
ated i
tin t
he 4
th c
entury
B
.C. (
l
oc .
cit .
)
; l
ater
, g
raves (
two
) h
ave a
lso b
een d
iscovered
.

6
2. A Carp
ic c
e metery was f
ound o
n t
he o
ccas
ion o
f p
lan
ting t
rees. One u
rn
a
nd o
ne b
ronze f
ibu
la a
re i
n t
he Museum o
f F
oc§an
i. I
nfor ma
tion Gh
.
Constan
tinescu.

6
3. Gh. B
ich
ir, o
p.c
it., p
. 1
18.

6
4. M. P
etrescu-D
i mbov
i4a
, Or
izontur
i, (
1940
), 5
-9, G
alap, 1
941, p
.9
(
extract
).

6
5. A
l. Andron
ic e
t a
l., Ma
ter
iale
, V
III
, 1
962
, p
p. 8
00-801, f
ig. 6
.

6
6. I
nforma
tion Dan Gh
. T
eodoru.

6
7. Researches G
h. B
ich
ir.

6
8. I
nforma
tion Ghen 4
. Co man (Murgen
i).

6
9. E
. Vu
lpe
, Rapor
t MNA
, 1
942-1943, Bucure9t
i, 1
944
, p
. 3
8.

7
0. N
. Z
ahar
ia, M. P
etrescu-D
i mbov
iIa a
nd Em. Z
ahar
ia, Asezä
.ri d
in
Mo
ldova d
in p
aleo
lit
ic ip
inä i
n s
eco
lul XV
III
, Bucure
_st
i, 1
970
, p
. 3
34.

7
1. I
bid
., p
. 6
8.

7
2. I
nforma
tion N
. Zahar
ia.

7
3. Em
ilia Zahar
ia, AM
, I-
III, 1
964
, p
p. 4
91-494.

7
4. I
t s
ee ms t
hat t
wo c
e meter
ies e
xisted a
t Co marna
; o
ne was s
itua
ted o
n
Dea
lul Pop
ilor
, t
he o
ther o
n Dea
lul S
t
inca (
see S
CIV
, I
I, 1
952
, p
. 4
4).

7
5. Gh. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
I, p
. 1
97.

7
6. I
nfor ma
tion V
. Cäp
itanu.

7
7. E
. Mosca
lu, Carp
ica
, I
, 1
969
, p
p. 2
15-217.

7
8. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 7
6.

7
9. I
nforma
tion V
. Ursach
i.

8
0. Unpub
lished ma
ter
ial i
n t
he Museu m o
f T
irgu N
ean.
q. Four Carp
ic
g
raves h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t C
i mpen
i (
rätä
.
i) i
n t
he d
istr
ict o
f Bo
to9an
i

1
78
 (
cf
. A
l. P
äunescu
, P
. S
adursch
i, V
. Ch
iricä
, T
he a
rchaeo
log
ica
l
c
orpus o
f t
he d
istr
ict o
f Botogan
i, i
n p
rin
t).

8
1. G
h. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
p. 2
55-256.

8
2. I
bid., p
p. 254-255. T he pract
ice of covering t
he urns w
ith a s
tone i
s also
e
ncountered in t
he c
onte mporary ce meter
ies of Lechin
Ia de Muree a
nd
S
oporul de Cimpie (
Materiale, VI, 1959, p. 4
46 and Materia
le WI, 1961,
p
p. 4
23-424
). I
tis a
lso e
ncoun
tered i
n t
he T
hraco-Ge
tan c
e metery o
f
En
isa
la (
d
istr
ict o
f T
ulcea
); i
nforma
tion
, S
imion G
avr
ilä.

8
3. I
. I
onitä
, AM
, V
I, 1
969
, p
. 1
31.

8
4. C
f. R
. Vu
lpe
, Ma
ter
iale
, I
, 1
953, p
. 3
77. The c
apt
ion o
f f
ig. 2
49
men
tions t
hat t
he u
rn was c
overed w
ith a r
ed p
atera
; i
n f
act
, t
h
is was
ar
ed ware f
ruit-stand w
ithou
t p
edesta
l (
cf
. p
. 3
77).

8
5. C
f. S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
. 2
56.

8
6. These are t
he graves which w
ere c
onsidered as "
probable" i
n the course
o
f the e
xcavation (Ma
teriale
, VI, 1
959
, p. 488) ow
ing to t
he fact t
hat they
c
onta
ined o
nly c
alc
ined b
ones.

8
7. F
or Vä
len
i-Bo
te§t
i w
e r
efer t
o t
he i
nfor ma
tion g
iven b
y I
. I
oni.
t
ä
" a
nd V
.
Ursache i
n SCIV, 18, 1
968, 2, p
. 213; other graves have been d
iscovered
l
ater, t
he nu mber o
f b
urials r
eaching a t
ota
l o
f 607 (cre ma
tions and i
n-
h
u ma
tions
) a
s i
s c
lear f
ro m e
xcava
tion r
epor
t p
ubl
ished i
n Dac
ia, N
.S.,
XV
, 1
971, p
. 3
91. F
or Bärboa p
, i
nforma
tion V
. Cäp
itanu.

8
8. I
. Nestor e
t a
l.

8
9. Gh. B
ich ir a
nd Eug. P
opescu
, p
. 9
3; S
. Mor
intz
, Ma
ter
iale
,
V
II, 1961, p. 4
41.

9
0. C
f. Dac
ia, N
.S., X
I, p
. 2
00.

9
1. C
f. Stanislaw Janosz
, F on
tes-Poznan, I (
1951), 1
952, p
. 6and f
o
llow-
i
ng, prbeis Luc
ja Oku l
iczowa, WiadArch
, XXX , 1
964
, 3-4, p
p. 3
72-387.

9
2. The e
xact n
u mber o
furns w
ithou
t l
id d
iscovered a
t V
älen
i-Boteet
i i
s n
ot
men
tioned
. (
Cf. s
upra n
ote 8
7). As r
egards t
he s
ituat
ion a
t Päduren
i
we c
ons
ider t
hat u
rns w
ithout l
ids w
ere t
he s
pec
i mens w
hich were u
n-
b
roken a
nd, a
t t
he s
ame t
ime
, d
id n
ot h
ave b
roken s
herds o
f o
ther p
ots
n
ear t
he m.

9
3. C
f. Gh. B
ichir and Eug
. P
opescu
, p
. 9
3 a
nd S
. Mor
intz
, Dac
ia,
N
.S., V, 1961, p
. 396.

9
4. C
f. G
h. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
. 2
55. I
ul
ian An
tonescu c
ons
idered
t
hat i
t was a f
unera
l p
yre (Mater
iale
, V
I, 1
959
, p
p. 4
76-477
). Bur
ials
i
n c
ists without u
rns are known on t
he t
err itory o
f Ro man Dac
ia in t
h
is
p
eriod within t
he barrow-ce meter
ies a
t Ighiu and Caeolt a
nd in t
he f
lat
c
e metery at Moreeti (
a d
ished grave
). T he cre ma
tion was made on the
s
pot i
n a
ll t
hese g
raves. C
ist-bur
ials a
re a
lso k
nown w
ith
in t
he
Przeworsk cul
ture i
n t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
.D . C
f. I
rena Kra markowa
,
i
n Si
lesia An
tigua, V
I, Wroclaw
, 1964, p
. 132.

1
79
9
5. I
t s
ee ms t
hat ah
ear
th was f
ound w
ith
in t
he c
e metery o
f V
irt
ijco
iu
(
AArch
, I
I, 1
929
, p
. 1
7). Gr
. An4escu c
ons
idered t
hat t
he h
ear
th
wou
ld b
elong t
o ak
iln f
or b
aking p
ottery f
ro m t
he c
e metery
. However
,
t
he e
xis
tence o
f ap
ottery k
i
ln i
s n
ot men
tioned i
n t
he t
ext
. I
fsuch a
k
iln e
xis
ted
, t
hen i
t must b
e c
onnected n
ot w
ith t
he c
e metery b
ut w
ith
as
ett
le men
t o
f Carp
ic t
ype o
r w
ith t
hat o
f t
he S
intana d
e Murei-
Cerneahov t
ype wh
ich was s
itua
ted i
n t
he s
a me a
rea (
see Gh
. B
ich
ir,
Danub
ius
, I
, p
. 1
16).

9
6. C
. Buzdugan a
nd V
. Cäp
itanu
, Carp
ica
, I
, 1
968, p
. 2
02. Probab
ly
a
t Bärboasa t
here were a
lso h
ear
ths o
f k
ilns a
s a
t Bu
tdäres
_
J
ti.

9
7. I
n d
iscuss
ing t
he s
itua
tion a
t Z
i mn
icea
, I
. Nestor wro
te i
n 1
950 t
hat
t
h
is d
iscovery l
eads t
o "
the c
onc
lus
ion t
hat t
he b
odies w
ere n
ot c
re ma-
t
ed, a
s m
igh
t b
e e
xpec
ted
, o
n f
unera
l-pyres
, b
ut i
n ak
i
ln b
uil
t o
f c
lay
a
nd s
tones" (
SCIV
, I
, 1
950
, 1
, p
. 9
8). Accord
ing t
o D
. Berc
iu (
op.c
it.,
p
. 1
93, f
ig. 2
37), t
wo c
re ma
tion-k
ilns a
lso e
xis
ted a
t Ostrovu j
imian
(
Late L
a T
bne
), c
ontested b
y P
. A
lexandrescu
, H
istr
ia, I
, 1
966, p
.
2
61, f
ootnote 7
4.

9
8. F
ive h
ear
ths f
or f
ire h
ave b
een d
iscovered a
t P
oro
lissu m
, w
ith
in t
he
c
e metery o
n t
he h
il
l o
f Mä
.gura
; t
he e
xcava
tors c
onnect t
hem w
ith t
he
p
repara
tion o
f f
unerary f
eas
ts (
see Ma
ter
iale
, V
II, 1
961, p
. 3
70).
Sma
ll h
ear
ths h
ave b
een f
ound u
nder t
he mound o
f t
he b
arrows o
f
Capo
l3 a
nd M. Macrea c
onnec
ted t
he m a
lso w
ith f
unerary f
eas
ts (
Dac
ia,
N
.S., I
, p
. 2
09).

9
8a. Gh
. D
iaconu
, S
CIV
, 1
5, 1
964
, 4
, p
p. 4
71-473
; i
de m
, T
irg§or
...., p
p.
3
1, 3
3, 3
5, 18 a
nd f
ollow
ing.

9
9. S
ee s
upra f
ootno
te 8
7.

1
00. K
. F
. Sm
irnov
, 0 z
orpe6ei
zzgx "
D
OKCO
.7
1aH )
M. I
. V
iaz m
itina
, Arch-K
iev
, V
III, 1
953, p
. 7
1. The c
usto m i
s c
on-
n
ected w
ith t
he f
ire-cu
lt (
cf. G
h. B
ich
ir, L
es S
ar mates s
ur l
e t
err
ito
ire
d
e l
a Rou man
ie, Actes-Beograd
, I
, p
. 2
78).

1
01. Carp
ica
, I
, 1
969
, p
p. 2
03-211.

1
02. C
f. S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
p. 2
66-267.

1
03. F
or t
he d
ocu men
tat
ion c
oncern
ing t
he c
re ma
tion-bur
ials w
ithou
t u
rns
s
ee Gh
. B
ich
ir, o
p.c
it., p
. 2
56, p
aper p
resen
ted a
t t
he S
cien
tif
ic s
ess
ion
o
f t
he Museu m
, Dece mber 1
965 (
mss
).

1
04. S
. Mor
intz
, Dac
ia, N
.S., I
I, 1
959
, p
. 4
68.

1
05. S
. Mor
intz a
nd Barbu I
onescu
, D
escoper
iri s
arma
tice i
n r
aionu
l
O
lten
ia, p
aper p
resen
ted a
t t
he S
cien
tif
ic s
ess
ion o
f t
he Museu m
,
Dece mber 1
965 (mss
).

1
06. C
f. Dac
ia, N
.S., X
I, 1
967
, p
. 2
17, f
ootnote 8
2 a
nd S
CIV
, 2
0, 1
969
, 2
,
p
. 2
21, f
ootno
te 8
.

1
07. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 1
2.

1
08. S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
p. 2
62-263, 2
69 a
nd 2
71.

1
80
1
09. I
. Nestor
, o
p.c
it., p
. 6
78; S
. Mor
intz
, o
p.c
it., p
. 4
68; i
de m
, Dac
ia,
N
.S., V
, 1
961, P
. 4
11; G
h. D
iaconu
, S
CIV
, 1
4, 1
963, 2
, p
p. 3
30, 3
36
a
nd f
ollow
ing
; E
. A
. R
ik man
, Ac
tes- Moscova
, V
. 1
970
, p
. 4
43 a
nd
f
ollow
ing
.

1
10. S
CIV
, 1
9, 1
968, 2
, p
p. 2
20-225.

1
11. S
CIV
, 2
0, 1
969
, 2
, p
p. 2
19-236.

1
12. C
f. Dac
ia, N
.S., X
E, 1
967
, p
. 2
06; i
de m
, S
CIV
, 2
0, 1
969
, 2
, p
. 2
25.

1
13. Graves n
o. 9
7 a
nd 3
32 w
ere o
f p
ersons o
f 1
2-14 y
ears o
ld (
grave n
o. 9
7)
a
nd o
f 1
1-12 y
ears o
ld (
grave n
o. 3
32). T
he a
dults w
ere 4
0 a
nd 3
0-35
y
ears o
ld. (
Cf. G
h. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
E, 1
967
, p
. 2
15 a
nd f
ootno
te
7
8; i
de m
, S
CIV
, 2
0, 1
969
, 2
, P
. 2
28, f
ootno
te 3
7.

1
14. S
ee Mater
iale
, I
, 1
953
, p
. 3
47, f
ig. 1
69; p
. 3
57, f
ig. 1
97/3
; p
. 4
08,
f
ig. 3
29, P
. 4
14, f
ig. 3
42/6-7 a
nd p
. 4
15, f
ig. 3
43/2
, b
ut e
ven i
fthese
e
ar-r
ings o
ccurred a
lso i
n t
he c
re ma
tion-bur
ials
, i
t wou
ld n
ot a
lter t
he
p
rob
le m.

1
15. M. Pärducz
, S
arma
tenze
it, I
, p
l. XXX/3; i
de m
, S
ar ma
tenze
it,
p
l. XXX
I/2
; XXX
IV/10
; XL
II/3, 4
; ul ; LXXVI/1 a
nd G
h. D
iaconu
,
f
irg§or
, p
. 2
6 w
ith f
ootno
tes 3
0-31 a
nd p
l. X/5-6.

1
16. Ma
ter
iale
, I
, 1
953, p
. 4
16, f
ig. 3
46. F
or a
nalog
ies e
xist
ing i
n S
ar mat
ian
r
egions (
torques w
ith b
eads
) s
ee M. P
ärducz
, S
arma
tenze
it, I
, p
l.
LXXI
I/1.

17, F
or t
heir p
resence i
n t
he Carp
ic a
nd S
ar ma
tian r
egions s
ee G
h. B
ich
ir,
S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
. 2
64; i
de m
, L
es S
arma
tes...., p
. 2
78; i
de m
,
Pon
tica
, 5
, 1
972
, p
. 1
45.

1
18. S
CIV
, 1
9, 1
968, 2
, p
. 2
23.

19. I
. Nestor
, RRH
, 3
, 1
964
, p
. 3
89. T
he g
rave n
o. 1
0 f
ro m S
pan
lov was
o
f aS
arma
tian w
o man (
cf. Dardu N
ico
läescu-Plop pr
, RM
, I
V, 2
, 1
967,
p
. 1
07).

1
20. C
f. S
CIV
, 2
0, 1
969
, 2
, p
. 2
29 a
nd f
ollow
ing
.

1
21. J
. Werner
, Be
iträge z
ur Archäo
log
ie d
es A
tti
la -
Reiches
, Munchen
,
1
956
, p
p. 5
-18
; p
l. 6
9, map 1
; p
l. 7
3, map 9
; T
. L
ewick
i, MArch
,
V
III, 1
967
, p
p. 2
5-31.

1
22. A
. N
. Bern ea m
, M
IA, 2
6, 1
952
, p
p. 6
0-72. T
. L
ewick
i p
ut f
orward
t
he h
ypo
thes
is t
hat t
he "
kenko
l" g
roup
, wh
ich h
as Mengo
loid-Hun
ic
a
nthropo
log
ica
l t
raits f
ro m t
he p
oin
t o
f v
iew o
f l
anguage a
nd c
ulture
,
m
igh
t b
elong t
o t
he S
aco-Sar ma
tian g
roup wh
ich a
ssim
ilated s
evera
l
T
urk
ish a
nd Mongo
loid e
le men
ts (
see o
p.c
it., p
p. 3
0-31).

1
23. V
. V
. Gh
inzburg
, M
IA, 6
0, 1
959
, p
p. 5
31, 5
32, 5
62-563. T
he mater
ial
wh
ich h
as b
een a
nalysed b
y t
he a
nthropo
log
ist V
. V
. G
hinzburg c
o mes
f
ro m t
he e
xcava
tion c
arr
ied o
ut b
y V
. P
. §
ilov a
t Ka
linovka. T
he f
ew
s
keletons d
ated t
o a
bout t
he i
st c
entury B
.C.-the 1
st c
entury A
.D. b
e-
l
ong t
o t
he I
st c
entury A
.D.; t
h
is d
ating was a
ccep
ted b
y V
. P
. i
lov
when Id
iscussed i
twith h
im i
n L
eningrad (
June 1
970
).

1
81
1
24. C
f. Gh
. B
ich
ir, Pon
tica
, 5
, p
p. 1
42-144.

1
25. I
bid
. C
f. L
es S
ar mates. . . p
. 2
77, f
ootno
te 1
7.

1
26. G
eorges V
ernadsky
, Essa
i s
ur l
es o
rig
ines Russes (
trans
lat
ion f
ro m
Eng
lish
) The o
rig
ins o
f Russ
ia, Ox
ford
, 1
959
), I
, p
p. 9
4-95.

1
27. S
ee J
. Werner
, o
p.c
it., p
. 1
2.

1
28. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 1
24.

1
29. The a
rchaeo
log
ica
l d
ata a
re w
ell-known a
nd w
e must n
ot dwe
ll o
n i
t
.
F
or t
he a
nthropo
log
ica
l d
ata c
oncern
ing t
he e
thn
ic o
rig
ins o
f t
he p
eop
le
b
uried i
n t
he c
e meter
ies o
f t
he C
erneahov t
ype s
ee M. S
. V
elicanova
,
AS
, I
I, 1
961, p
p. 2
6-52 a
nd Dardu N
ico
lgescu-P
lopeor
, o
p.c
it., p
p.
1
07-108.

1
30. C
f. G
h. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 2
0, 1
969
, 2
, p
.233 a
nd f
ootno
te 6
0.

1
31. C
f.s
upra
, f
ootnote 1
29.

1
32. C
f. Gh
. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S. ,X
I, 1
967
, p
. 2
17; i
de m
, S
CIV
, 2
0, 1
969
,
2
, p
. 2
33 a
nd Dardu N
ico
läescu-P
lop
_sor
, o
p.c
it., p
. 1
05.

1
33. P
liny
, Na
t.H
ist., V
II, s
ays t
hat t
he p
ract
ice o
f c
re ma
tion f
or sma
ll
c
hildren who h
ad n
ot c
ut t
heir f
irs
t t
eeth was f
orb
idden b
y t
he Ro mans
:
Ho m
ine m p
riusqua m g
eni
to d
ente c
re mar
i mos g
ent
iu m n
on e
st.

1
34. I
nforma
tion D
. Berc
iu a
nd Dardu N
ico
läescu-Plop pr
, who s
tud
ied t
he
ma
ter
ial f
ro m F
erigele. F
or Z
i mn
icea s
ee I
. Nestor
, S
CIV
, I
, 1
950
,
1
, p
. 9
8.

1
35. F
or S
ära
ta Mon
teoru
, I
. Nestor men
tioned t
hat a
ll t
he c
re ma
tion-bur
ials
b
elong t
o c
hildren a
nd a
ccoun
t f
or 1
0% o
f t
he t
ota
l o
f t
he g
raves f
ro m t
he
l
ate p
hase o
f t
he c
ulture (
I
stRo m
, I
, 1
960
, p
p. 1
27-128
).

1
36. C
f. G
h. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
6, 1
965
, 4
, p
. 6
88.

1
37. The s
ick
les f
ro m Mänoa
ia-Cos
ti9a w
ere f
ound i
n as
unken-f
loored h
ut,
c
f. s
upra f
ootnote 2
9.

1
38. C
f. G
h. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
E, 1
967, p
. 1
85, S
ick
les w
ith b
road
a
nd n
arrow b
lades h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he s
a me d
epos
it a
t P
iatra
Cra
ivi
i (
I
. Berc
iu, A
l. P
opa a
nd H
. Da
icov
iciu
, Ce
lticu m
, X
II, s
upp
l.
a
t °GA M
, 9
8, 1
965
, p
l. 7
0/3-4
, 8
-9 a
nd p
l. 7
1/1-8
).

1
39. T
. L
ehoczky
, AE, 2
1, 1
901, p
. 2
16, p
l. 2
/4-6 a
nd p
l. 3
/12
; V
.
Pärvan
, G
etica
, p
. 4
88, f
ig. 3
32/
12 a
nd p
. 4
96, f
ig. 3
40; V
. I
.
B
idz
ilea
, Arch-K
iev
, XV
II, 1
964
, p
p. 9
2-143, p
l. 1/4-
8. S
o me s
ick
les
f
ro m G
ali
_ rLovac
ica (MukaCevo
) h
ave t
he h
and
le-r
ing
, wh
ich V
. P
'.rvan
c
onnected w
ith "
the o
rig
ina
l p
ack
ing f
or e
xpor
t". T
, L
ehoczky c
on-
s
idered i
talso a
s ah
and
le-r
ing
, b
ut t
he Hungar
ian r
esearcher b
elieved
t
hat t
his r
ing j
oined t
wo s
ick
les wh
ich i
n t
his w
ay c
ould b
e u
sed a
s a
weapon
; J . D
echelet
te, Manuel d
'Archeolog
ie, I
V, 2e ed. Par
is, 1
927
,
p
. 888, f
ig. 6
13/5
; A . T
o &k
, F ou
illes p
rel
iminaires d
e Beget
iov e
n
S
lovaqu
ie, p
p. 3
06-307, 3
86 a
nd f
ig. 2
06 p
. 3
14; J
an F
ilip
,
Pravgke C
'eskos
lovensko
, Praha
, 1
948
, p
. 2
71, 4
10, f
ig. 7
2; i
de m
,

1
82
 Ke
ltove y
e s
redn
i E
vrope
, Praha
, 1
956
, p
l. LXX
E/5 a
nd E
. g
i mek
,
Ve
lka G
erman
ia k
laud
ia P
tole ma
ia, I
V, Brno
, 1
953, p
. 4
68, f
ig. 1
83.

1
40. A s
ick
le o
f t
he t
ype I
/b i
s i
n t
he I
nst
itute o
f Archaeo
logy a
nd c
o me
f
ro m Pecenga
, d
istr
ict o
f C
onstan
ta. I
tbe
longed t
o ad
epos
it o
f t
ools
d
ating f
ro m t
he 1st-the 2
nd c
entur
ies A
.D . Af rag men
t o
f a
n i
ron
s
ickle (
the p
oint
) h as b
een f
ound i
n t
he Dac
ian c
e metery o
f P
oro
lissu m
(
M. Macrea e
t a
l., Mater
iale
, V
III, 1
962
, p
. 4
88, f
ig. 8
/11
), a
nd
a
nother a
t Ca pll i
n t
he mound o
f b
arrow XLV
, a
t ad
epth o
f 0
.25 m
(
M. Macrea a
nd N
. L
upu
, Mater
iale, V
, 1
959
, p
. 4
09).

1
41. S
ee V
. P
g , 9
.rvan _
2.c
it., p
p. 4
95-496.

1
42. Ma
ter
iale I
, 1
953
, p
. 3
05, f
ig. 9
1/1-2. F
or t
he a
ttr
ibu
tion o
f t
he s
et-
t
l
e men
t o
f P
oiene§t
i t
o t
he S
intana d
e Mure§ c
ulture a
nd n
ot t
o t
he
Carp
i s
ee G
h. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, 2
63 a
nd f
ol
low
ing
.

1
43. Unpub
lished ma
terial (
research by G
h. Bich
ir). Itis i
n
teresting t
o n
ote
t
hat adepos
it o
f t
ools, (
see I. Nes
tor a
nd Eug. Zahar
ia, Materia
le,
V
III, 1
962
, p
. 6
27, f
ig
. 7
/1) c
onta
ining a
lso f
ive s
ick
les i
l
lus
tra
ted i
n
I
stRo m
, I
, p
. 6
17, f
ig
. 1
52. h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t Bra
tei (
d
istr
ict o
f
S
ibiu
) i
n ab
uria
l p
it
. F
our s
ick
les a
re o
f t
he t
ype w
ith r
od-hand
le, b
ut
t
hey b
elong t
o t
wo d
ist
inct v
arian
ts: o
ne i
s o
f t
he t
ype w
ith s
tra
igh
t r
od
a
nd ring for h
and
le (I
stRo m
, I, f
ig. 1
52/2
), which i
s s
imilar t
o t
hose
f
ro m Bu mbe e
i (
IstRo m
, I
, p. 3
99, fi
g. 9
4/1), Uden
i a
nd P o
iene,
ti f
ro m
t
he 3
rd-4
th c
entur
ies a
nd t
o t
hat f
rom P
ecica Arad o
f t
he L
a T
ene p
eriod
(
E. Dörner
, Urme a
le c
ultur
ii ma
ter
iale d
acice p
e t
eritor
iul a
rä
.-d
an.
Arad
. 1
968
, p
. 1
2, f
ig. 7
)
, b
ut t
he b
lade i
s more c
urved (
th
is f
act i
s
j
ust
ified
, t
aking i
nto c
ons
idera
tion t
hat i
twas d
iscovered a
t as
i
te d
ated
b
y I
. Nestor t
o t
he e
nd o
f t
he 4
th c
entury a
nd t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 5
th
c
entury A.D . T hree s
ickles (I
stRo m., I
, f
ig. 152/7-9
) dif
fer f
ro m
t
he above- men
tioned spec
i men; they have a p
erfora
ted rod wh
ich i
s
a
lso more th
ickened i
n t
he area o
f the p
erforat
ion, a
nd the b
lade i
s ben
t
a
t an a
ngle. The fi
fth s
ick
le belongs t
o the t
ype w
ith p
oint (
Is
tRo m.
I
, f
ig. 1
52/5
) a
nd i
s ar
ather s
trange o
ccurrence i
n t
h
is l
ate p
eriod
.
I
ts p
resence b
eside o
ther l
ate t
ypes o
f s
ick
le i
n t
he s
a me g
rave c
an b
e
i
nterpreted a
s an example o
f c
onservat
is m o
r by i
tbe
longing t
o an
e
arlier per
iod, used a
gain f
or f
unerary p
urposes i
n t
he p
eriod under
d
iscussion.

1
43a
. S
ee Horace
, Carm
ina
, I
I, 2
4, 9
-16.

1
44. We have to t
hank Professor Eng
ineer I
osif I
onescu- Musce
l f
or t
he
a
nalysis.

1
45. C
f. I
. V
lad
, AM
, 1
967
, p
p. 1
25-131. There a
re n
o a
nalyses f
or
Mo
ldoven
i-Gab5
.ra.

1
46. C
f. M. I
. Viaz m
itina
, V
SSA, 1
952
, p
. 2
46; i
de m
, Arch-K
iev
, V
III
,
1
953
, p. 68.

1
47. T
he ma
ter
ial wh
ich wrapped t
he h
oard was i
mpregna
ted w
ith a s
ubstance
whose n
ature h
as not b
een c
he mica
lly d
etermined. T he r
esearchers
who p
ubl
ished the h
oard c
onsidered t
hat t
he mater
ial was impregna
ted
w
ith wax (
B. M
itrea a
nd Em. Z
ahar
ia, AM
, V
, 1
967, p
. 8
4).

1
83
1
48. C
f. V
. Parvan
, .
2
2.c
it., p
. 4
98; R
. V
ulpe
, S
CIV
, 2
, 1
951, 1
, p
. 2
04,
f
ig. 23 /3 -
7; V
. L
eahu
, CAB, 2
, 1
965
, p
. 6
1i f
ig. 3
7/5.

1
49. There i
s a Carp
ic s
ett
le men
t a
t M
indreg
ti, d
istr
ict o
f G
al e w
hich h
as
b
een c
o mp
lete
ly d
estroyed b
y p
lough
ing a
nd b
y b
uild
ing
. Ic
ollected i
n
a
ddit
ion t
o o
ther a
rchaeo
log
ica
l r
e ma
ins s
o me f
rag men
ts o
f s
lag f
ro m
t
his a
rea
, i
n f
ield wa
lking w
ith I
. T
. Drago m
ir, t
he D
irector o
f t
he
Museu m o
f Ga
l e .

1
50. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 3
2.

1
51. C
f. Gun
ther Krause a
nd Rudo
lf L
i mpach
, AFSB
, 1
4/15
, Ber
lin
, 1
966
,
p
p. 2
00-201, f
ig. 1
5, 1
7 a
nd f
ig. o
n p
. 2
09 (
l
eft a
bove
).

1
52. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
6, 1
965
, 4
, p
p. 6
89-690.

1
53. T
. L
ehoczky 2.
, 2 c
it., p
l. 2
/1-3; V
. Parvan
, 2
2.c
it., f
ig. 3
32 a
nd 3
40;
V
. I
. B
idz
ilea
, .
cit
., p
l. 1
/18-19
; A
. T
ogik
, o
p.c
it., p
. 3
14, f
ig.
2
06 a
nd 3
86; . g
E , 2
i mek 2.c
it., p
. 4
68, f
ig. 1
83 a
nd J
. F
ilip
,
Ke
ltove. . . .p
l .CXX
I; Rol
f G
ensen
, G
erman
ia, 4
3, 1
965
, 1
, p
. 4
9,
f
ig. 8
/2-6
, 2
0; J
iri Meduna
, P5
ehled Vyzku mu
, 1
964
, Brno
, 1
965
,
p
l. 4
8, p
p. 1
3/7.

