Calculus.13th.edition.solution

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
Chapter 1 29. (a) ƒ(x) = e

x, 0 … x … 1
- x + 2, 1 6 x … 2
Section 1.1, pp. 11–13
1. D: (- q, q), R: 31, q) 3. D: 3- 2, q), R: 30, q) 2, 0 … x 6 1
5. D: (- q, 3) ∪ (3, q), R: (- q, 0) ∪ (0, q) 0, 1 … x 6 2
(b) ƒ(x) = d
7. (a) Not a function of x because some values of x have two 2, 2 … x 6 3
values of y 0, 3 … x … 4
(b) A function of x because for every x there is only one possible y
-x, -1 … x 6 0
23 d d3 31. (a) ƒ(x) = c 1, 0 6 x … 1
9. A = x2, p = 3x 11. x = , A = 2d 2, V =
4 23 3 23 - 12 x + 32, 1 6 x 6 3
2
220x - 20x + 25 1
13. L = 2 x, -2 … x … 0
4
(b) ƒ(x) = c -2x + 2, 0 6 x … 1
15. (- q, q) 17. (- q, q)
- 1, 1 6 x … 3
y y
33. (a) 0 … x 6 1 (b) -1 6 x … 0 35. Yes
4
6 3 g(x) = Í 0 x 0 37. Symmetric about the origin 39. Symmetric about the origin
2 y y
f(x) = 5 − 2x 1
4
x 1
−5−4−3−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 y = −x
2 −1 2
−2 2 y = −x 3 1 1 2
x x
−4 −2 2 4 −2 −1
−1
−2 x −2
−2 2
−4
−2
Inc. - q 6 x 6 0 and
0 6 x 6 q
19. (- q, 0) ∪ (0, q) y
t
2 F(t) =
0t0
1 Dec. - q 6 x 6 q
t
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 41. Symmetric about the y-axis 43. Symmetric about the origin
y y
−2
21. (- q, -5) ∪ (-5, - 34 ∪ 33, 5) ∪ (5, q) 1 x3

y = ––
8
23. (a)
For each positive value of (b) For each value of x ≠ 0, 4
18
y = Í0 x 0 x
x, there are two values of y. there are two values of y. 2 −2 −1
−18
1 2
y y −1
x
y2 = x2
−4 −2 0 2 4
4
0y0 = x 1 Dec. - q 6 x … 0; Inc. - q 6 x 6 q
2
Inc. 0 … x 6 q
0 2 4 6
x
−1 1
x 45. No symmetry
y
−2
−1
−4 x
0 1 2 3
−1
25. 27. y = −x 32
y −2
y
x, 0≤x≤1 −3
f (x) =
2 − x, 1 < x ≤ 2 4 y = x 2+ 2 x −4
1
−5
Dec. 0 … x 6 q
x x 47. Even 49. Even 51. Odd 53. Even
0 1 2 −2 1
55. Neither 57. Neither 59. t = 180 61. s = 2.4
63. V = x(14 - 2x)(22 - 2x)
y = 4 − x2
65. (a) h (b) ƒ (c) g 67. (a) (- 2, 0) ∪ (4, q)
71. C = 5 ( 2 + 22 ) h
A-1
Z01_THOM8960__OddAns.indd 1 20/12/13 2:22 PM

A-2 Chapter 1: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
Section 1.2, pp. 18–21 1

33. y - 1 = 35.
1. Dƒ : - q 6 x 6 q, Dg : x Ú 1, Rƒ : - q 6 y 6 q, x - 1
Rg : y Ú 0, Dƒ + g = Dƒ # g = Dg, Rƒ + g : y Ú 1, Rƒ # g : y Ú 0 y y
3. Dƒ : - q 6 x 6 q, Dg : - q 6 x 6 q, Rƒ : y = 2, 1 2
y−1=
Rg : y Ú 1, Dƒ>g : - q 6 x 6 q, Rƒ>g : 0 6 y … 2, 2
x–1 y = Íx + 4
Dg>ƒ : - q 6 x 6 q, Rg>ƒ : y Ú 1>2 y−1=

1
x–1 y=
1 x
1
5. (a) 2 (b) 22 (c) x2 + 2 (d) x2 + 10x + 22 (e) 5 x −4 0
x
(f) - 2 (g) x + 10 (h) x4 - 6x2 + 6 0
−1 1 2
5x + 1 −1
7. 13 - 3x 9. y=
1
A 4x + 1 x
11. (a) ƒ(g(x)) (b) j(g(x)) (c) g(g(x)) (d) j(j(x))

(e) g(h( ƒ(x))) (f) h(j(ƒ(x))) 37. y 39. y
13. g (x) ƒ(x) ( ƒ ∘ g)(x)
y = 0x − 20 3
4
(a) x - 7 2x 2x - 7 2 y = 1 + Íx − 1
(b) x + 2 3x 3x + 6 2 1 (1, 1)
(c) x2 2x - 5 2x2 - 5
0 1 2 5
x
x
x x −2 0 2 4 6
(d) x
x - 1 x - 1
1 1 41. y 43. y
(e) 1 + x x
x - 1 1
−2 −1 1 2
1 1
(f) x x x 1
y = (x + 1) 23 0
x
−1
x y = 1 − x 23
15. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) - 2 (d) 0 (e) - 1 (f) 0 −3 −2 −1 0 1
1 1 45. y 47. y
17. (a) ƒ(g(x)) = + 1, g(ƒ(x)) =
Ax 2x + 1 1 3
2 1
(b) Dƒ∘g = (- q,- 14 ∪ (0, q), Dg∘ƒ = (- 1, q) y = Íx − 1 − 1 y=
x−2
(c) Rƒ∘g = 30, 1) ∪ (1, q), Rg∘ƒ = (0, q) −1 0 1 2 3
x 1
2x
19. g (x) = −1 (1, −1) x
x - 1 0 1 2 3 4
−2
21. (a) y = - (x + 7)2 (b) y = - (x - 4)2 −1
23. (a) Position 4 (b) Position 1 (c) Position 2
−2
(d) Position 3
25. (x + 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 49 27. y + 1 = (x + 1)3 49. y 51. y
y y 3 4
y + 1 = (x + 1) 1
x 2 + y 2 = 49 3 y = –––––––2
y = x3 3 (x − 1)
2 1 2
1 y=x+2
1 1
x x
(–2, –3) 0 −2 −1 0 1 x x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −1 0 1 2 3
−1
−2
53. y
2 2
(x + 2) + (y + 3) = 49
5
4 1
29. y = 2x + 0.81 31. y = 2x y= 2 +1
x
3
y y y = 2x 2
1
y = Íx + 0.81 7
2 x
−2 −1 0 1 2
y = Íx y = 2x − 7
1
0.9 x
72
x 55. (a) D : 30, 24, R : 32, 34 (b) D : 30, 24, R : 3- 1, 04
−0.81 1 4
y y
−7
1
3
y = f(x) + 2
y = f(x) − 1
2
x
0 1 2
1
x
0 1 2 3 4 −1
Z01_THOM8960__OddAns.indd 2 02/01/14 9:48 AM

Chapter 1: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-3
(c) D : 30, 24, R : 30, 24 (d) D : 30, 24, R : 3-1, 04 75. y
y y
3
1
2 2
y = 2 f(x) y = −f (x)
y = 0x2 − 10
x
1 0 1 2
x
−2 −1 1 2
x −1
0 1 2 3
−1
(e) D : 3- 2, 04, R : 30, 14 (f) D : 31, 34, R : 30, 14

y y 77. (a) Odd (b) Odd (c) Odd (d) Even (e) Even
(f) Even (g) Even (h) Even (i) Odd
2
2 Section 1.3, pp. 27–29

y = f (x + 2) 55p
y = f (x − 1) 1. (a) 8p m (b) m 3. 8.4 in.
1
1 9
5. u -p -2p>3 0 p>2 3p>4
x
x 0 1 2 3
−2 0 −1
23 1
(g) D : 3- 2, 04, R : 30, 14 (h) D : 3- 1, 14, R : 30, 14 sin u 0 - 0 1
2 22
y y
1 1
cos u -1 - 1 0 -
2
2
2 22
tan u 0 23 0 UND -1
y = −f (x + 1) + 1
y = f (−x) 1
1 1 cot u UND UND 0 -1
23
x sec u -1 -2 1 UND - 22
x −1 0 1
−2 −1 0 2
csc u UND - UND 1 22
1 1 23
57. y = 3x2 - 3 59. y = + 61. y = 24x + 1
2 2x2 7. cos x = -4>5, tan x = -3>4
x2 28
63. y = 4 - 65. y = 1 - 27x3 9. sin x = - , tan x = - 28
B 4 3
1 2
67. y 69. y 11. sin x = - , cos x = -
25 25
2
5 13. Period p 15. Period 2
4 y y
1
3
1 y = cos px
x 2 1
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 y = (x − 1)3 + 2 y = sin 2x
−1 1
x
−2 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x x
p p 0 1 2
−3
2
y = −Í2x + 1
−4
−1 −1
71. y 73. y
17. Period 6 19. Period 2p
4 4 y y
3 1 3 p
y= −1 y = cos ax − b
2 2x 2 y = −sin px 1 2
3
1 1 1
x x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 0 3 6 x
−1 p p 2p
−1 0
−2 y = −Íx
3
2
−3
−4 −4 −1

21. Period 2p 23. Period p>2, symmetric 9. 3-5, 54 by 3-6, 64 11. 3-2, 64 by 3- 5, 44
about the origin y y
y s
5 f(x) = x Í9 − x2
4
p
y = sin ax − b + 1 4 y = 2x − 3x 23
4 3
2 3
2 s = cot 2t 2
2
1 1 1
1
x x
−5−4 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 −2 −1 1 2 4 5 6
t −1
x −p p 0 p p
p 0 p 3p 7p −
− 2 2
4 4 4 4
−1
−4
−5
−2
13. 3-2, 84 by 3-5, 104 15. 3-3, 34 by 30, 104
25. Period 4, symmetric about 29. D : (- q, q), y y
the y-axis R : y = - 1, 0, 1
10
s 10
y 9
8 8
y = 5x 25 − 2x
7
s = sec p t y = :sin x; y = sin x 6
2
5
−2p −p 1 p 2p 2 4
1 x y = 0x2 − 10
x 3
t −2 2 4 6 8
2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −1 −2
−1 −4 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
17. 3-10, 104 by 3-10, 104 19. 3-4, 44 by 30, 34

y y
26 + 22 22 + 26
39. - cos x 41. - cos x 43. 45.
4 4 8 y=
x+3 3.0
x+2 x2 + 2
2 + 22 2 - 23 p 2p 4p 5p 6 2.5 f (x) =
x2 + 1
47. 49. 51. , , , 4 2.0
4 4 3 3 3 3
x
p p 5p 3p −10−8−6−4 2 4 6 8 10
53. , , , 59. 27 ≈ 2.65 63. a = 1.464 −2
6 2 6 2 −4
1.0
−6 0.5
2
65. A = 2, B = 2p, 67. A = - p, B = 4, −8
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
C = - p, D = - 1 1
C = 0, D = p
21. 3-10, 104 by 3-6, 64 23. 3-6, 104 by 3- 6, 64
y y pt
y = − 2 sin a b + 1 y y
y = 2sin (x + p) − 1 p 2 p
3
1 6 x−1 6x 2 − 15x + 6
p f (x) = 6 f (x) =
4 x2 − x − 6 4x 2 − 10x
x 4
p p 3p 5p 2
−
2 2 2 2 1 x x
−1 p −10−8−6−4 2 4 6 8 10 −5 5 10
−2 −2
t −4 −4
−1 1 3 5 −6 −6
1
−3 −p
p p
25. c - , d by 27. 3-100p, 100p4 by
125 125
3-1.25, 1.254 3-1.25, 1.254
1. d 3. d
y y
5. 3- 3, 54 by 3- 15, 404 7. 3- 3, 64 by 3-250, 504 x
y = cos a50b
1.0 1.0
y y
f(x) = x 4 − 4x 3 + 15 f(x) = x 5 − 5x 4 + 10 y = sin 250x
0.5
40 50
x x x
30 −2 1 2 3 4 5 6 −0.02 0.02 −300 300
−50
20
−100 −0.5
10
−150
−1.0
x
−2 −1 1 3 4 −200
−10 −250

p p 41. (a) & (b) y = 9.7571 # 10-3x - 19.118

29. c - , d by 3- 0.25, 0.254 31.
15 15 0.8
y y=x+
1
sin 30x y
10 2 2
(x + 1) + ( y − 2) = 9 0.6
0.2 2
1 0.4
0.1
x
−4 −2 −1 2
0.2
x
−0.2 −0.1 0.1 0.2
0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
−0.2 −0.2
(c) y = 2.6076 # 10-4x2 - 1.0203x + 997.90
33. 35.
y y
f(x) = −tan 2x
f(x) = sin 2x + cos 3x
Practice Exercises, pp. 36–38
4 2.0
C2
3 1.5 1. A = pr 2, C = 2pr, A = 3. x = tan u, y = tan2 u
4p
2 1.0
5. Origin 7. Neither 9. Even 11. Even
1 0.5
13. Odd 15. Neither
x x
−2 −1
−1
1 2 3 −6 −2 2 4 6 17. (a) Even (b) Odd (c) Odd (d) Even (e) Even
−2
19. (a) Domain: all reals (b) Range: 3- 2, q)
−3
21. (a) Domain: 3-4, 44 (b) Range: 30, 44
−4
23. (a) Domain: all reals (b) Range: (- 3, q)
−2.0
25. (a) Domain: all reals (b) Range: 3- 3, 14
37. (a) & (b) y = 3.0625x - 56.213 27. (a) Domain: (3, q) (b) Range: all reals
190
29. (a) Increasing (b) Neither (c) Decreasing (d) Increasing
180 31. (a) Domain: 3-4, 44 (b) Range: 30, 24
170 1 - x, 0 … x 6 1
33. ƒ(x) = e
2 - x, 1 … x … 2
160
1 2
150 35. (a) 1 (b) = (c) x, x ≠ 0
22.5 A5
140
1
(d)
130 21> 1x + 2 + 2
120 37. (a) (ƒ ∘ g)(x) = - x, x Ú - 2, (g ∘ ƒ)(x) = 24 - x2
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78
(b) Domain (ƒ ∘ g): 3- 2, q), domain (g ∘ ƒ): 3- 2, 24
(c) Yes, y (79) = 185.7 lbs.
(c) Range (ƒ ∘ g): (- q, 24, range (g ∘ ƒ): 30, 24
39. (a) & (b) y = 3814x - 7.4988 # 106 39. y y
250,000
2
200,000
x x
−4 −2 −1 1 2 −4 −3 2
150,000 −1 −1
100,000 41. Replace the portion for x 6 0 with the mirror image of the por-
tion for x 7 0 to make the new graph symmetric with respect to
50,000 the y-axis.
y
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 y = 0x0
(c) The price of a home within the “bubble” was inflated, in the y=x
sense that it exceeded the historical trend.
y=x

43. Reflects the portion for y 6 0 across the x-axis Chapter 2

45. Reflects the portion for y 6 0 across the x-axis
47. Adds the mirror image of the portion for x 7 0 to make the new Section 2.1, pp. 46–49
graph symmetric with respect to the y-axis 1. (a) 19 (b) 1
1 2 4 3 23
49. (a) y = g (x - 3) + (b) y = g ax + b - 2 3. (a) - p (b) - p 5. 1
2 3
7. (a) 4 (b) y = 4x - 9
(c) y = g (- x) (d) y = -g (x) (e) y = 5g (x)
9. (a) 2 (b) y = 2x - 7
(f) y = g (5x)
11. (a) 12 (b) y = 12x - 16
51. y 53. y 13. (a) -9 (b) y = -9x - 2
1
y = −Í1 + x 15. Your estimates may not completely agree with these.
2
y = 12 + 1 (a) PQ PQ PQ PQ
1 2 3 4
x 2x The appropriate units are m > sec.
−2 −1 1 2 2 43 46 49 50
−1 1
x (b) ≈ 50 m>sec or 180 km > h
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−2 −1 17. (a) y
Profit (1000s)
200
55. Period p 57. Period 2
y y 100
y = cos 2x
1 y = sin px
1 0 x
2010 11 12 13 14
Year
x
(b) ≈ +56,000/year
x
0 p
2
p 3p
2
2p 1 2 (c) ≈ +42,000/year
19. (a) 0.414213, 0.449489, 1 21 + h - 1 2 >h (b) g(x) = 1x
−1 −1
1 + h 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001
21 + h 1.04880 1.004987 1.0004998 1.0000499
59. y
2
p
y = 2cos ax − b
3
1 21 + h - 1 2 >h 0.4880 0.4987 0.4998 0.499
1 1.00001 1.000001
1.000005 1.0000005
x
5p 4p 11p
−
p
6
p
3 6 3 6
0.5 0.5
−1 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.5
21. (a) 15 mph, 3.3 mph, 10 mph (b) 10 mph, 0 mph, 4 mph
−2
(c) 20 mph when t = 3.5 hr

61. (a) a = 1 b = 23 (b) a = 2 23>3 c = 4 23>3
1. (a) Does not exist. As x approaches 1 from the right, g(x)
b a approaches 0. As x approaches 1 from the left, g(x)
63. (a) a = (b) c =
tan B sin A approaches 1. There is no single number L that all the values
65. ≈16.98 m 67. (b) 4p g(x) get arbitrarily close to as x S 1.
(b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 1 > 2
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 38–39
3. (a) True (b) True (c) False (d) False
1. Yes. For instance: ƒ(x) = 1>x and g(x) = 1>x, or ƒ(x) = 2x
(e) False (f ) True (g) True
and g(x) = x>2, or ƒ(x) = ex and g(x) = ln x.
5. As x approaches 0 from the left, x> 0 x 0 approaches - 1. As x
3. If ƒ(x) is odd, then g(x) = ƒ(x) - 2 is not odd. Nor is g(x)
approaches 0 from the right, x> 0 x 0 approaches 1. There is no
even, unless ƒ(x) = 0 for all x. If ƒ is even, then
single number L that the function values all get arbitrarily close
g(x) = ƒ(x) - 2 is also even.
to as x S 0.
5. y
7. Nothing can be said. 9. No; no; no 11. - 4 13. - 8
0x0 + 0y0 = 1 + x
1 15. 3 17. -25>2 19. 16 21. 3 > 2 23. 1 > 10
25. -7 27. 3 > 2 29. -1>2 31. - 1 33. 4 > 3
x
35. 1 > 6 37. 4 39. 1 > 2 41. 3 > 2 43. - 1 45. 1
1
−– 47. 1>3 49. 24 - p
2
51. (a) Quotient Rule (b) Difference and Power Rules
−1 (c) Sum and Constant Multiple Rules
53. (a) -10 (b) -20 (c) -1 (d) 5 > 7
55. (a) 4 (b) -21 (c) -12 (d) -7>3