1
54. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, Cup
toare
le d
e a
rs c
eram
ic d
in c
adru
l c
ultur
ii
V
irt
isco
iu-Po
ienee
ti, S
CIV
, 1
7, 1
966
, 3
, p
p. 4
89-509.

1
55. For d
eta
ils c
oncern
ing t
he d
i mens
ions o
f t
he k
i
ln s
ee S
CIV
, 1
7, 1
966,
3
, p
. 4
97.

1
56. Gr
. F
oit
, 2
2.c
it., p
p. 2
5-28.

1
57. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 1
9.

1
58. C
. Ma
tasä
.
, I
. Z
a mog
teanu a
nd M. Z
a mogteanu
, Mater
iale
, V
II, 1
961,
p
p. 3
45-346
, f
ig. 5
.

1
59. Even t
he s
ect
ion o
n p
. 3
44, f
ig. 5(
Mater
iale V
II) i
s n
ot e
xac
t. The
t
ext men
tions t
hat t
he t
h
in d
epos
it o
f t
he l
arge s
ett
le men
t f
ro m t
he
s
a me p
eriod a
s t
he Ro man p
rov
ince h
as b
een d
isturbed b
y d
eep p
lough-
i
ng a
nd b
y t
he h
oles f
or p
lan
ting t
he o
rchard o
f t
he t
eachers
' t
rain
ing
s
choo
l, a
nd b
y t
he h
oles o
f t
he med
ieva
l c
e me
tery (
p. 3
44). On t
he
o
ther h
and
, t
he s
ect
ion i
n f
ig. 5s
hows t
hat t
he wa
ll o
f t
he r
oo m f
or
b
aking t
he p
ottery o
ccurs a
t g
round-
leve
l. I
n t
h
is c
ase
, wha
t h
ave t
he
a
bove- men
tioned works d
estroyed
, r
e me mber
ing t
hat t
he g
round o
f
t
he o
rchard h
as b
een p
loughed a
nd d
ug a
s c
an b
e n
oticed o
n t
he s
pot?

1
60. I
. T
. Drago m
ir, Ma
ter
iale
, V
III, 1
962, p
. 1
2, f
ig. 2 a
nd Gh
. B
ich
ir,
22
.cit
., p
. 5
03.

1
61. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
6, 1
965
, 4
, p
. 6
86.

1
62. C
. C
ihodaru
, AArh
, 1
3-14
, 1
937-1938
, p
p. 3
3-36 a
nd f
ig. 1
5.

1
63. C
f. S
CIV
, 1
7, 1
966
, 3
, p
. 5
05.

1
64. D
. M. P
ipp
idi e
t a
l., Ma
ter
iale
, V
, 1
959
, p
. 3
02; Em. Condurach
i
e
t a
l., Ma
ter
iale
, V
I, 1
959
, 2
84; M. Co
ja, S
CIV
, 1
3, 1
962
, 1
, p
. 2
6

1
84
 a
nd f
urther i
nforma
tion f
ro m t
he s
a me r
esearcher
. For t
he k
i
lns o
f
t
he s
a me t
ype a
s t
ho e f
ro m H
istr
ia, s
ee a
lso M. M. Hudeak
, S
A, XV
I,
1
952
, p
. 2
57, f
ig. 8
.

1
65. S
CIV
, I
, 1
950
, 1
, p
. 5
0.

1
66. Ma
ter
iale
, V
II, 1
961, p
. 3
40.

1
67. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, Ma
ter
iale
, X (
in p
rin
t).

1
68. V
. L
eahu
, CAB, I
, 1
963, p
. 3
0 a
nd f
ig. 1
9-20. The k
iln i
s d
ated f
ro m
t
he 2
nd-the i
st c
entury A
.D. a
nd n
ot f
ro m t
he 3
rd-4th c
entury A
.D.
(
as i
tis d
ated b
y I
. H
. Cr
i.p
.n, Apu
lu m
, V
I, 1
967
, p
p. 1
11-112.

1
69. 0
. F
loca
, S
t. F
erencz
i, L
. Märgh
itan
, M
icia. Grupu
l d
e c
uptoare
r
o mane p
entru a
rs c
era m
icK
, Deva
, 1
970
, p
p. 7
4-75.

1
70. S
ee Apu
lu m
, V
I, p
. 11 a
nd f
ollow
ing
.

1
71. R
. P
itt
ion
i, J
ahrbuch f
ür L
andeskunde v
on N
ieder-Osterre
ich
, 1
939-
1
943
, p
p. 1
-10
; T
adeusz Rey man
, WiadArch
, X
IV, 1
936
, p
. 1
63, 1
74
a
nd p
l. )0C
IV-XXVII
I; Nagy Lajos
, AE, 1942
, 1-2, pp. 162-168, f
ig.
1and p
l. XVI/
1-2
; S . J
angäk
, AR , V
. 1
953, 5, p
p. 6
05-609, 714, f
ig.
2
61-262 a
nd 2
76-277
; J
an F
ilip
, Ke
ltove
...., p
p. 3
18-319
, 3
25, 5
11,
5
50 a
nd f
ig. 9
7; i
de m
, Praveke b
ieskos
lovensko
, p
. 410
; E
. g
i mek
,
p
. 1
27, f
ig. 5
1, p
. 2
96, f
ig. 1
05; Bark6cz
i L
äzlo
, F
oliaArch
,
V
III, 1
956
, p
p. 6
3-87
, f
ig. 2
0, 2
1 a
nd p
l. X
'VI
I; F
erd
inand B
lahuta
,
S
tud
ijne Zves
ti, 1
1, N
itra
, 1
963, p
. 1
67 a
nd f
ig. 4
-5; B
lale
j Benad
ik,
G
er man
ia, 4
5, 1
965
, 1
, p
. 7
2, f
ig. 5
; J
erzy Wie
low
iejsk
i, Ma
ter
ialy
S
tarozy
tne
, V
I, 1
960
, p
p. 9
7-108, f
ig. 2
8, 3
1, 3
2, 3
3 a
nd 3
4; L
.
Ga
jewsk
i, Arch Po
lsk
i, I
I, 1
959
, 1
, p
. 1
17; i
de m
, S
prawArch
, 1
5,
p
p. 1
57-160 a
nd f
ig. 3
-4; J
. Pastor
, AR
, 1
960
, p
p. 8
00-810 a
nd f
ig.
2
97-298
; T
. Rey man
, AR
, I
, 1
942
, 4
, p
p. 1
75-176, f
ig. 8
3-85
; I
rena
Kra markowa
, S
i
les
ia An
tigua
, 9
, Wroclaw
, 1
967
, p
. 7
8; S
tan
islaw
Pazc
la, S
prawArch
, XV
III, 1
966, p
p. 2
98-301, f
ig. 1
, 2
, 3
; Bogdan
S
ultov
, Arch-Sof
ia, 4
, 1
969
, p
p. 1
2-22.

1
72. M. A
. T
ihanova
, S
A, 1
957
, p
. 1
81; A
. T
. Bra
icevska
ia, M
IA, 8
2,
1
969
, p
. 1
57 a
nd f
ig. 1
0; G
. B
. F
edorov
, M
IA, 8
9, 1
960
, p
. 1
25, f
ig.
1
6, p
l. 2
3/1 a
nd p
l. 2
3/2-3
; E
. A
. R
ik man
, M
IA-Ch
i_Ongu
, 1
960
,
p
. 2
02, f
ig. 6a
nd 6
; I
. D
. Z
ili manov
ici
, KS
, 1
12, 1
967
, p
p. 1
12-117,
f
ig. 3
7 a
nd f
ig. 3
8.

1
73. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
7, 1
966
, 3
, p
. 5
05 a
nd 0
. F
loca
, S
t. F
erencz
i,
L
. Märgh
itan
, p
. 6
9 a
nd f
ol
low
ing
.

1
74. I
bid.

1
75. M. A
. T
ihanova
, p
. 1
81 a
nd E
. A
. R
ikrnan
, o
p.c
it., p
. 1
99.
A
t p
resen
t, M
. A
. T
ihanova (
see KS
, 1
33, 1
973, p
p. 1
29-137 a
nd f
oot-
n
ote 1
9) d
oes n
ot s
uppor
t t
his t
hes
is, a
fter s
he a
greed w
ith my c
rit
icis m
(
SCIV
, 1
7, 1
966
, 3
, p
p. 5
05-506
).

1
76. I
. Berciu
, Apu
lu m
, I
I (
1947-1949
), A
lba I
ul
ia, 1
958, p
p. 1
80-188 a
nd
f
ig. 1
-3).

1
85
1
77. For t
he t
ypica
l k
ilns t
o t
he Ro man wor
ld s
ee Rene Ma
jurel
, Oga m
, XV
II,
1
965
, 1
-2, p
p. 9
5-114
, f
ig .
.3-9 a
nd t
he w
ork men
tioned a
bove a
t n
ote
1
69.

1
78. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 1
69.

1
79. I
bid. We men
tion t
hat i
n t
he most p
art t
he r
estora
tion o
f t
he r
oo m f
or
b
aking t
he p
ottery i
s wrong
, a
s i
n t
he c
ase o
f t
he k
iln f
ro m S
toln
icen
i
(
SCIV
, 1
9, 1
968
, 1
, p
. 1
47, f
ig. 6
) w
hich h
as n
ot b
een p
rov
ided w
ith
a means o
f i
ntroduct
ion o
f t
he p
ots.

1
80. S
. Du m
itra9cu and T
. Bader, A5ezarea d
aci
lor l
iber
i d
e l
a Med
ie§u
Aunt
, S atu Mare
, 1967
, pp. 2
0-31.

1
81. E
. Dörner
, o
p.c
it., p
. 2
4, f
ig. 1
5. F
or L
azur
i, Ir
ece
ived i
n
for ma
tion
f
ro m Gh
. L
azin (
excava
tion 1
975
).

1
82. I
nforma
tion D
eszö Csa
lld
ny. On t
he o
ccas
ion o
f as
tudy v
isit t
o Hungary
i
n 1
969
, Is
aw t
he who
le i
l
lus
tra
tion (
prepared f
or p
ubl
icat
ion
) c
oncern
ing
t
he k
ilns f
ro m Beregsuräny
.

1
83. C
f. s
upra n
ote 1
69. A s
ing
le k
i
ln h
as b
een d
iscovered a
t Murgen
i.

1
84. Gr
. G
. T
ocilescu
, Dac
ia i
nainte d
e r
o man
i, Bucurest
i, 1
880
, p
. 5
09.

1
85. C
f. Gh
. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
. 2
57.

1
86. Cf
. I. H
. Cri9an
, Cera mica daco-geticä
, c
u s
pec
ials p
riv
ire l
a
Trans
ilvan
ia, Bucuref
it
i, 1969
, p . 56.

1
87. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, S
CSib
iu, X
IV, p
. 1
34.

1
88. C
f. Ro
land L
o mbard
, RAC, V
III, 1
(32
), 1
969
, p
. 3
05, f
ig. E
.

1
89. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, o
p.c
it., p
. 1
50.

1
90. I
bid
., p
. 1
29 a
nd f
ig. 8
/2. F
or Räcä
täu
, c
f. i
nfra n
ote 1
95.

1
91. N
. V
. An
fi mov
, M
IA, 2
3, p
. 1
71, f
ig. 5
/9; E
. I
. Krupnov
, i
n t
he s
a me
v
olu me
, p
. 2
13, f
ig. 3
12; K
. F
. Sm
irnov
, M
IA, 6
4, p
. 2
91, f
ig. 1
0/1.

1
92. M. Pärducz
, S
arma
tenze
it, I
, p
l. XV
II. O
ther s
pec
i mens a
re u
npub-
l
ished a
nd i
n t
he Museu ms o
f T
iszavaszär
i, S
zeged ö
tha
lo m
, Oroshä
sa
e
tc. ,t
he Na
tiona
l Museu m Ny
iregyhäza
, Budapesta (
Magyar Ne mze
ti
Museu m
) a
nd S
zeged (M6ra F
erenc Museu m
).

1
93. T
he ma
ter
ial i
s u
npub
lished a
nd i
n t
he I
nst
itute o
f Archaeo
logy o
f K
iev
a
nd I s
aw i
tthanks t
o t
he k
indness o
f V
. N
. Karpusova i
n J
une 1
970.
F
or t
he p
ubl
ished v
esse
ls s
ee P
. Rau
, D
ie H
tige
lgräber Rö m
ischerze
it
a
n d
er u
nteren Wo
lga
, P
okrovsk
, 1
927
, p
. 5
0, f
ig. 7
9. I
tis c
o m mon
a
lso i
n t
he S
cyth
ian p
eriod a
nd among t
he Ce
lts.

1
94. P
. Rau
, 2
2.c
it., p
. 9
, f
ig. 2
/3; I
. V
. S
inipn
, M A, 6
0, 1
959
, p
. 13,
f
ig. 3
6/40.

1
95. Is
aw t
h
is ma
ter
ial i
n t
he Museu m o
f Bacäu t
hanks t
o t
he k
indness o
f
V
. C
gpitanu.

1
96. I
. Barnea
, Ma
ter
iale
, I
X, 1
971, p
. 3
45.

1
86
1
97. Gh. I
. P
etre
, S
CIV
, 1
.
9, 1
968, 1
, p
. 1
56, n
ote 6
, a
nd E
. Mosca
lu, S
CIV
,
2
1, 1
970
, 4
, p
p. 6
53-663. Ma
ter
ial e
xis
ting i
n t
he Museu m o
f t
he D
istr
ict
o
f V
ilcea a
nd i
n t
he c
ollect
ion o
f t
he p
ries
t Gh
. P
etre f
ro m G
ovora.

1
98. C
f. Mater
iale
, I
, p
p. 1
80-182
, f
ig. 15 a
nd 17/1-3.

1
99. Method a
dop
ted b
y R
. Vu
lpe
, Ma
ter
iale
, I
, p
p. 4
49-457.

2
00. Ie
stab
lished a t
ypo
logy o
f t
he u
rns d
iscovered i
n t
he Carp
ic c
e meter
ies
u
p t
o 1
961 wh
ich i
s p
ubl
ished i
n S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
p. 2
57-260
, p
l. I
.

2
01. The c
loses
t a
nalog
ies a
s r
egards t
he f
orm e
xist i
n t
he c
e metery o
f
Ka
linovka (
the ma
ter
ial i
s u
npub
lished
). F
or t
he c
e metery o
f Ka
linovka
s
ee V
. P
. 5
i
lov
, M
IA, 6
0, 1
959
, p
p. 3
22-523 a
nd V
. V
. Gh
inzburg
, a
nd
f
or t
he a
nato m
ica
l e
xa m
inat
ion o
f t
he s
keletons s
ee t
he s
a me v
olu me,
p
p. 5
24-549. Is
aw t
he ma
ter
ial o
n t
he o
ccas
ion o
f as
tudy v
isit t
o t
he
USSR i
n J
une 1
970.

2
02. We d
o n
ot c
ite t
he r
eferences s
ince t
he mos
t i
l
lustrat
ive ma
ter
ial t
o
wh
ich w
e r
efer i
s u
npub
lished
; i
tco mes f
ro m t
he e
xcava
tion c
arr
ied
o
ut a
t Räcätäu
, Po
iana-Tecuc
i, P
iatra o
i mu
lui (
Calu
), P
iatra Nea m -
Coz
la, B
itca Doa mne
i e
tc.

2
03. T
he c
loses
t a
nalog
ies e
xis
t i
n t
he s
ett
le men
ts o
f Z
i mn
icea
, Räd
atä
.u,
P
oiana-Tecuc
i (
mater
ials e
xis
ting i
n t
he I
nst
itu
te o
f Archaeo
logy a
nd i
n
t
he Museu ms o
f Bacäu a
nd T
ecuc
i) a
nd F
intine
le (
C. Ma
teescu a
nd
M. Babe , S
CIV
, 1
9, 1
968
, 2
, p
. 2
89, f
ig. 5 a
nd f
ig. 6
)
.

2
04. G
r. F
oit , p
. 3
1, f
ig. 6
/7.

2
05. E
. I
. S
olo mon
ik, C
apmaTc .z
e 3
l
ia3
cm c
esepHoro T
i
pzt
iepHDmopb .

2
06. M. S
imiszko
, Ku
ltury Wezesnego o
kresu
, Lwow
, 1
932
, p
. 1
35, p
l. I
X,
f
ig. 1; i
de m (M
. I
. Sm
ieko
), S
A, 1
, 1
957
, p
. 2
39, p
l. J
/11; I
. K
.
S
ve p
ikov
, KS
, 6
8, 1
957
, p
. 6
4, f
ig. 2
1/17 a
nd p
. 7
1, f
ig. 2
5/2
; K
.
Mo
tykovä '
neidrova
, F
ontes-Praga
, I
, 1
967, p
. 1
3, f
ig. 2
/3.

2
07. M. I
onif
ä, AM
, I
V, 1
966
, p
. 2
04, f
ig. 1
0/1-2.

2
08. I
nforma
tion G
h. D
iaconu.

2
09. CAB, I
, 1
965
, p
. 1
55.

2
10. I
t i
s u
npub
lished
, i
n t
he Mun
icipa
l Museu m o
f Bucharest a
nd c
o mes f
ro m
t
he e
xcava
tion c
arr
ied o
ut b
y D
. V
. Roset
ti.

2
11. D
. Pro
tase (
SCIV
, 2
3, 1
972, 4
, p
. 6
01) u
nders
tood wrong
ly t
hat w
e a
re
i
ncl
ined t
o a
ttr
ibu
te t
he f
ruit-s
tands f
ro m t
h
is t
ime t
o t
he Carp
i, r
egard-
l
ess o
f whether t
hey o
ccur i
n Mun
ten
ia, Transy
lvan
ia o
r t
he Dobrud
ja.
T
hat t
h
is i
s n
ot s
o i
s a
ttes
ted b
y my s
tudy t
o wh
ich D
. P
rotase i
s r
efer-
r
ing
, t
hat s
evera
l f
ruit-s
tands f
ro m Dobrud
ja a
re n
ot Carp
ic a
s C
.
S
corpan c
ons
idered t
he m (
see S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 4
, p
. 6
65). Is
how a
lso
t
hat t
he f
ruit-s
tand i
s n
o l
onger a f
orm o
f p
ottery w
hich i
s f
requen
t i
n
t
he Dobrud
ja a
nd i
n Mun
ten
ia i
n t
hat t
ime (
t
his i
s a
lso c
lear f
ro m t
he
p
resen
t t
ext
) a
nd Is
aid i
n f
ootnote 1
5, 2
2.c
it., p
. 6
65: "
I
t r
e ma
ins t
o
b
e e
stab
lished whether t
h
is t
ype o
f v
esse
l e
xis
ts w
ith
in t
he Daco-
Ro man s
ett
le men
ts f
ro m T
ransy
lvan
ia (
Obre
ja, Ocna S
ibiu
lui, Cr
istest
i);

1
87
 we a
re referr
ing espec
ially t
o it
s f
requency i
n t
hese s
ett
le ments".
We are r
eferring o
nly t
o the f
orm. A lso Iment
ioned a
t p. 6
64 of the
s
a me s
tudy t
hat "
not a
ll t
he ma
ter
ials o
f Dac
ian t
ype f
ro m t
he 3
rd-4
th
c
entury A
.D. mus
t b
e a
ttr
ibu
ted a
utoma
tica
lly t
o t
he n
ative G
etans o
r
t
o the Carpi t
ransplanted i
nto t
his province, but every ob
ject w hich m
ight
b
e Carpic , must be a
nalysed in d
eta
i l
, o n t
he basis of t
he criterion o
f
t
he evolution o
f t
he Dac ian f
orms in the Ro man context and in t
he t
erri-
t
ories si
tuated ou
tside the empire (Moldavia) or i
n the areas less dom-
i
nated b
ut c
ont
inuous ly s
urveyed by t
he Ro mans (
Muntenia). Stric
tly
s
peaking, t
he materials f
ro m t
he Dobrud
ja must be j
udged in c
o mparison
w
ith t
hose f
ro m Moldavia, Munten
ia, Olten
ia and Transylvan
ia, but
w
ithout l
osing s
igh
t f
or a momen
t o
f t
he c
haracter
ist
ic s
itua
tion wh
ich
i
s t
ypica
l o
f e
very p
rov
ince". F
ina
lly
, w
e d
id n
ot d
eal w
ith t
he p
ottery
i
n g
enera
l t
erms a
s d
id D
. Protase. I
f Protase k
new t
he t
ypo
logy o
fthe
f
orms of t
he vesse
l u
nder discussion
, then h
e w
ould no
t a
ccuse me of
t
hings Id
id n
ot say. Also
, h e would n
ot h
ave a
ttr
ibu
ted t
o t
he 2nd-3rd
c
entur
ies A
.D. f
ruit-s
tands wh
ich b
elong w
ithou
t d
oubt t
o t
he Dac
ian
La T
ene
, a
s i
n t
he c
ase o
f t
he ma
ter
ial f
ro m Ro§
ia (
see N
. L
upu
, AMN
,
V
, 1
968
, p
. 4
46) Bez
id (
see Z
. S
zeke
ly, A
luta
, I
, p
. 6
4) a
nd f
ro m o
ther
p
laces. Bu
t D
.P. d
oes n
ot d
ist
ingu
ish i
n g
enera
l t
he p
ottery f
rom t
he
Dac
ian l
ate L
a T
ene (
the I
st c
entury B
.0 -
the I
st c
entury A
.D.) f
rom
t
hat d
ating i
n t
he 2
nd-the 3
rd c
entur
ies a
s i
s t
he c
ase o
f t
he ma
ter
ial
d
iscovered a
t Boarta (
see S
. Du mitraecu a
nd G. Togan
, L ucräri e
ti
inyfice
Oradea
, 1971, pp
. 14-15 (
extrac
t). A l
though s
o me Ro man Repub
lican
c
oins h
ave b
een d
iscovered h
ere D
.P. d
ates t
he who
le ma
ter
ial t
o t
he
2
nd-3rd cen
turies A.D . (cf
. S. Du m
itra§cu and G. Togan, P
.
1
4). But even without co
ins a par
t of t
he materia
l certain
ly da
tes t
othe
l
ate L
a T
ZEne, as has been not
iced by I
. H. Criean (
Ceram ica d
aco-
g
etie
ä, p
. 3
25). T
his s
i
tua
tion
, i
n wh
ich s
ome f
ruit-stands d
ated t
o
La Tine b
y t
he discoverers, a
re a
ttr
ibuted t
o t
he 2nd-3rd c
entur
ies,
e
xists a
t Boarta
; t he da
ting o
f t
he f
ragments o
f "
hoary" (a t
erm used
b
y D
.P. wh
ich Ic
ons
ider u
nsu
itab
le) f
ruit-stands
, wh
ich a
re u
npub
lished
,
a
nd o
n wh
ich D
.P. h
as t
he o
nly i
nforma
tion
, s
o me o
f t
he m b
eing
c
asual f
inds, i
s very doubt
ful. By this Ido n
ot mean t
hat Id
eny t
he
p
resence of t
he f
ruit-s
tand in Daco-Ro man c
o mp
lexes, bu
t Iwan
t only
t
o p
oin
t o
ut t
he f
act t
hat t
he t
able g
iven b
y D
.P. (
in t
he a
bove- men
tioned
a
rtic
le)does n
ot ref
lec
t the r
eal s
itua
tion
. Id ug a
lso comp
lexes from
t
he 2nd-3rd c
entur
ies A.D., be
longing t
o t
he f
ree Dac
ians and f
rom t
he
l
ate La T
ene (
Cuciulata
, distr
ict of Braeov, Po
iana-Dulce§
ti (
Broeteanu),
d
istr
ict o
f N
ea m3 e
tc.) and i
n the l
ast two y
ears Iexcava
ted t
he import-
a
nt s
ett
le men
t o
f S
toln
icen
i a
nd Iw
as a
ble t
o f
ind o
ut t
hat ac
are
ful
a
nalys
is o
f t
he ma
ter
ial a
l
lows u
s t
o d
ist
ingu
ish t
he Dac
ian ma
ter
ial o
f
t
he 2nd-3rd centur
ies A.D. f
ro m t
hat o
f t
he L
a T ene p
eriod a
nd f
rom
t
hose discovered with
in t
he p
rov
ince of Dac
ia and wh
ich are a
pparen
tly
u
niform. On ly i
fw e i
nvestiga
te i
n t
his way c
an we c
ontribute t
o t
he
s
olution o
f t
he p
roble ms and n
ot b
y d
iscussing i
n g
eneral Dacian p
ottery
.

2
12. R
. Vu
lpe
, Dac
ia, p
. 3
06, f
ig. 7
9/1-4 a
nd I
. H
. Cr9an
, 2
E.c
it.,
P
l. 8
3.

1
88
2
13. I
. T
. Krug
likova
, KS
, 1
08, P
. 8
6 a
nd f
ig. 31/2 . A s
uppor
t f
ound a
t
Tyras i
s e
xhib
ited i
n t
he S
tate Museu m o
f K
iev. T
he s
pec
i men p
ubl
ished
b
y I
. T
. Krug
likova c
o mes f
ro m Gorgh
ipp
i a
nd was f
ound i
n ac
o mp
lex
d
ated b
y ac
oin o
f S
auro ma
tes 1 (
196-210
). Vesse
ls w
ith z
oo morph
ic
h
and
les h
ave a
lso b
een d
iscovered i
n t
he s
ett
le men
t (
p. 8
6).

2
14. M. Pärduez, S
arma
tenze
it, I
I, p
l. CV
II/1, 2
, 7
-9.

2
15. I
nfor ma
tion V
. Cäp
itanu.

2
16. C
f. S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
. 2
58, p
l. I
.

2
17. C
f. S
CIV
, I
I, 1
952
, p
. 2
08, f
ig. 2
9/3-4
; Ma
ter
iale
, I
, 1
956
, p
. 2
7,
f
ig. 1
3/2 a
nd I
. H
. Cr , 2
iean _
2.c
it., p
l. 5
5/3-4.

2
18. C
f. s
upra:n
ote 2
15.

2
19. The ma
ter
ial i
s u
npub
lished
.

2
20. N
. V
. An
fi mov
, M
IA, 2
3, 1
951, P
. 1
79, f
ig. 1
0/8.

2
21. V
. M
ihä
ilescu-B
irl
iba
, Carp
ica I
, p
. 2
10 a
nd f
ollow
ing
.

2
22. S
ee t
heir l
i
st a
t G
h. B
ich
ir, L
es S
arma
tes...., p
. 2
78.

2
23. C
f. s
upra n
ote 7
4. T
he c
olour o
f t
he p
aste i
s n
ot s
tated
.

2
24. Ma
ter
iale
, I
, 1
953
, p
. 3
72.

2
25. T
he f
rag men
t o
f c
olander f
ro m C
inde e
i i
s i
n t
he Museu m o
f P
iatra
Nea m.

2
26. C
f. f
or Po
iana-Tecuc
i, Dac
ia, V
II-V
III
, 1
941, p
. 5
4, f
ig. 3
9/13
;
S
CIV
, I
, 1
951, 1
, p
. 1
98, f
ig. 1
9/3; i
de m
, Dac
ia, N
.S., I
, 1
957
,
p
. 5
4, f
ig. 8
/2. T
he ma
ter
ial f
ro m C
indeet
i Vrancea i
s e
xhib
ited i
n
t
he Museu m o
f Focean
i, a
nd t
hat o
f Rächtgu
, i
s i
n t
he Museu m o
f
Bacäu .

2
27. T
he s
ett
le men
t o
f P
iatra §
oi mu
lui (
Calu
) h
as b
een a
ttr
ibu
ted t
o t
he
Carp
i b
y R
. Vu
lpe a
nd d
ates f
ro m t
he 1
st-the 3
rd c
entur
ies A
.D.;
f
or i
t
s d
ating i
n t
he 2
nd c
entury B
.C.-the i
st c
entury A
.D. (
i
t e
nds a
t
t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D., i
n t
he y
ears 1
05-106
) s
ee Gh
.
B
ich
ir, S
CSib
iu, X
IV, p
. 1
45 a
nd f
ootno
te 1
8.

2
28. R
. Vu
lpe
, I
zvoare
, S
äpä
tur
ile d
in 1
936-1948
, Bucureet
i, 1
957
, p
. 3
12.

2
29. A s
pec
i men d
iscovered i
n 1
949 (Ma
ter
iale
, I
, P
. 3
73) a
nd a
nother i
n
1
936 (
AArh
, I
I, 1
3-14
, 1
937-1938, P
. 5
2 a
nd f
ig. 4
5).

2
30. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 2
15.

2
31. C
f. Ma
ter
iale
, V
II, P
. 4
52, f
ig. 4
.

2
32. A
l. Andron
ic e
t a
l., Ma
ter
iale
, V
III, 1
962
, p
p. 8
00-801 a
nd f
ig. 6/3 .

2
33. N
. Z
ahar
ia, M. P
etrescu-D-imbov
i}a a
nd Em Zahar
ia, 2
_
2.c
it., p
. 173,
p
l. X
IV/1 •

2
34. I
bid., p
. 6
9 a
nd p
l. 2
00/11.

1
89
2
35. K
. M. S
kalon
, Trud
i-Er m
ita
j, 1
941, p
p. 1
73-218, f
ig. 2
-4, 7
, 1
0, 1
5-
1
6, p
l. I
-XI
I; V
. F
. Ga
idukev
ici
, KS
, X
IV, 1
947, p
p. 9
5-97
, f
ig. 4
9/
3
; i
de m
, S
A, XV
I, 1
952
, p
p. 3
43-344
, f
ig. 1
3/1 a
nd 1
5/2; i
de m
,
6
9, p
. 1
97, f
ig. 7
0; i
de m
, M
IA, 8
5, p
. 9
5, f
ig. 9
0/1-2
; T
. N
.
Kn
ipov
ici
, KS
, 2
8, 1
949
, p
p. 7
2-76
, f
ig. 1
4/1-3
; N
. V
. An
fi mov
, M
IA,
2
3, 1
951, p
. 1
95, f
ig. 1
6/8-9
; i
de m
, KS
, 6
5, 1
956
, p
. 8
9, f
ig. 2
8/1;
E
. G
. Kas
tan
ian
, S
A, XV
, 1
951, p
. 2
47, f
ig. 1
; i
de m
, M
IA, 8
5, p
.
2
76; M. I
. V
iaz m
itina
, Arh-K
iev
, V
III
, 1
953, p
. 7
2, f
ig. 9
-10
; i
de m
,
AP
, V
III, K
iev
, 1
960
, p
. 2
6, f
ig. 5
; A
. I
. Furmanska
ia, i
n t
he s
a me
v
olu me
, p
. 1
38, f
ig. 1
00/5
; S
. N
. Bra
tcenko
, S
A, I
, 1
957, p
. 1
95,
f
ig. 8
/3; S
. K
. Kabanov
, S
A, 1
, 1
963, p
. 2
22, f
ig. 3
/2 a
nd p
. 2
27,
f
ig. 5
; V
. I
. Kozenkova
, S
A, I
I, 1
964
, p
. 2
32, f
ig. 6
/4; I
. I
. G
usina
,
S
A, 1
, 1
967
, P
. 4
6, f
ig. 2
/7; V
. M. K
osianenko
, Omag
iul J
ebe
lev
,
L
eningrad
, 1
968
, p
p. 1
98-205
, f
ig. 1
-6; N
. I
. S
oko
losk
i, KS
, 1
09, p
.
1
13, f
ig. 4
2/5
, 8
; V
. A
. Kuzne
tov
, M
IA, 1
06, p
. 1
36, f
ig. 3
/2, 1
0.
For t
he t
err
itory o
f Hungary c
f. M. P
arducz
, Acta Arch
, 1
1, 1
950
,
p
. 3
47, f
ig. 3a
nd 5
.

2
36. Three f
ound i
n 1
949 (Mater
iale
, 1
, p
. 4
54) a
nd o
ne i
n 1
936 (
AArh
,
1
3-14
, 1
937-1938, p
. 5
2, f
ig. 4
6).

2
37. P
. S
. R
ikov
, S
A, 1
, 1
936, p
. 1
45, f
ig. 1
6; E
. G
. Kastan
ian
, M
IA,
2
5, p
. 2
76, f
ig. 3
7/3-4. S
ing
le h
and
led v
esse
ls o
f t
his t
ype h
ave b
een
d
iscovered i
n t
he S
arma
tian l
ands I
. D
. Marcenko
, M
IA, 5
7, p
. 1
24,
f
ig. 5
/5; V
. A
. Kuznetov
, M
IA, 1
06, p
. 1
36, f
ig. 2
7-b/8
; 2
7-a/7 e
tc.
T
hey a
re e
ncoun
tered among t
he S
arma
tians u
nti
l l
ate
: t
hey a
re k
nown
among t
he Oset
ini i
n t
he 1
0th-12th c
entur
ies (
V. A
. Kuzne
tov
,
1
14, p
. 4
4, p
l. V
II/5
). A
ll t
hese v
esse
ls h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he g
raves.

2
38. C
f. Ma
ter
iale
, 1
, 1
953, p
. 4
55.

2
39. I
bid
., p
. 4
32, w
ith t
he r
espec
tive r
eferences.

2
40. I
bid., f
ig. 3
36 a
nd 3
37.

2
41. E
. K
. Maks
i mov
, S
A, 1
, 1
966
, p
p. 2
5-55 a
nd f
ig. 1
/4, 2
/15.

2
42. C
f. s
upra f
ootnote 2
15.

2
43. E
. I
. S
olo mon
ik, 2
2.c
it., p
. 7
3, n
o. 2
7; p
. 9
9, f
ig. 4
4; p
. 1
02, f
ig.
1
46; p
. 1
42, f
ig. 9
4 a
nd n
o. 1
71 f
ro m t
he s
ynop
tic t
able a
nd e
ven n
os.
1
69-170. Ano
ther m
irror w
ith t
a mga i
n t
he s
hape o
f c
ross h
as b
een
d
iscovered a
t Ba
libek i
n t
he Cr
i mea
, i
n aS
arma
tian t
o mb (
c
f. I
. I
.
Gus
ina
, KS
, 1
24, 1
970
, p
. 4
2, f
ig. 1
5/1). The c
ross a
lso o
ccurs o
n
s
o me s
ta mps o
n amphorae d
iscovered a
t Tyras. C
f. E
. M. S
taerman
,
KS
, 3
6, 1
951, p
. 4
7, f
ig. 7
/272.

2
44. E
. I
. S
olo mon
ik, o
p.c
it., p
. 1
57, f
ig
. 1
42.

2
45. I
bid
., p
. 1
03, f
ig. 4
7; p
. 1
23, f
ig. 6
1.

2
46. I
bid
., p
. 1
60, f
ig. 1
45 a
nd V
. P
. §
ilov
, M
IA, 6
0, 1
959
, p
. 4
53, f
ig.
4
6/6. T
hey a
re i
ncised s
igns o
n ah
and- made S
ar ma
tian p
ot, d
is-
c
overed i
n t
he c
e metery o
f Ka
linovka.

2
47. E
. I
. S
olo mon
ik, p
_ c
it p
. 9
8, f
ig. 4
3, p
. 1
06, f
ig. 5
1, a
nd n
o. 1
74
f
ro m t
he s
ynop
tic t
able.
1
90
2
48. Gh
. §
tefan e
t a
l., D
igoget
ia, I
, 1
967
, f
ig. 1
55/2
, 6a
nd p
. 2
55, f
ig.
1
56/10
, p
. 2
62, f
ig. 1
60/7
, p
. 2
65, f
ig. 1
62/8, 2
6 a
nd D
. Tudor
, AM
,
V
, 1
967
, p
. 6
6, f
ig
. 6
/128 a
nd 6
/131.

2
49. Excava
tion l
ed b
y!. Nestor.

2
50. P
. A
lexandru
, H
istr
ia, I
, 1
966
, p
p. 1
97-200
, 5
31, p
l. 9
9/X XX/6-8.
Amphorae o
f t
his t
ype h
ave b
een f
ound a
lso a
t D
inoge
tia. Excava
tion
l
ed b
y Pro
fessor G
h. §
tefan
.

2
51. I
. B
. Z
ees
t, M
IA, 8
3, 1
960
, p
. 10 a
nd f
ollow
ing
, p
l. XXXV
III/94a-
9
4b; V
. F
. Ga
idukev
ici KS
, 9
5, 1
963, p
. 2
8, f
ig. 8
/5 a
nd 9
/4; T
. M.
Arsen
ieva a
nd D
. B
. S
elov
, L
te 3
i-
1 0C TZ Hi
f XF
IC r
o L
or
in
1
965
, p
. 1
2, f
ig. 6a
nd A
. K
. Korov
ina-D
. B
. S
elov
, i
n t
he s
a me
v
olu me
, p
p. 4
6-49
, f
ig. 2
4.

2
52. G
h. B
ich
ir, Pon
tica
, 5
, p
. 1
43, p
l. 3
/1.

2
53. I
bid., S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, p
. 6
66; M. Babe , S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 1
, p
. 2
8,
f
ig. 2
/1-2
, f
ig. 3
/1-4
, f
ig. 4
/1-2 a
nd f
ig. 8
/1; V
. F
. G
aidukev
ici,
M
IA, 2
5, 1
952, p
. 1
68, f
ig. 6
1.

2
54. M. S
tanceva
, S
erd
ica
, I
. S
ofia
, 1
964
, p
. 1
50, f
ig. 4
-5; t
he d
ating
:
t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D. (
p
. 1
52).

2
55. C
f. s
upra f
ootnote 2
53.

2
56. C
f. s
upra f
ootnote 2
15.

2
57. S
. S
anie
, S
CIV
, 1
9, 1
968, 2
, p
p. 3
45-349.

2
58. I
nfor ma
tion g
iven b
y t
he l
ate C
. Ma
tasä
..

2
59. D
. T
udor
, o
p.c
it., p
. 5
1.

2
60. C
f. E
. M. S
taerman
, 9
_
2.c
it.
, p
p. 4
0-41, f
ig. 6
/186.

2
61. E
. A. Rikman and!
. G . H
incu, ,L
,
peBl
ize c .
zaB;-He i x c oce4m
Moscova
, 1970
, p. 36, f
ig. 1/3 (
for t
he amphora f
ro m P
ervo ma
isk
).
T
he amphora f
ro m O
lone§t
i was d
iscovered i
n 1
950 (
accord
ing t
o i
ts
n
ota
tion
). Probab
ly i
tdid n
ot b
elong t
o t
he g
rave-goods o
f g
rave n
o. 4
f
ro m b
arrow n
o. 4
, s
ince i
t was n
ot p
ubl
ished b
y A
. I
. Me
linkova (
see
SA
, L , 1
962, p
p. 195-208
). We men tion t
hat f
our Greek l
etters a
re
i
ncised i
n t
he s
oft p
aste o
f t
he amphora f
ro m Olone§
ti, b
ut we cannot
i
nsis
t o
n t
he m
, t
he ma
ter
ial b
eing s
t
ill u
npub
lished.

2
62. C
f. Kaz
imierz Ma
jewsk
i, Archeolog
ia, Mi
l (
1962
), Wroc
law- Warszawa-
Krakow
, 1
963, p
p. 5
6-63 a
nd Gh
. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
E, p
. 2
22.

2
63. E
. I
. S
olo mon
ik, p
. 1
60, f
ig. 1
45, a
nd V
. P
. §
ilov
,
p
. 4
53, f
ig. 4
6/6.

2
64. R
. Vu
lpe
, o
p.c
it., p
. 300
, f
ig. 3
19-320
; B
. M
itrea a . P
nd C reda
,
Necropo
lele d
in s
eco
lul a
l I
V-lea e
.n. i
n Mun
ten
ia, Bucure p
i, 1
966
,
p
. 1
43, f
ig. 1
34 a
nd 2
67.

2
65. I
bid.

1
91
2
66. The western (
Ro man
) o
rig
in o
f t
hese g
lass v
esse
ls i
s i
n g
enera
l r
e-
j
ected b
y t
he r
esearchers
; s
ee Gunnar Ekho
lm, ESA
, X
, 1
936, p
.
6
1 a
nd f
ollow
ing
; i
de m
, Fornvännen
, 5
1, 1
956
, p
. 2
46 a
nd f
ollow
ing
;
i
de m
, An
tikvar
isk
t Ark
iv, 2
6, 1
965
, p
. 7a
nd f
ol
low
ing
; C
. I
sings
,
Ro man G
lass
, Gron
ingen-D
jakar
ta, 1
957
, p
. 1
26 a
nd f
ollow
ing
; Herman
Gün
ter Rau
, i
n Archäo
log
isches Korrespondenzb
latt
, 3
, 1
973, p
p. 4
41-445.

2
67. Two f
rag men
ts o
f k
nives h
ave b
een d
iscovered b
eside s
kele
tons n
os. 1
13
a
nd 1
30 i
n t
he c
e metery o
f P
oienee
ti "
but w
ithou
t as
ure c
onnect
ion w
ith
t
hese s
keletons
; i
tsee ms t
hat t
hey c
o me r
ather f
ro m d
estroyed u
rns"
(Ma
ter
iale
, I
, p
p. 4
33-434
).

2
68. S
ee Rudo
lf J
a mka
, PraceArch
, V
, 1
963
, p
p. 5
9-76
, p
l. Ia
nd 1/8;
Bon
ifacy Z
ielonka
, PrzdArch
, X (
29-31)
, 1
958
, p
. 3
63, f
ig
. 5
8/e a
nd
Danu
ta J
askon
isjan J
askon
is, WiadArch
, XXV
II, 1
961, 1
, p
p. 3
9-48,
p
l. 1
0/8-9.

2
69. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
. 2
62 a
nd 2
68; i
de m
, Dac
ia, N
.S.
X
I, p
. 2
05 a
nd f
ootno
te 5
7. Gh. D
iaconu
, T
irgp
3r, p
. 1
25, f
ootno
te 7
4,
s
ays t
hat t
he c
usto m was t
aken o
ver b
y t
he Carp
i f
ro m t
he p
eop
le o
f t
he
Przeworsk c
ulture d
uring t
he p
eriod i
n wh
ich t
he Carp
i l
i
ved i
n t
he Nor
th.
I
fit were s
o t
hen c
erta
inly t
he Carp
ic p
opu
lat
ion w
ould h
ave p
ract
iced
t
h
is c
usto m a
lso i
n t
he e
arly p
hase a
nd n
ot o
nly i
n t
he l
ate p
hase o
f t
he
c
ulture. We d
o n
ot a
ccep
t t
he t
hes
is t
hat t
he C
arp
i c
a me f
ro m t
he Nor
th
t
o t
he p
resen
t t
err
itory o
f Mo
ldav
ia.

2
70. The c
oins d
iscovered a
t Po
iana-Du
lcee
ti h
ave b
een i
den
tif
ied i
n t
he
D
epar
t men
t o
f Nu m
is mat
ics o
f t
he I
nst
itu
te o
f Archaeo
logy b
y B
. M
itrea
a
nd C
. Preda
.

2
71. A
. I
. Furmanska
, Arh-K
iev
, V
III
, 1
953
, p
p. 8
3-94
, p
l. I
V/6
, 1
1, 1
2 a
nd
p
l. V/1-2
; D
. B
. §
elov
, M
IA, 9
8, p
. 7
3, p
l. XLV/14
; A
. K
. Ambroz,
1
)
1463%
7
1N mra e
apone ci
coP
i
. t
i
acTm C
CCP,I
1 B
. AO H. 3. - I
V B. H. 3,

Apxeoxorv
is
; C
CCR

2
72. A
. K
. Ambroz
, o
p.c
it., p
p. 4
0-42, p
l. 8
/6, 9
, 1
2-13
; p
l. 1
6 a
nd p
l.
2
0/1-2. S
ee p
l. 7
/10.

2
73. I
bid., P
. 4
5 a
nd p
l. 5
/15-22 a
nd p
l. 6
/2-4.

2
74. C
f. T
. Ko
lnik
, Z
ur Typo
log
ie u
nd Chrono
log
ie e
iniger F
ibe
ln a
us d
er
j
üngeren r
ömischen Ka
iserze
it i
n d
er S
üdwests
lowake
i, S
lovArch
, X
III,
1
965
, 1
, p
. 1
97, f
ig. 8
/2 f
or a
nalogy a
nd p
. 2
32 f
or t
he d
ating i
n t
he
s
econd h
alf o
f t
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.

2
75. The c
loses
t a
nalog
ies e
xist a
t Ra
tiar
ia a
nd Carnun
tu m (
c
f. Mar
ia
Br
icicova
, Arh-Sof
ia, V
, 1
963, 2
, p
. 7
4, f
ig. 2
/9) b
ut a
lso i
n o
ther
Ro man c
entres. S
ee W. Bar
the
l, ORL
, XXV
III, H
eidelberg
, 1
907
,
p
. 2
8, p
l. V
III/50
; t
he r
esearcher b
elieved t
hat t
he f
ragmen
tary s
pe-
c
i men p
ubl
ished b
y h
i m was a p
in-ornamen
t, b
ecause t
he c
atch-p
late
was b
roken.

2
76. D
. P opescu, Dac
ia, V-VI (
1935-1936
), 1
938, P
. 241 and f
ig. 2
/1-2;
i
de m
, Dac ia
, IX-X (
1941-1944), 1
945, p
. 4
90, pl. IV/40; I. Kovr
ig,

1
92
 D
ie Haupt
typen d
er k
aiserze
itl
ichen F
ibeln i
n P
annon
ien
, D
issPann
,
2
nd s
eries
, n
o. 4
, 1
937
, P
. 3
9, 1
16, 1
19 a
nd p
l. I
H/24-24a
; R
. Vu
lpe
,
S
CIV
, I
I, 1
952, p
. 2
07, f
ig. 2
6/6
; P
eter P
etru
, Razprava
, V
I,
L
jub
ljana
, 1
969
, p
l. 1
0/10 (
M.40
).

2
77. C
f. Dac
ia, I
, 1
924
, P
. 2
14, f
ig. 4
4/1-2
; Dac
ia, 1
933, p
. 3
26,
f
ig. 1
06/9-10
, 1
3-14
; S
CIV
, I
I, 1
952, p
. 2
07, f
ig. 2
6/6
; S
CSib
iu,
X
IV, P
. 1
31, f
ig. 5
/4.

2
78. The c
losest a
nalog
ies e
xis
t a
t T
ir eor
, i
n t
he p
eriod c
orrespond
ing t
o
t
hat o
f t
he f
ort (
cf
. Gh
. D
ianconu
, T
irgsor
, p
l. V
II/1).

2
79. C
f. I
lona Kovr
ig, c
_
2.c
it., p
p. 1
20-121 a
nd p
l. I
X a
nd X
. T
he most
s
imilar s
pec
i men t
o t
hose f
ro m t
he Carp
ic mi
lieu i
s i
l
lus
trated i
n
p
l.IX/92
; E
. Pa
tek
, V
erbre
itung u
nd Herkun
ft d
er r
ömischen F
ibe
ltypen
i
n Pannon
ien
, D
issPann
, 2
nd s
eries n
o, 1
9, 1
942, p
p. 1
30-137
, i
n wh
ich
t
here a
re a
lso r
eferences t
o t
he p
lates a
nd K
. S
chu macher
, ORL
,
1
895
, p
p.32-33 a
nd p
l. V
I/8.

2
80. I
bid. a
nd e
spec
ial
ly t
he work o
f E
lisabeta Pa
tek who p
rov
ides a d
istr
ibu
tion
map o
n p
. 2
98.

2
81. I
. Kovr
ig, 22
.ci
t., p
p. 1
20-121, p
l. XXV
I/9
; t
he d
ating o
f t
he who
le
g
roup (
X) i
n wh
ich i
s i
ncluded a
lso t
he f
ibu
la s
imi
lar t
o o
ur s
pec
i men i
s
t
he 2
nd-4th c
entur
ies A
. D.; L
eon J
an L
uka
, PrzegArch
, X
, 1
958,
p
. 4
00, f
ig. 3
4/9
; T
. Ko
letyn
, WiadArch
, XXXV
, 2
, 1
970
, p
p. 2
57-
2
58, f
ig. 2
/i; T
eresa L
iana
, Wiat
lArch
, 2
00(V
, 4
, 1
970
, p
. 4
68, p
l.V/9.

2
82. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 2
15.

2
83. C
f. I
. Kovr
ig, 9
_
2.c
it., p
l. 1
19-120
; E
. Pa
tek
, 2
2.c
it., p
. 1
03; D
.
Popescu
, Dac
ia, I
X-X (
1941-1944
), 1
945
, p
. 4
92. I
n Ro man
ia, s
uch
f
ibu
lae h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n Transy
lvan
ia, Dobrud
ja a
nd O
lten
ia
(
with c
oins o
f An
ton
inus P
ius a
nd o
f G
ord
ian I
I), s
ee t
he d
ata i
n D
.
Popescu
, Dac
ia, V
-VI, 1
938, p
p. 2
42-243; D
. Berc
iu, 2
2.c
it., p
. 2
55;
I
. Kovr
ig, 22
.cit
., P
. 1
19; Ma
ter
iale
, V
. 1
959
, P
. 4
28, f
ig. 5
/2.

2
84. B
. Svoboda
, Cechy a r
i mske Imper
iu m
, Praha
, 1
948
, p
p. 8
1-86
, f
ig.
9
/2, 6
, 11, 1
3,

2
85. T
. Ko
lnic
, ci
t ,p
p. 2
31-236
; B
. P
. Za
ltev
, M
IA, 1
16, p
p. 4
7-49
;
E
. A
. S
i monov
ici
, KS
, 5
7, 1
955
, p
. 2
7 a
nd f
ollow
ing
.

2
86. Two s
pec
i mens h
ave r
ecen
tly b
een d
iscovered a
t S
ohodor-Horge§
ti
(
informa
tion V
. Cäp
itanu
).

2
87. Gustav Behrens
, Z
ur Typo
log
ie u
nd T
echn
ik d
er p
rov
inz
ial-rö m
ischer
F
ibe
ln, J
ahrbuch -Ma
inz
, 1
, 1
954
, p
. 2
34, f
ig. 1
0/2
; M. P
ärducz
,
S
arma
tenze
it, I
, p
l. XXXV
II/1; p
l. XXX
IX/
1 a
nd p
l. XL
I/11; T
.
Ko
lnic
, ci
t.,P. 2
32 a
nd f
ig. 5
/3, 8
; K
. G
odlowsk
i, PraceArch
,
I
, 2
, 1
961, p
. 1
68, f
ig. 1
9 a
nd f
ig. 2
0; T
. P
eitka Dobrowska
, W
iad-
Arch
, XXV
II, 1
961, 1
, p
. 2
23 a
nd p
l. XLV
III/8
, 1
2, 1
4; B
. P
. Z
aitev
,
4
22
.cit., p
p. 4
7-49
, f
ig. 2
/8; V
. D
. Baran
, M
IA, 1
16, p
. 2
21, f
ig.
6
/10
, 1
1; M. Sm
i. c
o, KS
, 4
4, 1
952, p
. 7
7, f
ig. 2
4/5
; A
. K
. Ambroz
,
o
p.c
it., P
. 7
3 a
nd p
l. 1
2/14
, 1
7. P
. 7
3 c
onta
ins a
lso r
eferences c
on-
c
ern
ing t
he d
istr
ibu
tion a
rea i
n t
he USSR.

1
93
2
88. Oscar A
l mgren
, S
tud
ien ü
ber n
ordeuropä
ische F
ibelfor men (Mannus
B
ibl
iothek
, 3
2), L
eipz
ig, 1
923, p
. 7
6 a
nd p
l. V
II/
157
; A
. K
. Ambroz
,
2
2.c
i
t ,p
p. 4
8-54
, p
l. 9
/8, 1
0, 1
6-18 a
nd p
l. 2
2/2, c
onta
ining a
ll t
he
r
eferences a
nd t
heir d
istr
ibu
tion-area.

2
89. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
I, 1
967, p
. 2
06 a
nd Gh
. D
iaconu
, Dac
ia,
N
.S., XV
, 1
971, p
. 2
64.

2
90. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, P
. 2
06.

2
91. S
. Mor
intz
, Mater
iale
, V
II, 1
961, p
. 4
45, f
ig. 5
/2.

2
92. S
ee s
upra f
ootnote 2
90.

2
93. C
f. Gh. D , 2
iaconu 2.c
i
t ,p
l. V
I (
2nd v
arian
t), a
nd p
. 2
63.

2
94. C
f. Do
lgClu
j, V
, 1
914
, p
. 7
3, f
ig. 5
/7.

2
95. 0
. A
l mgren
, o
p.c
it., p
l. V
II/
156 a
nd A
. K
. Ambroz
, .c
i
t., p
l. 9
/7,
1
3 a
nd p
l. 1
2/4
, 5
.

2
96. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 2
93.

2
97. S
ee t
he d
escr
ipt
ion i
n Mater
iale
, I
, 1
953, p
. 3
81.

2
98. I
lona S
ellye
, L
es b
ronzes ema
illees d
e l
a Pannon
ie Ro ma
ine
, D
issPann
,
s
eries a I-a
, f
asc. 8
, p
. 7
6 a
nd p
l. MI/
10, 1
4-18
; E
. P
atek
, 2E
.ci
t.,
p
. 1
21 a
nd p
l. XV/4-7, 1
0; B
. S
voboda
, 2
2.c
it., P
. 2
36, p
l. 9
/5a-5b
;
Leon J
an L
uka
, PrzegArch
, X (
29-31
), 1
958, p
. 3
96, f
ig. 2
5 a
nd p
. 4
02,
f
or t
he da
ting o
f t
he b
rooch t
o t
he 2nd-3rd c
enturies A
.D. (Naclaw
, t
he
c
re mat
ion-grave n
o. 6
); L. B. Popovic
i e
t al., An
ti &a b
ronza u
J
ugos
lav
iji (
Norodn
i Muze
j Beograd
, 1
844-1969
), Belgrad
, 1
969, p
. 1
40,
f
ig. 2
85. The b rooch discovered i
n grave no. 39 of t
he Sarmat
ian c e me-
t
ery a
t Kobeakova is u
npub l
ished i
n the Her mitage and i
tis i
dentica
l in
f
orm t
o t
he s
pec
i men f
ound a
t Po
iene e
i.

2
99. Gh. D
iaconu
, S
CIV
, 1
4, 1
963, 2
, p
. 3
30.

3
00. The mirrors f
ro m t
hree g
raves (
graves n
os. 2
2, 7
7 a
nd 8
4) were b
roken
i
n e
xcavat
ion
, t
he r
espect
ive u
rns b
eing d
estroyed b
y d
eep p
lough
ing
.
I
t i
s i
nteres
ting t
o n
ote t
hat a
ll t
he m
irrors f
ro m t
hese g
raves b
ear
t
races o
f c
ontact w
ith f
ire a
nd t
his made t
he m e
asily b
roken
. On
ly t
he
mirror f
ro m g
rave 3
4 h
as t
he l
eft e
ar p
art
ial
ly b
roken f
ro m a
ncien
t
t
imes a
nd t
he r
est h
ave b
een r
ecen
tly b
roken. We c
ons
ider t
hat t
wo o
f
t
he t
hree m
irrors f
ro m V
irt
i9co
iu w
ere a
lso b
roken d
uring e
xcava
tion
.

3
01. The d
oubts o
f R
. Vu
lpe t
hat t
hese f
ragmen
ts "
very d
eformed b
y mel
ting"
were o
r were n
ot m
irrors d
eter m
ined u
s a
lso t
o c
ons
ider t
hat t
hey
were n
ot mirrors (
SCIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
)
. I
n my j
udge men
t It
ook i
nto
a
ccoun
t b
oth t
he f
act t
hat t
he d
irector o
f t
he e
xcava
tion a
t P
oienei
ti k
new
t
he mirrors fro m Vir
tiecoiu and made n
o al
lusion t
o the m and a
lso o
f
t
he l
arge di mensions given b
y R. Vulpe f
or the "
speci mens" f
ro m
Po
iene9
ti, 0
.007 m, wh
ich c
orresponds t
o b
ronze mirrors o
f Ro man
t
ype a
nd n
ot t
o t
hose o
f t
he S
arma
tian-Pon
tic t
ype
, whose d
ia meter
d
oes n
ot r
each 0
.006 m. The b
igges
t m
irror d
iscovered a
t Päduren
i
h
as a d
ia meter o
f 0
.052 m. Recen
tly Ih
ad t
he o
ppor
tun
ity t
o s
ee o
ne

1
94
 o
f t
he f
ragmen
ts f
ro m P
oiene t
i a
nd my d
oub
ts h
ave b
een d
ispe
lled
;
t
hese a
re f
rag ments o
l mirrors much d
eformed b
y f
ire a
nd o
f n
or ma
l
s
ize.

3
02. Ana
lys
is o
f t
he ma
ter
ial f
ound a
t Päduren
i, made a
t t
he Po
lytechn
ic
I
nst
itute o
f Bucharest
. The s
a me e
le men
ts h
ave b
een a
scer
tained i
n
t
he mirrors f
ro m V
irt
ieco
iu (
cf. AArh
, I
I, 3
, p
. 1
6).

3
03. E
. I
. S
olo mon
ik, 2
E.c
it., p
. 3
6 a
nd A
. M. Hazanov
, S
A, 4
, 1
963
, p
. 6
7.

3
04. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, L
es S
ar mates
, p
. 2
80, 2
85 a
nd n
ote 2
8.

3
05. I
bid.

3
06. Ow
ing t
o t
he f
act t
hat o
bserva
tions a
re b
ased o
n n
u merous ma
ter
ial
,
i
fwe n
oted a
ll t
he w
orks i
n wh
ich mirrors o
f t
he S
ar mat
ian-Carp
ic t
ype
h
ave b
een p
ubl
ished t
hen w
e w
ould h
ave t
o g
ive, w
ithout e
xaggera
tion
,
p
ages o
f r
eferences.

3
07. A
. M. Hazanov
, .
cit., p
. 6
7.

3
08. I
bid. The m
irrors f
ro m t
he p
eriod o
f t
he k
hans w
ere made o
f a
n a
lloy
c
onta
ining 5
0% c
opper (
Cu) a
nd 5
0% z
inc (
Zn), a
n i
mper
ial e
dict e
stab-
l
ished t
h
is p
ropor
tion (
J. Werner
, p
. 1
9).

3
09. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
I, p
p. 2
09-211.

3
10. We k
now t
hat e
ven o
bjects c
ast i
n t
he s
a me mou
ld d
iffer s
ens
ibly f
ro m
o
ne a
nother i
n s
ize
, s
ince r
esidues s
o me
ti mes r
e ma
in o
n t
he mou
ld,
a
fter t
he c
ast
ing o
f e
very p
iece. T
he mou
ld o
f c
lay p
robab
ly s
erved
f
or t
he c
ast
ing o
f o
nly o
ne p
iece.

3
11. S
ee E
. I
. S
olo mon
ik, 9
2.c
it., p
p. 9
-175.

3
12. S
CIV
, 2
0, 1
969
, 2
, p
. 2
34; i
de m
, Dac
ia, N
.S., XV
II, 1
973
, p
p. 2
44-
2
45.

3
13. S
ee t
he pr
'ec
is o
f t
he d
ata i
n V
. S
. Drac
iuc
, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
IV, 1
970
,
p
p. 1
39-158.

3
14. C
f. E
. I
. S
olo mon
ik, p
. 3
8 a
nd f
ollow
ing
, A
. M. Hazanov
,
o
p.c
it., p
p. 6
7-68 a
nd V
. S
. Drac
iuc
, 2
E.c
it., p
p. 1
51-153.

3
15. V
. S
. Drac
iuc
, 2
E.c
it., p
p. 1
51-153.

3
16. Most o
f t
he m
irrors d
iscovered i
n S
ar ma
tian t
o mbs w
ere i
ntac
t (
cf. E
. I
.
S
olo mon
ik, p
. 3
8) a
nd n
ot i
n af
ragmen
tary s
tate a
s h
as b
een
s
tated i
n t
he l
i
terature (
I
stRo m
, I
, 1
960
, p
. 6
78; S
. Mor
intz, Dac
ia,
N
. S
., I
I, p
p. 4
62-463
).