57. 2 59. 3 61. 1> 1 2 27 2 63. 25 25. 1 215, 217 2, d = 217 - 4 ≈ 0.12
65. (a) The limit is 1. 0.03 0.03 0.03
67. (a) ƒ(x) = (x2 - 9)>(x + 3) 27. a2 - m , 2 + m b, d = m
x - 3.1 - 3.01 - 3.001 - 3.0001 - 3.00001 - 3.000001 1 c c 1 c
ƒ(x) - 6.1 - 6.01 - 6.001 - 6.0001 - 6.00001 - 6.000001 29. a - , + b, d = m 31. L = - 3, d = 0.01
2 m m 2
x - 2.9 - 2.99 - 2.999 - 2.9999 - 2.99999 - 2.999999 33. L = 4, d = 0.05 35. L = 4, d = 0.75
55. 33.384, 3.3874 . To be safe, the left endpoint was rounded up
ƒ(x) - 5.9 - 5.99 - 5.999 - 5.9999 - 5.99999 - 5.999999
and the right endpoint rounded down.
(c) lim ƒ(x) = -6 59. The limit does not exist as x approaches 3.
x S -3
69. (a) G(x) = (x + 6)>(x2 + 4x - 12)

x - 5.9 - 5.99 - 5.999 - 5.9999 1. (a) True (b) True (c) False (d) True
G(x) - .126582 - .1251564 - .1250156 - .1250015 (e) True (f ) True (g) False (h) False
(i) False ( j) False (k) True ( l ) False
- 5.99999 - 5.999999 3. (a) 2, 1 (b) No, lim+ ƒ(x) ≠ lim- ƒ(x)
xS2 xS2
- .1250001 - .1250000
(c) 3, 3 (d) Yes, 3
x - 6.1 - 6.01 - 6.001 - 6.0001 5. (a) No (b) Yes, 0 (c) No
G(x) - .123456 - .124843 - .124984 - .124998 7. (a) y (b) 1, 1 (c) Yes, 1
- 6.00001 - 6.000001 1 y=
x 3, x ≠ 1
x=1
- .124999 - .124999 0,
x
(c) lim G(x) = -1>8 = -0.125 −1 1
x S -6
−1
71. (a) ƒ(x) = (x2 - 1)>( 0 x 0 - 1)
x - 1.1 - 1.01 - 1.001 - 1.0001 - 1.00001 - 1.000001
ƒ(x) 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001 2.00001 2.000001 9. (a) D : 0 … x … 2, R : 0 6 y … 1 and y = 2
(b) (0, 1) ∪ (1, 2) (c) x = 2 (d) x = 0
x - .9 - .99 - .999 - .9999 - .99999 –.999999
y
ƒ(x) 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 1.99999 1.999999
2
(c) lim ƒ(x) = 2 Í1 – x 2 , 0 ≤ x < 1
x S -1 y= 1, 1≤x<2
73. (a) g(u) = (sin u)>u 1 2, x=2
u .1 .01 .001 .0001 .00001 .000001

g(u) .998334 .999983 .999999 .999999 .999999 .999999 x
0 1 2
u - .1 - .01 - .001 - .0001 - .00001 - .000001

11. 23 13. 1 15. 2> 25 17. (a) 1 (b) - 1
g(u) .998334 .999983 .999999 .999999 .999999 .999999 19. (a) 1 (b) 2 > 3 21. 1 23. 3 > 4 25. 2 27. 1 > 2
lim g(u) = 1 29. 2 31. 0 33. 1 35. 1 > 2 37. 0 39. 3 > 8
uS0
75. c = 0, 1, -1; the limit is 0 at c = 0, and 1 at c = 1, -1. 41. 3 47. d = P2, lim+ 2x - 5 = 0
xS5
77. 7 79. (a) 5 (b) 5 51. (a) 400 (b) 399 (c) The limit does not exist.
81. (a) 0 (b) 0
Section 2.3, pp. 65–68 1. No; discontinuous at x = 2; not defined at x = 2
1. d = 2 ( ( x 3. Continuous 5. (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) Yes (d) Yes
1 5 7
7. (a) No (b) No 9. 0 11. 1, nonremovable; 0, removable
3. d = 1>2 ( ( x 13. All x except x = 2 15. All x except x = 3, x = 1
−72 −3 −12
17. All x 19. All x except x = 0
5. d = 1>18 ( ( x 21. All x except np>2, n any integer
49 12 47
23. All x except np>2, n an odd integer
7. d = 0.1 9. d = 7>16 11. d = 25 - 2 25. All x Ú -3>2 27. All x 29. All x
13. d = 0.36 15. (3.99, 4.01), d = 0.01 31. 0; continuous at x = p 33. 1; continuous at y = 1
17. (- 0.19, 0.21), d = 0.19 19. (3, 15), d = 5 35. 22>2; continuous at t = 0 37. 0; continuous at x = 0
39. g(3) = 6 41. ƒ(1) = 3>2 43. a = 4>3 45. a = - 2, 3
21. (10>3, 5), d = 2>3
47. a = 5>2, b = -1>2 71. x ≈ 1.8794, -1.5321, -0.3473
23. 1 - 24.5, - 23.5 2, d = 24.5 - 2 ≈ 0.12 73. x ≈ 1.7549 75. x ≈ 3.5156 77. x ≈ 0.7391

Section 2.6, pp. 97–99 93. (a) F

or every positive real number B there exists a correspond-
1. (a) 0 (b) - 2 (c) 2 (d) Does not exist (e) -1 ing number d 7 0 such that for all x
(f ) q (g) Does not exist (h) 1 (i) 0
c - d 6 x 6 c 1 ƒ(x) 7 B.
3. (a) - 3 (b) - 3 5. (a) 1 > 2 (b) 1 > 2 7. (a) -5>3
(b) - 5>3 9. 0 11. - 1 13. (a) 2 > 5 (b) 2 > 5 (b) For every negative real number -B there exists a corre-
15. (a) 0 (b) 0 17. (a) 7 (b) 7 19. (a) 0 (b) 0 sponding number d 7 0 such that for all x
21. (a) q (b) q 23. 2 25. q 27. 0
29. 1 31. q 33. 1 35. 1>2 37. q 39. - q c 6 x 6 c + d 1 ƒ(x) 6 - B.
41. - q 43. q 45. (a) q (b) - q 47. q (c) For every negative real number -B there exists a corre-
49. q 51. - q 53. (a) q (b) - q (c) - q (d) q sponding number d 7 0 such that for all x
55. (a) - q (b) q (c) 0 (d) 3 > 2
57. (a) - q (b) 1 > 4 (c) 1 > 4 (d) 1 > 4 (e) It will be - q. c - d 6 x 6 c 1 ƒ(x) 6 -B.
59. (a) - q (b) q 61. (a) q (b) q (c) q (d) q
63. 65. 99. 101.
y y
y y
10 10 6 6 y=x+1
y= 1 (2, 4)
5 5
x−1 y= 1
2x + 4 4 2 3 4
5 5 y = x −4= x + 1 −
x = −2 3 x−1 x−1
2 x2 1 2
x x y= =x+1+
x−1 x−1 1
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 y=x+1
x=1 x x
−3 0 1 2 3 4 5 −3 0 1 3 4 5
−5 −5
−2 −2
−10 −10
103. 105.
67. 69. Here is one possibility. y y
y y x = −2
3 y=x 2
x = −2 (1, 2) x
2 y=
y = x+3 (0, 0) y = − 1x 2
1.5 x+2 1 1 y = x −1 Í4 − x 2 1
y=1 x x
−4−3−2−1 1 2 3 4 x x
x −1 1 −2 −1 1 2
(−1, −2) −2
−3 −2 0
−3 −1 −1
y= 1
x+2
−2
x=2
107.
y
71. Here is one possibility. 73. Here is one possibility.
y y 3
y = f (x) 2
5 y = x 2/3 + 1
1 x 1/3
4 1
f (x) = x
−1 1 x (x − 2)2
0 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
3 −1
2 −2
1 −3
x 109. At q: q, at - q: 0
0 1 2 3 4 5

75. Here is one possibility. 79. At most one 1. At x = -1: lim - ƒ(x) = lim + ƒ(x) = 1, so
y x S -1 x S -1
x lim ƒ(x) = 1 = ƒ(-1); continuous at x = - 1

h(x) = , x≠0 x S -1
0x0 1
At x = 0: lim ƒ(x) = lim+ ƒ(x) = 0, so lim ƒ(x) = 0.
x S 0- xS0 xS0
0
x However, ƒ(0) ≠ 0, so ƒ is discontinuous at
x = 0. The discontinuity can be removed by
−1
redefining ƒ(0) to be 0.
At x = 1: lim- ƒ(x) = -1 and lim+ ƒ(x) = 1, so lim ƒ(x)
81. 0 83. - 3>4 85. 5>2 xS1 xS1 xS1
does not exist. The function is discontinuous at
x = 1, and the discontinuity is not removable.

y
y = f(x)
11. m = 4, y - 5 = 4(x - 2)
1 13. m = -2, y - 3 = - 2(x - 3)
15. m = 12, y - 8 = 12(t - 2)
1 1
x 17. m = , y - 2 = (x - 4)
−1 0 1 4 4
19. m = -1 21. m = -1>4
−1
23. (a) It is the rate of change of the number of cells when t = 5.
3. (a) - 21 (b) 49 (c) 0 (d) 1 (e) 1 (f ) 7 The units are the number of cells per hour.
1 (b) P′(3) because the slope of the curve is greater there.
(g) - 7 (h) - 5. 4 (c) 51.72 ≈ 52 cells>h
7
7. (a) (- q, + q) (b) 30, q) (c) (- q, 0) and (0, q) 25. (-2,-5) 27. y = -(x + 1), y = - (x - 3)
(d) (0, q) 29. 19.6 m > sec 31. 6p 35. Yes 37. Yes
1 1 39. (a) Nowhere 41. (a) At x = 0 43. (a) Nowhere
9. (a) Does not exist (b) 0 11. 13. 2x 15. -
2 4 45. (a) At x = 1 47. (a) At x = 0
17. 2>3 19. 2>p 21. 1 23. 4
25. 2 27. 0 Section 3.2, pp. 115–118
31. No in both cases, because lim ƒ(x) does not exist, and lim ƒ(x) 2 1 2
xS1 x S -1
1. -2x, 6, 0, -2 3. - 3 , 2, - , -
does not exist. t 4 3 23
33. Yes, ƒ does have a continuous extension, to a = 1 with 3 3 1 3 1
5. , , , 7. 6x2 9.
ƒ(1) = 4>3. 2 23u 2 23 2 2 22 (2t + 1)2
35. No 37. 2>5 39. 0 41. - q 43. 0 45. 1 3 9
47. (a) x = 3 (b) x = 1 (c) x = -4 11. q1>2 13. 1 - 2 , 0 15. 3t 2 - 2t, 5
2 x
-4 1
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 102–104 17. , y - 4 = - (x - 6) 19. 6
(x - 2) 2x - 2 2
3. 0; the left-hand limit was needed because the function is unde-
fined for y 7 c. 5. 65 6 t 6 75; within 5°F -1 -1
21. 1>8 23. 25. 27. (b) 29. (d)
13. (a) B (b) A (c) A (d) A (x + 2)2 (x - 1)2
21. (a) lim r+ (a) = 0.5, lim + r+ (a) = 1 31. (a) x = 0, 1, 4 33. y′
aS0 a S -1
(b) y′ 2
(b) lim r-(a) does not exist, lim + r-(a) = 1
aS0 a S -1 1
4 f ′ on (−4, 6)
3 x
25. 0 27. 1 29. 4 31. y = 2x 33. y = x, y = -x 2
0 6 7 8 9 10 11
−1
1
x −2
Chapter 3 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
−3
−4
Section 3.1, pp. 108–109 −5
1. P1: m1 = 1, P2: m2 = 5 3. P1: m1 = 5>2, P2: m2 = -1>2
35. (a) i) 1.5 °F>hr ii) 2.9 °F>hr
5. y = 2x + 5 7. y = x + 1
iii) 0 °F>hr iv) -3.7 °F>hr
y
y (b) 7.3 °F>hr at 12 p.m., - 11 °F>hr at 6 p.m.
5 (c) Slope
y=x+1
dT
y = 2x + 5 4 9 y = ––
dt
4 (ºF/hr) 6
y = 2Íx
(−1, 3) 3 y = 4 − x2 3 3
t (hrs)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
2 2 (1, 2) −3
−6
1 −9
1
−12
x x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4
f (0 + h) - f (0)
37. Since lim+ = 1
9. y = 12x + 16 hS0 h
y ƒ(0 + h) - ƒ(0)
while lim- = 0,
y = 12x + 16 y = x3 hS0 h
ƒ(0 + h) - ƒ(0)
ƒ′(0) = lim does not exist and ƒ(x) is not
x hS0 h
−2
differentiable at x = 0.
f (1 + h) - f (1)
39. Since lim+ = 2 while
hS0 h
ƒ(1 + h) - ƒ(1) 1 ƒ(1 + h) - ƒ(1)
lim- = , ƒ′(1) = lim
(−2, −8) −8
S
h 0 h 2 S
h 0 h
does not exist and ƒ(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.


41. Since ƒ(x) is not continuous at x = 0, ƒ(x) is not differentiable Section 3.4, pp. 133–137
at x = 0. 1. (a) -2 m, -1 m > sec
43. (a) - 3 … x … 2 (b) None (c) None (b) 3 m > sec, 1 m > sec; 2 m>sec2, 2 m>sec2
45. (a) - 3 … x 6 0, 0 6 x … 3 (b) None (c) x = 0 (c) Changes direction at t = 3>2 sec
47. (a) - 1 … x 6 0, 0 6 x … 2 (b) x = 0 (c) None 3. (a) -9 m, - 3 m>sec
(b) 3 m > sec, 12 m > sec; 6 m>sec2, -12 m>sec2
Section 3.3, pp. 125–127 (c) No change in direction
dy d 2y 5. (a) -20 m, -5 m>sec
1. = -2x, 2 = -2
dx dx (b) 45 m > sec, (1>5) m > sec; 140 m>sec2, (4>25) m>sec2
ds d 2s (c) No change in direction
3. = 15t 2 - 15t 4, 2 = 30t - 60t 3 7. (a) a(1) = -6 m>sec2, a(3) = 6 m>sec2
dt dt
dy d 2
y (b) y(2) = 3 m>sec (c) 6 m
5. = 4x2 - 1, 2 = 8x 9. Mars: ≈ 7.5 sec, Jupiter: ≈ 1.2 sec
dx dx
11. gs = 0.75 m>sec2
dw 6 1 d 2w 18 2 13. (a) y = - 32t, 0 y 0 = 32t ft>sec, a = - 32 ft>sec2
7. = - 3 + 2 , 2 = 4 - 3
dz z z dz z z (b) t ≈ 3.3 sec
dy d 2y (c) y ≈ -107.0 ft>sec
9. = 12x - 10 + 10x-3, 2 = 12 - 30x-4
dx dx 15. (a) t = 2, t = 7 (b) 3 … t … 6
dr -2 5 d 2r 2 5 (c) (d)
11. = 3 + 2 , 2 = 4 - 3
ds 3s 2s ds s s 0 y 0 (msec) a
dy
a = ––
13. y′ = -5x4 + 12x2 - 2x - 3 4 dt
Speed 3
1 -19 2
15. y′ = 3x2 + 10x + 2 - 2 17. y′ = 3
x (3x - 2)2 1
t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x2 + x + 4 dy t 2 - 2t - 1 t (sec) −1
19. g′(x) = 21. = 0 2 4 6 8 10 −2
(x + 0.5)2 dt (1 + t 2)2 −3
−4
1 1
23. ƒ′(s) = 25. y′ = - 2 + 2x-3>2
2s( 2s + 1) 2 x
17. (a) 190 ft > sec (b) 2 sec (c) 8 sec, 0 ft > sec
- 4x3 - 3x2 + 1 (d) 10.8 sec, 90 ft > sec (e) 2.8 sec
27. y′ = 2
(x - 1)2(x2 + x + 1)2 (f ) Greatest acceleration happens 2 sec after launch
29. y′ = 2x - 3x - 1, y″ = 6x - 3, y‴ = 12x, y(4) = 12,
3 2
(g) Constant acceleration between 2 and 10.8 sec, - 32 ft>sec2
y(n) = 0 for n Ú 5 4
31. y′ = 3x2 + 8x + 1, y″ = 6x + 8, y‴ = 6, y(n) = 0 for n Ú 4 19. (a) sec, 280 cm > sec (b) 560 cm > sec, 980 cm>sec2
7
33. y′ = 2x - 7x-2, y″ = 2 + 14x-3 (c) 29.75 flashes > sec
dr d 2r dw d 2w 21. C = position, A = velocity, B = acceleration
35. = 3u -4, 2 = -12u -5 37. = -z-2 - 1, 2 = 2z-3
du du dz dz 23. (a) $110 > machine (b) $80 (c) $79.90
dp 1 1 d 2
p 1 1 25. (a) b′(0) = 104 bacteria>h (b) b′(5) = 0 bacteria>h
39. = q + q - 3 + q - 5, 2 = - q - 4 - 5q - 6 (c) b′(10) = - 104 bacteria>h
dq 6 6 dq 6 2
41. (a) 13 (b) - 7 (c) 7>25 (d) 20 dy t
27. (a) = - 1
x 5 dt 12
43. (a) y = - + (b) m = - 4 at (0, 1) dy
8 4
(b) The largest value of is 0 m>h when t = 12 and the
(c) y = 8x - 15, y = 8x + 17 dt
45. y = 4x, y = 2 47. a = 1, b = 1, c = 0 dy
smallest value of is - 1 m>h when t = 0.
49. (2, 4) 51. (0, 0), (4, 2) 53. (a) y = 2x + 2 (c) (2, 6) dt
55. 50 57. a = -3 (c) y
59. P′(x) = nan xn - 1 + (n - 1)an - 1xn - 2 + g + 2a2 x + a1
61. The Product Rule is then the Constant Multiple Rule, so the 6
latter is a special case of the Product Rule. 5

4
d 3
63. (a) (uyw) = uyw′ + uy′w + u′yw y = 6 a1 − t b 2
dx 2
12
d 1
(b) (u1 u2 u3 u4) = u1 u2 u3 u4′ + u1 u2 u3′u4 + u1 u2′u3 u4 +
dx t
12
u1′u2 u3 u4 −1
dy t
= −1
d dt 12
(c) (u1 gun) = u1 u2 gun - 1un′ + u1 u2 gun - 2un - 1′un +
dx
29. 4.88 ft, 8.66 ft, additional ft to stop car for 1 mph speed increase
g + u1′u2 gun
dP nRT 2an2 6250
65. = - + 31. t = 25 sec, D = m
dV (V - nb)2 V3 9

33. s 1 - csc2 x
9. x tan2 x + sec x - 2
11.
x (1 + cot x)2
s = 200t − 16t2
600 13. 4 tan x sec x - csc2 x 15. 0
400 17. 3x2 sin x cos x + x3 cos2 x - x3 sin2 x
ds = 200 − 32t
200 dt -2 csc t cot t
19. sec2 t - 1 21. 23. - u (u cos u + 2 sin u)
t
(1 - csc t)2
2s
12 25. sec u csc u (tan u - cot u) = sec2 u - csc2 u 27. sec2 q
−200 d = −32
dt2 q3 cos q - q2 sin q - q cos q - sin q
29. sec2 q 31.
(q2 - 1)2
(a) y = 0 when t = 6.25 sec
33. (a) 2 csc3 x - csc x (b) 2 sec3 x - sec x
(b) y 7 0 when 0 … t 6 6.25 1 the object moves up; y 6 0
35. y
when 6.25 6 t … 12.5 1 the object moves down.
(c) The object changes direction at t = 6.25 sec.
(d) The object speeds up on (6.25, 12.54 and slows down on y = −x − p
y=x
30, 6.25). 1 y = sin x

(e) The object is moving fastest at the endpoints t = 0 and −3p/2 −p −p/2 p/2 p 3p/2 2p
x
t = 12.5 when it is traveling 200 ft > sec. It’s moving slow- −1

y = −1 (3p2, −1)
est at t = 6.25 when the speed is 0.
(f ) When t = 6.25 the object is s = 625 m from the origin and 37. y
y = sec x
farthest away.
35. s
(−p3, 2)
2
2s
10 d = 6t − 12 ds = 3t 2 − 12t + 7
dt2 dt Í2 ap4, Í2b
5
1
2Í3p Í2p
4
t y = −2Í3x − +2 y = Í2 x − 4 + Í2
3
−5 x
−p2 −p3 0 p4 p2
−10 s= t3 − 6t 2 + 7t
39. Yes, at x = p 41. No
p p
6 { 215 43. a-
4
, -1b; a , 1b
4
(a) y = 0 when t = sec
3
y
6 - 215 6 + 215
(b) y 6 0 when 6 t 6 1 the y = tan x
3 3
6 - 215 1
object moves left; y 7 0 when 0 … t 6 or (p4, 1)
3
y = 2x − p + 1
6 + 215 2
6 t … 4 1 the object moves right. x
3 −p2 −p4 p4 p2
6 { 215 y = 2x + p − 1
(c) The object changes direction at t = sec. 2
3 −1
6 - 215 6 + 215
(−p4, −1)
(d) The object speeds up on a , 2b ∪ a , 4d
3 3 45. (a) y = -x + p>2 + 2 (b) y = 4 - 23
6 - 215 6 + 215 47. 0 49. 13>2 51. -1 53. 0
and slows down on c 0, b ∪ a2, b. 55. - 22 m>sec, 22 m>sec, 22 m>sec2, 22 m>sec3
3 3
57. c = 9 59. sin x
The object is moving fastest at t = 0 and t = 4 when it is
(e)
61. (a) i) 10 cm ii) 5 cm iii) -5 22 ≈ - 7.1 cm
6 { 215 (b) i) 0 cm > sec ii) - 5 23 ≈ - 8.7 cm>sec
moving 7 units > sec and slowest at t = sec.
3 iii) - 5 22 ≈ - 7.1 cm>sec
6 + 215
(f ) When t = the object is at position s ≈ -6.303 Section 3.6, pp. 148–151
3
units and farthest from the origin. cos x
1. 12x3 3. 3 cos (3x + 1) 5.
2 2sin x
Section 3.5, pp. 141–143 7. 2px sec2 (px2)
1. - 10 - 3 sin x 3. 2x cos x - x2 sin x
= 5u4 # 2 =
dy dy du
2 9. With u = (2x + 1), y = u5 : =
5. - csc x cot x - 7. sin x sec2 x + sin x dx du dx
2x
10(2x + 1)4

dy dy du - cos2 (xy) - y - y2
11. With u = (1 - (x>7)), y = u-7 : = = 11. x 13.
dx du dx 1 1
y sina y b - cos a y b + xy
-8 # a- 1 b x -8
- 7u = a1 - b
7 7 2r -r
dy dy du 15. - 17.
2 4 2u u
13. With u = ((x >8) + x - (1>x)), y = u : = =
dx du dx x -y2 - x2
19. y′ = - y , y″ =
4u3 # a + 1 + 2 b = 4a + x - x b a + 1 + 2 b
3
x 1 x2 1 x 1 y3
4 x 8 4 x
x + 1 y2 - (x + 1)2
dy dy du 21. y′ = y , y″ =
15. With u = tan x, y = sec u : = = y3
dx du dx
2y 1
(sec u tan u)(sec2 x) = sec (tan x) tan (tan x) sec2 x 23. y′ = , y″ = 3
dy dy du 2y + 1 21 2y + 1 2
17. With u = tan x, y = u3 : = = 3u2 sec2 x = 25. -2 27. (-2, 1) : m = -1, (-2, -1) : m = 1
dx du dx
3 tan2 x (sec2 x) 7 1 4 29
29. (a) y = x - (b) y = - x +
4 2 7 7
1 4 csc u 1 8
19. - 21. p (cos 3t - sin 5t) 23. 31. (a) y = 3x + 6 (b) y = - x +
2 23 - t cot u + csc u 3 3
25. 2x sin4 x + 4x2 sin3 x cos x + cos-2 x + 2x cos-3 x sin x 6 6 7 7
33. (a) y = x + (b) y = - x -
7 7 6 6
1 (4x + 3)3(4x + 7) p 2 2 p
27. (3x - 2)5 - 29. 35. (a) y = - x + p (b) y = p x - p +
1 2 (x + 1)4 2 2
x3 a4 - 2 b x 1
2x 37. (a) y = 2px - 2p (b) y = - +
x sec x tan x + sec x 2p 2p
31. 2x sec2 1 2 2x 2 + tan 1 2 2x 2 33.
2 27 + x sec x 39. Points: 1 - 27, 0 2 and 1 27, 0 2, Slope: - 2
2 sin u 2
35. 37. - 2 sin (u ) sin 2u + 2u cos (2u) cos (u 2) 23 23 23 1
(1 + cos u)2 41. m = -1 at a , b, m = 23 at a
, b
4 2 2 4
t + 2 t 27 27 27
39. a b cos a b 43. (-3, 2) : m = - ; (-3, - 2) : m = ; (3, 2) : m = ;
2(t + 1)3>2 2t + 1 8 8 8
8 sin (2t) 27
41. 2p sin (pt - 2) cos (pt - 2) 43. (3, -2) : m = -
(1 + cos 2t)5 8
45. 10t 10 tan9 t sec2 t + 10t 9 tan10 t 45. (3, -1)
- 3t 6 ( t 2 + 4 ) dy y3 + 2xy dx x2 + 3xy2 dx 1
47. 49. - 2 cos (cos (2t - 5)) (sin (2t - 5)) 51. = - 2 , = - 3 , =
( t - 4t )
3 4 dx x + 3xy2 dy y + 2xy dy dy>dx
2
t t t
51. a1 + tan4 a b b atan3 a bsec2 a b b Section 3.8, pp. 161–165
12 12 12
dA dr
1. = 2pr 3. 10 5. -6 7. - 3>2
t sin (t 2) dt dt
53. - 55. 6 tan (sin3 t) sec2 (sin3 t) sin2 t cos t
21 + cos (t 2) 9. 31>13 11. (a) -180 m2 >min (b) - 135 m3 >min
2 3 6 2 1 2 dV dh dV dr
57. 3 (2t - 5) (18t - 5) 59. 3 a1 + x b a1 + x b 13. (a) = pr 2 (b) = 2phr
x dt dt dt dt
61. 2 csc2 (3x - 1) cot (3x - 1) 63. 16 (2x + 1)2 (5x + 1) dV 2 dh dr
(c) = pr + 2phr
dt dt dt
65. 5>2 67. - p>4 69. 0 71. - 5
1
73. (a) 2>3 (b) 2p + 5 (c) 15 - 8p (d) 37>6 (e) -1 15. (a) 1 volt > sec (b) - amp > sec
3
(f ) 22>24 (g) 5>32 (h) - 5> 1 3 217 2 75. 5 dR 1 dV V dI
77. (a) 1 (b) 1 79. y = 1 - 4x (c) = a - b
dt I dt I dt
81. (a) y = px + 2 - p (b) p>2
(d) 3>2 ohms > sec, R is increasing.
83. It multiplies the velocity, acceleration, and jerk by 2, 4, and 8,
ds x dx
respectively. 17. (a) =
dt 2
2x + y 2 dt
2 4
85. y(6) = m>sec, a(6) = - m>sec2 y dy y dy
5 125 ds x dx dx
(b) = + (c) = -x
dt 2
2x + y 2 dt 2
2x + y 2 dt dt dt
Section 3.7, pp. 155–156
dA 1 du
- 2xy - y2 1 - 2y 19. (a) = ab cos u
dt 2 dt
1. 3.
x2 + 2xy 2x + 2y - 1 dA 1 du 1 da
(b) = ab cos u + b sin u
dt 2 dt 2 dt
- 2x3 + 3x2y - xy2 + x 1 dA 1 du 1 da 1 db
5. 7. 9. cos y cot y (c) = ab cos u + b sin u + a sin u
x 2y - x 3 + y y (x + 1)2 dt 2 dt 2 dt 2 dt

21. (a) 14 cm2 >sec, increasing (b) 0 cm > sec, constant Practice Exercises, pp. 177–182
(c) - 14>13 cm>sec, decreasing 1. 5x4 - 0.25x + 0.25 3. 3x(x - 2)
23. (a) - 12 ft>sec (b) - 59.5 ft2 >sec (c) -1 rad>sec 5. 2(x + 1)(2x2 + 4x + 1)
25. 20 ft > sec 7. 3(u 2 + sec u + 1)2 (2u + sec u tan u)
dh dr 1
27. (a) = 11.19 cm>min (b) = 14.92 cm>min 9. 11. 2 sec2 x tan x
dt dt 2 2t1 1 + 2t 22
-1 13. 8 cos3 (1 - 2t) sin (1 - 2t) 15. 5(sec t) (sec t + tan t)5
29. (a) m>min (b) r = 226y - y2 m
24p
dr 5 u cos u + sin u cos 22u
(c) = - m>min 17. 19.
dt 288p 22u sin u 22u
2
31. 1 ft > min, 40p ft >min 33. 11 ft > sec 2 2 2
21. x csc a x b + csc a x b cot a x b
35. Increasing at 466>1681 L>min2
37. - 5 m>sec 39. - 1500 ft>sec 1 1>2
23. x sec (2x)2 3 16 tan (2x)2 - x-2 4
5 10 2 2
41. in.>min, in >min
72p 3 25. - 10x csc2 ( x2 ) 27. 8x3 sin ( 2x2 ) cos ( 2x2 ) + 2x sin2 ( 2x2 )
43. (a) - 32> 213 ≈ - 8.875 ft>sec
-(t + 1) 1 - x -1
(b) du1 >dt = 8>65 rad>sec, du2 >dt = -8>65 rad>sec 29. 31. 33.
8t 3 (x + 1)3 1 1>2
(c) du1 >dt = 1>6 rad>sec, du2 >dt = - 1>6 rad>sec 2x2 a1 + x b
45. - 5.5 deg>min
-2 sin u 5x + cos 2x
35. 37. 3 22x + 1 39. - 9c 2 d
Section 3.9, pp. 174–176 (cos u - 1)2 (5x + sin 2x)5>2
1. L(x) = 10x - 13 3. L(x) = 2 5. L(x) = x - p y + 2 2
- 3x - 4y + 2 y
1 4 41. - 43. 45. - x
7. 2x 9. - x - 5 11. x + x + 3 4x - 4y1>3
12 3 dp 6q - 4p
1
13. ƒ(0) = 1. Also, ƒ′(x) = k (1 + x)k - 1, so ƒ′(0) = k. This means 47. 49. =
2y (x + 1)2 dq 3p2 + 4q
the linearization at x = 0 is L(x) = 1 + kx.
dr
15. (a) 1.01 (b) 1.003 51. = (2r - 1)(tan 2s)
ds
3 2 - 2x2 d 2y - 2xy3 - 2x4 d 2y - 2xy2 - 1
17. a3x2 - b dx 19. dx
2 2x ( 1 + x2 ) 2 53. (a) 2
= (b) =
dx y 5
dx2 x 4y 3
1 - y 5
21. dx 23. cos 1 5 2x 2 dx 55. (a) 7 (b) -2 (c) 5>12 (d) 1>4 (e) 12 (f ) 9>2
3 2y + x 2 2x (g) 3>4
x3 1 -2
25. (4x2) sec2 a b dx 57. 0 59. 23 61. - 63.
3 2 (2t + 1)2
3 65. (a) 67. (a)
27. 1 csc 1 1 - 2 2x 2 cot 1 1 - 2 2x 22 dx y
2x 1 y
x, 0≤x≤1
29. (a) 0.41 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.01 y=
2 − x, 1 < x ≤ 2
31. (a) 0.231 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.031 1
33. (a) - 1>3 (b) - 2>5 (c) 1>15 x
−1 0 1 x
35. dV = 4pr 02 dr 37. dS = 12x0 dx 39. dV = 2pr0 h dr 0 1 2
41. (a) 0.08p m2 (b) 2% 43. dV ≈ 565.5 in3 (b) Yes (c) No
1 −1
45. (a) 2% (b) 4% 47. , 49. 3%
3
x 2, −1 ≤ x < 0
51. The ratio equals 37.87, so a change in the acceleration of gravity f(x) =
−x 2, 0 ≤ x < 1
on the moon has about 38 times the effect that a change of the
same magnitude has on Earth. (b) Yes (c) Yes
53. Increase V ≈ 40% 5 9 3 1
ƒ″(a) 69. a , b and a , - b 71. (- 1, 27) and (2, 0)
2 4 2 4
55. (a) i) b0 = ƒ(a) ii) b1 = ƒ′(a) iii) b2 =
2 73. (a) (-2, 16), (3, 11) (b) (0, 20), (1, 7)
(b) Q(x) = 1 + x + x2 (d) Q(x) = 1 - (x - 1) + (x - 1)2 75. y
x x2
(e) Q(x) = 1 + - y = tan x
2 8 1
y = −–x +p + 1
(f ) The linearization of any differentiable function u(x) at x = a 2 8
1 (p4, 1)
is L(x) = u(a) + u′(a)(x - a) = b0 + b1(x - a), where b0
and b1 are the coefficients of the constant and linear terms
of the quadratic approximation. Thus, the linearization for −p2 −p4 p4 p2
x
ƒ(x) at x = 0 is 1 + x; the linearization for g(x) at x = 1

is 1 - (x - 1) or 2 - x; and the linearization for h(x) at
x −1 1 p
(−p4, −1) y=−–x− −1
x = 0 is 1 + . 2 8
2

1 prh0
77. 79. 4 119. L(x) = 1.5x + 0.5 121. dS = dh
4
2r 2 + h02
1 9
81. Tangent: y = - x + , normal: y = 4x - 2 123. (a) 4% (b) 8% (c) 12%
4 4
1 7 Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 182–184
83. Tangent: y = 2x - 4, normal: y = - x +
2 2 1. (a) sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u; 2 cos 2u = 2 sin u (- sin u) +
5 4 11 cos u (2 cos u); 2 cos 2u = -2 sin2 u + 2 cos2 u; cos 2u =
85. Tangent: y = - x + 6, normal: y = x -
4 5 5 cos2 u - sin2 u
1 (b) cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u; -2 sin 2u =
87. (1, 1): m = - ; (1, - 1): m not defined
2 2 cos u (-sin u) - 2 sin u (cos u); sin 2u =
89. B = graph of ƒ, A = graph of ƒ′ cos u sin u + sin u cos u; sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u
91. y
1
3 (4, 3) y = f (x) 3. (a) a = 1, b = 0, c = - (b) b = cos a, c = sin a
2
2
(6, 1)
(−1, 2) 9 5 25
5. h = -4, k = , a =
−1 1 4 6
x 2 2
7. (a) 0.09y (b) Increasing at 1% per year
93. (a) 0, 0 (b) 1700 rabbits, ≈1400 rabbits
9. Answers will vary. Here is one possibility.
95. - 1 97. 1>2 99. 4 101. 1 y
103. To make g continuous at the origin, define g(0) = 1.
dS dr dS dh
105. (a) = (4pr + 2ph) (b) = 2pr
dt dt dt dt
dS dr dh
(c) = (4pr + 2ph) + 2pr 0
t
dt dt dt
dr r dh 11. (a) 2 sec, 64 ft > sec (b) 12.31 sec, 393.85 ft
(d) = -
dt 2r + h dt b
2
107. - 40 m >sec 109. 0.02 ohm > sec 111. 2 m > sec 15. (a) m = - p (b) m = -1, b = p
2 125 3 9
113. (a) r = h (b) - ft>min 17. (a) a = , b = 19. ƒ odd 1 ƒ′ is even
5 144p 4 4
3 18
115. (a) km>sec or 600 m > sec (b) p rpm 23. h′ is defined but not continuous at x = 0; k′ is defined and
5
p - 2 continuous at x = 0.
117. (a) L(x) = 2x + 27. (a) 0.8156 ft (b) 0.00613 sec
2
y (c) It will lose about 8.83 min > day.
1
y = tan x Chapter 4
y = 2x + (p − 2)2
Section 4.1, pp. 190–193
x 1. Absolute minimum at x = c2; absolute maximum at x = b
−p4 p4
3. Absolute maximum at x = c; no absolute minimum
5. Absolute minimum at x = a; absolute maximum at x = c
(−p4, −1) −1 7. No absolute minimum; no absolute maximum
9. Absolute maximum at (0, 5) 11. (c) 13. (d)
15. Absolute minimum at 17. Absolute maximum at
x = 0; no absolute x = 2; no absolute
22(4 - p)
(b) L(x) = - 22x + maximum minimum
4 y y
y f(x) = 0 x 0
y = g(x)
2 1
1
x
1 2
x
Í2 −1 1 2
−1
−p4, Í2 y = sec x
x
−p2 −p4 0 p2
y = −Í2x + Í2 Q4 − pR 4

19. Absolute maximum at x = p>2; absolute minimum at 37. Increasing on (0, 8), decreasing on (- 1, 0); absolute maximum:
x = 3p>2 16 at x = 8; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 0
y 39. Increasing on (-32, 1); absolute maximum: 1 at u = 1; absolute
minimum: -8 at u = -32
3 41. x = 3
43. x = 1, x = 4
x 45. x = 1
p/2 p 3p/2 2p
47. x = 0 and x = 4
−3 49. Minimum value is 1 at x = 2.
4 41
51. Local maximum at (-2, 17); local minimum at a , - b
21. Absolute maximum: - 3; 23. Absolute maximum: 3; 3 27
absolute minimum: - 19>3 absolute minimum: -1 53. Minimum value is 0 at x = -1 and x = 1.
y y
55. There is a local minimum at (0, 1).
1 1
57. Maximum value is at x = 1; minimum value is - at
(2, 3) Abs 2 2
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
x 3 max x = -1.
−1 y = x2 − 1 59. Critical point
−2 2 −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 Derivative Extremum Value
(3, −3) or endpoint
−3
Abs 1 4 12 1>3
−4 max x = - 0 Local max 10 ≈ 1.034
5 25
−5 x
(−2, −19/3)
y = 23 x − 5 −1 1 2 x = 0 Undefined Local min 0
−6 −2 ≤ x ≤ 3
Abs
min −7 (0, −1) Abs 61. Critical point
min Derivative Extremum Value
or endpoint
25. Absolute maximum: - 0.25; 27. Absolute maximum: 2; x = -2 Undefined Local max 0
absolute minimum: - 4 absolute minimum: -1 x = - 22 0 Minimum –2
y y
3 x = 22 0 Maximum 2
y = Îx
−1 ≤ x ≤ 8 (8, 2) x = 2 Undefined Local min 0
x 2
0 1 Abs
(2, −0.25)
−1 Abs max
1 max 63. Critical point
x Derivative Extremum Value
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 or endpoint
−2 y = − 1 , 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 2 −1
x2 (−1, −1)
−3 Abs min x = 1 Undefined Minimum 2
−4 (0.5, −4) 65. Critical point
Abs min
Derivative Extremum Value
or endpoint
29. Absolute maximum: 2; 31. Absolute maximum: 1; x = -1 0 Maximum 5
absolute minimum: 0 absolute minimum: -1 x = 1 Undefined Local min 1
y y x = 3 0 Maximum 5
y = Î4 − x2 (0, 2) Abs max (p2, 1) Abs max 67. (a) No