3
17. E
. I
. S
olo mon
ik p
. 3
8) s
ays t
hat m
irrors h
ave a
lso b
een f
ound
i
n t
he S
ar ma
tian g
raves o
f ma
les o
n t
he t
err
itory o
f t
he USSR.

3
18. I
. A
ldea
, Apu
lu m
, I
X, 1
971, p
. 6
93.

3
19. Gh. B
ich
ir, L
es S
arma
tes
, p
. 2
80, a
nd t
wo u
npub
lished f
inds.

3
20. C
f. V
. P
. Baben
icikov
, AP
, X
III, L
iev
, 1
963, p
. 9
4, p
l. V
I/9
; f
or
d
ating s
ee p
. 1
22. I
n Hungary more s
pec
i mens h
ave b
een f
ound a
t
S
zen
tes-Särgopar
t, l
a T
örökszen
tmik
lös-Suryan a
nd T
äpiösze
le,

1
95
 a
nd i
n t
he Ro man
ian Bana
tat L
ovr
in. S
ee M. Pärducz
, S
arma
tenze
it,
p
. 1
33 a
nd p
l. V
II/7 f
or S
zen
tes-Särgopar
t; p
. 1
49 a
nd p
l. L
aX
[X/8,
f
or L
ovr
in a
nd P
entru T
äpiösze
le s
ee t
he s
ame a
uthor i
n AE, 7
7, 1
950,
2
, P
. 7
1; p
l. X
IV/2.

3
21. Ks. Wladyo
law L
ega
, PrzegArch
, X(29-31)
, 1
958
, P
. 3
8, 8
6 a
nd f
i
g.
4
1. The P
olish spec
ialis
t, as o
ther researchers, c
onsiders t
hat t
he
p
iece u
nder discuss
ion (i
dentica
l with t
hat f
ro m g
rave no. 3
4 a
t Pädureni
)
was a p
endan
t.

3
22. S
onja P
etru
, Acta -
Ljub
ljana
, XV
III
, 1
967
. p
. 4
36 a
nd p
l. 1/4 . I
tis a
p
owder-case withou
t d
ecora
tion
, o
f t
he s
a me s
ort a
s t
hat f
rom g
rave
3
4 a
t Päduren
i.

3
23. C
f. Dac
ia, I
I-IV (
1927-1932
), 1
933
, p
. 3
22, f
ig. 1
08/
18, f
ig. 1
29/23-
2
4, 3
2-33, a
nd S
CIV
, I
, 1
951, 1
, p
. 2
15, f
ig. 2
9/7.

3
24. M. I
. V
iaz m
itina
, 2
2.c
it., Arh-K
iev
, V
III
, p
. 7
0 a
nd f
ig. 6
/18
; i
de m
,
VSSA
, p
. 2
40 a
nd p
l. V/
10. A ppds o
f b
one h
as b
een d
iscovered i
n a
S
armatian t
o mb a
t Maidan
, reg
ion o
f Kiev. T
his p
iece i
s i
n t
he H
erm
i-
t
age (
and h
as the n
otat
ion Dn
.1896
,1/ 14).

3
25. W. Ho m
lqu
ist
, F
iligran o
ch g
ranu
lat
ion INord
isk
t G
olds m
ide. H
istor
ia
Museet S
tockho
lm, 1
964
, p
. 3
6 a
nd E
. Ny
len
, D
ie ä
lteste G
oldschm
iede-
k
unst d
er nord
ischen E
isenze
it u
nd i
hr Ursprung
, J
ahrbuch -Ma
inz
, 1
5
(
1968
), 1970, p
. 92.

3
26. Fragmen
ts o
f s
i
lver b
eads h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n ac
re ma
tion-urn a
t
Färca§e
le a
nd a f
ragmen
t o
f ah
oop o
f a
n e
ar-r
ing h
as b
een d
iscovered
i
n ad
isturbed t
o mb b
elonging t
o the Nor
thern c
e metery o
f Ro mu
la (
SCIV,
2
2, 1
971, 1, p
. 36, n
. 74). It re ma
ins to b
e e
stablished t
o wha
t e
xtent
t
here a
re a
t L
ocus
ten
i e
le men
ts o
f f
i
ligree work b
elong
ing t
o t
he f
i
bulae
a
s a
t Mä
täsaru (
d
istr
ict o
f D
imbov4a
) o
r Cäbe e
i (
d
istr
ict o
f Baca%
).

3
27. Er
ika S
ch m
idt-Thielbeer
, Das Gräberfe
ld von Wahl
itz
, Kr. Burg
, Ber
l in
,
1
967, p
. 40
, pl. 113/f
; E . Ny
len, 22
.cit., p
p. 75-94 a
nd map o
n p
. 93;
Ach
im L
eube-Pau
l S
chu macher
, Ausgrabungen u
nd Funde
, 1
4, 1
969
, 4
,
Ber
lin
, p
p. 1
85-186 a
nd f
ig. 2
/k; K
. G
odlowsk
i, The Chrono
logy o
f t
he
l
ate Ro man a
nd e
arly m
igra
tion p
eriods i
n c
entra
l Europe
, Krakow
, 1
970
,
p
l. V/27; pl. XV/17 and p
l. XX/21. Owing t
o t
he f
act tha
t D. Protase
d
oes not k
now the o
rig
in and t
he typo
logy o
f t
he o
rna men
ts of f
i
ligree
work
, (
Dac
ia, N
.S., X
III, 1
970
, p
. 3
07), h
e d
raws a
nalog
ies b
etween
t
he p
ieces f
ro m S
oporu d
e C
i mp
ie (
Carp
ic) a
nd t
hose o
f Nor
thern t
ype
,
t
o "
de mons
tra
te" t
heir Ro man o
rig
in a
nd i
n t
his way t
o d
eny t
he p
resence
o
f Carp
ic e
le men
ts w
ith
in t
he c
e metery
.

3
28. C
f. s
upra t
he s
tudy men
tioned i
n n
ote 3
25.

3
29. N
. Makarenko
, ESA
, V
, 1
930
, pp. 4
5-48, f
ig. 1
8 a-b and f
ig. 1
9 a
-b;
A
. K
. Ambroz , p
. 5
6, p
l. 1
0/2 and K. M. Ska
lon, ArhS, 1
3,
1
971, p
. 5
5 a
nd f
ol
low
ing
.

3
30. C
f. G
h. B
ich
ir, Cu
ltura c
arp
ic`
ä (
the s
u m mary o
f t
he d
octora
l t
hes
is),
Bucharest
, 1
972
, p
. 2
6. S
evera
l s
cho
lars d
ated t
he f
ibu
la f
rom t
he
Ha
lls
tat
t p
eriod (
N. Makarenko
, 9
.E
.ci
t., 4
8) t
o t
he f
irst c
entur
ies A
.D.

1
96
 K
. M. S
kalon
, t
he l
ast r
esearcher who d
eal
t w
ith t
h
is f
ibu
la (
in as
tudy
wh
ich i
s n
ot we
ll d
ocu mented
) a
grees w
ith t
he d
ating o
f A
. K
. Ambroz
(
the ist c
entury B
.C.-the i
st c
entury A
.D.) (
see S
kalon
, p
p.
5
5-56).

3
31. M
. I
. V
iaz m
itina
, V
SSA, P
. 2
21, n
ote 1
. T
he sma
ll p
ot i
s i
l
lustrated
i
nI. Sm
irnov
, A
tlasu
l v
ase
lor d
e a
rgin
t p
i a
ur, P
etersburg
, 1
909
, p
l.
X
II/31 (
quo
ted a
fter M. I
. V
iaz m
itina
). I
tis i
n t
he c
ollect
ion o
f t
he
Her m
itage.

3
32. C
f. E
. Ny
len
, p
. 7
8, p
l. 2
5/4 a
bove (
Olb
ia) a
nd p
l. 2
5/1,
m
idd
le (
Smie
la).

3
33. E. Beninger, Der Wes
tgotisch-Alanische z ug n
ach M itte
leuropa,
Leipz
ig , 1
931 (Mannus B
ibliothek
, n o. 51), p. 2
, in discussing t
he
f
irst group o
f Germano-Pontic an
tiquities, considered that t
he Sarma-
t
ians w
ere t
he c
arr
iers a
nd t
he V
anda
ls f
rom S
lovak
ia a
nd S
i
les
ia were
t
he i
nter med
iar
ies. Benn
inger s
ays t
hat t
he Vanda
ls a
dop
ted o
nly a
c
erta
in g
roup o
f He
llen
ist
ic-Sar ma
tian mot
ifs.

3
34. On t
he o
ccasion o
f astudy-vis
it t
o Bulgaria
, in 1
973, Is
aw i
n the Museu m
o
f S
tara-Zagora, abasket-pendan
t of go
ld which i
n f
orm i
s s
imilar t
o
t
he b
asket-pendants d
iscovered i
n t
he Carp
ic l
ands. Th is p
iece was
f
ound w
ith nu merous o
ther o
rna men
ts o
f go
ld, i
n a Thracian b
arrow-
t
o mb a
t C
ita
lca i
n t
he S
outh-Eas
t o
f Bu
lgar
ia (
in
forma
tion D
. N
ico
lov
).
The b
aske
t-pendant f
ro m C
ita
lca w
as p
robab
ly p
roduced i
n a He
llen
ist
ic
w
orkshop e
ither a
t Mese mbr
ia o
r a
t S
ozopo
l, wh
ich w
ere s
ituated n
ot
f
ar f
ro m C
ita
lca. T
he b
asket-pendan
t f
ro m C
ita
lca s
hows c
lear
ly t
hat
n
ot o
nly t
he t
echn
ique b
ut a
lso t
he f
orm w
ere o
f Hel
len
ist
ic i
nf
luence.
T
he Thrac
ian b
arrow o
f C
ita
lca i
s b
road
ly d
ated i
n t
he i
st-
the 2
nd c
entury
A
.D. (
cf. D
. N
iko
lov
, i
n Actes d
u Pre m
ier Congres i
nterna
tiona
l d
es
E
tudes Ba
lcan
iques e
t S
ud -
Est Europeennes
, I
, S
ofia
, 1
969
, p
. 5
22 a
nd
Gh. B
ich
ir , Les Daces L
ibres de l
'6poque r
o ma
ine a l
a l
umiere d
es
d
onnees archeolog
iques, pp. 2
96-297.

3
35. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, Popu
lat
ia d
in z
ona e
xtracarpa
tica a Ro man
iei
, i
n s
eco
lele
I-
IV e
.n., d
isser
tat
ion a
t t
he 7
th C
onference o
f Ro man
ian a
rchaeo
log
ists
,
Bucharest
, 2
7 Nove mber-1 Dece mber 1
971; i
de m
, Cu
ltura c
arp
icä
,
p
. 2
7. K
. M. S
kalon
, .
cit., p
. 5
9 s
uppor
ts t
his t
hes
is.

3
35a
.R. V
ulpe (
Mater
iale
, I
, 1
953, p
. 4
41) s
ays t
hat a
ll t
he s
pec
i mens a
re
made o
f i
ron
. But Ie
xam
ined t
he p
ieces a
gain a
nd d
iscovered t
hat o
ne
o
f t
he b
ucket-pendan
ts i
s made o
fbronze.

3
36. Leon J
an L uka
, PrzegArch
, X ( 29-31), 1958
, p. 394
, fig
. 2
2/g-n;
i
de m
, F on
tes-Poznan, I, 1952
, p p. 282-284, f
ig. 1
67/1; Krys
tyna
Przenoz
ina
, F
ontes-Poznan
, V
, 1
955
, p
. 1
24, f
ig. 84 /3 -
5; J
osef
Kostrzewski, Wie
lkopolska w Pradzie
jach
, Warzawa- Wroc
law, 1
955
,
p
. 2 52, f
ig. 7
49; Alexander Dy maczewsk
i, F
ontes-Poznan,
1
958, P
. 4
33, f
ig. 1
09/22
; J
erzy S
zyd
lowsk
i, S
i
les
ia An
tigua
, V
,
1
963
, p
. 1
42, f
ig. 9
/j, k
, 1
, g
, i
; H
. A
. Z
abk
iew
icz-Kozsanska
,
WiadArch
, XXX
II, 3
-4, 1
966-1967
, p
p. 5
49-550
, f
ig. 2
/c a
nd f
ig. 5
/e;
Kaz
imierz G
odlowsk
i, S
prawArch
, XX
II, 1
970
, p
. 2
49, f
ig. 5
/g, h
, i
;

1
97
 J
. Te
jral
, PA, LXI, 1970, 1
, p. 1
97, fi
g. 5/8. S uch p
endants are en-
c
oun
tered i
n Cen
tral Europ
;e b
ut i
n a smaller n
u mber t
han i
n the Nor
thern
cu
ltures. S ee Rudolf Laser
, D ie Brandgräber d
er spä
trö m
ischen
Keiserze
it im Nordlichen Mitte
ldeutschland, Ber
lin
, 1965
, p l
. 10/42
,
p
l. 11/4 4
, p
l. 1
2/47
, p
l. 2
4/180
, 1
82; I
. P
op, S
CIV
, 1
7, 1
966
, 1
, p
p.
1
75-179.

3
37. S
ee Gh. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
E, p
p. 2
11, 2
14 a
nd f
ootno
te 7
4.

3
38. R
. Vu
lpe
, p
. 4
34.

3
39. S
. Mor intz, Dac
ia, N
.S., I
I, 1959
, p. 4
56, f
ig. 3
/3 and 4
/4; V . P.
Babenicikov, p
. 9
4, p
l. VI/7. The p
endant f
ro m §
i mand i
s
unpub
lished .

3
40. C
. S
. N
ico
läescu-P
lopeor
, Dac
ia, V
II-V
III
, (
1937-1940
), 1
941, p
. 2
03
a
nd f
ol
low
ing
, f
ig. 1/3 ,6
, 9
-12, 1
4, f
ig
. 3
/10-13 a
nd f
ig. 6
/3; D
.
Berciu
, Arta traco-get
icä e Bucure§t
i, 1 969
, p. 194
, fig. 1
22; D.
Pope cu, I
nventaria Archaeologica, fasc. 5, 1
968, R 19 d
/8, R 2
3 a
/3,
6-15 R 2
3 c/29-30.

3
41. F
or a
nalog
ies s
ee t
he b
race
lets f
ro m 5
e
ica M
icä (
0. F
loca
, C
ontr
ibu
tii
l
a c
unoa§terea t
ezaurelor d
e arg
int d
acice
, 1 956
, p. 2
8, fig
. 19). A
b
racelet o
f t
his t
ype h
as been f
ound i
n t
he for
t at Fa
imingen (Fr
. Drexe
l,
ORL
, XXXV
, 1
911, p
. 4
2, 4
4, p
l. V
III/
18).

3
42. Nu merous brace
lets o
f th
is type h
ave b
een f
ound i
n t
he Sar mat
ian c
e me-
t
eries in t
he reg
ion o
f the Vo
lga and t
he Don a
nd i
n t
he Cri mea. For
e
xa mp
le, s
ix bracelets o
f this t
ype w
ith r
ound b
ar in s
ect
ion (t
he materia
l
i
s u
npubl
ished i
n the Herm itage) h
ave b
een d
iscovered i
n grave n
o. 12
a
t Ko
liakovo. Brace
lets w
ith r
ound b
ar (
t
he ma
ter
ial i
s u
npub
lished i
n
t
he Museu m o
f H
istory o
f Moscow-G.I. M
.-) have been d
iscovered a
t
Harkovka
, near S
aratov o
n t
he occas
ion of t
he excavat
ion carr
ied ou
t b
y
P
. S
. R
ikov i
n 1
926 (
barrow 2
1, p
it n
o. I
I). V
. N
. Karpusova d
is-
c
overed b
oth b
race
lets w
ith r
ound b
ar i
n s
ect
ion (
grave n
o. 9
)and s
pe-
c
i mens w
ith e
dged b
ar (
grave n
o. 3
) a
t Karpusovo
i i
n t
he Cr
i mea. T
he
ma
ter
ial i
s u
npub
lished i
n t
he I
nst
itu
te o
f Archaeo
logy o
f K
iev
. Is
aw
t
he mater
ial i
n J
une 1
970. S
even b
race
lets o
f t
h
is t
ype d
iscovered i
n
t
he c
e metery o
f N
ovo-O
trodnoe h
ave b
een r
ecen
tly p
ubl
ished (
see T
. M
.
Arsenieva
, MIA , 155
, Moscova, 1
970, p
. 1
17, p
l. 6
/1, 1
2, 1
3, p
l.
9/16
, pl. 11/5 ,p
l. 12/1 a
nd p
l. 1
3/16
).

3
43. C
. S
. N
ico
läescu-P
lop§or
, p
. 2
04, f
ig. 1/4 ; D
. P
opescu
,
R 2
3 a
/4, R 2
3 c
/28 a
nd 0
. F , 2
loca 2.c
it., p
. 1
2, f
i
g. 1
0.

3
44. S
. Marinescu-Bi
lcu, S C
IV, 1
3, 1
962
, 1
, p
p. 11-118, where t
he p
iece
i
s d
escribed i
n deta
il.

3
45. S
ee t
he de
tailed d
escr
ipt
ion o
f t
he t
echn
ique i
n N
. Fe
ttich
, A
cta Arh
,
1
-4; 1955, p. 1
50.

3
46. I
bid., p
l. XX
II.

3
47. I
bid., p
l. XKX
[I/1-1a.

1
98
3
48. C
. S
. N
ico
lgescu-P
lop
_eor
, 2
2.c
it., p
. 2
05, f
ig. 2
; D
. Popescu
, 2
2.c
it.,
R 2
3 a
/10-R 2
a.

3
49. S
ee t
he r
eferences i
n Gh. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
. 2
65.

3
50. C
f. N
. 0
. Bogdanova
, Arh-K
iev
, XV
, 1
963, p
p. 9
5-109
, f
ig. 4
/15
; M.
Pärducz
, Fo
liaArch
, I
I-IV
, 1
941, p
p. 1
59-163, p
l. 1
/1-4.

3
51. C
f. P , 9
. Rau 2.c
it., p
. 1
8, f
ig. 1
5, r
igh
t a
bove (
bead i
n t
he s
hape o
f a
b
arre
l); E
. M. A
lekseeva
, M
IA, 1
55, Moscova
, 1
970
, p
. 1
65, p
l. I
I/
2
1-22 (
sphero
id b
eads
). Beads o
f g
lassy a
nd c
halky c
halcedony h
ave
b
een d
iscovered b
y V
. P
. S
i
lov (
Len
ingrad
) i
n t
he c
e metery o
f Ka
linovka
,
o
n t
he V
olga
; t
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he m a
re b
arre
l-shaped
. Ma
ter
ial i
n
c
ourse o
f p
ubl
ica
tion. S
uch b
eads h
ave a
lso b
een d
iscovered i
n o
ther
S
ar ma
tian c
e meter
ies s
itua
ted i
n t
he r
egion o
f t
he Vo
lga a
nd t
he Azov
S
ea (
novo-Otrodno
ie). Is
aw t
his ma
ter
ial a
t Moscow a
nd L
eningrad
.

3
52. C
f. J
. Deche
let
te, I
, 2
, p
. 8
77.

3
53. C
f. E
. V
. Maks
i mov
, Arh-K
iev
, XV
, 1
963
, p
p. 1
16, f
ig. 4
/3.

3
54. For s
o me a
nalog
ies s
ee V
. A
. I
l
inska
, Arh-K
iev
, X
[II
, 1
961, p
. 4
9,
f
ig. 9
/1; i
de m
, Arh-K
iev
, XX
, 1
966
, p
. 6
6, f
ig. 5
. The p
iece i
s
c
ons
idered a
s b
eing S
cyth
ian
. Impor
tan
t c
ons
idera
tion c
oncern
ing
S
cytho-Sar ma
tian a
rt, s
imilar
ities a
nd d
ifferences a
s r
egards t
he s
tyle
a
nd o
rna men
tal e
le men
ts i
n M. Rostov
tzef
f, L
'Ar
t Greco-Sar ma
te e
t
Par
t Ch
ino
is d
e P6poque d
es Hans
, P
aris
, 1
924 (
extract f
ro m Arethuse
,
Apr
il, 1
924
, f
acs. 3
)
, p
p. 1
-13.

3
55. Gh. t
efan
, Dac
ia, X
E-X
II, 1
948
, p
. 1
36, f
ig. 1
8/4.

3
56. T
he t
able i
s b
ased o
n p
ubl
ica
tions a
nd e
spec
ial
ly o
n t
he c
hron
icles
p
ubl
ished i
n S
CIV a
nd Dac
ia b
y B
. M
itrea. Ig
ive al t
he d
ata wh
ich I
f
ound a
nd r
efer t
o t
he s
tandard works. Ii
nves
tiga
ted a
l mos
t a
ll t
he
l
oca
lit
ies i
n wh
ich c
oins f
ro m t
he 2
nd-the 3
rd c
entur
ies A
.D. h
ave b
een
f
ound a
nd where Ih
ave i
den
tif
ied Carp
ic a
rchaeo
log
ica
l t
races (
t
he p
ot-
t
ery
) Is
uppose t
hat t
he c
oins wh
ich h
ave b
een p
ubl
ished p
oss
ibly c
o me
f
ro m t
hese s
i
tes (
set
tle men
ts o
r c
e me
ter
ies
) a
s i
n t
he c
ase o
f
Märg
inen
i, Racova e
tc.

3
57. S
CIV
, 2
1, 1
970, p
. 3
45 wrong
ly men
tions Va
lea S
eaca
, c
o m mune o
f
T
ätä
,ran
i, d
istr
ict o
f Vas
lui.

3
58. S
CIV
, 2
3, 1
972, 1
, p
. 1
45 men
tions P
ogore§
ti i
n t
he p
lace o
f P
ogone e
i
a
s i
s c
orrec
t.

3
59. C
f. B
. M
itrea
, S
CIV
, V
II, 1
956
, 1
-2, p
. 1
61.

3
60. I
bid. C
f. Dac
ia, N
.S., I
, 1
957, p
p. 2
29-236
; i
de m
, Me mor
ia
An
tiqu
ita
tis
, I (
1970
), 1
97-2
, p
p. 2
58-280 i
n V
. Mihä
ilescu- d
i‘r
l
iba
,
Me mor
ia An
tiqu
ita
tis
, 1 (
1970
), 1
970
, p
p. 3
31-344.

3
61. C
f. D
. T
udor
, S
CSIas
i, V
, 1
954
, 3
-4, p
p. 3
87-388 a
nd S
. S
anie
,
Me mor
ia An
tiqu
ita
tis
, I
, P
iatra Nean4
, 1
969, p
p. 1
63-164.

3
62. C
f. D
. Tudor
, O
lten
ia Ro manä
, e
d. a I
I-a
, Bucuree
ti, 1
968, p
. 4 /9 .

1
99
3
63. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
I, p
. 1
84.

3
64. I
bid., p
. 1
85; i
de m
, Dac
ia, N
.S., XV
II, 1
973, p
. 2
46.

3
65. S
tudy made b
y Dr
. S
. Ha
i mov
ici
, Reader i
n t
he Facu
lty o
f B
iology o
f
t
he Un
ivers
ity "
Al. I
. Cuza"
,

3
66. We p
oin
t o
ut t
hat t
hese c
annot b
e i
nterpre
ted a
s h
unted h
ares w
hose mea
t
h
as b
een c
onsu med b
ecause i
n t
his c
ase t
he s
kele
tons wou
ld n
ot s
urv
ive
i
n t
heir e
ntirety
; r
ibs
, p
halanges a
nd o
ther t
hick b
ones h
ave b
een f
ound
u
nbroken i
n s
itu.

3
67. C
f. C
. Ambroz a
nd B
. Novotny
, AR
, V
, 1
953, 4
, p
p. 4
47-450
, 5
69,
f
ig. 1
95-196.

3
68. C
f. J
. Neustupny
, AR
, I
, 1
950
, 1
-2, p
. 5
5, f
ig. 4
3.

3
69. D
ie n
eol
itisch-fr
lih meta
llze
itl
ichen T
ie r
ske
let
tefunde d
er A
lten Wel
t,
Ber
lin
, 1
964
, p
p. 7
-127.

3
70. I
bid., p
. 8
4.

3
71. C
f. N
. V
. An
fi mov
, M
IA, 2
3, 1
951, p
. 1
89; M. I
. V
iaz m
itina
, Arh-
K
iev
, V
III
, 1
953, p
. 7
2.

3
72. C
f. G
eza F
eher
, I
zvest
iia-
Inst
itu
t, V
III
, 1
934
, S
ofia
, 1
935
, p
. 1
06;
f
or d
ating s
ee p. 1
15.

3
73. I
nforma
tion E
. Mosca
lu.

3
74. I
nforma
tion g
iven b
y t
he l
ate C
. Tarazä
, t
he o
rgan
izer o
f t
he Museu m
o
f B
irlad. I
tis ac
asua
l f
ind i
n av
ineyard
. A c
re ma
tion-urn h
as b
een
f
ound i
n t
he v
icin
ity
. I
tis c
onc
luded t
hat a Carp
ic s
ett
le men
t a
nd
c
e metery h
as b
een d
estroyed b
y t
he v
ineyard.

3
75. C
f. Gh
. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., X
I, p
. 2
19.

3
76. Dinu V
. Rosett
i, C
iteva a
pezari il
ocu
in le p
reistor
ice d
in prea
j ma
Bucurept
ilor
, Bucurept
i, 1932
, p
. 1
5, fig. 3
2. The pit i
n which t
he
s
keleton was f
ound i
s d
ated t
o t
he "
ist-
3rd c
entur
ies A
.D." b
y t
he
a
uthor
. Accord
ing t
o t
he s
upp
le men
tary i
nforma
tion g
iven b
y D
. V
.
Roset
ti, t
he p
it wou
ld b
elong t
o t
he 2
nd-3rd c
entur
ies A
.D.

3
77. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., XV
II, 1
973, p
. 2
53.

3
78. C
f. K
. Hored
t, Ma
ter
iale
, I
V, 1
957, p
p. 1
79-180.

3
79. C
f. Dac
ia, 1
933, p
. 3
17, f
ig. 9
7/1 a
nd p
. 3
21, f
ig. 1
02/12.

3
80. I
bid., p
. 3
17, f
ig. 9
7/1, 3
; p
. 3
19, f
ig. 9
9/3
, p
. 3
21, f
ig. 1
02/
11-12
a
nd 1
29/6
; S
CIV
, I
, 1
951, 1
, p
. 1
96, f
ig. 1
8/2
; S
CIV
, I
I, 1
952,
p
. 2
01, f
ig. 1
4/3-4.

3
81. I
. Nestor
, Rapor
t MNA
, 1
942-1943, Bucure e
i, 1
944
, p
. 2
8, f
i
g. 5
;
i
de m
, I
stRo m
, I
, p
p. 1
05-124
, f
ig. 2
4/3.

3
82. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., V
I, 1
962
, p
. 1
09; i
de m
, Mater
iale
,
I
X, 1
970
, p
. 17.

2
00
3
83. Apol
lo was a
lso c
ons
idered a
s ag
od who a
bso
lves f
ro m t
he s
in o
f
b
loodshed a
nd y
outh worsh
ipped h
im a
s t
heir p
rotector
.

3
84. C
f. M. Babe a
nd V
. Mihä
ilescu- dr
liba
, Ber RGK
, 5
1-52, 1
972,
p
p. 1
76-196.

3
85. J
. Deche
let
te, RA, 3
3, 1
898, p
p. 6
3-68, 2
45-262
; i
de m Manue
l
d
'archeo
log
ie, I
V, 1
927, f
ig. 6
25-628. "
Fire-dogs" (
chenets
) w
ith
h
orse
's h
ead o
ccur r
arely i
n Gau
l a
nd e
spec
ially o
n t
he Med
iterranean
c
oast
, i
n t
he Pre-Ce
ltic c
ontex
t (
cf. OGA M
, XV
III, 1
966, 5
-6, p
p.
4
57-462 a
nd Ga
llia
, XV
, 1
957, 1
, p
. 2
5 a
nd f
ollow
ing
).

3
86. C
f. M. Babe.
pand V
. Mihi
llescu-Bir
liba
, .
cit
., p
. 1
91.

3
87. T
. Gheras
i mov
, I
zvest
iia-Inst
itut
, XX
III, S
ofia
, 1
960
, p
p. 1
65-204
;
i
de m
, i
n v
olu me XXIX
, 1
966
, p
p. 1
31-164.

3
88. I
bid., I
zvest
iia-
Inst
itut
, )0G-
I, p
. 1
77.

3
89. C
f. M. Babe 9a
nd M
ihä
ilescu-Bir
liba
, p
. 1
92.

3
90. I
bid., p
. 1
93 w
ith f
ootnote 3
8. The s
tate men
t o
f T
. Gheras
i mov t
hat
t
he Thrac
ians d
id n
ot k
now "
f
ire-dogs" ( .c
it., p
. 1
77) i
s n
ot e
xact a
s
i
s d
e mons
trated b
y t
he d
ata wh
ich Ih
ave p
resen
ted.

3
91. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
te 3
84.

3
92. N
. N
. Pogrebova
, MIA, 6
4, 1
958, p
p. 2
29-233
; M. I
. V
iaz m
itina
,
.
1pe u
ize e
paKmeum B cesepHom np w
czepHomopbe
Moscova
, 1
969
, p
p. 1
29-133 a
nd AU, K
iev
, 1
971, p
. 240, f
ig. 7
9/5.

3
93. N
. N
. Pogrebova
, 2E
.cit
., p
. 2
32.

3
94. Oga m. V
III, 1
956
, 5
-6, p
. 4
09, p
l. XL
ITI/1.

3
95. C
f. s
upra f
ootnote 3
84 a
nd D
. Drost
, EAF, 2
, 1
954
, p
. 1
20.

3
96. Gh. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S., XVT
I, 1
973, p
p. 2
53-256.

3
97. C
f. s
upra f
ootnotes 4
-6.

3
98. I
. Nestor
, I
stRo m
, I
, p
. 6
78.

3
99. Gh. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 1
2, 1
961, 2
, p
p. 2
53-271.