−2 ≤ x ≤ 1 1
(b) The derivative is defined and nonzero for x ≠ 2. Also,
1 u ƒ(2) = 0 and ƒ(x) 7 0 for all x ≠ 2.
−p/2 p/2 5p/6
(c) No, because (- q, q) is not a closed interval.
x y = sin u, −p2 ≤ u ≤ 5p6
(−2, 0) −1 0 1
−1
(−p2, −1) (d) The answers are the same as parts (a) and (b), with 2
Abs Abs min replaced by a.
min −1
69. Yes
71. g assumes a local maximum at -c.
33. Absolute maximum: 2> 23; 35. Absolute maximum: 2; 73. (a) Maximum value is 144 at x = 2.
absolute minimum: 1 absolute minimum: -1 (b) The largest volume of the box is 144 cubic units, and it oc-
y curs when x = 2.
y
Abs max Abs max
y0 2
Qp3, 2Î3R Q2p3, 2Î3R (0, 2) Abs 75. + s0
1.2 max 2g
1.0 y = csc x (p2, 1) y=2−0t0
77. Maximum value is 11 at x = 5; minimum value is 5 on the in-
0.8 p3 ≤ x ≤ 2p3 Abs 1
0.6 −1 ≤ t ≤ 3 terval [-3, 2]; local maximum at (- 5, 9).
min
0.4
t 79. Maximum value is 5 on the interval [3, q); minimum value is
0.2
x
−1 0 1 2 3
-5 on the interval (- q, -2].
0 p3 p2 2p3 Abs
−1
min (3, −1)

Section 4.2, pp. 197–199 7. (a) 0, 1

1. 1>2 3. 1 (b) Increasing on (- q, -2) and (1, q); decreasing on (- 2, 0)
1 1 and (0, 1)
5. 1 1 + 27 2 ≈ 1.22, 1 1 - 27 2 ≈ -0.549
3 3 (c) Local minimum at x = 1
7. Does not; ƒ is not differentiable at the interior domain point 9. (a) -2, 2
x = 0. (b) Increasing on (- q, -2) and (2, q); decreasing on (- 2, 0)
9. Does 11. Does not; ƒ is not differentiable at x = -1. and (0, 2)
15. (a) (c) Local maximum at x = -2; local minimum at x = 2
i) −2 0 2
x 11. (a) -2, 0
(b) Increasing on (- q, -2) and (0, q); decreasing on (- 2, 0)
ii) x
−5 −4 −3 (c) Local maximum at x = -2; local minimum at x = 0
iii) −1 0 2
x
p 2p 4p
13. (a) , ,
iv) x 2 3 3
0 4 9 18 24 2p 4p p p 2p
(b) Increasing on a , b; decreasing on a0, b, a , b,
27. Yes 29. (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 3 3 3 2 2 3
x2 x3 x4 4p
31. (a) + C (b) + C (c) + C and a , 2pb
2 3 4 3
4p
1 1 1 (c) Local maximum at x = 0 and x = ; local minimum at
33. (a) x + C (b) x + x + C (c) 5x - x + C 3
2p
1 t x = and x = 2p
35. (a) - cos 2t + C (b) 2 sin + C 3
2 2 15. (a) Increasing on (-2, 0) and (2, 4); decreasing on (- 4, - 2)
1 t and (0, 2)
(c) - cos 2t + 2 sin + C
2 2 (b) Absolute maximum at (-4, 2); local maximum at (0, 1) and
37. ƒ(x) = x2 - x 39. r(u) = 8u + cot u - 2p - 1 (4, -1); absolute minimum at (2, -3); local minimum at
1 - cos (pt) (-2, 0)
41. s = 4.9t 2 + 5t + 10 43. s = p 17. (a) Increasing on (-4, -1), (1>2, 2), and (2, 4); decreasing on
45. 16t 2 + 20t + 5 47. s = sin (2t) - 3 (-1, 1>2)
49. If T(t) is the temperature of the thermometer at time t, then (b) Absolute maximum at (4, 3); local maximum at (- 1, 2) and
T(0) = - 19 °C and T(14) = 100 °C. From the Mean Value (2, 1); no absolute minimum; local minimum at (- 4, - 1)
T(14) - T(0) and (1>2, -1)
Theorem, there exists a 0 6 t0 6 14 such that =
14 - 0 19. (a) Increasing on (- q, -1.5); decreasing on (- 1.5, q)
8.5 °C>sec = T′(t0), the rate at which the temperature was (b) Local maximum: 5.25 at t = -1.5; absolute maximum: 5.25
changing at t = t0 as measured by the rising mercury on the at t = -1.5
thermometer. 21. (a) Decreasing on (- q, 0); increasing on (0, 4>3); decreasing
51. Because its average speed was approximately 7.667 knots, and on (4>3, q)
by the Mean Value Theorem, it must have been going that speed (b) Local minimum at x = 0 (0, 0); local maximum at
at least once during the trip. x = 4>3 (4>3, 32>27); no absolute extrema
55. The conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem yields 23. (a) Decreasing on (- q, 0); increasing on (0, 1>2); decreasing
1 1 on (1>2, q)
-
b a 1 a - b (b) Local minimum at u = 0 (0, 0); local maximum at
= - 2 1 c2 a b = a - b 1 c = 1ab.
b - a c ab u = 1>2 (1>2, 1>4); no absolute extrema
25. (a) Increasing on (- q, q); never decreasing
59. ƒ(x) must be zero at least once between a and b by the Interme-
(b) No local extrema; no absolute extrema
diate Value Theorem. Now suppose that ƒ(x) is zero twice be-
27. (a) Increasing on (-2, 0) and (2, q); decreasing on (- q, - 2)
tween a and b. Then, by the Mean Value Theorem, ƒ′(x) would
and (0, 2)
have to be zero at least once between the two zeros of ƒ(x), but
(b) Local maximum: 16 at x = 0; local minimum: 0 at x = {2;
this can’t be true since we are given that ƒ′(x) ≠ 0 on this inter-
no absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = {2
val. Therefore, ƒ(x) is zero once and only once between a and b.
29. (a) Increasing on (- q, -1); decreasing on (- 1, 0); increasing
69. 1.09999 … ƒ(0.1) … 1.1
on (0, 1); decreasing on (1, q)
Section 4.3, pp. 203–204 (b) Local maximum: 0.5 at x = {1; local minimum: 0 at
1. (a) 0, 1 x = 0; absolute maximum: 1>2 at x = {1; no absolute
(b) Increasing on (- q, 0) and (1, q); decreasing on (0, 1) minimum
(c) Local maximum at x = 0; local minimum at x = 1 31. (a) Increasing on (10, q); decreasing on (1, 10)
3. (a) - 2, 1 (b) Local maximum: 1 at x = 1; local minimum: - 8 at x = 10;
(b) Increasing on (- 2, 1) and (1, q); decreasing on (- q, -2) absolute minimum: -8 at x = 10
(c) No local maximum; local minimum at x = - 2 33. (a) Decreasing on 1 -2 22, -2 2; increasing on (- 2, 2);
5. (a) - 2, 1, 3 (b) increasing on (- 2, 1) and (3, q), decreasing on 1 2, 2 22 2
decreasing on (- q, -2) and (1, 3) (c) local maximum at (b) Local minima: g(- 2) = -4, g1 2 22 2 = 0; local maxima:
x = 1, local minimum at x = -2, 3 g1 -2 22 2 = 0, g(2) = 4; absolute maximum: 4 at x = 2;
absolute minimum: -4 at x = -2

35. (a) I ncreasing on (- q, 1); decreasing when 1 6 x 6 2, de- 65. (a) (b)
creasing when 2 6 x 6 3; discontinuous at x = 2; increas- y y
ing on (3, q)
(b) L ocal minimum at x = 3 (3, 6); local maximum at
x = 1 (1, 2); no absolute extrema 2 y = g(x)
2 y = g(x)
37. (a) Increasing on (- 2, 0) and (0, q); decreasing on (- q, -2)
3
(b) L ocal minimum: - 6 2 2 at x = -2; no absolute maximum;
3 x
absolute minimum: - 6 2 2 at x = - 2 0 2 x
39. (a) I ncreasing on 1 - q, -2> 27 2 and 1 2> 27, q 2; decreasing 0 2
on 1 - 2> 27, 0 2 and 1 0, 2> 27 2

(b) L ocal maximum: 24 2 3
2>77>6 ≈ 3.12 at x = - 2> 27; local 69. a = -2, b = 4
3
minimum: - 24 22>7 ≈ - 3.12 at x = 2> 27; no abso-
7>6
Section 4.4, pp. 212–215
lute extrema 1. Local maximum: 3>2 at x = -1; local minimum: - 3 at x = 2;
41. (a) Local maximum: 1 at x = 1; local minimum: 0 at x = 2 point of inflection at (1>2, -3>4); rising on (- q, - 1) and
(b) Absolute maximum: 1 at x = 1; no absolute minimum (2, q); falling on (-1, 2); concave up on (1>2, q); concave
43. (a) Local maximum: 1 at x = 1; local minimum: 0 at x = 2 down on (- q, 1>2)
(b) No absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 2 3. Local maximum: 3 > 4 at x = 0; local minimum: 0 at x = {1;
45. (a) L ocal maxima: - 9 at t = -3 and 16 at t = 2; local mini- 323
4 32 3
4
mum: - 16 at t = -2 points of inflection at a- 23, b and a 23, b;
4 4
(b) Absolute maximum: 16 at t = 2; no absolute minimum rising on (-1, 0) and (1, q); falling on (- q, - 1) and (0, 1);
47. (a) Local minimum: 0 at x = 0 concave up on 1 - q, - 23 2 and 1 23, q 2; concave down on
(b) No absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 0 1 - 23, 23 2
49. (a) L ocal maximum: 5 at x = 0; local minimum: 0 at x = -5
and x = 5 -2p 23 p 23
5. Local maxima: + at x = - 2p>3, + at
(b) A bsolute maximum: 5 at x = 0; absolute minimum: 0 at 3 2 3 2
x = -5 and x = 5 p 23 2p 23
x = p>3; local minima: - - at x = - p>3, -
51. (a) Local maximum: 2 at x = 0; 3 2 3 2
at x = 2p>3; points of inflection at (- p>2, -p>2), (0, 0), and
23
local minimum: at x = 2 - 23 (p>2, p>2); rising on (- p>3, p>3); falling on (- 2p>3, -p>3)
4 23 - 6 and (p>3, 2p>3); concave up on (- p>2, 0) and (p>2, 2p>3);
(b) N o absolute maximum; an absolute minimum at
concave down on (-2p>3, -p>2) and (0, p>2)
x = 2 - 23
7. Local maxima: 1 at x = - p>2 and x = p>2, 0 at x = - 2p
53. (a) Local maximum: 1 at x = p>4;
and x = 2p; local minima: -1 at x = - 3p>2 and x = 3p>2,
local maximum: 0 at x = p;
0 at x = 0; points of inflection at (- p, 0) and (p, 0); ris-
local minimum: 0 at x = 0;
ing on (-3p>2, -p>2), (0, p>2), and (3p>2, 2p); falling on
local minimum: - 1 at x = 3p>4
(-2p, -3p>2), (- p>2, 0), and (p>2, 3p>2); concave up on
55. Local maximum: 2 at x = p>6;
(-2p, - p) and (p, 2p); concave down on (- p, 0) and (0, p)
local maximum: 23 at x = 2p;
9. y 11. y
local minimum: - 2 at x = 7p>6; 3
Loc y = x − 3x + 3
4
local minimum: 23 at x = 0 max
3 (−1, 5) 5
57. (a) Local minimum: (p>3) - 23 at x = 2p>3;
2
local maximum: 0 at x = 0; 2
y = x − 4x + 3 4
1
local maximum: p at x = 2p x Infl
59. (a) Local minimum: 0 at x = p>4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1 2
61. Local maximum: 3 at u = 0; (2, −1)
−2 Abs min
local minimum: - 3 at u = 2p 1 (1, 1)
Loc min
63. x
−1 1
y y y y
y = f(x) 13. y 15. y

y = f (x) (2, 5) Loc max
1 1 1 1
y= f (x) y = f (x) 3
x x x x Infl 2 Infl
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 (1, 1) 2 (2, 1)
1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) x
−3 −1 1 2 x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
(0, −3)
Loc min y = −2x3 + 6x 2 − 3 −2
y = (x − 2) 3 + 1

17. y 19. y 37. y Abs max 39. y

y = x 4 − 2x2 (3, 27) (2, 4)
27 (0, 4) Abs max
Abs max 4
21 3 y = Î16 − x2
(2, 16) y = 4x 3 − x 4
1
Loc max 15 Infl 2
Loc max
(0, 0) 9 x
1
x Infl Q−2Î2 , 0R (0, 0) Infl (−4, 0) (4, 0)
−2 −1 1 2 (0, 0) 3 x Abs min Abs min
x −2 −1 1 2 Q2 2 , 0R
Abs min Abs min 1 2 3 4 Î
(−1, −1) (1, −1) Loc min
Q−1Î3, −59R Q1Î3, −59R

−3 y = xÎ8 − x2
Infl Infl
−4
(−2, −4)
21. 23. Abs min
y y
Loc max
y = x 5 − 5x 4 Abs max 41. y 43. y
(0, 0) 2p (2p, 2p)
x 8
−2 0 1 2 3 4 5 y = x + sin x (2, 2)
8x Abs max Q2Î3, Î3R
6 y= 2
2 (3, 6) Loc min x +4 2 Infl
−100 (p, p) y= x −3 4 1
p x−2
(3, −162) Infl 2 (1, 2) Loc max x
−200 −1 1 2
Infl x (0, 0)
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8 −2 Infl
(4, −256) Q−2Î3, −Î3R
Loc min Abs min −2 Infl (−2, −2)
−300 Abs min
x
0 p 2p −4
−6
25.
y −8
Loc max
10 Q2p, 2Î3p − 2R
Q4p3, 4Î3p3 + 1R
8
Abs max 45. y 47. y
6 Infl Q5p3, 5Î3p3 − 1R y = Î0x0

Loc min 2
4 Q3p2, 3Î3p2R 3
Infl y = x2 − 1 1 (0, 0)
2 Qp2, Î3p2R
x x
0 p2 p 3p2 2p 2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
(0, −2) Loc max Cusp
Abs min y = Î3x − 2 cos x (0, 1) Abs min
27.
y x
−2 (−1, 0) (1, 0) 2
y = sin x cos x Abs min Abs min
1 Abs max
(p4, 12) Infl Loc max 49. y″ = 1 - 2x
(p2, 0) (p, 0)
Loc max
x
(0, 0) p4 p2 3p4 p
x=2
Loc min Infl
(3p4, −12) x = 12
−1 Abs min Loc min
x = −1
29. y 31. y
2 y= x 51. y″ = 3(x - 3)(x - 1) 53. y″ = 3(x - 2)(x + 2)

2 2
y = x1 5

Îx + 1 Loc max
Vert tan 1
1 Infl
at x = 0 x=0
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 Infl x=3 Infl x = 2
x Infl
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −1 Abs min x = −2 Abs min
(0, 0) Loc min x=1
−1 (0, 0) −2 Infl
Infl x=0 x = −2Î3 x = 2Î3
−2
y y 55. y″ = 4(4 - x)(5x2 - 16x + 8)

33. 35.
Loc max
y = 2 x − 3 x2 3

4 x = 85
Cusp, Loc max 23 5 Infl
y=x Q–2 − xR
(0, 0)
3 Loc min x = 8 + 2Î6
x Infl 5
−1 1 4 5 x=0
−1 x = 8 − 2Î6 Infl
(1, −1) Infl 2 (1, 32) Loc max 5
x=4
Loc min Q−12, 3/ Î4R
3
x
−2 −1 (0, 0) 1 2 3
−5 Cusp
Loc min

1 u 75. y 77. y
57. y″ = 2 sec2 x tan x
59. y″ = - csc2 ,
2 2 5 2x 2 + x − 1
0 6 u 6 2p y=
4 x2 − 1
u=p y = x2 4
2
Infl Abs max
3 y= x +1
y=2 x2
2
x=0 y= 1 y = 12 1
1 x−1 x
x x
−1 0 1 2 3 −1 1
−1
−2 x=1
p p
61. y″ = 2 tan u sec2 u, - 6 u 6
2 2
79. y 81. y
u = − p Loc max
4
y= 1 2
x2 − 1 y = −x − 2
x2 − 1
y= 1
x2 − 1
u=0 1
Inf1
x
u=p −1 1 x
4 −Î2 −1 1 Î2
−1
Loc min
−1
y = −1
x= −1 x= 1
63. y″ = -sin t, 0 … t … 2p −2
x = −1 x=1
t=p
2
Loc max
Abs max t = 2p
t=p
t=0
Loc min Infl
83. y 85. y
t = 3p 2
2 x = −1 y= x
Abs min x+1 3
y= 1
2
y = x −x+1 x−1
2 1 -2>3 2 -5>3 x−1
65. y″ = - (x + 1)-5>3 67. y″ = x + x
3 3 3 y=x−1
x
x 1 2
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 −1
x = −1 x = −2
Infl Infl y=x
Infl
Vert tan
vert tan
x=0 x=1
−4
x=1
Abs min 87. y 89. y
y= x
- 2, x 6 0 x = −1 x2 − 1
69. y″ = e 71. y x = −2
2, x 7 0 Loc max y″ y′
(x − 1)3 1
y y=
Infl 9 x2 + x − 2 x
P 2 −1 0 1
x −1
Loc min
Infl −6 −4 −2 0 1 4
9 −4 y=x−4
x y= x=1
x=0 x+2
−8
−12
−16
91. y
73. y
2 y = 8(x2 + 4)
P y
Infl Infl
y′ x
x 0 1
Loc
min y″