4
00. S
. Mor
intz
, Dac
ia, N
.S., V
, 1
961, p
. 4
12.

4
01. B
. Mitrea
, p
. 1
61. The s
tudy o
f B
. Mitrea men
tions t
he
n
a me o
f t
he c
o m mune o
f Du
lce§t
i, b
ut a
ccord
ing t
o o
ur i
nvest
igat
ion
, t
he
h
oard was d
iscovered a
t Po
iana (
see Dac
ia, N
.S., X
I, p
. 2
20).

4
02. S
ee t
he d
ata i
n B
. M
itrea
, 2E
.cit., p
p. 1
63-173
; i
de m, Dac
ia, N
.S.,
I
, 1
957, p
p. 2
29-236.

4
03. S
ee V
. V
. Kropotk
in, VD
I, 1
, 1
951, p
p. 2
43-252.

4
04. B
. Mitrea t
hought t
he s
a me t
hing (
Dac
ia, N
.S., I
, 1
957, p
. 2
33), b
ut
l
ater h
e r
ejected t
his t
hes
is a
nd c
ons
idered t
hat s
uch e
vents d
id n
ot t
ake
p
lace. S
ee t
he more r
ecen
t o
pin
ion o
f B
. Mitrea i
n Me mo na An
tiqu
ita
tis
,
I (
1970
), 1
972
, p
p. 2
58-280.

2
01
4
05. C
f. s
upra n
otes 3
59-360.

4
06. G
. F orn
i, I
ldiplo ma mi
litare f
ra mmen
tar
io , CIL, XV
I, 1
57, del
la p
ri ma
t
etrarch
ia, BIDR, 62, Milano
, 1 959
, p
p. 247-266. The t
ext o
f t
he
d
iplo ma a
t p
p. 2
64-265.

4
07. M. B
izzarr
i-G
. F
orn
.
i, D
iplo ma m
ilitare d
el 3
06...., A
thenaeum
,
N
.S., 3
8, f
asc. 1
-2, Pav
ia, 1
960
, p
p. 3
-25
, p
l. I
-IV
, t
he t
ext o
n p
p.
7
-8.

4
08. C
f. J
. Ko
lendo
, Ho m mages ä
. Marce
l Renard
, I
, Bruxe
lles
, 1
969
,
p
p. 3
78-385.

4
09. V
. Cäp
itanu d
ates t
he c
e metery o
f S
ohodor-Horgept
i t
o t
he e
nd o
f t
he
3
rd century a
nd t
he 4t
h cen
tury A.D. Idid n
ot see t
he pot
tery fro m
S
ohodor-Horgegt
i and f
or th
is r
eason Ic
annot s
ay to wha
t e x
ten
t itis
o
r i
s n
ot Carp
ic. We o
nly k
now t
hat t
he s
i
lver o
rna men
ts o
f f
i
ligree
work and t
he beads o
f c
halcedony a
re a
bsen
t f
ro m t
he c
e me
tery (
i
nfoLina-
t
ion V
. Cäp itanu
).

4
10. S
ee W. To maschek, Die al
ten Thraker, I
, SBW ien
, CXXVI II, I
V, p.
1
80, a
nd t
he n a me o
f t
he moun ta
ins would d
erive f
ro m the r
oot *
sker,
k
er= "
to c
ut", o r f
ro m t
he Albanian k
arpe, karme *(karp- m
) ="the rock"
;
s
ee a
lso A. Walde -
J. Pokorny, Vergle
ichendes Wörterbuch der indo-
g
ermanischen Sprache
, I,Berlin-Leipzig
, 1927, pp
. 5 73-574, 580-581;
D
. Detschew, Die t
hrakischen S
prachreste, Wien
, 1 957, pp. 2
30-232 a nd
I
. I
. Russu
, L
i mba t
raco-dac
ilor
, e
d. aI-a
, Bucu
.rest
i, 1
967
, p
. 9
8.

4
11. A
. Wa
lde -
J. P , 3
okorny 2.c
it., I
, 1
932
, p
. 3
53 a
nd I
. I
. Russu
, .
c
i
t.
,
p
. 9
8; s
ee n
ote 2 o
n p
. 1
82.

4
12. P
tole my
, I
I, 6
-20.

4
13. p
. 1
08,

4
14. V
. P
ärvan
, p
. 4
1. S
ee

4
15. W. To maschek
, p
. 108; B. Rappaport
, Die E
infU
lle der Goten
i
n d
as Rö mische Re
ich b
is au
f Cons
tant
in, L e
ipzig
, 1899, p. 2
5; C .
Pa
tsch
, Carp
i, RE, I
I, 1
899
, c
ol. 1
608
; A
. S
tein
, Carp
icus
, RE, I
I,
1
899
, c
ol. 1
610
; U
. Kahrsted
t, D
ie Karpodaken
, PZ, I
V, 1
912
, p
p.
8
6-87; V. Pä
. , p
‘rvan _
E.cit
., p. 2
42; I. Andr
ie.eescu
, De l
a pre
istorie
l
a e
vul med
iu, Bucure9t
i, 1924
, p. 6
5; Fr . Al
theim, D
ie Soldaten-
k
aiser
, Frank
fur
t am Ma
in, 1
939, p
. 9
8.

4
16. C
f. C. Pa
tsch, RE, II, col. 1608-1609; U. Kahrsted
t, .
cit
., p
p.
8
6-87
; B . Mitrea a
nd I. Nestor, IstRo m
, I
, p
. 647 and 7
00.

4
17. U
. Kahrsted
t, p
. 8
6.

4
18. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 2
, p
. 1
80.

4
19. I
bid., p
. 1
81.

4
20. Aure
lius V
ictor
, Caesares
, 3
9, 4
3.

4
21. Consu
lar
ia Constan
tinopo
litana (M
.G.H. ,D
C, 2
30)
, i
n t
he y
ear 2
95.

2
02
4
22. W. To maschek
, p
. 1
10.

4
22a. N
. S
. Der
jav
in, S
lav
ii i
n v
ech
i me
, Bucure t
i, 1
949
, p
. 4
8.

4
23. With r
egard t
o t
he T
yragetes
, who a
re a
lso men
tioned b
y o
ther s
ources
(
see S
trabo ,I
, 5
, 1
2; I
, 5
, 3
0; V
II, 3
, 1
7), t
he ma
jor
ity o
f t
he
r
esearchers a
gree t
hat t
hey r
epresen
t aG
etan l
oca
l t
ribe l
iv
ing i
n t
he
l
ower r
egion o
f t
he T
yras (
Dniester
) r
iver
. T
hey n
ever c
onst
itu
ted a
s
trong e
cono m
ic a
nd p
olit
ica
l o
rgan
isa
tion a
nd t
hey a
ccep
ted c
ont
inuous
ly
t
he h
ege mony o
f o
ther Geto-Dac
ian o
r S
cytho-Sar ma
tian t
ribes. Ow
ing
t
o t
he f
act t
hat t
hey w
ere a sma
ll, l
oca
l t
ribe, t
he Carp
ic c
ulture
, e
xist-
i
ng o
ver a l
arge a
rea
, c
annot b
e a
ttr
ibuted t
o t
he m. For s
o me d
oub
ts
c
oncern
ing t
he Ge
to-Dac
ian o
rig
in o
f t
he Tyragetes
, s
ee V
. A ryan
,
p
. 2
40). I
fthey a
re n
ot o
f Dac
ian o
rig
in, t
hey a
re o
f n
o i
nter-
e
st t
o t
he p
resen
t d
iscuss
ion
.

4
24. Probably t
he Bastarnae and t
he P euc
ines were r
ela
ted , a
s t
he G
etans
and t
he Dacians were. Cf
. T acitus Ger man
ia, 4
6, 1.

4
25. There a
re d
ifferen
t o
pin
ions c
oncern
ing t
he e
thn
ic o
rig
ins o
f t
he Costo-
b
oces. Accord
ing t
o s
o me r
esearchers t
he Costoboces were S
lays
(
P. S
. S
char
far
ik, L
. N
ieder
le, Zdenek Ne
jed
ly), a
ccord
ing t
o o
thers
t
hey were C
elts
, (
A. Re
inach a
nd G
. S
eure
), a
nd a
ccord
ing t
o t
he
ma
jor
ity o
f t
he s
cho
lars (
K. Z
euss
, W. T
o maschek
, A
. Pre merste
in,
V
. Pärvan
, N
. I
orga
, I
. I
. Russu
, M. Mac r
ea e
tc.) t
hey were Thraco-
Dac
ians. S
ee t
he d
ata i
n I
. I
. Russu
, Dac
ia, N
.S. ,I
I, 1
959
, p
p. 3
44-
3
49. Accord
ing t
o N
. Gostar (
Cerce
tär
i i
stor
ice
, I
, I
a i ,1
970
, p
p.
1
09-117
) t
he Cos
toboces were Dac
ized Cel
ts. For t
he e
arl
ier o
pin
ion
o
f N
. Gostar s
ee Ra mura n
ord
icä
. ad
aci
lor-cos
toboc
ii, BUB
, I
, 1
956
,
1
-2, p
p. 1
83-199
; i
de m
, Habase§
ti, p
p. 5
79-580.

4
26. 0
. V
. Kudr
iav
tev
, VD
I, 3
, 1
950
, p
p. 5
6-70 a
nd I
. I
. Russu
,
p
p. 3
49-352.

4
27. M. Macrea c
ons
idered t
hat t
he n
a me Carp
i men
tioned i
n t
he i
nscr
ipt
ion
a
nd b
y t
he a
uthors o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.[)
., h
ad a more g
enera
l mean-
i
ng a
nd wou
ld i
ndica
te t
he f
ree Dac
ians a
s a who
le (
see Apu
lu m
, V
II,
1
968
, 1
, p
. 1
94). T
his i
s p
oss
ible
, j
ust a
s i
tis p
oss
ible t
hat s
o me
ti mes
t
he Carp
i w
ere i
ncluded u
nder t
he n
a me o
f Dac
ians i
n t
he i
nscr
ipt
ions
o
r b
y t
he l
i
terary s
ources.

4
28. T
he d
ating a
nd l
oca
tion o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture s
hows t
he f
util
ity o
f t
he
t
hes
is t
hat t
he Carp
i w
ere l
oca
ted i
n Eastern G
er many a
nd c
ontr
ibu
ted
t
o t
he f
or ma
tion o
f t
he L
aus
itz (
LuAce
) c
ulture. U
. Kahrs
ted
t,
p
. 8
7 c
o mba
tted t
his i
dea a
nd t
here i
s n
o n
eed t
o d
eal w
ith i
there.

4
29. 22.c
it., p
p. 6
9-70
, 1
08, 1
11.

4
30. 92
.cit., p
p. 8
3-87.

4
31. 1
22.c
it., p
p. 4
1-42, 2
24-225
, 2
34, 2
38-240
, 2
47, 2
52, 2
55, 2
68, 2
81,
2
83, 2
87-288, 2
98, 7
44, 7
47 a
nd 7
53.

4
32. Gh
. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 2
, p
p. 1
79-197.

2
03
4
33. W. T
o maschek
, c
t., p
. 1
08; E
. H
. Minns
, S
cyth
ians a
nd Greeks
,
Ca mbr
idge
, 1
913
, P
. 1
24; V
. Pärvan
, 2
2.c
it., p
. 2
25.

4
34. V
. P2rvan e
xtended t
he Harp
i t
o t
he Eas
t o
f t
he Dn
ies
ter a
s f
ar a
s t
he
Lower Dn
ieper (
see G
etica
, p
p. 2
42-243
).

4
35. S
ee t
he d
iscuss
ion a
bou
t t
his p
rob
le m i
n E
. g
i mek
, 22
.cit
., p
p. 6
61-664
a
nd 6
78.

4
36. Rö m
ische G
esch
ich
te, V
. p
. 2
16.

4
37. RE, I
I, c
ol. 1
608-1609.

4
38. .
92.c
it., p
. 2
5.

4
39. D
ie Ostgermanen
, M
tInchen
, 1
941, p
. 2
04.

4
40. D
ie S
olda
tenka
iser
, p
. 9
8; i
de m
, L
e d
ecl
in d
u monde a
ntique (
trans-
l
ated Andrè Coeuroy
), Par
is, 1
953, P
. 2
45.

4
41. 22
.cit., p
p. 1
08-109.

4
42. S
ee V
. Pärvan
, Ge
tica
, p
. 2
39.

4
43. _
92.c
it., p
. 1
24.

4
44. .
9
_2.c
it., p
. 6
5.

4
45. I
stor
ia mi
lita
.ra
, p
. 7
3.

4
46. Ma
ter
iale
, I
, p
p. 4
97-506.

4
47. C
f. I
stRo m
, I
, p
p. 6
76-693.

4
48. I
bid., p
p. 6
37-647.

4
49. U
. Kahrsted
t, .
cit
., p
. 8
4.

4
50. G
. S
cht
itte
, P
toler
o.y
's Maps o
f Nor
thern Europe
, Copenhagen
, 1
917
,
p
p. 1
00-101 a
nd t
he map f
ig. 1
7. T
he t
rans- moun
tainous Cos
toboces
men
tioned b
y P
tole my (
I
II, 5
, 9
) a
re l
oca
ted b
y S
chü
tte i
n t
he r
egion o
f
t
he V
istu
la, t
o t
he Nor
th o
f t
he Carp
i a
nd t
he Bas
tarnae.

4
51. C
f. t
he works men
tioned s
upra i
n n
ote 4
25.

4
52. G
etica p
p. 2
42-243.

4
53. I
bid., p
. 2
23.

4
54. A Thrac
ian t
ribe. For t
he o
rig
in o
fthe n
a me
, p
robab
ly a v
arian
t o
f
t
he r
oot *Karp - f
ro m Carpa
tes o
r C
arp
i" s
ee I
. I
. Russu
, L
i mba t
raco-
d
aci
lor
, p
. 9
9, where t
he a
ncien
t l
i
terary s
ources a
re c
ollected.

4
55. V
. Pärvan
, 2
_
2.c
it., p
p. 2
33-234.

4
56. A
l. F
erencz
i, AC M
IT, I
V (
1932-1938
), C
luj, 1
938, p
p. 3
45-346. F
or
t
he l
oca
liza
tion o
f Cu m
idava a
tla2nov
, s
ee M. Macrea
, A
ISC, I
V
(
1941-1943
), S
ibiu
, 1
944
, p
p. 2
34-261.

4
57. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 2
, p
. 1
90. F
or t
he p
resence o
f G
eto-
Thrac
ian a
rchaeo
log
ica
l t
races i
n t
he Nor
th-Pon
tic s
teppes
, c
f. T
. D
.
Z
latkovska
ia, VD
I, 5
2, 1
955
, 2
,pp. 8
9-91; A
. V
. Burakov
, AP
, X
E,

2
04
 K
iev
, 1
962, P
. 7
1, f
ig
. 2
3 a
nd p
l. I
V/4
; A
. I
. Me
liukova
,
Zpal
cznum B ceBepHom l
ipmx
iept
iomopLe
Moscova, 1969
, p p
. 61-80
; M. I . Viaz m
itina
, in t
he sa me v
olume ,
p
p. 119-134. I t i
s i
n
teresting t
o p
oint ou
t tha
t o
n t
he basis o
f place-
n
a me e
vidence, s
o me r
esearchers
, s
uch a
s E
. H
. M
inns (
on.c
it., p
. 3
8),
G
. G. Mateescu (
_
No m
i t
raci ne
l t
erritor
io sc
ito-sarmat
ico, ED,
1
924
, pp. 223-238
), V. Pärvan ( .c
it., p
p. 242-247
) and I
. I
. Russ
t
(
SCIV, IX, 1958, 2, p
p. 303-335), suggested t
he ex
istence of a Thraco-
Getan p
opula
tion between t
he Dniester and the Dn
ieper on t
he shore of
t
he B
lack S
ea b
efore t
he I
st c
entury B
.C. ,wh
ich w
as p
oss
ibly c
onso
li-
d
ated b
y t
he b
rief e
xpans
ion o
f t
he p
ower o
f Bureb
ista (
c
f. G
h. B
ich
ir,
P
euce, I
, p
. 1
38).

4
58. S
ee Pon
tice
, I
, 1
968
, p
. 3
43.

4
59. S
ee N
. G
ostar
, t
he w
orks q
uoted ,
s
upra i
n n
ote 4
25; D
. T
udor
, Räscoa
le
s
i a
tacur
i "
barbare" i
n Dac
ia r
omans
, Bucuree
ti, 1
957
, p
p. 7
3-74
;
S
. Mor
intz
, Dac
ia, N
.S., I
I, 1
959
, p
. 4
68; I
ulian An
tonescu
, RM
,
1
965
, s
pec
ial n
u mber
, p
. 4
40; Gh
. D
iaconu
, S
tud
ii e
i ma
ter
iale
, I
,
P
loiest
i, 1
969
, p
. 1
6 e
tc.

4
60. C
f. S
CIV, 2
2, 1971, 2
, p. 187, n
. 6
2; ide m, Muzeul Na
tiona
l, I, 1
974
,
p
p. 2
5-26
; ide m, Thraco-Dacica
, Bucure e
i, 1976
, p. 8, n
. 48.

4
61. C
f. S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 2
, p
. 1
89. T
he p
resence o
f t
he Carp
i i
n Mun
ten
ia
c
an b
e p
resu med o
n t
he b
asis o
f l
i
terary s
ources
, b
ut t
he i
nforma
tion
g
iven b
y Z
osi mos (
I
, 3
1) i
s t
oo v
ague a
nd i
tsee ms t
o r
efer r
ather t
o
t
he r
egions s
i
tuated more t
o t
he G
reek Eas
t, b
ut t
he t
ext r
eads
ß
opavol 5 «
x
i 1
-6
001
, x
at l
ap -
7
o t
, x
at npo
tryoüv5oL
(
ygvn 6 T
alT
ra T
r
Epl T v "
IcTpov o
txoüvTa).

4
62. M. Babe , p
. 4
2. We men
tion t
hat M. B
. a
dmits t
hat t
hese
mugs are Carp
ic.

4
63. The draw
ings are wrong - co mpare w
ith t
he p
hotographs. Pon
tice, I
,
p
. 345, f
ig. l
a-lb and 2a-2b.

4
64. I
nforma
tion Gh
. D
iaconu.

4
65. CAB, I
, 1
965
, p
. 1
.
55 (
i
t i
s n
ot i
l
lustra
ted a
nd I c
ould n
ot s
ee i
t
).

4
66. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, p
. 6
65.

4
67. C
f. s
upra
, f
ootnote 2
11.

4
68. T
he p
rovenance o
f t
he p
edesta
l o
f af
ruit-s
tand f
ro m V
isterna
, i
l
lus
tra-
t
ed i
n Pon
tice
, I
, f
ig
. 1
7 aa
nd b
, i
s d
ispu
tab
le, t
aking i
nto a
ccoun
t my
own o
bserva
tion i
n t
he Museu m o
f Constan
i
.a. T
he p
rovenance o
f t
he
urn wh
ich is p
resu med to h
ave b een f
ound t
here i
s a
lso uncertain (
see
M. Babe , p
. 20, note 8)
. Bu t e
ven ifitshou
ld have been
d
iscovered here, i
ts form certainly d
ates i
tbefore t
he 3rd-4th c
en-
t
uries A
.D. a
nd f
or t
h
is r
eason i
s o
uts
ide t
he p
resen
t d
iscuss
ion
.

2
05
4
69. Gh
. S
tefan e
t a
l., S
CIV
, I
V, 1
953, 1
-2, p
p. 2
63-267, f
or o
ther ma
ter
ial
s
ee S
CIV
, I
T
, 1
951, 1
, p
p. 3
9-40
, f
ig
. 2
7 a
nd G
h. §
tefan
, S
RIR
, I
, p
. 3
6.

4
70. I
de m
, S
CIV
, V
, 1
954
, 1
-2, p
. 1
83.

4
71. I
bid., p
. 1
83. The spo
t Dru mul Bä
lp i i
s the s
a me as t
he Valea l
ui
I
ancu, men
tioned b
yus in Dac
ia, N.S., XI, 1967, p
. 223, n. 104. We
a
lso h
ave t
o t
hank I
. Barnea who s
howed u
s t
he ma
ter
ial.

4
72. C
f. G
h. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 2
, p
. 1
95; i
de m
, S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 4
,
p
p. 6
63-667 a
nd M. Co msa
, P
ont
ica
, 5
, 1
972
, p
p. 2
23-234.

4
73. The ancien
t writer i
s referr
ing a
t t
he sa me t
ime t
o the Carp
i, the
Bastarnae and t
o t
he Sarma t
ians
, subdued and d
efeated by D
ioc
letian
a
nd Gale r
ius, b
ut t
he text r
eads: Varia deinceps et simul et v
irit
im
b
ella g
esserunt, Carpis e
t Basternis s
ubactis
, S ar mat
is vict
is,
q
uaru m nat
ionu m i
ngentes c
aptivorum copias in Ro manis f
in
ibus
l
ocave r
unt
.

4
74. E
. Moscalu
, S CIV, 2
1, 1
970, p
. 662 and Gh. I
. P
etre , S
CIV, 19, 1968
,
1
, p
. 156
, n o
te 6, wh
ich men
tions t
hat 8
0% of t
he pot
tery is o
f Dac
ian
t
ype.

4
75. E
. Mosca
lu, .
cit., 6
63.

4
76. It
ook o
ver t
he d
irec
tion o
f t
he e
xcava
tion i
n 1
971.

4
77. I
t i
s p
oss
ibly o
f a
nother d
ate. I
t r
ema
ins f
or f
uture r
esearches t
o
p
roduce n
ew e
vidence c
oncern
ing t
his p
rob
le m.

4
78. S
CIV , 21, 1
970, 4
, p. 657, f
ig. 5
/1. T here a
re o
ther f
ragmen
ts i
n t
he
c
ollect
ion of t
he p
riest Gh. P
etre fro m G
ovora-Sa
t.

4
79. I
. H
. Cr i9an
, Din a
ctivitatea s
t
iin
tif
ich a Muzeu
lui r
aiona
l d
in Med
ia ,
I
I, 1955-1956, p
p. 40-41.

4
80. Unpub
lished ma
ter
ial.

4
81. D. Protase, Dac
ia, N.S., X
III, p
p. 305-307. F
or t
he Carp
i a
t
Obre
ja, s ee I
. H
. Cri9an, Ceramica p
. 628
; H.
Da
icov
iciu
, Dac
ii Bucure e
i, 1
965
, p
. 2
48 a
nd K
. Hored
t, S
CIV
, 2
4,
1
973
, 2
, p
p. 3
05-307.

4
82. C
f. s
upra n
ote 3
18.

4
83. T
he ma
ter
ial i
s u
npub
lished i
n t
he Museu m o
f B
istr
iIa-Näsäud
. Re-
s
earch b
y S
t. Da
/10
:A-

4
84. Z
. Szekely
, Ma teria
le, VII, 1
961, p
p. 184-185; ide m
, Ma
ter
iale
, V
III,
1
962
, p p. 336-337
; i de m
, Alu
ta, I
, 1969, pp. 6
0-65.

4
85. I
bid., Aluta, I
, p. 6
4. I s aw t
his mater
ial t
hanks t
o t
he k
indness o
f
Z
. S zekely. T he f
rag men
t of f
ruit-s
tand t
ogether w
ith ma
teria
l of t
he
S
intana d
e Mure t
ype i
s i
l
lustra
ted i
n Ma
ter
iale
, V
II, p
. 1
85, f
ig. 9
/3.
S
ince I s
aw t
he ma
ter
ial
, In
o l
onger s
uppor
t t
he h
ypo
thes
is p
ut f
orward
i
n Dac
ia N
.S., X
I, 1
967
, p
. 2
23, n
ote 9
8, where
, o
n t
he b
asis o
f t
he
e
xistence o
f th
is type o
f f
ruit-stand
, which i
s unknown w
ithin t
he Sintana
d
e Mure c ulture
, Ib el
ieved that aCarpic s
ett
le men
t ex
isted before tha
t
o
f C
erneahov t
ype.

2
06
4
86. I
. Pop
, S
CIV
, 1
7, 1
966
, 1
, p
p. 1
75-178.

4
87. M. Macrea
, p
. 1
98. T
he Dac
ians a
rrived f
ro m t
he Wes
t a
t
C
iph
'u-Gir
le. N
. V
lasa
, S
CIV
, 1
6, 1
965
, 3
, p
p. 5
01-516 a
nd G
h. B
ich
ir,
Dac
ia, N
.S., X
I, p
. 2
23.

4
88. D
. Pro
tase
, Dac
ia. N
.S., X
III
, 1
969
, p
. 2
91 a
nd f
ol
low
ing
.

4
89. K
. Hored
t, Acta Ph
ilippopo
litana
, 1
963, p
. 1
62; i
de m
, S
CIV
, 1
8, 1
967
,
4
, p
p. 5
83-585
; i
de m
, AMN
, V
III, 1
971, p
p. 5
83-587 a
nd M. Macrea
,
o
p.c
it., p
p. 1
97-198
; i
de m
, ArchC1
, MX
, 1
967
, 1
, p
. 1
60.

4
90. The e
xcava
tion c
arr
ied o
ut b
y me i
n t
he s
ett
lemen
t a
t S
toln
icen
i-Bur
idava
i
n 1
972-1975 l
ed me t
o c
ons
ider t
hat t
he l
ast o
ccupa
tion-
leve
l b
elonged
t
o ac
o m mun
ity c
ons
ist
ing o
f t
he Daco-Ro man n
atives a
nd t
he Carp
i who
p
ene
tra
ted h
ere a
fter t
he e
nd o
f t
he Ro man d
omina
tion o
f Dac
ia (
A.D
.
2
71). T
his l
ast l
eve
l i
s d
ated t
o t
he e
nd o
f t
he 3
rd c
entury A
.D. a
nd
t
he b
eginn
ing o
f t
he 4
th c
entury (
c
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, T
hraco-Dac
ica
,
Buchares
t, 1
976
, p
p. 2
99-300
).

4
91. C
f. Gh. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 2
, p
p. 1
88-189
, n
ote 6
9; i
de m
, S
CIV
,
2
2, 1
971, 4
, p
. 6
67, n
ote 2
5.

4
92. The o
pin
ion t
hat t
here was a s
ing
le v
illage o
f t
he Carp
i -V
icus Carpo r
um
Carporu m - (
so i
tis t
rans
lated i
n Fon
tes I
, 1
970
, p
. 1
25) t
ook r
oot i
n
t
he l
i
tera
ture. I
n r
eal
ity
, t
he t
ext o
f Am m
ianus Marce
llinus g
ives u
s
t
o u
nderstand t
hat t
here w
ere s
evera
l v
il
lages o
f t
he Carp
i a
nd Ro man
t
roops s
tat
ioned n
ear o
ne o
f t
he m. Consequen
tly t
he t
roops o
f Va
lens
were n
ot s
tat
ioned n
ear t
he v
illage o
f t
he Carp
i, b
ut n
ear a v
il
lage o
f
t
he Carp
i. The t
ext r
eads
: Anno s
ecuto i
ngred
i t
erras h
ost
iles p
ari
a
lacr
ita
te c tus f
ona us
ius Danubii g
urg
itibus v
aga
tis i
mped
itus mans
it
im mob
ilis p
rope Carpo r
um v
icu m s
tat
ivis c
astr
is, a
d u
sque a
utu mnu m
l
oca
tis emensu m (
XXV
II, 5
, 5
). P
. D
iaconu i
nfor ms u
s t
hat i
ndepend-
e
ntly o
f u
s h
e s
ugges
ted t
he s
a me i
nterpre
tat
ion o
f t
he t
ext a
t t
he S
ess
ion
o
f t
he Museu m o
f Cons
tarIa
. o
f October 1
972.

4
93. Eva F
. Pe
ters s
aw t
h
is ma
ter
ial i
n t
he Museu m o
f S
z6kesfehervär a
nd
c
ons
idered i
tto b
e Ce
ltic. I
t i
s t
rue t
hat t
here i
s a
lso mater
ial i
n t
he
Ce
ltic t
rad
ition i
n t
hese s
i
tes
, b
ut o
ne o
f t
he v
esse
ls f
ro m Mäny (
ex-
c
ava
tion 1
959 E
. P
eters
) a
nd s
o me o
f t
he p
ottery f
ro m G
ors
iu m c
an b
e
c
onnected w
ith t
he Carp
i. Cer
tain
ly, t
here a
re Carp
ic t
races a
lso
i
n o
ther p
laces
, b
ut w
e were r
eferr
ing o
nly t
o t
hose wh
ich I c
ould s
ee.

4
94. We i
ntend t
o p
ubl
ish i
n d
eta
il t
he g
rave-goods f
ro m t
he c
e me
tery o
f
1
35
.duren
i w
ith i
l
lus
tra
tion o
f t
he ma
ter
ial f
ro m e
very g
rave
, when w
e
w
ill h
ave t
he o
ppor
tun
ity t
o d
raw a
l
l t
he p
ieces. Ow
ing t
o t
he b
ad
s
tate o
f p
reserva
tion t
he ma
ter
ial c
anno
t b
e p
hotographed
.

4
95. Gr. F
oit
, o
p.c
it., p
p. 2
3-36
; S
i
lvia T
eodoru a
nd S
. Rata
, S
tud
ii

mater
iale
, I
, S
uceava
, p
. 6
5 a
nd f
ol
low
ing
. The mater
ial a
t H
orod
i tea
i
s u
npub
lished. I
t c
ons
ists o
f c
re ma
tion-urns d
iscovered i
n 1
966, b
y
c
hance a
nd b
y r
escue e
xcava
tions c
arr
ied o
ut b
y V
ior
ica P
erian (
who
a
lio g
ave u
s t
he i
nforma
tion
). Three o
f t
he s
even g
raves c
ons
isted o
f
amphorae o
f t
he Carp
ic t
ype u
sed a
s u
rns
, o
ne g
rave c
onta
ined a

2
07
 p
orous urn decora
ted with impressed c
ordons and t
hree u
rns w
ere g
rey
a
nd hand- made. Icould not see t
he ma
terial.

4
96. S
ee the
ir c
o mp
lete l
is
t i
n Gh
. B
ich
ir, L
es S
arma
tes...., t
he map o
f
f
ig. 1
.

4
97. Gh
. B
ich
ir, P
euce
, I
, p
. 1
43; i
de m
, L
es S
arma
tes...., p
. 2
80;
i
de m
, P
ont
ica
, 5
, p
. 1
66; i
de m
, Re
lat
ions b
etween t
he S
arma
tians a
nd
t
he Free Dac
ians
, BHR
, XV
I, Bucureet
i, 1
975
, p
p. 5
7-63.

4
97a
. Gh
. B
ich
ir, Re
lap
ile d
intre s
arma
ti e
igeto-dac
i p
inã l
a s
fere
itee
l
s
eco
lulu
i Ie
.n., S
CIVA
, 2
7, 1
976
, 2
, p
p. 1
50-165.

4
98. I
de m
, L
es S
arma
tes...., p
. 2
81 a
nd 2
85 w
ith n
ote 4
1.

4
99. C
f. s
upra f
ootnote 2
27. F
or c
auldrons s
ee Dac
ia, V
II-V
III
, 1
941, p
p.
5
9-62
, f
ig. 4
2 a
nd f
ig. 4
3.

5
00. Gh
. B
ich
ir, L
es S
arma
tes...., p
. 2
83; i
de m
, Re
lat
ions b
etween
t
he S
arma
tians a
nd t
he Free Dac
ians
, p
. 6
2-63.

5
01. C
f. t
he s
tud
ies men
tioned s
upra i
n n
ote 4
97.

5
02. I
bid
.

5
03. I
bid
.

5
04. Cf
. Gh. Bich
ir, S
CIV, 20
, 1969, 2
, p. 232
; ide m, Peuce
, I, p. 144.
We ment
ion tha
t t
he ma
jority o
f s
cholars a
sser
t that t
he I
azyges b
e-
c
a me s
eden
tary a
fter t
heir p
enetra
tion i
nto t
he Hungar
ian p
lain (
Alfö
ldi
).
Recen
tly
, P
etri Mar
ia (F
olia Arch
, 2
2, 1
971, p
. 3
4) r
efers t
o "
the
i
ntens
ive a
gricu
ltura
l a
ctiv
ity" o
f t
he S
arma
tians. The S
oviet s
cho
lars
a
lso a
ssert t
hat s
o me Sarma
tian groups were o
ccup
ied equal
ly with
a
gricu
lture a
nd grazing a
nd had a s
eden
tary or sem
i-sedentary l
ife.
S
ee the d
ata i
n M. I. V
iaz m
itina
, VSSA
, p
. 2
43, a
nd E
. R
ikman
,
c
it., p
. 443 a
nd f
ollowing
.

5
05. C
f. Gh
. B
ich
ir, L
es r
ela
tions e
ntre l
es Daces l
ibres e
t Ro ma
ins a
u
s
ibc e n
les d .e., Actes-Praga
, 2
, 1
971, p
p. 1
035-1038.

5
06. C
f. IstRo m, I
, pp. 6
39-647
; ide m
, NEH , I
, 1
955 , pp. 1
49-160;
i
de m
, Dac ia, N.S., I
, 1
957, p
p. 229-236
; ide m
, S CIV, 7
, 1956, 1
-2,
p
p. 1
63-173.

5
07. Fr
. Altheim, Le Decl
in...., p
. 250
; ide m, D
ie So
ldatenkaiser
, p. 103.
Owing t
o t
he l
ack of i
nformat
ion t
he ma
jority o
f s
cholars minimized t
he
r
ole p
layed b
y t
he Carp
i o
n t
he L
ower Danube
, a
nd c
ons
idered t
hat t
hey
o
nly a
ided t
he G
oths.

5
08. V
. Pärvan
, 2
.cit
., p
. 2
42.

5
09. Cf
. C. Patsch a
nd A
. S te
in , RE, I
I, 1899, col. 1608-1610; B.
Rappapor
t, p
p. 2 0-23
, 28-29
, 3 1-34
, 3 8, 40, 43-44
, 5
1, 5
7,
9
7-98
, 1
05-106
, 1
14, 1
21, 2
23; U
. Kahrsted
t, 2
2.c
it., p
p. 8
3-87
;
V. Christescu
, I
stor
ia mil
itarä
, pp. 9
0-93; A. Alfö
ldi
, CAH, XII,
Ca mbr
idge , 1
939
, pp. 1
39-144, 1
46; L. Sch m
idt
, 22.cit
., p
p. 97,
2
04-207
, 2
11, 2
21, 2
24; Fr
. A
lthe
im, L
e d
ecl
in...., p
p. 2
45-246
,

2
08
 2
50. F
. A
lthe
im e
xaggera
tes when h
e a
sser
ts t
hat t
he Go
ths p
ene
tra
ted
i
nto t
he t
err
itory o
f t
he f
ormer p
rov
ince o
f Dac
ia, a
fter t
he w
ithdrawa
l
o
f Aure
lian a
nd t
hat t
here a
re n
owhere Carp
ic t
races b
ecause t
heir
r
iva
ls t
he G
oths a
rrived t
here b
efore t
he m (
see p
. 2
50 a
nd D
ie S
olda
ten-
k
aiser, p
. 1
03)
; A . M. Re menn
ikov
, E opL6a r
i
ieM c
eBepHoro
npzx
lepHomopLsic Pxmom B III Bei
ce
Moscova
, 1
954
, p
p. 2
9-39
; B
. M
itrea
, i
n t
he works men
tioned s
upra
n
ote 5
06; Gh
. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 2
, p
p. 1
89-195.

5
10. C
f. Gh
. B
ich
ir, Dac
ia, N
.S. ,X
I, 1
967, p
p. 1
95, 2
21; i
de m
, S
CIV
, 2
2,
1
971, 2
, p
. 1
90.

5
11. S
ee a
ll t
he d
ata i
n B
. G
erov
, D
ie I
nvas
ion d
er Carpen im J
ahre 2
14, Acta
o
f t
he F
ifth Ep
igraph
ic Congress 1
967
, Pr
inted i
n Grea
t Br
ita
in (
extrac
t)
p
p. 4
31-436.

5
12. S
ee Lato mus
, 1
9, 1
960, p
p. 3
50-356.

5
13. C
f. s
upra n
ote 5
11 a
ndE S
CIV
, 2
4, 1
973
, 3
, p
p. 4
36-
4
37.

5
14. C
f. M. Mircev
, I
zvest
iia-Varna
, 1
8, 1
968
, p
p. 1
71-173, a
nd B
. G
erov
,
2
2•2.
'
.
! ,p
. 4
34.

5
15. C
f. s
upra f
ootno
tes 5
11, 5
13-514.

5
16. I
bid.

5
17. I
thas e
ven been s
tated t
hat t
he f
igh
ting t
ook p
lace i
n t
he Southern area
o
f Mo
ldavia
, o n t
he Lower Danube (c
f. R. Vu
lpe, H
istoire ancienne d
e
l
a Dobroud
ja, Bucure e
i, 1
938, p
. 2
62;) b
ut t
he a
uthor a
bandoned t
his
t
hes
is l
ater (
cf. D
ID, I
, p
. 2
24).

5
18. V
. Pärvan
, H
istr
ia, V
II, p
p. 8
2-84. T
he s
ix f
ragmen
ts o
f t
he i
nscr
ip-
t
ion p
ubl
ished b
y V
. Pärvan were f
ound i
n t
he f
ounda
tions o
f t
he ma
in
g
ate a
t H
istr
ia.

5
19. D
. M. P
ipp
idi, Con
tribu
tii l
a i
stor
ia v
eche a Ro man
iei
, e
d a I-a
,
Bucure9t
i, 1
967
, p
p. 4
68-480.

5
20. S
ub h
is (Max
i mo e
t Ba
lbino
) p
ugna
tu m e
st a Carp
is c
ontra Moesos.
Fu
it e
t S
cyth
ici b
ell
i p
rinc
ipiu m
, f
uit e
t H
istr
iae e
xcid
iu m e
o t
e mpore,
u
t a
ute m Dex
ippus d
icit
, H
istr
icae c
ivita
tis (
SHA
, XX
E, 1
6, 3
).

5
21. C
f. D
. M. P
ipp
idi, o
p.c
it., p
. 4
66 a
nd f
ol
low
ing
.

5
22. R
. Vu
lpe
, D
ID, I
, p
. 2
32.

5
23. V
. Chr
istescu
, I
stros
, I
, 1
934
, p
p. 7
3-80
; i
de m
, I
stor
ia
p
. 9
1, Fr. A
lthe
im, L
e d
ecl
in, p
. 2
45; M. Macrea a
nd D
. Pro
tase
,
S
C§Clu
j, V
, 1
954
, 3
-4, p
p. 4
95-559
; R
. Vu
lpe
, M. Macrea a
nd
B
. M
itrea
, I
stRo m
, I
, p
p. 4
56, 5
28, 6
42-643
; D
. Tudor
, Räscoa
le
p
. 5
1; i
de m H
istor
ia, X
IV, 3
, p
. 3
74.

5
24. C
f. C
. Preda
, S
CN, I
V, 1
968
, p
p. 1
90-191.

5
25. V
. Chr
istescu
, I
stros
, I
, p
. 7
5; i
de m
, Dac
ia, V-V
I, 1
938, p
. 4
47;
i
de m
, I
stor
ia mil
itar, p
. 9
1; Fr
. A
lthe
im, L
e d
dcl
in, p
. 2
45.

2
09
5
26. M. Macrea a
nd D
. Protase
, 22
.cit
., p
. 3
54; R
. Vu
lpe a
nd B
. M
itrea
,
I
stRo m
, I
, p
. 4
65, 6
42-64g
; D
. T
udor
, O
lten
ia Ro mana
, p
. 3
8.

5
27. R
. Vu
lpe
, I
stRo m
, I
, p
. 5
29.

5
28. C
f. C
. Freda
, 22
.cit., p
p. 1
89-196 a
nd B
. Mitrea
, S
CN, I
V, p
p. 2
02-
2
06.

5
29. I
bid
. With r
egard t
o t
he i
ncurs
ion o
f t
he Carp
i i
n 2
45 s
ee a
lso B
.
M
itrea
, S
CIV
, I
V, 1
953, 3
, p
p. 6
11-640
; NEH
, I
, 1
955
, p
p. 1
49-160
;
B
. G
erov
, Acta Ph
ilippopo
litana
, V
I, 1
962, p
. 1
27 a
nd f
ollow
ing
, a
nd
Gh
. B
ich
ir, S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 2
, p
p. 1
92-194.

5
30. S
ee t
he l
ist i
n C
. T
orma
, Erd MüzEvk
, I
I, 1
864
, p
p. 3
1-34.

5
31. J
. J
ung
, Roe mer u
nd Ro manen i
n d
en Donau
laendern
, I
nnsbruck
, 1
877
,
p
. 1
76.

5
32. B
. Rappapor
t, .
cit., p
. 3
3; L
. S
chm
idt
, s
a.c
it., p
. 2
05.

5
33. A
. A
lfö
ldi
, A g
öt mozga
lo m e
s Ddcia f
eladdsa
, e
xtract f
ro m Egyete mes
Pb
ilo
log
iai Közlöny
, 1
929-1930
, p
p. 3
1-32.

5
34. C
f. C
. Da
icov
iciu
, A
ISC, I
I, 1
941, p
p. 2
00-270
; M. Macrea
, i
n t
he
s
a me v
olu me
, p
p. 2
77-279 a
nd Gh. B
ich
ir, 22
.cit., p
. 1
92.

5
35. S
. S
opron
i, Cas
tel
lu m Carporu m
, F
oliaArch
, XV
, 1
963
, p
p. 4
3-54
;
i
de m
, E
ine n
eue I
nschr
ift a
us I
nterc
isa
, K
lio
, 4
6, 1
965
, p
p. 3
67-370.

5
36. C
. Da
icov
iciu
, S
tC1
, V
II, 1
965
, p
. 2
42, n
. 2
; Gh
. B
ich
ir, 2
E.c
it.,
p
. 1
93 e
tc.

5
37. Zos
i mos
, CSHB, e
d. I
. Bekker
i, Bonn
, 1
837
, p
. 2
2 a
nd Fon
tes, I
, p
p.
2
99-301.

5
38. Un
its o
f L
egio XX
II Pr
imigen
ia o
n t
he Rh
ine a
nd o
f V
II C
laud
ia f
ro m
V
iminac
iu m w
ere b
rough
t (
cf. Gh
. B
ich
ir, ,p
. 1
93).

5
39. D
. T
udor
, H
istor
ia, X
IV, 1
965
, 3
, p
p. 3
68-380.

5
40. S
ändor S
opron
i, b
elieves t
hat i
t was p
erhaps a p
ermanen
t c
itade
l (
cf
.
s
upra n
ote 5
35).

5
41. D
. T
udor
, 2
E.c
it., p
. 3
75, n
ote 2
9.

5
42. S
ee Apu
lu m
, V
II, 1
968, p
. 1
87.

5
43. C
f. S
CIV
, 2
2, 1
971, 2
, p
. 1
94. Z
osi mos (
I
, 2
0) s
ays t
hat Ph
ilip t
he
Arab waged war a
gainst t
he Carp
i who r
avaged t
he c
ountr
ies n
ear t
he
I
stros. Ab
att
le t
ook p
lace a
nd t
he C
arp
i d
id n
ot r
esist t
he a
ttack b
ut
f
led t
o ac
itade
l where t
hey were b
esieged b
y t
he Ro mans. However
t
hose who w
ere s
cat
tered g
athered a
nd t
ook c
ourage a
nd s
all
ied f
ro m
t
he c
itadel a
nd made a s
urpr
ise a
ttack o
n t
he Ro man a
r my
. They
c
ould n
ot r
esis
t t
he a
ttacks o
f t
he Maur
i a
nd p
roposed a
n a
gree men
t
wh
ich Ph
ilip t
he Arab r
ead
ily a
ccep
ted
. A
fter t
his t
he Emperor w
ith-
d
rew
. S
ee t
he t
ext a
nd t
rans
lat
ion i
n F
ontes
, I
, p
p. 3
00-301. More
r
ecen
tly
, I
. P
iso (
In Me mor
ia m C
. D
aicov
iciu
, C
luj, 1
974, p
p. 3
01-
3
08) a
tte mp
ted t
o s
how t
hat t
he e
ven
ts t
ook p
lace i
n 2
48 a
nd n
ot i
n 2
45-
2
47, b
ut t
his h
ypothes
is w
ill n
ot w
ithstand c
rit
icis m.

2
10
5
44. Zos
i mos u
ses t
he t
erm

5
45. I
ordanes (
Get
ica
, 9
1, 2
5) t
ells t
hat 3
000 Carp
i i
n a
ddit
ion t
o t
he G
oths
a
nd o
ther p
eop
les (
Taifa
les
, Asd
ing
i) p
art
icipa
ted i
n aG
oth
ic a
ttack
a
gainst t
he Empire during t
he p
eriod f
ro m P
hil
ip t
he Arab t
o Dec
ius
:
Carporu m t
res mil
ia.

5
46. With r
egard t
o t
he a
ttacks (
which h
ave b
een e
xaggera
ted b
y s
o me
s
cho
lars
) i
n t
he t
ime o
f G
all
ienus
, s
ee C
. Da
icov
ic , 2
iu 2.e
i
t p
. 2
43
a
nd f
ollow
ing
. I
t mus
t b
e n
oted t
hat t
he t
hes
is o
f A
. A
lfö
ldi t
hat t
he
mil
itary g
arr
isons a
nd a l
arge p
art o
f t
he a
dmin
istra
tion w
ithdrew f
ro m
Dac
ia i
n t
he t
ime o
f Ga
llienus a
nd t
hat ab
arbar
ian f
oedera
tus
, f
irst
t
he Carp
i a
nd l
ater r
eplaced b
y t
he G
oths b
etw
3en 2
60 a
nd 2
70 h
ad b
een
e
stab
lished i
n t
heir p
lace (
see A g
öt mozga
lo m...., p
. 3
8 a
nd f
ollow
ing
),
c
an n
o l
onger b
e s
uppor
ted o
n t
he b
asis o
f t
he p
resen
t s
tudy
.

5
47. C
IL, I
I, 1
2465
; 7
581; B
. Rappapor
t, o
p.c
it., 9
7-98
; L
. Ho mo
,
Essa
i s e r
ur l egne d
e l
i
e mpereur Aure
lien
, Par
is, 1
904
, p
. 1
9.

5
48. Aure
lius V
ictor
, Caesares
, 3
9, 4
3.

5
49. S
ee s
upra f
ootno
te 4
92.

5
50. F
lav
ius Vop
iscus (
SHA
, Aure
lianus
, 3
0, 4
-5) t
ells t
hat when t
he emperor
h
ad b
een i
nfor med t
hat t
he S
ena
te h
ad b
estowed t
he t
i
tle o
f Carp
icus
Max
i mus o
n h
im (
he w
as i
n Mose
ia I
nfer
ior a
t t
he t
ime
), h
e e
xcla
i med
:
s
uperes
t p
atres c
onscr
ipt
i u
t me e
t
ia m Carp
iscu
lu m v
oce
tis (
Sena
tors
,
i
ton
ly r
e ma
ins n
ow f
or y
ou t
o c
all me Carp
iscu
lu m
). Carp
iscu
lu m
was a s
ort o
f f
ootwear. Probab
ly Aure
lian c
ons
idered t
he t
i
tle a
s b
eing
o
f t
oo l
i
ttle impor
tance i
n c
ontras
t w
ith o
thers wh
ich h
e p
ossessed (
cf.
R
. Vu
lpe
, D
ID, I
, p
. 2
73).

5
51. S
ee Fr. A
lthe
im, D
ie S
olda
tenka
iser
...., p
. 1
03; i
de m
, L
e d
ect
in,
p
. 2
50.

5
52. C
f. s
upra f
ootnotes 4
06-408.

5
53. C
f. s
upra f
ootnotes 4
20 a
nd 4
21. S
ee a
lso J
ordanes
, Ro mana
, 2
99;
i
de m
, G
etica
, 9
1; Euseb
ius o
f Caesarea
, Cron
ica
, 2
26, b
, t
he y
ear
2
95 (
cf. F
ontes
, I
, p
p. 1
0-11).

5
54. S
ee s
upra f
ootnote 4
92.

2
11
 The Archaeology and
History of the Carpi
from the Second to the
Fourth Century A. D.

Part ii

Gh. Bichir
revised by the author
translated from the Romanian by
Nubar Hampartumian

BAR Supplementary Series I 6(ii)

1976
 British Archaeological Reports
122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS

A. C . C . Brodribb, M. A • A. R. Hands, B.Se., M. A., D. Phil.

M,,.s. Y. M. Hands D. R. Walker, M.A.

B .A.R. Supplementary Series 16 (ii), 1976: "The Archaeology and History of

the Carpi from the Second to the Fourth Century A. D.", Part ii
© Gh. Bichir and E ditura Academie i Republicii Sociali ste Romania, Bucure§ti,
1976.
Previously published as "Cultura Carpica", Editura Academiei Republicii
Socialiste Romania, Bucure�ti, Romania, 1973.

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright,

Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored,
sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted
in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781407387390 (Volume I) paperback

ISBN 9781407387406 (Volume II) paperback
ISBN 9780904531558 (Volume set) paperback
ISBN 9781407331805 (Volume set) e-format
DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531558
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

 CONTENTS

Page

P
art i

L
ist o
f f
igures

B
ibl
iograph
ica
l Abbrev
iat
ions

F
oreword

Preface 1

CHAPTER

I I
ntroduct
ion 3

I S
ett
le men
ts 5

I
I C
e meter
ies 1
8

I
V Ma
in o
ccupa
tions o
f t
he i
nhab
itan
ts 3
3

V Cra
fts 3
8

V
I P
ottery 5
0

V
II Ob
jects d
iscovered i
n s
ett
le men
ts a
nd c
e meter
ies 8
8

V
III Co
ins 1
18

I
X Mag
ica
l a
nd c
ult p
ract
ices 1
26

X Chrono
logy a
nd d
ating o
f t
he Carp
ic c
ulture 1
37

X
E Who w
ere t
he C
arp
i? 1
45

X
II Traces o
f t
he Carp
i i
n Mun
ten
ia, S
cyth
ia M
inor
Ro man Dac
ia a
nd i
n Pannon
ia 1
52

X
III T
he s
ocia
l s
tructure o
f t
he Carp
ic p
opu
lat
ion 1
59

X
IV Re
lat
ions b
etween t
he Carp
i a
nd o
ther p
eop
les 1
61

F
ootno
tes 1
74

Par
t i

Maps a
nd P
lates 2
13
1
. Horod
ietea 5
7. Bä
lanee
ti 14
. Tanacu-Popeet
1 1
71. I
veet
i
2
. Mano
lease 5
8. H
irtop 15
. Tanacu-Ch
iscu
l-U
luce
lor 1
72. B
irlad
3
. S
även
l-Podu
l Podr
ige
i 5
9. Bä
lusep
ti 16
. Tanacu-Va
lea P
irtanaei 1
73. B
irlad-Valea S
eacä
4
. Z
vor
ietea 6
0. G
irov-Vä
len
i 17
. Bahnar
l 1
74. S
erb
ieneet
i

5
. Bo
toeana 6
1. Doch
ia 18
. Pa
ten
ted 1
75. Rädac
ineet
i
6
. S
cheia 6
2. Choy 19
. I
väneet
i(Go
logof
ta) 1
76. Tävädäri
tet
i
7
. S
uceava (
s
tr. Ana I
pitescu) 6
3. Bo
teet
i 1
20. G
irdee
ti 1
77. Gh
ionoa
la
8
. Cucorän
i- Mede
len
i 6
4. Do
lna 1
21. Corodeet
i 1
78. Gä
lceana
9
. B
otoean
i-Dea
lul Cärär
aldär
iei 6
5. P
iatra Neam
t-Lutärie 1
22. Räden
i 1
79. L
ana
1
0. Poden
i-Bunee
ti 6
6. P
latra Neamt-Därmänee
ti 1
23. Co
loneet
i 1
80. H
äläreet
i
1. Ro
topäneet
i 6
7. P
iatra Nea m
t-Vä
len
i 1
24. I
zvoru
l(C
i mba
la) 1
81. Ve
trieoa
la
1
2. R
ipicen
i-lzvor 6
8. P
ingara
ti 1
25. Cursee
ti V
ale 1
82. S
ärä
ten
i
1
3. l
oni
teen
i-P
ivn4e 6
9. Hangu-Ce
tigu
ie 1
26. Tra
ian 1
83. Ma
lue
ten
i
1
4. Red
iu -
Ponoare 7
0. Du mbrava Ros
ie 1
27. Fi
lipeni 1
84. Adam
1
5. C
i mpen
i(Lä
täi) 7
1. S
ävineet
i 1
28. Petreet
i 1
85. Brä
tuleet
i
1
6. Popr
ican
i 7
2. S
loboz
ia-Roznov 1
29. Bärboasa-Gäläneet
l 1
86. Rogo
jen
i

1
7. Vadu Moldove
l(Bäräe
ti- 7
3. Tra
lan-Zineet
i 1
30. Onceet
i-Cioare 1
87. Smu
lti-Gornee
ti
C
iu muleet
i) 7
4. Negr
iteet
i 1
31. S
ohodor 1
88. M
indreet
i
1
8. B
uha
lni
ta 7
5. Märgineni 1
32. Ta mae 1
89. Tg
. B
ujor
1
9. Bä
icen
i-S
ilie
te 7
6. Goe man
i-B ircu 1
33. N
ico
lae Bä
lcescu-lzvoare
le 1
90. B
alen
i-gara
2
0. Costeet
i 7
7. Bu
tnaree
ti 1
34. G
iosen
l 1
91. Vorn
icen
il Mar
i
2
1. C
rivest
i 7
8. Mo
ldoven
l-Gabära 1
35. Faraoan
i 1
92. C
ucorän
i-Va
tra s
atu
lui
2
2. O
bbrocen
t 7
9. B
irjoven
i-Romän
i 1
36. Va
lea Rea 1
93. Bo
toeani- Mov
ile
2
3. Banu 8
0. S
ili eea-Romän
i 1
37. Räcatäu 1
94. R
ipicen
i-Te
lescu
2
4. Cogeasca Veche 8
1. Podo
len
i 1
38. MÜndrieca-Va
lea S
eacä
. 1
95. S
tefäneet
i-Dea
lul Horod
incä
2
5. Hor
leet
i 8
2. Cost
lea- Mänoa
la 1
39. K ne e
l 1
96. V
läden
i Dea
l
2
6. C
ris
tee
ti 8
3. Rusen
i 1
40. S
ascu
t-Tg
. 1
97. I
potee
ti-Luncä
2
7. l
aei-Aba
tor 8
4. Mäs
täcan 1
41. Sascut-sat 1
98. l
cueen
i-H
leiu
2
8. C
iurbee
ti 8
5. Bor
leet
l-sa
t 1
42. Tätäräeti 1
99. P
räjen
l-S
tandoa
lä
2
9. C
ercu 8
6. Bor
leet
i-Pur
icen
i 1
43. S
iecan
i 2
00. Prä
jen
i-lezä
tura Veche
3
0. Comarna 8
7. Po
loboc 1
44. Ad
judu
l Vech
l 2
01. L
eorda-Buduhocea
3
1. D
un-ti
tr e
!' Ge e
. 8
8. S
ocea 1
45. Rug
ineet
i 2
02. Boro
lea-Piriu
l S
ära
t
3
2. Fede
leeen
i 8
9. C
indeet
i 1
46. Gu
tinasu 2
03. L
iven
i-Va
lea C
ioco
iulu
i
, .
3
3. B
utea 9
0. Va
lea l
ui I
on 1
47. Gura 2
04. G
irbova
t
3
4. P
aecani- rn
tir
im 9
1. G
irlen
i-Rac
ila 1
48. V
iieoara-Tg
.Tro
tue 2
05. Bräh
iteest
i
3
5. Con
teet
i 9
2. Märg
inen
i-Bara
ti 1
49. Tu
ta 2
06. Cos
iten
i
3
6. P
reu
tee
ti 9
3. Bacäu-Lu
tär
ie 1
50. S
atu N i 2
07. Oancea
3
7. T
opo
lni
ta(Ocea
) 9
4. Lu
izi-Cn
Iugära 1
51. C
ioran
i 2
08. T
utova
3
8. T
irpeet
i 9
5. S
ära
ta 1
52. Pench
i 2
09. G
ura N
iecovu
lui
.
3
9. I
gäree
ti(Ju
lfen
i) 9
6. S
äuceet
i 1
53. Päduren
i 2
10. V
alea Teancu
lui
4
0. Dav
iden
l 9
7. I
t
eet
i 1
54. T
ifeet
i 2
11. Bahna
4
1. G
hind
itoan
i 9
8. Prä
jeet
i 1
55. V
idra 2
12. & Hu
tt
4
2. Räzbo
ien
i 9
9. O
niecan
i-A
ldeet
i 1
56. B
ireee
ti 2
13. Tämäeen
i
4
3. Bodeet
ii d
e S
us 1
00. l
zvoare 1
57. V
irt
ieco
lu 2
14. S
hbäoan
i I
4
4. D
ragom
iree
ti-sa
t 1
01. Dä m
ienee
ti 1
58. Bon
tee
ti
4
5. D
rago m
ireet
i-S
illete 1
02. Tra
ian-Säb
lioan
i 1
59. Cos
teet
i
4
6. Vä
len
i-Bo
tee
ti 1
03. S
i
tbäoan
i I 1
60. Popeet
i
4
7. Born
ie 1
04. S
tän
ita 1
61. Dragos
loven
i
4
8. D
ueeet
i 1
05. T
ibäneet
i 1
62. C
indeet
l-Vrancea
4
9. N
eg-r
eet
i 1
06. Pocreaca 1
63. V
iezuree
ti
5
0. S
tefan c
el Mare-Serbeet
i 1
07. Moena 1
64. Po
iana
5
1. B
irg
tioan
i 1
08. Däneet
i 1
65. Po
iana-D
iacon
1
5
2. Du
lcest
i-Va
lea Neagrä 1
09. Negreet
i 1
66. Buc
lu men
i
5
3. Po
lat
ia-Du
lceet
i(S
ilie
te) 10
. Du meet
li Vech
i 1
67. Gh
idigen
i
5
4. Po
iana-Du
lceet
i(Varn
itä
) 11. Boz
leni 1
68. L
ieet
i
5
5. C
irl
ig 12. Muntenee
ti 1
69. Gäbeet
i-Rusen
i
5
6. D
ulcee
ti-sa
t 1
13. Tanacu-ecoa
lä 1
70. Cabest
i- M
llee
ti
 2
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I MAP 1
. A
rchaeo
log
ica
l f
inds o
f t
he f
ree Dac
ians i
n
Mo
ldav
ia a
nd i
n t
he Nor
th-East o
f Mun
ten
ia.