93. Point 95. y 17. (a) V(x) = 2x(24 - 2x)(18 - 2x) (b) Domain: (0, 9)
y′ y″
(6, 7)
V
P - + 7
Maximum
1600 x = 3.3944487 V = 1309.9547
Q + 0 (4, 4)
4
R + - (2, 1)
1200
S 0 - 1
x 800
0 2 4 6
T - - 400
97. (a) Towards origin: 0 … t 6 2 and 6 … t … 10; away from 2 4 6 8

x

origin: 2 … t … 6 and 10 … t … 15
(b) t = 2, t = 6, t = 10 (c) Maximum volume ≈ 1309.95 in3 when x ≈ 3.39 in.
(c) t = 5, t = 7, t = 13 (d) V′(x) = 24x2 - 336x + 864, so the critical point is at
(d) Positive: 5 … t … 7, 13 … t … 15; negative: x = 7 - 213, which confirms the result in part (c).
0 … t … 5, 7 … t … 13 (e) x = 2 in. or x = 5 in.
99. ≈ 60 thousand units 19. ≈ 2418.40 cm3
101. Local minimum at x = 2; inflection points at x = 1 and 21. (a) h = 24, w = 18
x = 5>3 (b) V (24, 10368)
Abs max
105. b = - 3 109. - 1, 2 10000
111. a = 1, b = 3, c = 9 8000
113. The zeros of y′ = 0 and y″ = 0 are extrema and points of 6000
inflection, respectively. Inflection at x = 3, local maximum at 4000 V = 54h2 − 3 h3
2
x = 0, local minimum at x = 4. 2000
0 h
y 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
2 (x
200
y″ = 20x − 3) 23. If r is the radius of the hemisphere, h the height of the cylinder,
3V 1>3 3V 1>3
x and V the volume, then r = a b and h = a p b .
0 3 4 5 8p
−200 y′ = 5x 3 (x − 4) 51
25. (b) x = (c) L ≈ 11 in.
8
−400
y = x5 − 5x4 − 240 2p 3
27. Radius = 22 m, height = 1 m, volume = m
3
115. The zeros of y′ = 0 and y″ = 0 are extrema and points of in-
3
flection, respectively. Inflection at x = - 2 2; local maximum 9b b 23p
29. 1 31. m, triangle; m, circle
at x = - 2; local minimum at x = 0. 9 + 23p 9 + 23p
y 3
y′ = 4x(x 3 + 8) 33. * 2
2
100
35. (a) 16 (b) -1
50 37. (a) y(0) = 96 ft>sec
x (b) 256 ft at t = 3 sec
−3 2 3
y= 4 5
x 2
+ 16x − 25
(c) Velocity when s = 0 is y(7) = -128 ft>sec.
−50 5
39. ≈ 46.87 ft 41. (a) 6 * 6 23 in.
−100
y″ = 16(x 3 + 2) 43. (a) 4 23 * 4 26 in.
45. (a) 10p ≈ 31.42 cm>sec; when t = 0.5 sec, 1.5 sec, 2.5 sec,
Section 4.5, pp. 221–227 3.5 sec; s = 0, acceleration is 0.
1. 16 in., 4 in. by 4 in. (b) 10 cm from rest position; speed is 0.
3. (a) (x, 1 - x) (b) A(x) = 2x(1 - x) 47. (a) s = ((12 - 12t)2 + 64t 2)1>2
1 1 (b) -12 knots, 8 knots
(c) square units, 1 by
2 2 (c) No
14 35 5 2450 3 (d) 4 213. This limit is the square root of the sums of the
5. * * in., in
3 3 3 27 squares of the individual speeds.
2
7. 80,000 m ; 400 m by 200 m a ka2
49. x = ,y =
9. (a) The optimum dimensions of the tank are 10 ft on the base 2 4
edges and 5 ft deep. c
51. + 50
(b) Minimizing the surface area of the tank minimizes its 2
weight for a given wall thickness. The thickness of the steel 2km 2km
53. (a) (b)
walls would likely be determined by other considerations A h A h
such as structural requirements. C
57. 4 * 4 * 3 ft, $288 59. M = 65. (a) y = - 1
p
11. 9 * 18 in. 13. 15. h : r = 8 : p 2
2

25 1 px
67. (a) The minimum distance is . 15. (a) -csc x (b) csc (5x) (c) 2 csc a b
2 5 2
(b) The minimum distance is from the point (3>2, 0) to the x2 3 t2 x4 5x2
17. + x + C 19. t + + C 21. - + 7x + C
point (1, 1) on the graph of y = 1x, and this occurs at the 2 4 2 2
value x = 1, where D(x), the distance squared, has its mini- 1 x3 x 3
23. -x - - + C 25. x2>3 + C
mum value. 3 3 2
y, D(x) 9
D(x) = x2 − 2x + – 2 3>2 3 4>3 8
4 27. x + x + C 29. 4y2 - y3>4 + C
3 4 3
2.5 2 2 2
31. x + x + C 33. 2 2t - + C 35. - 2 sin t + C
2t
2 u 1
37. -21 cos + C 39. 3 cot x + C 41. - csc u + C
3 2
1.5 y = Îx
1
43. 4 sec x - 2 tan x + C 45. - cos 2x + cot x + C
1 2
t sin 4t 3x(23 + 1)
Dmin= Î5 47. + + C 49. + C 51. tan u + C
0.5 2 2 8 23 + 1
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

x 53. -cot x - x + C 55. -cos u + u + C
d x2 2x x2
Section 4.6, pp. 230–232 63. (a) Wrong: a sin x + Cb = sin x + cos x =
dx 2 2 2
5 13 51 5763 2387 x 2
1. x2 = - , 3. x2 = - , 5. x2 = x sin x + cos x
3 21 31 4945 2000 2
7. x1 , and all later approximations will equal x0. d
9. y (b) Wrong: (-x cos x + C) = - cos x + x sin x
dx
d
(c) Right: (-x cos x + sin x + C) = - cos x + x sin x +
dx
x cos x = x sin x
−h h
3
d (2x + 1) 3(2x + 1)2(2)
x,x≥0
65. (a) Wrong: a + Cb = =
y= Î dx 3 3
Î−x, x < 0
2(2x + 1)2
d
(b) Wrong: ((2x + 1)3 + C) = 3(2x + 1)2(2) =
11. The points of intersection of y = x3 and y = 3x + 1 or dx
y = x3 - 3x and y = 1 have the same x-values as the roots of 6(2x + 1)2
part (i) or the solutions of part (iv). 13. 1.165561185 d
(c) Right: ((2x + 1)3 + C) = 6(2x + 1)2
15. (a) Two (b) 0.35003501505249 and -1.0261731615301 dx
17. {1.3065629648764, {0.5411961001462 19. x ≈ 0.45 67. Right 69. (b) 71. y = x2 - 7x + 10
21. 0.8192 23. The root is 1.17951. 1 x2 1
73. y = - x + - 75. y = 9x1>3 + 4
25. (a) For x0 = -2 or x0 = -0.8, xi S - 1 as i gets large. 2 2
(b) For x0 = -0.5 or x0 = 0.25, xi S 0 as i gets large. 77. s = t + sin t + 4 79. r = cos (p u) - 1
(c) For x0 = 0.8 or x0 = 2, xi S 1 as i gets large. 1 1
81. y = sec t + 83. y = x2 - x3 + 4x + 1
(d) For x0 = - 221>7 or x0 = 221>7, Newton’s method does 2 2
not converge. The values of xi alternate between - 221>7 1
85. r = t + 2t - 2 87. y = x3 - 4x2 + 5
and 221>7 as i increases.
27. Answers will vary with machine speed. 89. y = -sin t + cos t + t 3 - 1 91. y = 2x3>2 - 50
1
Section 4.7, pp. 238–242 93. y = x - x4>3 + 95. y = - sin x - cos x - 2
2
x3 x3 97. (a) (i) 33.2 units, (ii) 33.2 units, (iii) 33.2 units (b) True
1. (a) x2 (b) (c) - x2 + x
3 3 99. t = 88>k, k = 16
1 1 101. (a) y = 10t 3>2 - 6t 1>2 (b) s = 4t 5>2 - 4t 3>2
3. (a) x-3 (b) - x-3 (c) - x-3 + x2 + 3x
3 3 105. (a) - 1x + C (b) x + C (c) 1x + C
1 5 5 (d) -x + C (e) x - 1x + C (f ) - x - 1x + C
5. (a) - x (b) - x (c) 2x + x
2 2x3 Practice Exercises, pp. 243–245
7. (a) 2x3 (b) 1x (c) + 2 1x
3 1. No 3. No minimum; absolute maximum: ƒ(1) = 16; criti-
9. (a) x2>3 (b) x1>3 (c) x-1>3 cal points: x = 1 and 11>3
1 5. Yes, except at x = 0 7. No 11. (b) one
11. (a) cos (px) (b) - 3 cos x (c) - p cos (px) + cos (3x)
13. (b) 0.8555 99677 2
1 x 2 3x 1
13. (a) tan x (b) 2 tan a b (c) - tan a b 19. Global minimum value of at x = 2
2 3 3 2 2

21. (a) t = 0, 6, 12 (b) t = 3, 9 (c) 6 6 t 6 12 43. 45.

y y
(d) 0 6 t 6 6, 12 6 t 6 14
23. 25. 2 1
y= x +
5
y y y = x+1 = 1 + 4 x
x−3 x−3 4
15 5 = x + 1x (1, 2)
3
3 y = −x3 + 6x2 − 9x + 3
2
3 y=x
2 1
8 1
3 x
3 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
y = x2 − x 1 −1 2 3 4 6 –1
6
1 x −2
x 1 2 3 4 −3
−2 −1 0 1 2 4 6 −1 −3
(−1, −2)
−4
−2 −5
27. 29. 47. 49.

y y y y
y=x− 3x 23
500 4 4 x2 − 4
(6, 432) x y= 2
y=x 3(8 − x) −3 9 18 27 x −3
400 3 2 3
−4 y= x x = −Î3 x = Î3
(8, −4) 2 2
300 2 y=1
(4, 256)
200
1 y=1
x x
100 −4 −3 −1 0 1 2 3 4
x
x 0 1 2 3 −1
−2 −1 0 2 4 6 8 −1 −2
−100
y= x3 + 2 = x2 + 1
−3
2x 2 x
31. −3
y
51. (a) 0, 36 (b) 18, 18 53. 54 square units
2
55. height = 2, radius = 22
1 57. x = 5 - 25 hundred ≈ 276 tires,
y = 21 5 - 25 2 hundred ≈ 553 tires
−1 1 2 3
x 59. Dimensions: base is 6 in. by 12 in., height = 2 in.;
maxi-mum volume = 144 in3
−1 y = x Î3 − x
x4 5
61. x5 = 2.1958 23345 63. + x2 - 7x + C
−2
4 2
3>2 4 1
65. 2t - t + C 67. - + C 69. (u 2 + 1)3>2 + C
ocal maximum at x = 4, local minimum at x = -4,
33. (a) L r + 5
1 s
inflection point at x = 0 71. (1 + x4)3>4 + C 73. 10 tan + C
3 10
(b) x=4
1 1 x
Loc max 75. - csc 22 u + C 77. x - sin + C
22 2 2
1
x=0
Infl
79. y = x - x - 1 81. r = 4t 5>2 + 4t 3>2 - 8t
Loc min
x = −4
1. The function is constant on the interval.
ocal maximum at x = 0, local minima at x = -1 and
35. (a) L 3. The extreme points will not be at the end of an open interval.
x = 2, inflection points at x = 1 1 { 27 2 >3 5. (a) A local minimum at x = -1, points of inflection at x = 0
(b) Loc max and x = 2
Infl
x=0 (b) A local maximum at x = 0 and local minima at x = - 1
x = 1 − Î7 x = 1 + Î7 1 { 27
3 3 and x = 2, points of inflection at x =
Loc min Loc min 3
Infl
x = −1 x=2 9. No 11. a = 1, b = 0, c = 1 13. Yes
15. Drill the hole at y = h>2.
ocal maximum at x = - 22, local minimum at x = 22,
37. (a) L
RH
inflection points at x = {1 and 0 17. r = for H 7 2R, r = R if H … 2R
2(H - R)
(b) Loc max
c - b c + b b2 - 2bc + c2 + 4ae
Infl 19. (a) (b) (c)
x = −Î2 x = −1 2e 2 4e
c + b + t
Infl (d)
2
x=0
1 1
21. m0 = 1 - q , m1 = q
Infl x = Î2
x=1 23. (a) k = -38.72 (b) 25 ft
Loc min 2 22 3>4
25. Yes, y = x + C 27. y0 = b
3

Chapter 5 35. (a) (b)

y y
Section 5.1, pp. 257–259
1. (a) 0.125 (b) 0.21875 (c) 0.625 (d) 0.46875 f (x) = sin x, f (x) = sin x,
−p ≤ x ≤ p −p ≤ x ≤ p
3. (a) 1.066667 (b) 1.283333 (c) 2.666667 (d) 2.083333 Left-hand 1 Right-hand 1
5. 0.3125, 0.328125 7. 1.5, 1.574603
x x
9. (a) 87 in. (b) 87 in. 11. (a) 3490 ft (b) 3840 ft c1 = −p c2 c3 = 0 c4 p −p c1 c2 = 0 c3 c4 = p
13. (a) 74.65 ft > sec (b) 45.28 ft > sec (c) 146.59 ft –1 −1
31
15. 17. 1
16 (c)
y 37. 1.2
19. (a) Upper = 758 gal, lower = 543 gal 2 1 1 2
(b) Upper = 2363 gal, lower = 1693 gal 39. - - ,
f (x) = sin x, 3 2n 6n2 3
−p ≤ x ≤ p
(c) ≈ 31.4 h, ≈ 32.4 h Midpoint 1 27n + 9
41. 12 + , 12
21. (a) 2 (b) 2 22 ≈ 2.828 c1 −p2 c2
2n2
−p
x
c3 p2 c4 p
p 5 6n + 1 5
(c) 8 sina b ≈ 3.061
−1 43. + ,
8 6 6n2 6
(d) Each area is less than the area of the circle, p. As n
1 1 1 1
increases, the polygon area approaches p. 45. + + ,
2 n 2n2 2
Section 5.2, pp. 265–266
6(1) 6(2) Section 5.3, pp. 274–278
1. + = 7 2 5 3
1 + 1 2 + 1
L0 L-7 L2 1 - x
1
3. cos(1)p + cos(2)p + cos(3)p + cos(4)p = 0 1. x2 dx 3. ( x2 - 3x ) dx 5. dx
p p 23 - 2 0
L-p>4
5. sin p - sin + sin = 7. All of them 9. b
2 3 2 7. sec x dx
11. a k 13. a k 15. a (- 1)k + 1
6 5 4
1 1
k=1 k=1 2 k=1 k 9. (a) 0 (b) -8 (c) -12 (d) 10 (e) - 2 (f ) 16
17. (a) - 15 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) - 11 (e) 16 11. (a) 5 (b) 5 23 (c) -5 (d) - 5
19. (a) 55 (b) 385 (c) 3025 13. (a) 4 (b) -4 15. Area = 21 square units
21. - 56 23. - 73 25. 240 27. 3376 17. Area = 9p>2 square units 19. Area = 2.5 square units
29. (a) 21 (b) 3500 (c) 2620 21. Area = 3 square units 23. b2 >4 25. b2 - a2
31. (a) 4n (b) cn (c) (n2 - n)>2 27. (a) 2p (b) p 29. 1>2 31. 3p2 >2 33. 7>3
33. (a) (b) 35. 1>24 37. 3a2 >2 39. b>3 41. - 14
y y 43. -2 45. -7>4 47. 7 49. 0
(2, 3) (2, 3) 51. Using n subintervals of length ∆x = b>n and right-endpoint
3 3
f (x) = x 2 − 1, f (x) = x 2 − 1, values:
0≤x≤2 0≤x≤2 b
L0
Left-hand Right-hand
2 2 Area = 3x2 dx = b3
1 1
53. Using n subintervals of length ∆x = b>n and right-endpoint
values:
b
L0
x x Area = 2x dx = b2
c1 = 0 c2 c3 = 1 c4 2 0 c1 c2 = 1 c3 c4 = 2
−1 −1 55. av(ƒ) = 0 57. av(ƒ) = -2 59. av(ƒ) = 1

61. (a) av(g) = -1>2 (b) av(g) = 1 (c) av(g) = 1>4
(c)
y
63. c (b - a) 65. b3 >3 - a3 >3 67. 9
(2, 3)
69. b4 >4 - a4 >4 71. a = 0 and b = 1 maximize the integral.
3 73. Upper bound = 1, lower bound = 1>2
f (x) = x 2 − 1,
0≤x≤2 1 1
L0 L0
2
Midpoint 75. For example, sin (x2) dx … dx = 1
b b
La La
1 77. ƒ(x) dx Ú 0 dx = 0 79. Upper bound = 1>2
x Section 5.4, pp. 286–289

0 c1 c2 c3 c4
1. -10>3 3. 124>125 5. 753>16 7. 1 9. 2 23
p 2 - 12
−1
11. 0 13. - p>4 15. 1 - 17. 19. - 8>3
4 4

4
21. - 3>4 23. 22 - 2 8 + 1 25. - 1 27. 16 1 2
17. - (3 - 2s)3>2 + C 19. - (1 - u 2)5>4 + C
3 5
1 1
29.
2
31. 226 - 25 33. 1 cos 2x 2 a b 35. 4t 5 1
21. 1 -2> 1 1 + 2x 22 + C 23. tan (3x + 2) + C
2 1x 3
1 6
37. 3 39. 21 + x2 41. - x-1>2 sin x 43. 0 1 6 x r3
2 25. sin a b + C 27. a - 1b + C
2 3 18
22p
45. 1 47. 28>3 49. 1>2 51. p 53. 2 1
2 29. - cos ( x3>2 + 1 ) + C 31. + C
p 3 2 cos (2t + 1)
Lp t
1 1
55. d, since y′ = x and y(p) = dt - 3 = -3
1 sin2 (1>u)
33. -sin a t - 1b + C 35. - + C
0 2
L0
57. b, since y′ = sec x and y(0) = sec t dt + 4 = 4 2 2 1 3>2
37. (1 + x)3>2 - 2(1 + x)1>2 + C 39. a2 - x b + C
x
3 3
L2
2
59. y = sec t dt + 3 61. bh 63. $9.00 2 3 3>2 1 1
3 41. a1 - 3 b + C 43. (x - 1)12 + (x - 1)11 + C
27 x 12 11
65. (a) T(0) = 70°F, T(16) = 76°F, 1 4 2
T(25) = 85°F 45. - (1 - x)8 + (1 - x)7 - (1 - x)6 + C
8 7 3
(b) av(T ) = 75°F 1 2 1 -1
67. 2x - 2 69. - 3x + 5 47. ( x + 1 ) 5>2 - ( x2 + 1 ) 3>2 + C 49. + C
5 3 4 (x2 - 4)2
71. (a) True. Since ƒ is continuous, g is differentiable by Part 1 of
the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. 6 6
51. (a) - + C (b) - + C
(b) True: g is continuous because it is differentiable. 2 + tan3 x 2 + tan3 x
(c) True, since g′(1) = ƒ(1) = 0. 6
(c) - + C
(d) False, since g″(1) = ƒ′(1) 7 0. 2 + tan3 x
(e) True, since g′(1) = 0 and g″(1) = ƒ′(1) 7 0. 1 1
53. sin 23(2r - 1)2 + 6 + C 55. s = (3t 2 - 1)4 - 5
(f ) False: g″(x) = ƒ′(x) 7 0, so g″ never changes sign. 6 2
(g) True, since g′(1) = ƒ(1) = 0 and g′(x) = ƒ(x) is an p
57. s = 4t - 2 sin a2t + b + 9
increasing function of x (because ƒ′(x) 7 0). 6
t
dtL0
ds d
73. (a) y = = ƒ(x) dx = ƒ(t) 1 y(5) = ƒ(5) = 2 m>sec p
dt 59. s = sin a2t - b + 100t + 1 61. 6 m
2
(b) a = df>dt is negative, since the slope of the tangent line at

t = 5 is negative.
Section 5.6, pp. 303–306
3
L0
1 9 1. (a) 14>3 (b) 2>3 3. (a) 1>2 (b) - 1>2
(c) s = ƒ(x) dx = (3)(3) = m, since the integral is the
2 2 5. (a) 15>16 (b) 0 7. (a) 0 (b) 1>8 9. (a) 4 (b) 0
area of the triangle formed by y = ƒ(x), the x-axis, and 11. (a) 506>375 (b) 86,744>375 13. (a) 0 (b) 0
x = 3. 15. 2 23 17. 3>4 19. 35>2 - 1 21. 3 23. p>3
(d) t = 6, since after t = 6 to t = 9, the region lies below the 25. 16>3 27. 25>2 29. p>2 31. 128>15
x-axis. 33. 4>3 35. 5>6 37. 38>3 39. 49>6
(e) At t = 4 and t = 7, since there are horizontal tangents there. 41. 32>3 43. 48>5 45. 8>3 47. 8
(f ) Toward the origin between t = 6 and t = 9, since the veloc-
ity is negative on this interval. Away from the origin between 49. 5>3 (There are three intersection points.) 51. 18
t = 0 and t = 6, since the velocity is positive there. 53. 243>8 55. 8>3 57. 2 59. 104>15 61. 56>15
(g) Right or positive side, because the integral of ƒ from 0 to 9 4 4
63. 4 65. - 67. p>2 69. 2 71. 1>2
is positive, there being more area above the x-axis than 3 p
below. 73. 1 75. (a) 1 { 2c, c 2 (b) c = 42>3 (c) c = 42>3
77. 11>3 79. 3>4 81. Neither 83. F(6) - F(2)
Section 5.5, pp. 294–296 85. (a) -3 (b) 3 87. I = a>2
1 1
1. (2x + 4)6 + C 3. - (x2 + 5)-3 + C
6 3 Practice Exercises, pp. 307–309
1 1 1. (a) About 680 ft (b) h (feet)
5. (3x2 + 4x)5 + C 7. - cos 3x + C
10 3 700
600
1
9. sec 2t + C 11. - 6(1 - r 3)1>2 + C 500
2 400
300
1 1
13. ( x3>2 - 1 ) - sin ( 2x3>2 - 2 ) + C 200
3 6 100
t (sec)
1 1 0 2 4 6 8
15. (a) - (cot2 2u) + C (b) - (csc2 2u) + C
4 4 3. (a) - 1>2 (b) 31 (c) 13 (d) 0

5 0
11 16p
L1 L-p 2
x p
5. (2x - 1)-1>2 dx = 2 7. cos dx = 2 25. pa + 2 22 - b 27. 2p 29. 2p 31.
2 3 35
9. (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) - 2 (d) - 2p (e) 8>5 2p 117p

33. p2 - 2p 35. 37. 39. p(p - 2)
3 5
11. 8>3 13. 62 15. 1 17. 1>6 19. 18 21. 9>8
4p 7p
41. 43. 8p 45.
p2 22 8 22 - 7 3 6
23. + - 1 25. 4 27.
32 2 6 32p 8p 224p
47. (a) 8p (b) (c) (d)
29. Min: - 4, max: 0, area: 27>4 31. 6>5 5 3 15
x 16p 56p 64p
L5
sin t 49. (a) (b) (c) 51. V = 2a2bp2
35. y = a t b dt - 3 37. - 4(cos x)1>2 + C 15 15 15
ph2(3a - h) 1
t3 4 53. (a) V = (b) m>sec
39. u 2 + u + sin (2u + 1) + C 41. + t + C 3 120p
3
1 4 - b + a
43. - cos ( 2t 3>2 ) + C 45. 16 47. 2 49. 1 51. 8 57. V = 3308 cm3 59.
3 2
53. 27 23>160 55. p>2 57. 23 59. 6 23 - 2p
61. - 1 63. 2 65. 1 67. (a) b (b) b Section 6.2, pp. 329–331
1. 6p 3. 2p 5. 14p>3 7. 8p 9. 5p>6
-6
71. 25°F 73. 22 + cos3 x 75. 7p 16p
3 + x4 11.
15
13. (b) 4p 15.
15
1 3 22 + 5 2
77. Yes 79. - 21 + x2
81. Cost ≈ $10,899 using a lower sum estimate 8p 4p 16p
17. 19. 21.
3 3 3
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 310–312 23. (a) 16p (b) 32p (c) 28p
3
1. (a) Yes (b) No 5. (a) 1>4 (b) 2 12 (d) 24p (e) 60p (f ) 48p
x 3 27p 27p 72p 108p
7. ƒ(x) = 9. y = x + 2x - 4 25. (a) (b) (c) (d)
2x2 + 1 2 2 5 5
1 2 6p 4p
11. 36>5 13. - 27. (a) (b) (c) 2p (d) 2p
2 p 5 5
y y 2p p
29. (a) About the x-axis: V = ; about the y-axis: V =
y= x 23 4 1 15 6
2 y=t 2p p
x (b) About the x-axis: V = ; about the y-axis: V =
−8 −4 0 3 15 6
y = −4 t 5p 4p 2p
0 1 2
−4 y = sin pt 31. (a) (b) (c) 2p (d)
3 3 3
4p 7p
−1 33. (a) (b)
15 30
15. 13>3 24p 48p
35. (a) (b)
y 5 5
9p 9p
2
y=2 37. (a) (b)
16 16
39. Disk: 2 integrals; washer: 2 integrals; shell: 1 integral
y=1 y = 1 − x2
256p 244p
41. (a) (b)
3 3
x
−2 −1 1 2
1 Section 6.3, pp. 335–337
L0
17. 1>2 19. 1>6 21. ƒ(x) dx 23. (b) pr 2 53 123 99 53
1. 12 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 2
6 32 8 6
25. (a) 0 (b) - 1 (c) - p (d) x = 1 2
L-1
(e) y = 2x + 2 - p (f ) x = -1, x = 2 13. (a) 21 + 4x2 dx (c) ≈ 6.13
(g) 3- 2p, 04
p
sin 4y sin y
L0
27. 2>x 29. - 15. (a) 21 + cos2 y dy (c) ≈ 3.82
1y 2 1y
3
L-1
Chapter 6 17. (a) 21 + (y + 1)2 dy (c) ≈ 9.29
Section 6.1, pp. 321–324 p>6
L0
1. 16 3. 16>3 5. (a) 2 23(b) 8 7. (a) 60 (b) 36 19. (a) sec x dx (c) ≈ 0.55
2p
9. 8p 11. 10 13. (a) s h (b) s2h 15.
2
21. (a) y = 1x from (1, 1) to (4, 2)
3
32p (b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the
17. 4 - p 19. 21. 36p 23. p
5 value of the function at one value of x.

23. 1 25. Yes, ƒ(x) = {x + C where C is any real number. 21. (2p>3)1 2 22 - 1 2 23. 253p>20
x
L0
2 27. Order 226.2 liters of each color.
33. 21 + 9t dt, (103>2 - 1)
27
Section 6.5, pp. 347–351
1. 400 N>m 3. 4 cm, 0.08 J
Section 6.4, pp. 340–342
5. (a) 7238 lb > in. (b) 905 in.-lb, 2714 in.-lb
p>4
L0
7. 780 J 9. 72,900 ft-lb 11. 160 ft-lb
1. (a) 2p (tan x) 21 + sec4 x dx (c) S ≈ 3.84
13. (a) 1,497,600 ft-lb (b) 1 hr, 40 min
(b) y (d) At 62.26 lb>ft3: a) 1,494,240 ft-lb b) 1 hr, 40 min
At 62.59 lb>ft3: a) 1,502,160 ft-lb b) 1 hr, 40.1 min
1 15. 37,306 ft-lb 17. 7,238,299.47 ft-lb
0.8
19. 2446.25 ft-lb 21. 15,073,099.75 J
25. 85.1 ft-lb 27. 98.35 ft-lb 29. 91.32 in.-oz
0.6 31. 5.144 * 1010 J 33. 1684.8 lb
0.4 35. (a) 6364.8 lb (b) 5990.4 lb 37. 1164.8 lb 39. 1309 lb
y = tan x
41. (a) 12,480 lb (b) 8580 lb (c) 9722.3 lb
0.2
wb
43. (a) 93.33 lb (b) 3 ft 45.
x 2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
47. No. The tank will overflow because the movable end will have
moved only 3 13 ft by the time the tank is full.
2
L1
1 -4
3. (a) 2p y 21 + y dy (c) S ≈ 5.02 Section 6.6, pp. 360–362
1. x = 0, y = 12>5 3. x = 1, y = -3>5
(b) y
5. x = 16>105, y = 8>15 7. x = 0, y = p>8
2 9. x = 1, y = -2.5
1.8
11. x = y = 2>(4 - p) 13. x = 3>2, y = 1>2
224p
1.6 15. (a) (b) x = 2, y = 0
3
1.4 xy = 1
(c) y
1.2
4
4
y=
1 x
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Îx
L1
(2, 0)
5. (a) 2p ( 3 - x1>2 ) 2 21 + (1 - 3x-1>2)2 dx (c) S ≈ 63.37 x
0 1 4
(b) y
4 y=− 4
Îx
−4
3
x12 + y12 = 3 17. x = y = 1>3 19. x = a>3, y = b>3 21. 13d>6
2 ap
23. x = 0, y = 25. x = 1>2, y = 4
4
1
1 2 3 4
x 27. x = 6>5, y = 8>7 33. V = 32p, S = 32 22p 35. 4p2
2a 4b
37. x = 0, y = p 39. x = 0, y =
p>3 y 3p
L0 L0
7. (a) 2p a tan t dtb sec y dy (c) S ≈ 2.08 a b
41. 22pa3(4 + 3p)>6 43. x = , y =
3 3
(b) y
1
9p 72p
1. 3. p2 5.
0.8 280 35
0.6 7. (a) 2p (b) p (c) 12p>5 (d) 26p>5
y
9. (a) 8p (b) 1088p>15 (c) 512p>15
L0
0.4 x= tan t dt
0.2 11. p1 3 23 - p 2 >3

x 13. (a) 16p>15 (b) 8p>5 (c) 8p>3 (d) 32p>5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
28p 3 10 285
15. ft 17. 19. 21. 28p 22>3
9. 4p 25 11. 3p 25 13. 98p>81 15. 2p 3 3 8
w
17. p 1 28 - 1 2 >9 19. 35p 25>3 23. 4p 25. 4640 J 27.
2
( 2ar - a2 )

29. 418,208.81 ft-lb 31. 22,500p ft@lb, 257 sec x 3 x 5

35. (a) ƒ -1(x) = - 37. (a) ƒ -1(x) = - +
33. x = 0, y = 8>5 35. x = 3>2, y = 12>5 2 2 4 4
37. x = 9>5, y = 11>10 39. 332.8 lb 41. 2196.48 lb (b) (b)
y y
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 364–365 y = f (x) = 2x + 3
3 5
y = f(x) = –4x + 5
2x - a
1. ƒ(x) = 3. ƒ(x) = 2C 2 - 1 x + a, where C Ú 1 y=f
–1 x 3
(x) = –
A p 2 2 5
p 4h 23mh x
4
y=f
–1 x 5
(x) = – +
5. 7. 28 > 3 9. –3/2 0 3 4 4
30 12 3 x
–3/2 0 5 5
n
11. x = 0, y = , (0, 1>2) 4
2n + 1
15. (a) x = y = 4(a2 + ab + b2)>(3p(a + b))
(c) - 4, - 1>4
(b) (2a>p, 2a>p) (c) 2, 1>2
17. ≈ 2329.6 lb
39. (b) y
Chapter 7 2
y = x3
Section 7.1, pp. 372–374 1

y = x 1/3
1. One-to-one 3. Not one-to-one 5. One-to-one
7. Not one-to-one 9. One-to-one –2 –1 1 2
x
11. D: (0, 14 R: 30, q) 13. D: 3- 1, 14 R: 3- p>2, p>24

y y –1
–1
–1 y = f (x)
y=f (x) y=x
y=x 2 –2
1
y = f(x)
1
(c) Slope of ƒ at (1, 1) : 3; slope of g at (1, 1): 1 > 3; slope of ƒ at
x
– –1
2
1
2
(-1, -1) : 3; slope of g at (-1, - 1) : 1 > 3
y = f(x)
1 (d) y = 0 is tangent to y = x3 at x = 0; x = 0 is tangent to
x – 3
1 2 y = 2 x at x = 0.
41. 1 > 9 43. 3
1
15. D: 30, 64 R: 30, 34 17. (a) Symmetric about the 45. (a) ƒ -1(x) = m x
y line y = x (b) The graph of ƒ -1 is the line through the origin with slope 1 > m.
y=x
y
47. (a) ƒ -1(x) = x - 1
6
1
y
y=x+1
y = f(x) y = √1 – x 2 y=x
0≤x≤1 2
3 1
y=x–1
x
y=f –1
(x) x –2 –1 1 2
0 1
–1
x –2
3 6
3 (b) ƒ (x) = x - b . The graph of ƒ -1 is a line parallel to the

-1
19. ƒ -1(x) = 2x - 1 21. ƒ -1(x) = 2 x + 1
graph of ƒ. The graphs of ƒ and ƒ -1 lie on opposite sides of
23. ƒ -1(x) = 2x - 1 the line y = x and are equidistant from that line.
5
25. ƒ -1(x) = 2x ; domain: - q 6 x 6 q ; range: - q 6 y 6 q (c)
Their graphs will be parallel to one another and lie on
27. ƒ -1(x) = 5 2x - 1 ; domain: - q 6 x 6 q ; opposite sides of the line y = x equidistant from that line.
range: - q 6 y 6 q 51. Increasing, therefore one-to-one; df -1 >dx =
1 -2>3
x
1 9
29. ƒ -1(x) = ; domain: x 7 0 ; range: y 7 0 1
2x 53. Decreasing, therefore one-to-one; df -1 >dx = - x-2>3
3
2x + 3
31. ƒ -1(x) = ; domain: - q 6 x 6 q, x ≠ 1;
x - 1
range: - q 6 y 6 q, y ≠ 2 Section 7.2, pp. 381–382
1. (a) ln 3 - 2 ln 2 (b) 2(ln 2 - ln 3) (c) - ln 2
33. ƒ -1(x) = 1 - 2x + 1; domain: - 1 … x 6 q;
2 1 1
range: - q 6 y … 1 (d) ln 3 (e) ln 3 + ln 2 (f) (3 ln 3 - ln 2)
3 2 2
3. (a) ln 5 (b) ln (x - 3) (c) ln (t 2)
1
5. 1 > x 7. 2 > t 9. -1>x 11. 13. 3 > x
u + 1

1 - ln t 1
15. 2(ln t) + (ln t)2 17. x3 ln x 19. 45. p esec pt + C 47. 1 49. ln (1 + er) + C
t2
1 1 51. y = 1 - cos (et - 2) 53. y = 2(e-x + x) - 1 55. 2x ln 2
21. 23. 25. 2 cos (ln u)
x(1 + ln x)2 x ln x ln 5 2s
tan (ln u) 57. a b5 59. px(p - 1) 61. - 22 cos u (22 - 1) sin u
3x + 2 2 2 2s
27. - 29. 31.
2x(x + 1) t(1 - ln t)2 u
63. 7sec u(ln 7)2(sec u tan u) 65. (3 cos 3t)(2sin 3t) ln 2
10x 1 x 1 3 x2
33. 2 + 35. 2x ln x - x ln 67. 69. 71. + 3x2 log10 x
x + 1 2(1 - x) 22 u ln 2 x ln 4 ln 10
2 -2 1
37. lna b 39. ln y2 - 25 + C 41. ln 3 73. 75. sin (log7 u) + cos (log7 u)
3 (x + 1)(x - 1) ln 7
1 1 1 1
43. (ln 2)2 45. 47. ln 6 + 3 tan t + C 77. 79. t (log2 3)3log 2 t 81. t
ln 4 ln 10
49. ln 2 51. ln 27 53. ln (1 + 2x) + C 5x 1 1 6
83. + C 85. 87. 89.
ln 5 2 ln 2 ln 2 ln 7
1 1 1 2x + 1 3x(23 + 1)
55. a b 2x(x + 1) a x + b = 91. 32760 93. + C 95. 322 + 1
2 x + 1 2 2x(x + 1) 23 + 1
1 t 1 1 1 2
57. a b a - b = 1 (ln x) 3 ln 2
2 At + 1 t t + 1 97. a b + C 99. 2(ln 2)2 101.
2 2t (t + 1)3>2 ln 10 2 2
1 103. ln 10 105. (ln 10) ln ln x + C
59. 2u + 3 (sin u) a + cot ub
2(u + 3) 107. ln (ln x), x 7 1 109. -ln x
1 1 1 x ln t 1
61. t(t + 1)(t + 2) c t + + d = 3t 2 + 6t + 2 111. (x + 1)x a + ln (x + 1)b 113. ( 2t)t a + b
t + 1 t + 2 x + 1 2 2
u + 5 1 1 115. (sin x)x(ln sin x + x cot x) 117. cos xx # xx (1 + ln x)
63. c - + tan u d 119. Maximum: 1 at x = 0 , minimum: 2 - 2 ln 2 at x = ln 2
u cos u u + 5 u
1 2
x 2x2 + 1 1 x 2 121. (a) Abs max: e at x = 1 (b) a2, 2 b
65. c + 2 - d e
(x + 1)2>3 x x + 1 3(x + 1)
123. Abs max of 1 > (2e) assumed at x = 1> 2e 125. 2
1 3 x(x - 2) 1 1 2x
67. a + - b e2 - 1
3 B x2 + 1 x x - 2 x2 + 1 127. y = ex>2 - 1 129. 131. ln ( 22 + 1)
2e
69. (a) Max = 0 at x = 0, min = -ln 2 at x = p>3
(x ln x - x + C) = x # x + ln x - 1 + 0 = ln x
d 1
(b) Max = 1 at x = 1, min = cos (ln 2) at x = 1>2 and x = 2 133. (a)
dx
71. ln 16 73. 4p ln 4 75. p ln 16 1
(b)
77. (a) 6 + ln 2 (b) 8 + ln 9 e - 1
79. (a) x ≈ 1.44, y ≈ 0.36 135. (b) error ≈ 0.02140
(b) y (c) L(x) = x + 1 never overestimates ex.
y y = ex
y = 1x 6
1
4
(1.44, 0.36)
x y= x +1
0 1 2 2
83. y = x + ln x + 2 85. (b) 0.00469

x
–2 –1 0 1 2
Section 7.3, pp. 390–393
ln 2 ln .4 137. 2 ln 5 139. x ≈ -0.76666
1. (a) t = - 10 ln 3 (b) t = - (c) t = 141. (a) L(x) = 1 + (ln 2)x ≈ 0.69x + 1
k ln .2
3. 4(ln x)2 5. - 5e-5x 7. - 7e(5 - 7x) 9. xex Section 7.4, pp. 400–402
2 2
11. x2ex 13. 2eu cos u 15. 2ue-u sin (e-u ) 2
9. y3>2 - x1>2 = C 11. ey - ex = C
1 - t cos t 3
17. t 19. 1>(1 + e ) 21. e (1 - t sin t)
u
13. - x + 2 tan 2y = C 15. e-y + 2e2x = C
yey cos x 2e2x - cos (x + 3y)
23. (sin x)>x 25. 27. 1
y
1 - ye sin x 3 cos (x + 3y) 17. y = sin (x2 + C) 19. ln y3 - 2 = x3 + C
3
1 3x -x (x + 1) 21. 4 ln 1 1y + 2 2 = ex + C
2
29. e - 5e + C 31. 1 33. 8e + C 35. 2
3
2 23. (a) -0.00001 (b) 10,536 years (c) 82%
37. 2e2r + C 39. - e-t + C 41. - e1>x + C 43. e 25. 54.88 g 27. 59.8 ft 29. 2.8147498 * 1014