1
. S
ett
le men
t a
nd c
e metery
2
. S
ett
le men
t
3
. Ce metery
4
. I
solated f
ind (
set
tle men
t o
r c
e metery
)
1
. Ad
jud 3
1. T
ansa 6
1. G
hindgoan
i
2
. Ad
jud 3
2. T
ibod 6
2. T
irpest
i
3
. Bacäu 3
3. Boz
ien
i 6
3. G
ura Vä
ii (
Rip
ile
)
4
. Bä
läne§t
i 3
4. Vä
len
i 6
4. Tg
. Ocna
5
. B
irlad 3
5. Oborocen
i 6
5. Dä m
ienes
ti
6
. Bene§
ti 3
6. Muncelu d
e S
us 6
6. B
erest
i-T
itest
i
7
. Boz
ien
i 3
7. S
imionest
i 6
7. Buhus
i-Cio
lpan
i
8
. Ca in 3
8. S
tän
ila 6
8. G
al e-Bärbos
i
9
. C
inde§
ti 3
9. Vas
lui (
?) 6
9. H
orod
istea-C r
äin
icen
i
1
0. Cetätu
ia 4
0. Prä
jes
ti 7
0. Mäs
tacän-Bor
les
ti
1
1. G
irlen
i 4
1. Buhoc
i 7
1. Budest
i-F nre
i
1
2. Costes
ti 4
2. L
uiz
i-Cä
lugära 7
2. I
tes
ti-Bacäu
1
3. Cursesti 4
3. Buc
iu m 7
3. S
trunga
1
4. P
oiana-Du
lces
ti 4
4. Ardeoan
i 7
4. Avrä mest
i
1
5. Ezer 4
5. P
arava 7
5. C
ost
isa
1
6. F
ede
leeen
i 4
6. Ba
lcan
i 7
6. Mäg
ires
ti
1
7. Gura Vä
ii 4
7. C
iu mas
i 7
7. B
lädes
ti
1
8. H
lrsova 4
8. P
oloboc 7
8. H
ert
ioana d
e J
os
1
9. Mun
tenes
ti 4
9. Red
iu 7
9. Oncest
i
2
0. Negr
i 5
0. Pur
icen
i (
d
istr
ict 8
0. Ar
ini-Gälceana
2
1. On
icen
i Bor
les
ti) 8
1. S
ascut-Fin
tTnele
2
2. Osest
i 5
1. P
iatra Nea m
I 8
2. Brähäsest
i
2
3. P
lopana 5
2. d
irgäoan
i 8
3. Tu
tova
2
4. P
lopana 5
3. T
alpa 8
4. Murgen
i
2
5. Po
iana gra
t. 5
4. T
upila
ti 8
5. F
ocsan
i
2
6. Chetr
is 5
5. H
läpest
i 8
6. V
läd
icen
i-B
irgäoan
i
2
7. Racova 5
6. Räzbo
ien
i 8
7. F
lä m
inz
i- r
ätä
i
2
8. S
ascu
t 5
7. T
ibucan
i 8
8. Bräest
i
2
9. S
chinen
i 5
8. Bode t
i 8
9. Dersca
3
0. S
ocea 5
9. T
olic
i 9
0. M
Indr
isca
6
0. Cr
äcäoan
i
MAP 2
. Co
in-hoards (
Ro man
) d
iscovered o
n t
he
t
err
itory o
f Mo
ldav
ia wh
ich
, a
ccord
ing t
o t
he l
ast i
ssue
i
ncluded
, w
ere p
robab
ly b
uried i
n t
hat p
eriod.

1
. T
he 2
nd c
entury A
.D.; 2
. An
ton
inus P
ius
;
3
. Marcus Aurel
ius
; 4
. Co m modus
;
5
. S
ept
imius S
everus
; 6
. P
escenn
ius N
iger
;
7
. C
araca
lla
; 8
. S
everus A
lexander
;
9
. T
he 2
nd-3rd c
entury A
.D. (
coin-hoards whose
c
onten
ts a
re s
cat
tered
);
1
0. Unpub
lished h
oards
 H
o
rod 4e a

7.

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ea

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n
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t
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s.
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B
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ti
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ä
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I
I MAP 3
. Carp
ic c
e meter
ies
:

1
. C
e meter
ies wh
ich h
ave b
een e
xtens
ive
ly i
nvest
igated
;
2
. C
e me
ter
ies i
n wh
ich o
nly t
ria
l e
xcava
tions h
ave b
een
c
arr
ied o
ut;
3
. C
e meter
ies k
nown b
y c
asua
l f
inds a
nd f
ield
r
esearches
;
4
. C
e metery o
r s
ett
le men
t?
4
-
1
0
G
o
l
d
,
m
o
r
en
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
fi
n
d
s
.
V
I S
ett
le men
t o
f t
he Carp
i t
ype
:

1
-2. P
oiana-Du
lceet
i, S
i
liete (
below t
he r
iver o
f Mo
ldova
);
3
. P
oiana-Du
lceet
i, V
arn
itä (
on t
he l
ef
t, t
he f
ores
t
wh
ich surrounded t
he presen
t vil
lage o
f Po
iana
).
4
. S
loboz
ia-Roznov , Dea
lul Cante m
ir;
5
-6. ,
Pia
tra Nean4-Lu
tär
ie (
in f
ig. 6
, t
he P
ietr
icica moun
tain
).
 SXXI
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E
ll 1 4
WA 2 E
ID 5
r
l
k An
» 3 AA 6

X
III Poiana-Dulce e
i, Varn4ä, s
ect
ion a
nd p
lan o
f t
he s
unken-
f
loored hu
t no. 13 (
B.13
):

1
. Hu mus
; 2
. Occupa
tion l
ayer (l
evel I)
, of g
rey-
y
ellow
ish co
lour; 3. Earthy f
i
lling con
taining much a
sh;
4
. D
irty y
ellow s
oil
, w
ithou
t a
rchaeo
log
ica
l t
races
;
5
. L
ight y
ellow l
oess
, u
nexcava
ted
; 6
. S
herds
;
7
. S
tones
; 8
. S
nai
ls; 9
. t
erre p
ise ; 10. Charcoa
l;
1. Fragmen
ts o
f h
ear
th; 1
2. Ash
:
1
3. Bones o
f a
ni ma
ls.
)
(
EV Po
iana-Du
lce t
i:

1
-3. The Transfor mer
, h
ear
th o
f t
he s
urface-dwe
lling
n
9. 1 (
Ls.1
); 4
. Varn
i0, B
.5, h
ear
th f
or f
iring b
uil
t
d
irec
tly o
n t
he g
round
; 5
. V
arn
ig.
, v
iew o
f t
he e
xcava
tion
;
6
. Varn
ig, p
it n
o. 3
1, v
esse
ls i
n s
itu.
XV Po
iana-Du
lee§t
i, f
inds i
n s
itu
:

1
-5, 7
. Varn
iIä
; 6
. S
iliete (
pit n
o. 7
)
XV
I Po
iana-Du
1ce9t
i, Varn
ig; s
torage-p
its.
XV
II Types o
f s
torage-p
its wh
ich h
ave b
een i
den
tif
ied i
n t
he
s
ett
lemen
ts a
t Po
iana-Du
lces
ti.
XV
III F
inds i
n s
itu
:
— —
1
-3. Bu
tnare§t
i, p
ottery workshop
;
4
-6. V
arn
iIä
, p
it n
o. 1
3 (
cult
); 7
. S
il
igte
7
. S
i
lig
te, s
urface dwe
lling i
n t
he t
rench V (
S.V
).
 SV
I
I

•f
l 2
0
S
.
VI
e M1
9 M
1E1
SV • e
•M 1
0 •M
11
S
I
I
I •M
12 t
it
le .H
.14 M
-1
54.M 4 71 . " °M 9

*M
.16 'M 77 e
n M
tl
5
.1
V

• B
UTNÄREST
I W AY S
ECU
IEN
1

•M5 Wel

• M4

•M 3

H
ouse
• M2
P
i
CHIUA
I
tt

•M 1

5
1 S
1
1

0
P
otte
ry K
i
ln
1
:
2
P
otter
y K
i
ln H
ear
th

S
.V1
1

P
otte
ry wo
rk-shops

H
earth
2
0m
9

X
IX Butnäre t
i, g
enera
l p
lan o
f t
he e
xcava
tions
:

S
I-V
I, V
III
, c
e me
tery
; S
.VI
I. s
ett
le men
t
O
rchard W
ay

O
r
chard

XXI B
utn
ceree
ti, c
eme
tery
:

1
. V
iew o
f e
xcava
tions
; 2
-6. G
raves i
n s
i
tu.
20
(II Bu
tnärest
i, g
raves i
n s
itu.
XX
[II Bu
tnäre
,9t
i, g
raves i
n s
i
tu.
Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
, g
raves i
n s
i
tu.
XXV 1
-4. S
tones q
uerns
:

1
, Bu
tnäre§
ti; 2
-4. Po
iana-Du
leeet
i, Varn
ig;
5
. S
i
lie
te (
B.1), s
unken-f
loored h
ut 1
, whetstone.
XXV
I Po
iana-Du
1ce9t
i, Varn
ifä
, i
ron t
ools
:

1
-3. Borers
; 4
. S
ick
le.
I
ron t
ools
:

1
-6. P
oiana-Du
lce9
ti, V
arn4ä (
1-3
) b
orers
;
4
-6. Sickles
; 7 -11. Päduren
i, c
e metery
, k
nife b
lades
d
iscovered i
n g
raves.
 1

XXVIII Poiana-Dulce9ti, Varni}::1'.:

1-4. Iron lmives; 5-6. Sickles.
 2 1

XX
IX Mästacän-Drago m
irej
ti, a
gricu
ltura
l imp
le men
ts:

1
. S
cythe
; 2
-3. I
ron c
oul
ters.
1 2 5

8 9 10
7

23

JO 31
Poiana-Dulcesti,
J
clay spindle-whorls.
0
'0<
1 Po
iana-Du
lce e
i,

1
-2. L
oo m-we
igh
ts; 3
. S
pit-ho
lder f
or r
oast
ing
(
inco mp
lete
).
Bu
tnäre t
i, s
ett
le men
t, v
iews o
f t
he e
xcava
tion o
f t
he
p
ottery workshop w
ith K
ilns C1 a
nd C2 .
)
00(
111
B
utnäre9
ti, p
lan o
f t
he p
ottery w
orkshop w
ith t
wo k
i
lns
:

1
. The e
ntrance t
o t
he s
unken-f
loored h
ut;
2
. C
harcoal
3
. Grave
l a nd c
rushed sherds u
sed t
o i
ncrease
w
orkab i
lity o
fthe pas
te ;
4
. S
tone axe, u
sed as b
urn
isher
;
5
. I
ron kn
ife b
lades
;
6
. Bone t
ool
;
7
. C
lay for mode
lling v
esse
ls (
t
he p
aste i
s a
lready
prepared
)
8
. t
erre p
is e
;9. F
lin
t b
lade
;
1
0. S
tone q
uern f
or g
rind
ing t
he g
rits
;
1. Kn
ife-b
lades
Bu
tnäreg
ti, p
ottery w
orkshop
, b
roken v
esse
ls i
n s
i
tu.
XXXV Var
ious o
bjec
ts:

1
-4. C
lay s
pind
le whorls (Po
iana-Du
lce e
i, Varn
i,
tä)
5
. C
lay d
isc (Po
iana-Dulce9t
i,
7
. C
lay amu
let (
Pia
tra Nea m
3-Lu
tär
ie)
6
, 8
-12. B
utnäree
ti, p
ottery workshops (
6
, 8
-11, s
tone
i
mple men
ts, 1
2, b
one aw
l).
S
:
2
-
(

I
S
0

›
-
)
;
-
4
C
.
)

C
D

c
p

4
5
)
 \
,
,
e
.\
\
:
\ 7
/
\t
/
i
/e \
)
2
9
/e
/
/

« r
11
1.

‘
.
1

XXXV
III Group A (
hand- made p
ottery
), t
ypes a a
nd c
:

1
-3=a/3; 4
,6=a/4
; 5
=a/
1; 7
=c/4
; 1
-2 ,4
-6, P
oiana
Du
lce§
ti, Varn
i.t
.
ä
. (
4-6
, l
eve
l I
; 1
-2, l
eve
l I
);
3
. T
ife e
i-Panc
iu; 7
. P
oiana-Du
1ce9t
i, S
i
liete
, l
eve
l I
.
 1
3

10

XL Group A, types a and c: 1-a; 2,5-8, 10-11=a/3; 4-a/2; 9-a/1; 12=a/4;

3=c/3. 1-2,4. Poiana-Dulce9ti, Sili�te (level I; 3,
5-6, 10-11. Poiana-Dulce�ti, Varniia: (6 , level I:
3,5,10-11, level II); 7, Tife�ti-Panciu;
8-9, Piatra Neamj:-Lutarie; 12, Poiene§ti.
XLI Group A, types a ande: i=a/3; 3=a/1; 4=a/2; 6=a/4; 2,5=c/1.
1-2. Piatra Neamj-Darmáne�ti;
3,5. Butnare�ti, settlement;
4. Piatra Neamj-Lutarie;
6. Poiana-Dulce�ti, Sili§,te (level II). _ ____J
XL
II Group B I
, t
ype b
/1 (
s
torage v
esse
ls).
 •
,
le 0 g
rif
l
i
1,
1
0
'
/
1

w
h
i
liI

f
t
b
e
c
r
i-m
er
ft
er
i-i
IW
(
1
il

1
\
11
1i1

\
\
\
\1
\\\

ff
l
I
I M: =
11
1

)1
j
i1(1
1
1(

3
4

XL
III Group A
, t
ype b
/1. Po
iana-Du
lce§
ti, Varn
ist
ä (
1,3, l
eve
l I
;
2
,4 l
eve
l I
).
 7
\
1
1
)
1

i
r
rAi
re,

1 .
111
1
11 M
11
1 = =

.
0 04
(1
(1 4

XL
IV Group A
, t
ype b
:1=
1:
1/2
; 2
-4=1/1.

1
. Po
iana-Du
lce9t
i Varn
i_
ig (
l
eve
l I
)
;
2
-4. Bu
tnäre9t
i, p
ottery workshop
.
XLV Group A
, t
ype b
;

1-2,4=
13/1; 3=b/4 (
vessel 0
.71 m i
n h
eigh
t)
Butnäre9
t i
, p
ottery workshop
.
XLVI Group A, t ype b:

1,3=h/3; 2,4=b/1. 1. Butnare�ti, cemetery (grave 10);

2. Moldoveni-Gabara, cemetery (grave 5);
3-4. Poiana-Dulce�ti, Varni!a (settlement, level II).
 -
XLV.II Gr oup A, type b: 1, 2, 5-b/3; :1-4 b 2.
1. Ruptura; 2-5. Piatr a MeamJ - Lutarie
1

XLV
III Groups A a
nd B I
: 1
=A, b
/1; 3
=A,b/3; 2
=B I
,a/2
;
4
=B I
,a/1 .
1
,3. Poiana-Dulceeti, Varn
i0: (the v
essel in f
ig. 1was
f
ound i
n p
it A6
, u nder t
he skeleton o
f ad og
);
2
. V
irt
ieco
iu; 4
. Päduren
i.
XLLX Groups A a
nd B I
: 1
=A,b/
1; 2
-A,b/2
; 3
-4=BI
,b/1.
P
iatra Neamt
:

1
,3. L
utar
ie; 2
,4. Dar manes
ti
L Groups A a
nd B I
: 1
-3=A
,b/
1 ; 4-
-BI
,a/3
; 5
=BI
,b/2
4
6
=BI,a /
1.

.1
,3,5
. Po
iana-Du
lcee
ti, V
arn
ig;
2
,4 P
iatra Nean-
e Lutär
ie;
6
. Bu
tnä r
eet
i ,p
ottery w
orkshop.
L
I G
roup A
, d
ecora
ted p
ottery
:

1
. Päduren
i, s
ett
le men
t;
2
-4,6. Po
iana-Du
lce§
ti, Varn
ig (
l
eve
l 1
)
;
5
. P
oiana-Du
lce e
i, S
i
li,
9te (
l
eve
l I
)
.
 3

10

12

13

LII Poiana-Dulccyti, pottery from level 1, group A

10
11

LIII Poiana-Dulce§,ti, pottery fr om le.vel I, group A

L
IV Po
iana-Du
lce t
i, p
ottery f
ro m l
eve
l I
, g
roup A
Lv Po
lana-Du
lc e
t, p
ottery f
ro m l
eve
l I
, g
roup A
LW P
oiana-Du
lce§
ti, p
ottery f
ro m l
eve
l I
, g
roup A
LV
II P
oiana-Du
lee§t
i, p
ottery f
ro m l
eve
l I
, g
roup A
LV
III Po
iana-Du
lee t
i, p
ottery f
rom l
eve
l I
, g
roup A
L
IX Decora
ted p
ottery
:

1
,3,5. Group A
; 2
,4. G
roup B
;
1
,4. P
oiana-Du
lce5t
i, Varn
ig (
l
eve
l I
)
;
2
. Pgduren
i, c
e metery (
grave 1
5), f
ragmen
t o
f
b
roken u
rn;
3
,5. Bu
tnäre§t
i, s
ett
le men
t
LX Group B I
, t
ype a
/1. Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
, c
e metery
LX
E Group B I
, t
ype a
/1. P
oiene9
ti, c
e metery (
1-4
, g
rey
;
5
, r
ed)
L
.XE
I Group B 1
, t
ype a
: 1
=a/1; 2
-5=a/2. Po
ieneet
i, c
e metery
:

1
-3,5. g
rey i
; 4
. r
ed.
 P
I\.
1IW + dli m
. 7(( 4,
in meie l
1 ( 11 11 (( « 7( ( if

\
‘‘ I I t( (

I
t
e_ter
-34 3.• •
-
•••
•••
••. .
..•
••• •e e
!3j
_41
).4Le

_PP‘
VPP ,
„
i
\" -
_
„ "
1
\1
1
(
\1
1M
IWN
‘
-
&
-A APV\IN
_ Alv‘i\
JNA

w
.,•
•• •

LX
III Group B I
, t
ype a
: 1
,4=a/
1; 2
-3=a/2. Po
iene e
i,
c
e metery
:
2
, r
ed, t
he r
est
, g
rey
1
_
,X[V Grey f
ired v
esse
ls: 1
-2,4-6
, g
roup B I
, t
ype a
/1;
3
, g
roup B I
, t
ype d
/3.

1,2,6. P
oiene§
ti ,c
e metery
3
. Bu
tngre§t
i, p
ottery workshop
4
-5. P
oiana-Du
lceyt
i, V
arn4ä
, s
ett
le men
t l
eve
l I
 1
!
111‘\
\
.
\\

\
s

LXV Group B I
, t
ype a
/2;

1
. I
D
:Iduren
i (
grave 7
)
2
. Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
3
-4. Po
ien et
i, c
e metery (
grave 2
37 a
nd 3
36)
 - -

, 4

LXVI Group B I, type a: 1-3, 5=a/1; 4=a/2.

1, 4. Poiene�ti, cemetery
2. Virti§COiu, cemetery
3. Padu reni, cemetery
5. Butnare�ti, pottery workshop
LXV
II Group B I
, t
ypes a
/1 a
nd a
/2. Vä
len
i-Bo
t e
i, c
e me
tery
LXV
III Group B I
, t
ype a
/3. P
oienelt
i, c
e metery
:

1
,3,5-6
, r
ed f
ired
, t
he r
est
, g
rey f
ired
.
 ;

L
.XEX Group B I
, t
ype a
: 1
,3-4
,6=a/3
; 2
-a/4
; 5
-a/
1.
Po
ieneg
ti, c
e me
tery
:

2
,5-6, r
ed f
ired
, t
he r
est g
rey f
ired
.
 11
111 ,r
i, I I\

7
P((el I
I I
' I it

i
1
\W I
. ,, I • e nd(

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oi
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lis
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t

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el I .
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1,—, 1
11
11 .,

3 1 -4 i
ll 11
11

LXX
Group B
, t
ype a
/3. Päduren
i, c
e metery
, g
rey f
ired u
rns
:

1
. Grave 8
0; 2
. Grave 8
2; 3
. Grave 8
5; 4
. Grave 8
6
= Group B I
, t
ype a
/3. P
ä,duren
i, c
e metery
, g
rey u
rns
:

1
. Grave 2
3; 2
. Grave 3
9; 3
. Grave 4
8; 4
. Grave 6
7
 =1
,
11
11
1 =111= M
I C

LXX
EI Group B I
, t
ype a
/3. Päduren
i, c
e metery
, g
rey u
rns
:

1
. Grave 1
; 2
. Grave 3
; 3
. Grave 2
3; 4
. Grave 5
1
LXX
III Group B I
, t
ype a
/3. Päduren
i, c
e metery
:

1
. Grave 1
7; 2
. Grave 6
7; 3
. Grave 4
4; 4
. Grave 3
9
1
-2, g
rey u
rns
; 3
, r
ed u
rn
L
)0aV. Group B I
, t
ype a
/3. Päduren
i, c
e me
tery
, g
rey u
rns.
LXXV Group B I
, t
ype a
/3. P
rlduren
i, c
e metery
: 1
,3-4
, g
rey u
rns
;
2
, r
ed u
rn.
LX
.XV
I Group B I
, t
ype a
/3. P duren
t, c
e metery
, g
rey u
rns.
DO
(VI
I Grey u
rns
: 1
,3-4
, g
roup B I
, t
ype a
/3 (dr
ti9co
iu);
2
, g
roup B I
, t
ype a
/2 (
Tanacu-Vaslu
i).
 '
t00%

/
,
,
"

LXXV
III Group B I
, t
ype a
: 1
-a/3
; 2
=a/
1. 3
=aj4
; 4
=a/2.

1
-3, Poienee
ti, c
e metery; 4 . Päduren
i, c
e metery
(
grave 13
). Red fired urns.
LX X
LX Group B I
, t
ype a
: 1
-3-a/4
; 4
=a/3. Päduren
i,
c
e metery
, g
rey u
rns
:

1
-2, g
rave 1
6; 3
, g
rave 5
3; 4
, g
rave 2
.
LXXX Group B I
, t
ype a
/4, g
rey u
rns f
ound i
n c
e meter
ies
:

1
-2, Bu
tnäre t
i; 3
, S
aucejt
i; 4
, Bärboäsa-Gä
läne e
i.
L
200(
I Group B I
, t
ype a
: 1
-2=a/4
; 3
-4=a/3. Grey u
rns f
ound
i
n c
e meter
ies
:

1
-3, Butnäre .
s
ti (
1
, g
rave 72 ; 2
, g
rave 1
7; 3
, g
rave 7
1);
4
, Päduren
i, g
rave 4
.
LXXX
II Group B I
, t
ype a
: 1
,3-4=a/4
; 2
=a/5. Päduren
i,
c
e metery
, g
rey u
rns
:

1
, g
rave 1
6; 2
, g
rave 3
5; 3
, g
rave 5
3; 4
, g
rave 2
.
 e
een
ee.

p
i
t
il
ll
i 11
)1 •
11I

D OOG
II Group B I
, t
ype a
: 1
=a/9
; 2
=a/2
; 3
-4=a/
1.

1
-2,4
, P
oiene9
ti, c
e me
tery
; 3
, Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
,
c
e metery
. 1
-3, g
rey u
rns
; 4
, r
ed u
rn.
LXXX
IV Grey f
ired u
rns
: 1
-2, 4
, g
roups B I
, t
ype a (
1-a/2
;
2
-a/5
; 4
-a/3
); 3
, g
roup B H
, t
ype a
/2.

1
-2, Päduren
i, c
e metery
; 3
-4, Butnäre9t
i (
3
, p
ottery
workshop
; 4
, c
e metery
, g
rave 1
).
LXXXV Group B I
, t
ype a
: 1
-2=a/8
; 3
=a/1; 4
=a/10.

1
-2, B
ärboasa-Gär
äne e
i; 3
-4, Once9t
i. 1
,3-4
, g
rey
u
rns
; 2
, r
ed u
rn.
= W
I Group B I
, t
ype b
/1. P
oiana-Du
lce t
i, Varn
ifä
, p
it 4
5
(
l
eve
l I
)
. S
torage-
jars w
ith b
urn
ished d
ecorat
ion.
 2

LXXXV
II G
roup B I
, t
ype c
: 1
=c/4
; 2
=c/3
; 3
=c/2.
P
oiana-Du
lc ut
i, Varnig (
l
eve
l I
)
, p
atera w
ith b
urn
ished
d
ecorat
ion o
n i
nside.
P
l. LXXXV
III Group B
I, t
ype c
: 1
, 7
-8-c/7
; 2
=c/4
; 3
-c/10
; 4
, 6
, 9
=c/5
;
5
-
--c
/6. 1
, 3-6, Po
iana-Du
lcel
ti, Varn
ig; 2
. P
oiana Du
lce e
i,
S
i
li te
; 7
-8, Päduren
i (
used a
s l
ids f
or c
over
ing t
he u
rns
;
9
, Butnare§t
i, p
ottery workshop.
ej
\l jil j n
i
111 i
7
11/
.1/ %
7
1
\ \
:e:
. ,
‘
»
,•\
\ t
‚
i
h 1
,
1L
1y
- 4e .
1 •
e
f
i
g
ez
e,, , k
-
p
ia„A
d
i
t
i
f
ree -

6
5

•
n\\\"
\
'
l
‘ f
i
l
! II
i
/
//
//(/f1/ (
e
eereege
A MA,/
\ ))
4
0/

!j //
9
I

1
0
MI M MI = =
1

I MO
CIX 1
, 3-10
, g
roup B
I, t
ype c
: 1
, 3, 5
, 7
-c/4
;
4
, 6
, 8
, 1
0-c/6
; 9
-c/7. 2
, g
roup D
, t
ype l
b
(
Ro man impor
t). 1
-2, Po
iana-Du
lce§t
i, Varn
i!
,5
(
l
eve
l I
)
; 3
-7, 9
, P
oienee
ti (
used a
s l
ids f
or u
rns
);
8
, 1
0, P
oiana Du
lce§t
i, S
i
li ee (
l
eve
l I
).
 1

XC Group B
I, type c
: 1, 8
, 1
0=c/7
; 2=c/8; 3, 7, 9
=c/5
;
4
=c/6; 5 =c/1; 6=c/
10; 1
1=c/4. 1-5
, 7-11,
Päduren
i (
l
ids f
or u
rns
); 6
, P
oiana-Du
lcejt
i, V
arn
i4.
5
(
l
eve
l I
).
7

XCI Group BI, t

ype c
: 1 =c/9; 2, 4
, 6=c/4
; 3 , 5
, 8
=c/5.
Butnäre9t
i, po
ttery workshop
, grey d
ishes.
 XCI
I

Group B
I, t
ype c
: 1
-c/10; 2
, 6
=c/6; 3
-5=c/4
;
7
-8=c/7. Po
iana Du
lce e
i: 1
, 3
-8, Varn
ig; 2
,
S
il
ilte (
3-5
, 7
, l
evel 1
-2, 6
, 8
, l
eve
l I
).
XCI
II Group B
I, t
ype c
: 1
, 3
-6=c/7
; 2
=c/8
; 7
=c/6.
Päduren
i, c
e metery (
used a
s l
ids f
or u
rns
).
XCIV Group B
I, t
ype c
: 1
, 4
, 6
, 8
, 1
0=c/1; 2
, 7
=c/5
;
3
-c/6; 5, 9
=c/4. Päduren
i, c
e metery (
used a
s l
ids
f
or u
rns
).
XCV Group B
I, t
ype c
: 1
=c/5
; 2
=c/4
; 3
-c/9. Bu
tn:
gregt
i,
p
ottery workshop.
XCV
I Group B
I, t
ype c
/5, Bu
tngre§t
i, p
ottery workshop
.
XCV
II Group B
I, t
ype c
/5. Bu
tnäre e
i, p
ottery workshop
.
XCV
III Group B
I, t
ypes c a
nd d
: 1
-4-c/4
; 6
---
c/6
; 5
-d/1;
7
=d12.
 1
1
1
111
1t =
111
11
1
11
11
1
11 = 1 W7
1
.71
/1
/
10/
1
11
1

XCLX Group B
I, t
ype d
/2. 1
, 3
-4, P
oiana-Du
lcep
ti (
1
, 4
,
S
i
lip
te; 3, Varnig); 2, Cindept
i-Dea
lul V
arn
iplor
;
5
, P
iatra Nea
t/4-Lutär
ie.
 .. .
1 =
1.1
1MI M

C Group B
I, t
ype d
: 1
, 3
-4=c
1/1 (
Poiana-Du
lce .
e
ti,
V
arn
i,g
, l
eve
l I
)
; 2
=c1/2 (
Butnäreet
i, p
ottery workshop
).
C
I Group B
I, t
ype d
: 1
-2, 4
-6=d/2
; 3
=d/3. 1
, Butnäre§
ti,
p
ottery workshop
; 2
, P
iatra Nean4-Lu
tär
ie; 3
-4, 6
,
Päduren
i, c
e metery (
used a
s l
ids f
or u
rns
);
5
, Po
iana-Du
lcegt
i, S
il
igte (
l
eve
l I
)
.
C
II
Group B
I, type d
: 1 -2
, 7-
-d/2; 3
-4=d/1. 1
-2, Po
iene§
ti;
3
-5, 7, Po
iana-Du lce§
ti, Varn
ip (
3-4, l
eve
l I;
5
-7, l
eve
l I
); 6
, Päduren
i (
grave 3
). T
hey h
ave b
een
u
sed a
s l
ids f
or u
rns a
t Po
iene§
ti a
nd Päduren
i.
C
III Group B
I, t
ype d
: 12, 4
-6=d/2
; 3
=
-4/1.
1
, P
oiana-Du
lcey
ti, S
il
i ee (
pass
im); 2
, Bu
tnär e
i,
ap
ottery workshop
; 3
-6, Po
iana-Du
lcej
ti,
Varn
i» (
3-4
, 6
, l
eve
l I
; 5
, l
eve
l I
).
 2

C
IV Group B
I, t
ype e
: 1
, 3
-6-
-e/3; 2
=e/
1. 1
, 3-4
, 6
,
P
oieneet
i, ce metery; 2, Butnäreeti, p
ottery workshop
;
5
, Päduren
i, c e metery (
grave 5
0).
 1
(11(
11
4 9 MiIllit• I ,\\\
(
II'•1 '1\I

\
\\
\\
f t\\
L
.• -
p
r
•
••
•,- - •••
- r
i7
ii
•'
- 7
,

/17
1
‚ 7 9 1/
.1
,U V/ . 7

CV I
. Fragmen
t o
f amphora-neck (
group D
, t
ype a
/1)
s
ta mped
; 2
-5, g
roup B
I, t
ype e
/3; 2
, 4
, P
oienee
ti,
c
e metery
; 3
, 5
, Po
iana-Du
lcee
ti, S
il
iete
, l
eve
l I
.
 3

1 1
1•1
1
11
11.3
1
1• =3
1
11
11
11
11
1
11
1
11
11
1
11

CV
I Group B
I, t
ype e
: 1
=e/4
; 2
-4=e/3
; 5
-e/1.
1
-2, 4
, Pgduren
i, c
e me
tery
; 3
, P
iatra Nea m
j-Lu dr
ie;
5
, Bu
triäre e
, p
ottery w
orkshop
.
CV
II Po
iana-Du
lc e
i, Varn
ig, s
torage-
jars (
group B
I;
1
-2, t
ype b
/1; 3
-6, t
ype b
/2).
CV
III G
rey v
esse
ls: 1
, 3
, g
roup B
II, t
ype f
; 2
, 4
, g
roup B
I,
t
ype e
: 2
-e/3
; 4
.-
-
e/2. 1
. Bu
tnäre e
i, p
ottery
workshop
; 2
, P
oiana-Du
1ce9
ti, S
il
i§te (
l
eve
l I
);
3
, Bärboasa-Gä
läne§t
i, c
eme
tery
; 4
, V
idra-Vrancea
,
c
e metery
.
C
IX 1
, g
roup B
II, t
ype c
; 2
-6, g
roup B
I: 2
=c1/4
; 3
-4=c
;
5
-6-a/10. V
i
ilen
i-Bote§t
i, c
e metery.
CX Group B
I, t
ype f
: 1
=f/1 (
Poiana-Du
lce§t
i, Varn
ip.
,
p
it 7
2); 2
-1/2 (
Päduren
i, c
e metery
, g
rave 8
2).
 1

CX
I Grey v
essels
: 1
, 4
, Once e
i (
ce metery);
2
, Päid
ureni (ce metery
); 3
, P
iatra Nea m
_1-Lu
tgr
ie
(
set
tle men
t).
W m 1
, 4
, g
roup BI (
1
, t
ype b
; 4
, t
ype a
/3)
; 2
-3, 5
, g
roup
B
I (
2
, t
ype c
/5; 3
, t
ype a
/6; 5
, t
ype a
/ 7)
.
1
, 5
, Bärboasa-Gä
läneet
i; 2
, P
iatra Nea m
S-Lutär
ie;
3
-4, Bu
tnäreyt
i, p
ottery w
orkshop.
 3
= .
1 0
1 . 1

I i =
1
111
1
11
1 C

4
.