31. (a) 8 years (b) 32.02 years 33. Yes, y(20) 6 1 10 -1 x

77. x + ln (x2 + 9) - tan + C
35. 15.28 years 37. 56,562 years 3 3
-1
41. (a) 17.5 min (b) 13.26 min 79. sec-1 x + 1 + C 81. esin x + C
43. - 3°C 45. About 6693 years 47. 54.62% 1
49. ≈15,683 years 83. (sin-1 x)3 + C 85. ln tan-1 y + C 87. 23 - 1
3
Section 7.5, pp. 409–411 2 tan-1 1x
89. tan-1 a b + C 91. 5 93. 2 95. 1
1. - 1>4 3. 5>7 5. 1>2 7. 1>4 9. -23>7 3 3
11. 5>7 13. 0 15. - 16 17. -2 19. 1>4 2p
97. 1 103. y = sin-1 x 105. y = sec-1 x + ,x 7 1
1 3
21. 2 23. 3 25. - 1 27. ln 3 29. 31. ln 2
ln 2 1
33. 1 35. 1>2 37. ln 2 39. - q 41. -1>2 107. (b) x = 3 25 109. u = cos-1 a b ≈ 54.7°
23
43. - 1 45. 1 47. 0 49. 2 51. 1>e 53. 1
121. p2 >2 123. (a) p2 >2 (b) 2p
55. 1>e 57. e1>2 59. 1 61. e3 63. 0 65. +1
125. (a) 0.84107 (b) -0.72973 (c) 0.46365
67. 3 69. 1 71. 0 73. q 75. (b) is correct.
27 -1 127. (a) Domain: all real numbers except those having the form
77. (d) is correct. 79. c = 81. (b) 83. -1 p
+ kp, where k is an integer
10 2 2
3
87. (a) y = 1 (b) y = 0, y = Range: - 6 y 6
p p
2 2 2
89. (a) We should assign the value 1 to ƒ(x) = (sin x)x to make it
continuous at x = 0. y
–1
y = tan (tan x)
y
2
1 x
– 3 – 3
0.8 2 2 2 2
–
0.6 y = (sin x)x 2
0.4 (b) Domain: - q 6 x 6 q; Range: - q 6 y 6 q

0.2 y
–1
y = tan(tan x)
x
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
3
(c) The maximum value of ƒ(x) is close to 1 near the point
x ≈ 1.55 (see the graph in part (a)).
x
– 3 – 3
Section 7.6, pp. 420–423 –
1. (a) p>4 (b) - p>3 (c) p>6
– 3
3. (a) - p>6 (b) p>4 (c) - p>3
5. (a) p>3 (b) 3p>4 (c) p>6
7. (a) 3p>4 (b) p>6 (c) 2p>3 129. (a) Domain: - q 6 x 6 q; (b) Domain: - 1 … x … 1;
9. 1> 22 11. - 1> 23 13. p>2 15. p>2 17. p>2 Range: 0 … y … p Range: - 1 … y … 1
y
- 2x 22
19. 0 21. 23. y
21 - x4 21 - 2t 2 y = cos–1(cos x) 2
y = cos(cos–1 x)
1 - 2x
25. 27. 1
2s + 1 2s + s2
(x + 1) 2x4 + 2x2
2
– 2 – 2
x
x
–2 –1 1 2
-1 -1 1
29. 31. 33. –1
21 - t 2 2 2t (1 + t) (tan-1 x)(1 + x2)
–2
- et -1 -2sn
35. = 37. 39. 0
e 2(e ) - 1
t t 2 2t
2e - 1 21 - s2
131. The graphs are identical. 133.
x 1 x
41. sin-1 x 43. sin-1 + C 45. tan-1 + C y y
3 217 217
1 5x 2 y = 2sin(2tan–1 x)
47. sec-1 ` ` + C 49. 2p>3 51. p>16
22 22 1
3 y = sin–1 x
53. - p>12 55. sin-1 2(r - 1) + C x y= 1
2 – 10 –5 5 10
√1 – x2
–1 4x
22 -1 x - 1 1 2x - 1 y=
x2 + 1
57. tan a b + C 59. sec-1 ` ` + C
2 22 4 2 –2
x
1
61. p 63. p>12 65. sin-1 y2 + C
2
1 y - 1
67. sin (x - 2) + C 69. p 71. tan-1 a
-1
b + C y= x
2 2  3
√ 1 – x2
1 x
73. 2p 75. ln (x2 + 4) + 2 tan-1 + C
2 2

Section 7.7, pp. 430–432 23. (a) The algorithm that takes O (n log2 n) steps
1. cosh x = 5>4, tanh x = -3>5, coth x = -5>3, (b) y
sech x = 4>5, csch x = -4>3 y = n(log2 n)2

2500
3. sinh x = 8>15, tanh x = 8>17, coth x = 17>8, sech x = 15>17,
2000
csch x = 15>8
1500 3/2
1 x y= n
5. x + x 7. e5x 9. e4x 13. 2 cosh 1000
3
500
tanh 2t y = nlog2 n
15. sech2 2t + 17. coth z n
2t 20 40 60 80 100
19. (ln sech u)(sech u tanh u) 21. tanh3 y 23. 2 25. It could take one million for a sequential search; at most 20 steps
1 1 for a binary search.
25. 27. - tanh-1 u
2 2x(1 + x) 1 + u
1 ln 2
29. - coth-1 2t 31. - sech-1 x 33. 2 sin u cos u 2
2 2t 1 2u 1. -2e-x>5 3. xe4x 5. = 2 cot u 7.
1 + a b sin2 u (ln 2)x
B 2 9. -8-t(ln 8) 11. 18x2.6
cosh 2x 1
35. sec x 41. + C 13. (x + 2)x + 2(ln (x + 2) + 1) 15. -
2
21 - u2
x -1 t 1
43. 12 sinh a - ln 3b + C 45. 7 ln ex>7 + e-x>7 + C 17. 19. tan-1(t) + -
2 1 + t2 2t
21 - x2 cos-1 x
1 5 1 - z
47. tanh ax - b + C 49. - 2 sech 2t + C 51. ln 21. + sec-1 z 23. -1
2 2
2z2 - 1
3 -1 3
53. + ln 2 55. e - e 57. 3 > 4 59. + ln 22 2(x2 + 1) 2x
32 8 25. c + tan 2x d
2
- ln 3 2cos 2x x + 1
61. ln (2 > 3) 63. 65. ln 3
2 (t + 1)(t - 1) 5 1 1 1 1
67. (a) sinh-1( 23) (b) ln ( 23 + 2) 27. 5c d c + - - d
(t - 2)(t + 3) t + 1 t - 1 t - 2 t + 3
1 1
69. (a) coth-1(2) - coth-1(5>4) (b) a b lna b 1 ln 2sin u
2 3 29. (sin u)2u a + u cot ub 31. - cos ex + C
2u 2
12 4 - ln 7
71. (a) - sech-1 a b + sech-1 a b 33. tan (ex - 7) + C 35. etan x + C 37.
13 5 3
2 2
1 + 21 - (12>13) 1 + 21 - (4>5) 39. ln 8 41. ln (9 > 25) 43. - 3ln cos (ln y) 4 + C
(b) - lna b + lna b
(12>13) (4>5) 1
45. - (ln x)-2 + C 47. -cot (1 + ln r) + C
2
3 1
= -lna b + ln (2) = ln (4>3) 49. 1 3x2 2 + C 51. 3 ln 7 53. 15>16 + ln 2
2 2 ln 3
73. (a) 0 (b) 0 55. e - 1 57. 1 > 6 59. 9 > 14
mg 6
77. (b)
A k
(c) 80 25 ≈ 178.89 ft>sec 79. 2p 81.
5 61.
1
3
3 (ln 4)3 - (ln 2)3 4 or 73 (ln 2)3 63. 9 ln
4
2
65. p
Section 7.8, pp. 437–438 67. p> 23 69. sec-1 0 2y 0 + C 71. p>12
1. (a) Slower (b) Slower (c) Slower (d) Faster 1 -1 t + 1
73. sin-1 (x + 1) + C 75. p>2 77. sec a b + C
(e) Slower (f) Slower (g) Same (h) Slower 3 3
3. (a) Same (b) Faster (c) Same (d) Same (e) Slower ln 2 1
(f) Faster (g) Slower (h) Same 79. y = 81. y = ln x - ln 3 83. y =
ln (3>2) 1 - ex
5. (a) Same (b) Same (c) Same (d) Faster (e) Faster
85. 5 87. 0 89. 1 91. 3>7 93. 0 95. 1
(f) Same (g) Slower (h) Faster
97. ln 10 99. ln 2 101. 5 103. - q 105. 1
7. d, a, c, b
107. 1 109. (a) Same rate (b) Same rate (c) Faster (d) Faster
9. (a) False (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) True
(e) Same rate (f) Same rate
(f) True (g) False (h) True
111. (a) True (b) False (c) False (d) True (e) True
13. When the degree of ƒ is less than or equal to the degree of g.
(f) True
15. 1, 1
6 6 113. 1>3
21. (b) ln (e17000000) = 17, 000,000 6 (e17 * 10 )1>10
115. Absolute maximum = 0 at x = e>2 ,
= e ≈ 24,154,952.75
17
absolute minimum = -0.5 at x = 0.5
(c) x ≈ 3.4306311 * 1015
117. 1 119. 1 > e m > sec
(d) They cross at x ≈ 3.4306311 * 1015.
121. 1> 22 units long by 1> 2e units high,
A = 1> 22e ≈ 0.43 units2

bsolute maximum of 2 > e at x = e2; inflection point

123. (a) A 39. x - ln ( 1 + ex ) + C 41. 2 22 - ln 1 3 + 2 22 2
(e8>3, (8>3)e-4>3) ; concave up on (e8>3, q); concave down
1
on (0, e8>3) 43. ln 1 2 + 23 2 45. x = 0, y =
ln 1 3 + 2 22 2
y
y = ln x
√x 1 4
3
47. xex + C 49. ( x + 1 ) 3>2 ( 3x4 - 2 ) + C
0.5 30
x
5 10 15 20 25
–0.5 Section 8.2, pp. 455–457
–1
–1.5
1. -2x cos (x>2) + 4 sin (x>2) + C
3. t 2 sin t + 2t cos t - 2 sin t + C
(b) Absolute maximum of 1 at x = 0; inflection points ( {1> 22, 3
5. ln 4 - 7. xex - ex + C
1> 2e); concave up on (- q, - 1> 22) ∪ (1> 22, q); 4
concave down on (- 1> 22, 1> 22) 9. - ( x2 + 2x + 2 ) e-x + C
11. y tan-1 (y) - ln 21 + y2 + C
y
13. x tan x + ln 0 cos x 0 + C
1 15. (x3 - 3x2 + 6x - 6)ex + C 17. (x2 - 7x + 7)ex + C
0.8 19. (x5 - 5x4 + 20x3 - 60x2 + 120x - 120)ex + C
0.6 2
y = e –x 1
0.4 21. ( -eu cos u + eu sin u ) + C
0.2 2
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
x e2x
23. (3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x) + C
13
Absolute maximum of 1 at x = 0 ; inflection point (1, 2 > e);
(c) 2
concave up on (1, q) ; concave down on (- q, 1) 25. 1 23s + 9 e23s + 9 - e23s + 9 2 + C
3
y p 23 p2
27. - ln (2) -
y = (1 + x)e –x
3 18
1
x 29. 3-x cos (ln x) + x sin (ln x) 4 + C
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 2
–2 1
31. ln 0 sec x2 + tan x2 0 + C
2
–4
1 1 1
33. x2 (ln x)2 - x2 ln x + x2 + C
–6 2 2 4
1 1 1 4
35. - x ln x - x + C 37. ex + C
4
x + C 2 1 2 2
125. y = atan-1 a b b 127. y2 = sin-1 (2 tan x + C) 39. x2 ( x2 + 1 ) 3>2 - ( x + 1 ) 5>2 + C
2 3 15
129. y = -2 + ln (2 - e-x) 131. y = 4x - 4 2x + 1 2 3
41. - sin 3x sin 2x - cos 3x cos 2x + C
5 5
133. 18,935 years 135. 20(5 - 217) m
2 3>2
43. x (3 ln x - 2) + C
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 442–443 9
1. p>2 3. 1> 2e 5. ln 2 7. (a) 1 (b) p>2 (c) p 45. 2 2x sin 2x + 2 cos 2x + C
1 1 p2 - 4 5p - 3 23
9. , , 2 : 1 11. x = 2 13. 2 > 17 47. 49.
ln 2 2 ln 2 8 9
1 2
ln 4
17. x = p , y = 0 19. (b) 61° 51. ( x + 1 ) tan-1 x - x + C
2 2
53. (a) p (b) 3p (c) 5p (d) (2n + 1)p
55. 2p(1 - ln 2) 57. (a) p(p - 2) (b) 2p
Chapter 8 p 2
59. (a) 1 (b) (e - 2)p (c) (e + 9)
Section 8.1, pp. 448–449 2
1 2 1
1. ln 5 3. 2 tan x - 2 sec x - x + C (d) x = (e + 1), y = (e - 2)
4 2
5. sin-1 x + 21 - x2 + C 7. e-cot z + C 1
9. tan-1 ( ez ) + C 11. p 13. t + cot t + csc t + C
61. ( 1 - e ) 63. u = xn, dy = cos x dx
-2p
2p
1 65. u = xn, dy = eax dx 71. x sin-1 x + cos ( sin-1 x ) + C
15. 22 17. ln ( 1 + 4 ln2 y ) + C
8 73. x sec-1 x - ln 0 x + 2x2 - 1 0 + C 75. Yes
t 77. (a) x sinh-1 x - cosh (sinh-1 x) + C
19. ln 0 1 + sin u 0 + C 21. 2t 2 - t + 2 tan-1 a b + C
2 (b) x sinh-1 x - ( 1 + x2 ) 1>2 + C
23. 21 22 - 1 2 ≈ 0.82843 25. sec-1 ( ey ) + C
Section 8.3, pp. 462–463
27. sin-1 (2 ln x) + C 29. ln 0 sin x 0 + ln 0 cos x 0 + C
1 1
31. 7 + ln 8 33. 1 sin-1 y - 21 - y2 4-1 =
0 p
- 1 1. sin 2x + C 3. - cos4 x + C
2 2 4
1
x - 1 u3 u2 5 5. cos3 x - cos x + C
35. sec-1 ` ` + C 37. - + u + ln 0 2u - 5 0 + C 3
7 3 2 2

2 1 2x2 - 4 x
7. - cos x + cos3 x - cos5 x + C 49. y = 2 J - sec-1 a b R
3 5 2 2
1 3 1 1
9. sin x - sin x + C 11. sin4 x - sin6 x + C 3 -1 x 3p
3 4 6 51. y = tan a b - 53. 3p>4
1 1 2 2 8
13. x + sin 2x + C 15. 16 > 35 17. 3p
2 4 1
19. - 4 sin x cos3 x + 2 cos x sin x + 2x + C 55. (a) (p + 6 23 - 12)
12
21. - cos4 2u + C 23. 4 25. 2
3 23 - p p2 + 12 23p - 72
3 2 4 3 5>2 18 2 3 7>2 (b) x = ,y =
27. - 29. a b - - a b 31. 22 41 p + 6 23 - 12 2 121 p + 6 23 - 12 2
B2 3 5 2 35 7 2
1 2 1 1 1 2
33. tan x + C 35. sec3 x + C 37. tan3 x + C 57. (a) - x2 (1 - x2)3>2 - (1 - x2)5>2 + C
2 3 3 3 15
2 1 1 1
39. 2 23 + ln 1 2 + 23 2 41. tan u + sec2 u tan u + C (b) - (1 - x2)3>2 + (1 - x2)5>2 + C
3 3 3 5
43. 4 > 3 45. 2 tan2 x - 2 ln ( 1 + tan2 x ) + C 1 1
(c) (1 - x ) - (1 - x2)3>2 + C
2 5>2
1 4 1 4 5 3
47. tan x - tan2 x + ln 0 sec x 0 + C 49. - ln 23
4 2 3 Section 8.5, pp. 475–476
1 1
51. - cos 5x - cos x + C 53. p 2 3 1 3
10 2 1. + 3. +
1 1 x - 3 x - 2 x + 1 (x + 1)2
55. sin x + sin 7x + C -2 -1 2 17 - 12
2 14 5. z + 2 + 7. 1 + +
1 1 1 z z - 1 t - 3 t - 2
57. sin 3u - sin u - sin 5u + C
6 4 20 1
2 1 1 9. 3ln 0 1 + x 0 - ln 0 1 - x 0 4 + C
59. - cos5 u + C 61. cos u - cos 5u + C 2
5 4 20 1
63. sec x - ln 0 csc x + cot x 0 + C 65. cos x + sec x + C 11. ln 0 (x + 6)2(x - 1)5 0 + C 13. (ln 15)>2
7
1 2 1 1 1 1 1
67. x - x sin 2x - cos 2x + C 69. ln 1 1 + 22 2 15. - ln 0 t 0 + ln 0 t + 2 0 + ln 0 t - 1 0 + C 17. 3 ln 2 - 2
4 4 8 2 6 3
4p 8p2 + 3 1 2x + 12 x
71. p2 >2 73. x = ,y = 19. ln - + C 21. (p + 2 ln 2)>8
3 12p 4 x - 1 2(x2 - 1)
Section 8.4, pp. 467–468 1
23. tan-1 y - 2 + C
1. ln 0 29 + x2 + x 0 + C 3. p>4 5. p>6 y + 1
25. -(s - 1)-2 + (s - 1)-1 + tan-1 s + C
25 -1 t t 225 - t 2
7. sin a b + + C
2 5 2 2 1 2x + 1
27. ln x - 1 + ln x2 + x + 1 - 23 tan-1 a b + C
2 3 6 23
1 2 2x 24x - 49 2
9. ln + + C
2 7 7 1 x - 1 1
29. ln ` ` + tan-1 x + C
2 4 x + 1 2
2y - 49 y 2x - 12
11. 7J - sec-1 a b R + C 13. x + C -1
7 7 31. + ln ( u 2 + 2u + 2 ) - tan-1 (u + 1) + C
u 2 + 2u + 2
1 2
15. - 29 - x2 + C 17. (x + 4)3>2 - 4 2x2 + 4 + C x - 1
3 33. x2 + ln 2 x 2 + C
- 2 24 - w2
19. + C 21. sin-1 x - 21 - x2 + C 1
w 35. 9x + 2 ln 0 x 0 + x + 7 ln 0 x - 1 0 + C
4p x
23. 4 23 - 25. - + C y2 1 et + 1
3 2x2 - 1 37. - ln 0 y 0 + ln (1 + y2) + C 39. ln a t b + C
2 2 e + 2
1 21 - x2 5 4x 1 sin y - 2
27. - a x b + C 29. 2 tan-1 2x + + C 41. ln 2 2 + C
5 (4x2 + 1) 5 sin y + 3
3
31.
1 2 1 1
x + ln 0 x2 - 1 0 + C 33. a
y
b + C ( tan-1 2x ) 2 6
2 2 3 21 - y2 43. - 3 ln x - 2 + + C
4 x - 2
35. ln 9 - ln 1 1 + 210 2 37. p>6 39. sec-1 0 x 0 + C 45. ln `
2x - 1
` + C
1 2x + 1
41. 2x2 - 1 + C 43. ln 0 21 + x4 + x2 0 + C
2 2x + 1 - 1
47. 2 21 + x + ln ` ` + C
2 x 2x + 1 + 1
45. 4 sin-1 + 2x 24 - x + C
2 1 x4
1 1 49. ln ` 4 ` + C 51. x = ln 0 t - 2 0 - ln 0 t - 1 0 + ln 2
47. sin-1 2x - 2x 21 - x (1 - 2x) + C 4 x + 1
4 4