CXI
II 1
, 3
, 4
, g
roup B
II, t
ype b
; 2
, g
roup B
I, t
ype a
l6;
5
, g
roup B
II, t
ype g
/2. 1
, Päduren
i, c
e metery
;
2
, Butnäre§t
i, p
ottery workshop
; 3
-4, C
ioara-
Oncegt
i, c
e metery
; 5
, 7
, Bä
.rbog
.sa-Gä
lä.
'neet
i,
c
e metery
.
C
.XEV Group B
II, t
ype a
: 1
, 3
-a/
1; 2
=a/2
; 4
-a/3.
1
-2, P oiana-Du
lee ei, Varn
iP, (
leve
l I
)
;
3
, Pà
:- d
ureni; 4
, Tife§t
i-Panciu.
Group B
II, t
ype a
: 1
=a/3
; 2
-4=a/2. 1
-2, Bu
tnä
Tre t
i,
p
ottery w
orkshop
; 2
-3, Päduren
i, c
e metery
.
CX
'VT Group B
IT, t
ype a
/3, Bu
tnäre§t
i, p
ottery workshop.
 >

S
s
Z
I\
*\ i
11\
l
'T
7T
1
7
/7

CXV
II Group BI, t
ype a
: 1
=a/3
; 2
-3=a/4
; 4
=a/2.
1
, Bu
tnär e
i, p
ottery w
orkshop
; 2
, Con
te e
i (
urn
);
3
-4, P
oien e
i, c
e metery
.
 2

., .
q
 3

CXIX Group BIT, type a: 1 a/

:J; 2-3�a/2.
1 Tife� ti -P "'nciu· 2
Barboasa-Galane ti;
u Padureni. _§
CXX Group B
II, t
ype b
: 1
, 2
, Onceg
ti (
ce metery
);
3
, M duren
i (
ce metery
).
C
20(
1 Group 1
3
11, t
ype c
: 1
=c/1; 2
-c/3.
1
, Moldoven
i-Gabära; 2, Bärboasa-Gä
läne e
;
b
oth j
ugs f
ound i
n c
e meter
ies.
CX X
EI Group B
II, t
ype c
: 1
, 3,-
-
c/4
- ; 2
=c/3
; 4
=c/1.
1
, T
ife t
i-Panc
iu (
set
tle men
t); 2
, V
irt
ieco
iu
(
ce metery
); 3
-4, P
oiana-Du
lce e
, V
arn
ig (
l
eve
l I
)
.
 2

CXX
III Group BU, t
ype d
: 1
-3=d/3
; 4
-d/2
; 5
=d/1.
Po
iana-Du
lcee
ti: 1
, 3
-5, S
i
liete
; 2
, Varn
ifäs (
1-3,
l
eve
l I
; 4
-5, l
eve
l I
)
.
 1
.
1 f
l
I C = M
INIM
I

CXX
IV Group BI, t
ype d
: 1
-2=d/6
; 3
=d/5
; 4
=d/3; 5
=d/1;
6
-d/2. Po
iana-Du
lceet
i: 1
-3, Varn
ig, p
it 1
3
(
1
, v
esse
l 2
; 2
, v
esse
l 7
; 3
, v
esse
l 1
)
;
4
-6, S
i
1 4te (
l
eve
l I
)
.
 1
111
110

1
1 11
U 11 t

.
..
...
...
.. - . .- .• -
•• .
..
.-» ..
.-.
. -- -

-
- .
..
."
..
.''. 1.
.
...
. .
...
..
...-
---
.--
- -•"-
-Z-7-
, t- -- --, •- -
= --
-- --- -
-•---• - - -- :::
.
:7
-77.= - -
- - --
---- - ---
":"
.
.-
-
---:
-
.--
-Z-
-L
--
--- =_
_-.
-
.
--.
7
----
I
,
.-
.:
--
-- 7
.
- %
7
7
-
•--
- ---- 2

C MV 1-
3 ,5
, g
roup B
II, t
ype d
: 1
=d/5
; 2
=d/4
; 3
, 5
=d/3;
4
, g
roup 4
, t
ype c/
2. 1
, 3
, P
oiana-Du
lc e
i, V
arn
ig
(
1, v
esse
l 4o
f g
roup 1
3); 2
, Po
iene§t
i, c
e metery
;
4
-5, Po
iana-Du
lce t
i, S
il
i§te (
4, l
evel I
; 5
, l
eve
l I
)
.
 /
4 MD
CXXV
I Group BII, t
ype d
: 1
-2, 4
=d/5
; 3=d/3. P o
iana-
Dulce t
i, Varni.g
: 1
-2, 4
, f
rom t
he p
it 1
3 (1, v
essel 5
;
2
, v
esse
l 3
; 4
, v
esse
l 6
)
; 3
, f
ound i
n t
he s
unken-
f
loored h
ut 7 (
B7).
CXXV
IX G
roup B
II, t
ype d
: 1
-2, 5-
-d/
1; 3
-6=c1/2 ; 4
=c1/3.
1
-3, 5-6
, P o
iana-Dulcejt
i, S
i
1 4-
L
e (
l
eve
l I
)
;
4
, Pä
'duren
i (grave 3
4).
 V
I
III
I =3
1
1W4
11 =3
111
1
11

CXXV
III Group B
II, t
ypes d a
nd c
: 1
-3=c
1/3; 4
,6=d/2
; 5
=c/4.
1
-2, T
ife§
ti-Panc
iu; 3
-5, Po
iana-Du
lce e
i, S
i
li9te
(
4,5
, l
eve
l 1
)
; 6
, P
iatra Nea
rn.
1-Lu
tär
ie.
CX MX Group B
II, t
ype d
: 1
-2, 4
=d/1; 3,-
d/3; 5
-c/4
;
.6
.-
4/6. 1
-2, 4
, 6
, Bu
tnäre e
i, p
ottery w
orkshop
;
3
, 5
, P
oiana-Du
1ce9
ti, Varn
ig (
3
, l
eve
l I
; 5
, l
eve
l I
)
.
CXXX Po
iana-Du
lce t
i, Varn
ig, mugs f
ro m p
it 1
3 (
cul
t p
it
).
CXXX
E Group B
ri
, t ype d
: 1 =d/1; 3, 5=d/3
; 4 =d/2;
6
=d/5; 7 =d/4. 1, 6, Piatra NeamI-Lutärie
;
2
-3, Poiana-Dulce§t
i, V arnig (l
evel I
);
4
-5, C
inde t
i-Dea
lul V
arn
ite
lor
; 7
, P
oiene e
i
C
200 M Mugs (
1-4
, 6) and j
ug (5
) of Carpic type, f
ound in
S
armatian g
raves in Bessarabia ( Mo
ldavian S.S.R.)
;
1
-2, §o
ldäne§t
i (d
istrict o
f Rezina); 3 -6, Bocani
(
d
istr
ict o
f F
ä1e9t
i).
 -
11
1 M
117 =
.

CX)0
(III Group B
II, t
ype d
: 2
-d/6
; 3
-4-d/3.
1
-3, mugs i
n wh
ich c
oin-hoards h
ave b
een h
idden
:
1
, Mun
tenejt
i (
grey
); 2
, B
ir eoan
i (
red
);
3
, Bor
le t
i (
grey
); 4
, S
loboz
ia-Roznov (
red
);
5
, Po
iana-Du
lcept
i, Varn
itä (
grey
).
CXX X
1V 1
, g
roup D
, t
ype c
: 2
, g
roup B
II, t
ype e
/2.
P
iatra-Near
r4: 1
, L
utär
ie; 2
, Där mäne5t
i
(
BI, e
/2).
CX XXV Group BI
I, t
ype e. Po iana-Dulce e
i: 1
-2, Varn
ig
(
level I) 3, S
il
i ee .(
l
evel I)
.
CXXXV
I 1
=BI
, f
/1; 2
, 4
=BI
I, e
/1; e
/2;
1
-2, Poiana Du
lce ei (
1, Varn
ig, leve
l I; 2
, S
il
i§te
,
l
eve
l I); 3, Piatra Nean4-Därmänesp;
4
, ande§t
i-Dea
lul V
arn
ite
lor
.
 H

W
i
l
l1( 1
‚(l
(t R
u i
I
llt
itm
in i
n
t
iti
li
tt
li
lio n
r
>/ rrr7-

o
y
,‘
. '
1
.
'3
19'0
13 ,

Ri e I u
l • LI f
ll J
• I I • ( I.
1 M I

M
I
1
\
1
11
1

CX XXV
II 1
. T
ife§t
i-Panc
iu, s
ett
le men
t; 2
, Po
ienejt
i,
c
e metery (
grave 2
32).
C
200
CVI
II Group B
11, t
ype g
: 1
=g/2
; 2
-4=g/3; 5
=g/4
; 6
=g/
1.
Po
ienegt
i, c
e metery
: 1
, g
rave 2
11; 2
, g
rave 2
49;
3
, g
rave 2
84; 4
, g
r,‘ ,e 1
45; 5
, g
rave 3
48; 6
, g
rave 2
32.
 I
I tt i
1 1111 T
i \ Ul' 11 )1 (
k

\\ I

I(
I (I \
\

III II I
0.
1)1)
i
umn
t inm W!
)
!
1PA
II,

11
1 1
1
i
i
i
191
1g,r
i
V
H
I
! I
4-

CXXX1X Group 1
3
11, t
ype g
/2: 1
, Mo
ldoven
i-Gabgra
;
2
, Po
iene e
i (
grave 2
11).
CXL Group B
II, t
ype g
/2. Bärbogsa-G län
c t
i c
e me
tery
:
1
-6, u
rn (
grave F a
nd 7
-9, u
rn g
rave 2
17, v
iew f
ro m
d
ifferen
t p
osit
ion.
CXL
I Group B
II, t
ype g
/3. Po
iene9t
i, c
e metery
:
1
, g
rave 2
49; 2
, g
rave 2
84.
 2

CXL
,II Group BI
: 1 =g/4; 2-g
/3; 3 =a/2
; 4
=g/2
;
1
-2, 4, Poienesti
; 3
, L
ie,
«st
i.
 --
r
•/
•
-
•
_!•
NN\NN
I\

CXL
III P
oiana-Du
lce§
ti, Varn
ig.
. P
ottery o
f t
he g
roup B w
ith
b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion
.
 s
2 e
r

\ \ e
s o
gy

3
-•
-

CXL
IV Po
iana-Du
lc e
i, Varn
i_
tä, g
roup B
, p
ottery.
1
-4, 6
-8, b
urn
ished d
ecorat
ion
; 5
, i
ncised d
ecora
tion.
 ,
e
g
\
\\
‘
v er

,
‘
1
14
11
II If
t

CXLV P
oiana-Du
lce§t
i, Varn
ip .
, group B
, pottery.
2
, 6
, burn
ished d
ecoration (
upper p
art
) a nd
i
ncised
(lower p
art
), o
n t
he s
a me f
ragmen
t o
f
v
esse
l; 4
, d
ecora
tion c
ons
ist
ing o
f sma
ll i
ncised
l
ines
; 5
, sma
ll n
otches
, b
urn
ished d
ecorat
ion o
n
t
he r
est o
f t
he v
esse
l.
CXLV
I Po
iana-Du
lee t
i, Varn
iyf
, g
roup B
:
1
-3, 5
-6, b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion
; 4
, i
ncised.
CXLV
II G
roup B
, p
ottery w
ith b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion
.
 I
i
« m mwen
o r mom me r r m
ili e

•
•••
••
•
if
l Ir
i
=C M W MC

1 2 3

1
!
I
l
m
e
N
N
% 8

n c c

(
0 si
o""
"le

1
5
e
i
te
ige
I
LLimeaß 2
1
,
i
te
rer
cep
ee
2
2
i 2
3 2
4

2
0

3
2

Repertory o
f ornamen
tal e
le ments which o
ccur on t
he
pot
tery be
longing t
o g
roup B (f
ig. 1-16) a
nd t
o group A
(
f
ig. 1
7-38
); 1
-8 b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion
; 9
-10
,
b
urn
ished d
ecora
tion o
n t
he u
pper p
art
, i
ncised
d
ecora
tion o
n t
he l
ower p
art
; 1-16
, 2
0, 2
8, 3
4,
3
7-38, i
ncised d
ecora
tion
; 1
7, s
imp
le d
i mp
les
;
1
8-27
, 2
9-33, 3
5-36
, r
elief d
ecora
tion (
s
i mp
le
r
ibb
ings
, n
otched o
r w
ith p
rotrud
ing d
i mp
les
).
 1 1
1
o
i
l1
1
1
, f
;A 11
1
1
11
1
1
11
1
11
11
1
1
101
111
111
1 M 1
1»
8em mumm im ilmo
rai

\
IAV 1
0

1
2
a mm
u m
aim
or
1 1
3

/
/t/
t/ ? t
1/ o - \
-
‘ v\Z
u VA
I M
\
r
\
A
_J
m e
s
1
5
a " _____

i
sma
i
sca ra
ge

1
1
9 2
1

2
3 1
1
11
11
1
110
1
1
111
11 M M
2
4 2
5 2
7
2
6

CXL
IX Reper
tory o
f o
rna men
tal e
lemen
ts wh
ich o
ccur o
n
p
ottery b
elong
ing t
o g
roup B (
con
tinued
).
B
urn
ished d
ecora
tion.
CL P
oiana-Du
lce e
i, Varn
i0,
: 1
, c
lay-f
igur
ine f
ound i
n
p
it 1 (
cul
t-p
it); 2
-3, f
ragmen
ts o
f g
rey mugs
;
2
, i
ncised q
uadruped (
horse ?
)
; 3
, t
he s
ign o
f c
ross.
CH Red-f
ired v
esse
ls b
elong
ing t
o g
roup B
I, w
ith d
iverse
i
ncised s
ymbo
ls: 1
, 3
, f
rui
t-s
tands
; 2
, d
ish.
P
oiana-Du
lce e
i: 1
, 3 Varn
i.S; 2
, S
i
liete.
 7
1

1
(
11
h
,I; , \
00
e 3
(
iI I .I I
\
/ \
\\\
\\\W
\
\
1
1
/
;
1 I c 1
H
1\1
1 II 1
r
,
' 1l
itr
ft
d
o
o 1
11 ,
1)ti wii ,;,.
.. „
:: ,,.
4 :it
i
f:i,
,r
i,-
.zrr
n>
,
,
ri!Ir(t
7-r
o
in
111.
111 H‘) 1 i,;i tII
t I, ,1 1
-
,
T1r
t
l
u
t,1
1,1
,11
,,m 11,
1
,

• uo
ti , 1.

CL
II 1
. P
oiene .
e
ti, c
e metery
, g
lass b
ead (
b
lack w
ith wh
ite-
g
rey d
ecora
tion
); 2
, 4
-5, P
oiana-Du
lcesp
: 2
, 4
,
f
ragmen
ts o
f g
rey mugs w
ith i
ncised s
igns
;
5
, c
lay s
pit-ho
lder f
or r
oas
ting
, w
ith a "mag
ica
l s
ign"
i
ncised o
n o
ne s
ide (
2
, 4
, Varn
i ; 5
, t
he Transformer
);
3
, Tifee
ti-Panc iu
, set
tle men
t, c
lay s
pind
le-whor
l w
ith
i
ncised decora
tion.
 i
f
A

"

;
‚
/

.
'
:
-

/
//
//• ' •

• i
, . , .. ==
.
/
/ ‚/
/ ,
//I / ' gg
= 7-
7

/
1,.
•,/
! , 7

/1 I
I
/ / , /
./ I I

CL
III P
oiana-Du
lc e
i, Varn
ig: 1
, 3
-4, l
eve
l I
;
2
, 5, l
eve
l I
; 3 -4
, group B
, f
ragmen
ts o
f p
ottery w
ith
c
ylindr
ica
l p
erforat
ion
.
CL
IV 1
, Once§
ti, c
e metery
, amu
let o
f h
u man b
one
, f
ound i
n
u
rn (
grave 1
); 2, 4
-5, Po
iana Du
lcejti
: 2 , c
lay f
igur
ine
(
Varn
ig , p
it 1
1); 4
, sp
it-ho
lder for r
oast
ing
(
the Transformer); 5
, "f
ire-dogs" (Varni.
1
,ä, sunken-
f
loored hut 1
3 (
B13); 3
, Piatra Nea m3-Där mänejti
,
c
lay loo m-we
ight
.
1

1
3

( I
, (
i
f
,) J
r
i) j JI
)

a
lI I i
s
!

s
\ „
i
.
,
/
r 2
J
1 I Ii , •
-
-s
-f

CLV Po
iana-Du
lce e
i, "
f
ire-dogs"
: 1
-2, S
il
i§te s
unken-
f
loored hu
t 2(B2)
; 3 , Varn
ig , sunken-f
loored h
ut
1
3 (B13)
; 4 , s
ection o
f t
he piece i
n f
ig. 3.
CLV
I Group D
, t
ype a
/1 (
1-3, e
arly v
arian
t; 4
-5, l
a
te
v
arian
t). 1 -3, Vetri pa
ia (d
istr
ict o
f Vas
lui
);
4
-5, Holboca (d
istrict o
f I
a§i
).
CLV
II Groudp D
, t
ype a
: 1
-a/2
; 2
, 4
-5=a/
1; 3
=a/4.
1
, P
ingAr e
; 2
, Mo
ldoven
i-Gabara
; 3
, Barboasa-
G
alanes
ti; 4
-5, C
indes
ti-Dea
lul Varn
itelor
.
CLV
III Group D
, t
ype a
: 1
, 3
-4-a/
1; 2
=a/3.
1
, Po
iana-Du
lces
ti, Varn
ig; 2
, 4
, Butnäres
ti,
s
ett
le men
t; 3
, P
oiana-Du
lce9t
i, S
il
i9te.
 I
m

0 l
m

CLLX Po
iana-Du
1ce9t
i, Varn
i g. Cu
lt p
its
, i
n wh
ich
a
ni ma
ls h
ave b
een i
nterred
: 1
, d
og; 2
, h
are.
 O
r
. A
3

(< 42 \

P
i
aträ y
O
r A
4
—
2,45 m C\
'
O
moplat
d
eo we

CLX Po
iana-Dulce§
ti, Varn
il
,g
 4

CL
2CE 1-
4 ,g
lass
; 5
-6, c
lay
: 1
, P
oieneet
i, c
e metery
(
grave 2
39); 2
-4, Po
iana-Du
lceet
i, S
i
lie
te (
l
eve
l I
);
5
, V
irt
ieco
iu, c
e metery
; 6
, P
oiana-Du
lce§
ti, Varn4ä
,
s
ett
le men
t.
CLX
II 1h
ead o
f e
lephan
t made o
f b
one
; 2
-3, p
owder-cases
o
f b
ronze
; 4
, 8
-9, b
ronze b
elt-buck
les
; 7
, i
ron b
uck
le;
5
, b
ronze p
endan
t; 1
0-12, f
ragmen
ts o
f g
lass b
eakers
:
1
, 8
, 1
0-12
, P
oiana-Du
lce§
ti, S
i
lie
te; 2
-6, 9
, Päduren
i,
c
emetery
; 7
, P
oiana-Du
lcee
ti, Varn
i 0.
 9 7
0

CLX
III 1
, p
iece i
n p
l. CLXI
I/1; 2
, g
lass b
ead
; 3
, 5
-7, 8
, 1
0,
b
elt b
uck
les
; 4
, 1
1, p
owder-cases. 3
-4, 8
-11, b
ronze
;
5
-7, i
ron
. 1
, P
oiana-Du
lceet
i, S
il
igte
; 2
-4, 1
0-11,
Päduren
i, c
e me
tery
; 5
-7, 9
, Po
iana-Du
lceg
ti,
Värn
ita
; 8
, Po
ienee
ti.
 2

/
0

CLX
IV 1
-6, 1 b
ronze; 7-10, 1
2, i
ron
; 1 3, bone. 1, amule
t-
p
endan
t; 2-4
, 6, buck
les
; 5, pendant
; 7 -10
, bucket-
p
endan
ts; 1-13
, n
eed
les.
 1
3

1
6

,
I
LXV 1
-3, 6
, 1
0, b
ronze
; 4
, 7
, 9
, 1
1-16, i
ron
; 5
, b
one
: 1
-3, b
uck
les
; 4
,
1
0, k
eys o
f Ro man t
ype
; 5
-7, n
eed
les
; 8
-9, amu
let-pendan
ts; 1
1, f
rag men
t
o
f b
rid
le; 1
2-16
, k
nife-b
lades. 1
-2, 1
0, Päduren
i, c
e metery
; 3
, 9
, P
oiana-
D
ulce e
, Varn
ita
; 4
-8, P
oiana-Du
lce§
ti, S
i
li§
te; 1
1-16
, Bu
tnäree
ti (
11-13,
1
6, s
ett
le men
t: 1
4-15
, c
e metery
).
 7

CLXV
I F
ibulae, Po
iana-Dulce§t
i: 1, 5
-6, 9
-10
, 13, S
il
i§te
;
2
-4, 7-8, 1
1-12, Varnir
ä (
1-8, 1
1-12
, l
eve
l I;
9
-10
, level I
; 1
3, p
ass
im). 1
-10
, 1
2-13, b
ronze
;
1
1, i
ron.
CLXV
II F
ibu
lae
, Paduren
i ,c
e metery
.
A
-
,
,
ee
.är
•e >
.

•
,
. ,
.
,
..
...
..
.-e 7
..

) - !

e wk
,,
.
-
,
>
_
1
:-
2
,99
64
-e r>
,
.(
.
,fr
-,,
9
4,
, x

t
-5

CLXV
III F
ibulae, Po
ienej
ti, c
e metery
: 1
-2, 4
, 6
, b
ronze
;
3
-5, 7-8, i
ron
.
7

CL
XIX Bronze f
ibu
lae
: 1
, 4
, Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära (
ce metery
);
2
, S
loboz
ia-Roznov (
set
tle men
t); 3
, 6
, 8
, P
oieneg
ti
(
ce metery
); 5
, Doch
ia (
ce metery
); 7
, Mindr
igca
(
set
tle men
t).
CL
20C Bronze f
ibu
lae
, P
oiene9
ti, c
e metery
: 1
, g
rave 5
5;
2
-5, d
estroyed g
raves.
 3

1
1.1.1
1
1 7 =
111
11
11
1.1
1
1.10
1

CLX X
[ F
ibulae fro m graves: 1-2, Bu
tnäre e
i (
grave 72 a
nd
g
rave 18
); 3 -4
, Vä len
i-Bote e
i; 5-6, V
irti§co
iu;
7
, P
oiene.
ei, b
rooch f
ro m g
rave 2
39; 8
, I
nirboasa-
Gä
länel
ti (
grave 2
54).
 1
1
11
111
1
111
11 1

C UOZ
II F
ibulae o
f bronze (
1-8, 1
0-13) a
nd o
f i
ron (
9
): 1
-10,
Po
iana-Dulce?ti (
1-2
, 4, 8-9
, Varn4ä; 3
, 5, 1
0,
S
il
iete
); 1
1-13, Päduren
i, c
e metery
.
 2

CLX M
II Mirror
, with t
a mga o
f Sar ma
tian-Carpic t
ype
:
1
, 3-4, Päduren
i (1
, g rave 9
: 3, grave 14
;
4
, g
rave 6
0); 2
, Bu
tnXre9t
i (
grave 72)
; 5
-6,
V
irt
i.9
coiu (
ce me
tery
).
Ci
.),
C
X 1V Pg
dure
s ,ni
, c
e metery
, m
irrors w
ith t
a mga o
f S
armat
ian-
Carp
ic type
: 1
, g
rave 9
; 2, grave 22
; 3 , g
rave 6
0,
4
, grave 34
; 5
, g
rave 1
4; 6
, g rave 77.
 8 1
2.

'
3

1
8

CLXXV Bu
tnare e
i, c
e metery
: 1
, m
irror o
f S
arma
tian-
Carpic t
ype; 2-7, s
i
lver orna men
ts (
fragmen
tary
)
i
n fi
ligree work
; 8, beads o
f l
apis l
azul
i;
9
-20, b
eads o
f c
halcedony
.
1
11
11
11
131.
11
11
1
11
11
1•1
11
11
11•
11
131
11
11
1
111

CL
2OCV
I Paduren
i, c
e metery
, s
i
lver e
ar-r
ings i
n f
i
ligree
work.
 e
nr
.

i
N
ami c =
i m
ium

CIZO
ZVI
I Po
ienes
ti, c
e metery
, s
i
lver e
ar-r
ings i
n f
i
ligree
work
.
 V 1
1
100 W M( A
l
ib
% WP M «
l
i n
ed e

le
ePr«04
4
,
e1Ve'

CLXXV
III S
i
lver o
rnamen
ts i
n f
i
ligree work
: 1
, 3
, b
eads
;
2
, 4
, basket-pendants
. 1 , 3
-4, P
oiene9
ti;
2
, Päduren
i (ce me
tery).
CLXX
IX Mo
ldoven
i-Gabara
, c
e metery
, b
aske
t-pendan
t.
 a f fi
lh.g e
ili
s
l

7i
,i
/III l h ?( i
lfhii
l ä

f
e
t-
.*
-
1
4
;
f
ggmemeee
-
v
imze
inze-
5
7
,
W2.7
1
2»719
wi
hei
zah
eiP

CL
)00
( S
i
lver o
rna men
ts i
n f
i
ligree work
: 1
, 3
, b
aske
t-
p
endan
ts, f
ragmen
tary
; 2
, 4
-8, b
eads i
n t
he s
hape
o
f ab
arre
l; 1
-7, Päduren
i, c
e metery
;
8
, Po
iene§
ti, c
emetery
.
 3 6

1
0 I

/
3 1
5
" /
6 1
7

2
2 23

CL
>DO
ZI Päduren
i, c
e metery
. S
i
lver f
rag mentary o
rna men
ts:
1
, 6, b
eads- 7-12, b
asket-pendants
; 1
3-23, e
ar-
r
ings; 24-28
, l
inks o
f e
ar-rings.
 i
t

I
/
1
2
.

1
7

7
6

1
5—

CL
200a
1 1
-15
, d
iverse o
rna men
ts; 1
6, f
rag men
ts o
f t
ext
iles
;
1
7, f
rag men
t o
f mirror o
f S
ar ma
tian-Carp
ic t
ype.
1
-7, 1
6, Mo
ldoven
i-Gabära
, c
e me
tery
; 8
, 1
2, 1
5,
P
oiana-Du
lce e
i, Varn
itä
; 9
, 1
7, S
i
liste
; 1
0-11,
1
3-14
, Päduren
i, c
e me
tery
.
 3

f
0
1
1

1
4 7
5 1
6

CLXXX
III Ornamen
ts: 1
-2, s
i
lver
; 3
-10
, 1
2, 1
5-16
, b
ronze
(
8
, 1
0, 1
6, b
eads o
f c
ora
l l
inked w
ith a t
wis
ted
b
ronze w
ire
); 1
1, i
ron
; 1
3, g
lass
; 1
4, c
halcedony
.
 2

C DOCCV 1
-2, bracelets o
fbronze (
1, Mo ldoveni-Gabära
)
a
nd o
f silver (
2, Vä
leni-Bote§t
i), found i
n cemeter
ies
;
3
, T-
f
rpe9t
i, s
ett
le men
t, s
i
lver t
orques.
CL X
.
:KX
.V Pidu r
ent „c
e me
tery
: 1
-2, b
ronze amu
letpendan
ts;
3
-54, various t
ypes o
f beads (
3-4, c
ora
l; 5
-21,
g
lass-paste; 22-54
, chalcedony
).
 3

1
1
1
0

CLXXXV
I Types o
f b
eads f
ound i
n t
he c
e metery a
t P
oiene t
i;
1
, 1
1-12, g
lass-paste; 5, 1
0, amethyst
; 2
, 4-, 6
,
c
orne
lian
; 1 3-14
, c ora
l.
/

-
2
0

3
1

23

27

2
d
o
om "
•
2
1

72
.

CLXXXV
II T
ypes o
f b
eads: 1
-19, cha
lcedony, the r
est o
f coral.
1
-26
, Pdduren
i, c
e me
tery, t
he rest f
ro m t
he c
e metery
o
f P
oiene§
ti.
 3

/
0
7

2
3 24
2 22
,

3
1
26 27
25
"

3
7
32
3
3 34 3
6

3
9

43 .
44

46

47
4
.8 49

CLXXXV
III leduren
i, c
e metery
, b
eads o
f c
halcedony
.