53. x =
6t
- 1 55. 3p ln 25 57. 1.10 53. 22 + ln 1 22 + 1 2 55. p>3
t + 2
1000e4t 57. 2p 23 + p 22 ln 1 22 + 23 2 59. x = 4>3, y = ln 22
59. (a) x = (b) 1.55 days 61. 7.62 63. p>8 67. p>4
499 + e4t
Section 8.7, pp. 489–492
Section 8.6, pp. 481–482
1. I: (a) 1.5, 0 (b) 1.5, 0 (c) 0%
2 x - 3 II: (a) 1.5, 0 (b) 1.5, 0 (c) 0%
1. atan-1 b + C
23 A 3 3. I: (a) 2.75, 0.08 (b) 2.67, 0.08 (c) 0.0312 ≈ 3,
2(x - 2) (2x - 3)3>2(x + 1) II: (a) 2.67, 0 (b) 2.67, 0 (c) 0%
3. 2x - 2 a + 4b + C 5. + C 5. I: (a) 6.25, 0.5 (b) 6, 0.25 (c) 0.0417 ≈ 4,
3 5
II: (a) 6, 0 (b) 6, 0 (c) 0%
- 29 - 4x 2 2 29 - 4x - 3 2 7. I: (a) 0.509, 0.03125 (b) 0.5, 0.009 (c) 0.018 ≈ 2,
7. x - ln + C
3 29 - 4x + 3 II: (a) 0.5, 0.002604 (b) 0.5, 0.4794 (c) 0%
(x + 2)(2x - 6) 24x - x2 x - 2 9. I: (a) 1.8961, 0.161 (b) 2, 0.1039 (c) 0.052 ≈ 5,
9. + 4 sin-1 a b + C II: (a) 2.0045, 0.0066 (b) 2, 0.00454 (c) 0.2%
6 2
11. (a) 1 (b) 2 13. (a) 116 (b) 2
1 27 + 27 + x2 2 15. (a) 283 (b) 2 17. (a) 71 (b) 10
11. - ln 2 x + C
27 19. (a) 76 (b) 12 21. (a) 82 (b) 8
2 + 24 - x2 2 23. 15,990 ft3 25. ≈10.63 ft
13. 24 - x2 - 2 ln 2 x + C 27. (a) ≈0.00021 (b) ≈1.37079 (c) ≈0.015,
31. (a) ≈5.870 (b) 0 ET 0 … 0.0032 33. 21.07 in. 35. 14.4
e2t 39. ≈28.7 mg
15. (2 cos 3t + 3 sin 3t) + C
13
x 2
1 1 Section 8.8, pp. 501–503
17. cos-1 x + sin-1 x - x 21 - x2 + C
2 4 4 1. p>2 3. 2 5. 6 7. p>2 9. ln 3 11. ln 4
x3 -1 x2 1 p
19. tan x - + ln (1 + x2) + C 13. 0 15. 23 17. p 19. lna1 + b
3 6 6 2
cos 5x cos x
21. - - + C 21. -1 23. 1 25. -1>4 27. p>2 29. p>3
10 2
31. 6 33. ln 2 35. Diverges 37. Diverges
sin (7t>2) sin (9t>2)
23. 8c - d + C 39. Converges 41. Converges 43. Diverges
7 9 45. Converges 47. Converges 49. Diverges
6 51. Converges 53. Converges 55. Diverges
25. 6 sin (u>12) + sin (7u>12) + C
7 57. Converges 59. Diverges 61. Converges
1 x 1 63. Converges
27. ln (x2 + 1) + + tan-1 x + C
2 2 (1 + x2) 2 65. (a) Converges when p 6 1 (b) Converges when p 7 1
1 1 67. 1 69. 2p 71. ln 2
29. ax - b sin-1 2x + 2x - x2 + C
2 2 73. (a) p>2 (b) p 75. (b) ≈0.88621
7 7. (a)
31. sin-1 2x - 2x - x2 + C y y
1 + 21 - sin2 t 2
33. 21 - sin2 t - ln 2 + C 1.8 1
sin t 1.6 0.8
35. ln 0 ln y + 23 + (ln y) 0 + C 2 1.4 x
L0
sin t dt 0.6
1.2 Si(x) =
t y = sin t
37. ln 0 x + 1 + 2x2 + 2x + 5 0 + C 1 0.4 t
0.8 0.2
x + 2 9 x + 2
39. 25 - 4x - x2 + sin-1 a b + C 0.6
2 2 3 0.4 0 5 10 15 20 25
t
sin4 2x cos 2x 2 sin2 2x cos 2x 4 cos 2x 0.2 −0.2

41. - - - + C x
10 15 15 0 5 10 15 20 25
3 2 3
sin 2u cos 2u sin 2u (b) p>2
43. + + C
10 15 y
79. (a)
45. tan 2x - 2 ln 0 sec 2x 0 + C
2
0.4
(sec px)(tan px) 1
47. p + p ln 0 sec px + tan px 0 + C 0.3
0.2
- csc3 x cot x 3 csc x cot x 3
49. - - ln 0 csc x + cot x 0 + C
4 8 8 0.1
1 x
51. 3sec ( et - 1 ) tan ( et - 1 ) + −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
2
(b) ≈0.683, ≈0.954, ≈0.997
ln 0 sec (et - 1) + tan (et - 1) 0 4 + C
85. ≈0.16462

Section 8.9. pp. 514–516 45. At least 16 47. T = p, S = p 49. 25°F
1. No 3. Yes 5. Yes 7. Yes 11. ≈ 0.537 51. (a) ≈2.42 gal (b) ≈24.83 mi>gal
1 53. p>2 55. 6 57. ln 3 59. 2 61. p>6
13. ≈ 0.688 15. ≈ 0.0502 17. 221 19. ln 2
2
63. Diverges 65. Diverges 67. Converges
1 1 -1 p 2x3>2
21. p , p atan 2 - b ≈ 0.10242 69. - x + 2 2x - 2 ln 1 2x + 1 2 + C
4 3
8 1 1
25. mean = ≈ 2.67, median = 28 ≈ 2.83 71. sin-1 (x - 1) + (x - 1) 22x - x2 + C
3 2 2
27. mean = 2, median = 22 ≈ 1.41 73. - 2 cot x - ln 0 csc x + cot x 0 + csc x + C
29. P1 X 6 12 2 ≈ 0.3935 1 3 + y2 1 y
31. (a) ≈ 0.57, so about 57 in every 100 bulbs will fail. 75. ln 2 + tan-1 + C
12 3 - y 6 3
(b) ≈ 832 hr
u sin (2u + 1) cos (2u + 1) 1
33. ≈ 60 hydra 35. (a) ≈ 0.393 (b) ≈ 0.135 (c) 0 77. + + C 79. sec2 u + C
(d) The probability that any customer waits longer than 3 minutes 2 4 4
is 1 - (0.997521)200 ≈ 0.391 6 1/2. So the most likely 1 22 - x 23
outcome is that all 200 would be served within 3 minutes. 81. 2 £ - 2 22 - x ≥ + C
3
37. $10, 256 39. ≈ 323, ≈ 262 41. ≈ 0.89435
43. (a) ≈ 16% (b) ≈ 0.23832 45. ≈ 618 females
83. tan-1 (y - 1) + C
47. ≈ 61 adults 49. ≈ 289 shafts
51. (a) ≈ 0.977 (b) ≈ 0.159 (c) ≈ 0.838 1 1 1 1 1 z
85. ln z - - c ln ( z2 + 4 ) + tan-1 a bd + C
55. (a) 5 LLL, LLD, LDL, DLL, LLU, LUL, ULL, LDD, LDU, 4 4z 4 2 2 2
LUD, LUU, DLD, DLU, ULD, ULU, DDL, DUL, UDL, 1 et + 1
UUL, DDD, DDU, DUD, UDD, DUU, UDU, UUD, UUU 6 87. - 29 - 4t 2 + C 89. lna t b + C 91. 1>4
4 e + 2
(c) 7>27 ≈ 0.26 (d) 20>27 ≈ 0.74
2 1
93. x3>2 + C 95. - tan-1 (cos 5t) + C
Practice Exercises, pp. 517–519 3 5
1. (x + 1)(ln (x + 1)) - (x + 1) + C 97. 2 2r - 2 ln 1 1 + 2r 2 + C
1 1 1
3. x tan-1 (3x) - ln (1 + 9x2) + C 99. x2 - ln ( x2 + 1 ) + C
6 2 2
5. (x + 1)2ex - 2(x + 1)ex + 2ex + C 2 1
101. ln x + 1 + ln 0 x2 - x + 1 0 +
2ex sin 2x ex cos 2x 3 6
7. + + C
5 5 1 -1 2x - 1
tan a b + C
9. 2 ln 0 x - 2 0 - ln 0 x - 1 0 + C 23 23
1 4 8 4
11. ln 0 x 0 - ln 0 x + 1 0 + + C 103. 1 1 + 2x 27>2 - 1 1 + 2x 25>2 + 1 1 + 2x 23>2 + C
x + 1 7 5 3
1 cos u - 1 2 105. 2 ln 0 2x + 21 + x 0 + C
13. - ln 2 + C
3 cos u + 2 107. ln x - ln 0 1 + ln x 0 + C
1
15. 4 ln 0 x 0 - ln ( x2 + 1 ) + 4 tan-1 x + C 1 ln x 1 1 - 21 - x4
2 109. x + C 111. ln ` ` + C
2 2 x2
1 (y - 2)5(y + 2)
17. ln 2 2 + C p 1
16 y6 113. (b) 115. x - tan-1 1 22 tan x 2 + C
4 22
1 -1 23 t
19. tan t - tan-1 + C Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 519–523
2 6 23
1. x ( sin - 1 x ) 2 + 2 ( sin - 1 x ) 21 - x2 - 2x + C
x2 4 2
21. + ln 0 x + 2 0 + ln 0 x - 1 0 + C x2 sin - 1 x x 21 - x2 - sin - 1 x
2 3 3 3. + + C
x2 9 3 2 4
23. - ln 0 x + 3 0 + ln 0 x + 1 0 + C 1
2 2 2 5. aln 1 t - 21 - t 2 2 - sin - 1 tb + C 7. 0
2
1 2x + 1 - 1 2
25. ln 2 + C 27. ln 0 1 - e-s 0 + C 9. ln (4) - 1 11. 1 13. 32p>35 15. 2π
3 2x + 1 + 1 17. (a) p (b) p(2e - 5)
1
29. - 216 - y2 + C 31. - ln 0 4 - x2 0 + C 8 (ln 2)2 16 (ln 2) 16
2 19. (b) pa - + b
1 1 2x + 32 3 9 27
33. ln + C 35. ln + C
29 - x2 6 x - 3 e2 + 1 e - 2
21. a , b
cos5 x cos7 x tan5 x 4 2
37. - + + C 39. + C
5 7 5 21 + e2 1
cos u cos 11u 23. 21 + e2 - ln a e + e b - 22 + ln 1 1 + 22 2
41. - + C 43. 4 21 - cos (t>2) + C
2 22

12p 1 ln 2 1 Section 9.2, pp. 536–538

25. 27. a = , - 29. 6 p … 1
5 2 4 2 ex + C C - cos x
1. y = x , x 7 0 3. y = , x 7 0
e2x x3
33. (3 sin 3x + 2 cos 3x) + C
13 1 1 C 1
5. y = - x + 2 , x 7 0 7. y = xe x>2 + Ce x>2
cos x sin 3x - 3 sin x cos 3x 2 x 2
35. + C 9. y = x(ln x)2 + Cx
8
eax t3 t C
37. (a sin bx - b cos bx) + C 11. s = - +
a2 + b2 3(t - 1)4 (t - 1)4 (t - 1)4
2 13. r = (csc u)(ln sec u + C), 0 6 u 6 p>2
39. x ln (a x) - x + C 41. + C 43. 1
1 - tan (x>2) 3 1 1 p
15. y = - e-2t 17. y = - cos u +
2 2 u 2u
23p 1 tan (t>2) + 1 - 22 2
45. 47. ln ` ` + C 2 ex
9 22 tan (t>2) + 1 + 22 19. y = 6ex - 21. y = y0 ek t
x + 1
1 + tan (u>2) L
49. ln ` ` + C 23. (b) is correct, but (a) is not. 25. t = ln 2 sec
1 - tan (u>2) R
V V V V
27. (a) i = - e-3 = ( 1 - e-3 ) ≈ 0.95 amp (b) 86%
R R R R
Chapter 9 1
29. y = 31. y3 = 1 + Cx-3
Section 9.1, pp. 530–532 1 + Ce-x
1. (d) 3. (a)
Section 9.3, pp. 543–544
5. y
1. (a) 168.5 m (b) 41.13 sec
3. s(t) = 4.911 1 - e-(22.36>39.92)t 2
1 2 1 2
x 5. x2 + y2 = C 7. ln y - y = x + C
2 2
y
y
7. y′ = x - y; y(1) = -1 9. y′ = - (1 + y) sin x; y(0) = 2

x 4
11. y(exact) = - x , y1 = -0.25, y2 = 0.3, y3 = 0.75
2 x
x
13. y(exact) = 3ex(x + 2), y1 = 4.2, y2 = 6.216, y3 = 9.697
2
15. y(exact) = ex + 1, y1 = 2.0, y2 = 2.0202, y3 = 2.0618 kx 2 + y 2 = 1
17. y ≈ 2.48832 , exact value is e.
19. y ≈ - 0.2272 , exact value is 1> 1 1 - 2 25 2 ≈ -0.2880.
23. 9. y = { 22x + C
y
25. 27.
y y
4 4
3 3
2 2
y
1 1 13. (a) 10 lb > min (b) (100 + t) gal (c) 4a b lb>min
100 + t
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 dy 4y
−1 −1 (d) = 10 - , y(0) = 50,
dt 100 + t
−2 −2
150
−3 −3 y = 2(100 + t) -
t 4
−4 −4 a1 + b
100
35. Euler’s method gives y ≈ 3.45835 ; the exact solution is y (25) 188.6
y = 1 + e ≈ 3.71828. (e) Concentration = = ≈ 1.5 lb>gal
amt. brine in tank 125
37. y ≈ 1.5000 ; exact value is 1.5275.
15. y(27.8) ≈ 14.8 lb, t ≈ 27.8 min

Section 9.4, pp. 550–551 7. y′ = ( y - 1)( y - 2)( y - 3)

1. y′ = ( y + 2)( y - 3) (a) y = 1 and y = 3 are unstable equilibria and y = 2 is a
(a) y = - 2 is a stable equilibrium value and y = 3 is an stable equilibrium.
unstable equilibrium. (b) y″ = (3y2 - 12y + 11)( y - 1)( y - 2)( y - 3) =
1 6 - 23 6 + 23
(b) y″ = 2( y + 2) ay - b( y - 3) 3( y - 1) ay - b( y - 2) ay - b( y - 3)
2 3 3
y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
y y
−4 −2 0 2 4 0 1 2 3 4
y″ < 0 y″ > 0 y″ < 0 y″ > 0 y″ < 0 y″ > 0 y″ < 0 y″ > 0 y″ < 0 y″ > 0
0.5 6 − Ë3 6 + Ë3
< 1.42 < 2.58
3 3
(c) y
4 y′ > 0, y″ > 0 (c) y
4
2
y = 12 y′ < 0, y″ < 0 3.5
y′ > 0, y″ > 0
3
x y′ < 0, y″ < 0
2.5
−0.5 0.5 1 1.5 y′ < 0, y″ > 0
2
y′ < 0, y″ > 0 y′ > 0, y″ < 0
−2 1.5
y′ > 0, y″ > 0
y′ > 0, y″ < 0 1
y′ < 0, y″ < 0
0.5
x
3. y′ = y3 - y = ( y + 1)y( y - 1) −1 1 2 3
(a) y = - 1 and y = 1 are unstable equilibria and y = 0 is a dP 1

stable equilibrium. 9. = 1 - 2P has a stable equilibrium at P = ;
dt 2
(b) y″ = (3y2 - 1)y′ d 2P dP
= -2 = - 2(1 - 2P) .
= 3( y + 1)1 y + 1> 23 2y1 y - 1> 23 2 ( y - 1) dt 2 dt
P
y′ < 0 y′ > 0 y′ < 0 y′ > 0
y 1.5
−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1.5
y″ < 0 y″ > 0 y″<0 y″>0 y″ < 0 y″ > 0
1
1 1
− P′ < 0, P″ > 0
Ë3 Ë3
0.5
P′ > 0, P″ < 0
(c) y
t
1.5 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
y′ > 0, y″ > 0 −0.5
y′ < 0, y″ < 0
0.5 dP
11. = 2P(P - 3) has a stable equilibrium at P = 0 and an
y′ < 0, y″ > 0
x
dt
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
−0.5
y′ > 0, y″ < 0 d 2P dP
−0.5 unstable equilibrium at P = 3; 2 = 2(2P - 3) =
dt dt
y′ > 0, y″ > 0 4P(2P - 3)(P - 3).
y′ < 0, y″ < 0
−1.5 P′ > 0 P′ < 0 P′ > 0
P
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
P″ < 0 P″ > 0 P″ < 0 P″ > 0
5. y′ = 2y, y 7 0
(a) There are no equilibrium values.
1
(b) y″ = p
2
4
y′ > 0
P′ > 0, P″ > 0
y 3
0 1 2 3 4
2 P′ < 0, P″ < 0
y″ > 0
1 P′ < 0, P″ > 0
(c) y
y′ > 0 t
17.5 y″ > 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
−1 P′ > 0, P″ < 0
15
12.5 −2
10
7.5
5
2.5
x
−2 2 4 6 8

13. Before the catastrophe, the population exhibits logistic growth 3. This model assumes that the number of interactions is propor-
and P(t) increases toward M0 , the stable equilibrium. After tional to the product of x and y:
the catastrophe, the population declines logistically and P(t) dx
= (a - by)x, a 6 0,
decreases toward M1 , the new stable equilibrium. dt
Before Catastrophe After Catastrophe dy y m
= m a1 - by - nxy = yam - y - nxb.
P P dt M M
Rest points are (0, 0), unstable, and (0, M), stable.
M0
5. (a) Logistic growth occurs in the absence of the competitor, and
Pc
involves a simple interaction between the species: Growth
dominates the competition when either population is small,
M1
so it is difficult to drive either species to extinction.
t t (b) a: per capita growth rate for trout
tcatastrophe tcatastrophe
m: per capita growth rate for bass
b: intensity of competition to the trout
dy k
15. = g - m y2, g, k, m 7 0 and y(t) Ú 0 n: intensity of competition to the bass
dt
mg k1: environmental carrying capacity for the trout
dy k
Equilibrium: = g - m y2 = 0 1 y = k2: environmental carrying capacity for the bass
dt A k a
d 2y k dy k k : growth versus competition or net growth of trout
Concavity: 2 = -2a m yb = -2a m yb ag - m y2 b b
dt dt m
n : relative survival of bass
(a) (b)
dx a a
dy dy y (c) = 0 when x = 0 or y = - x,
dt
>0
dt
<0 dt b bk1
y mg
0 d 2y
<0
d 2y
>0
Ä k dy k2n
dt 2 dt 2 = 0 when y = 0 or y = k2 - m x.
mg dt
yeq = Ä k
By picking a>b 7 k2 and m>n 7 k1 , we ensure that an
t equilibrium point exists inside the first quadrant.

160
(c) yterminal = = 178.9 ft>sec = 122 mph
A 0.005 2 4
1. y = -lnaC - (x - 2)5>2 - (x - 2)3>2 b
5 3
dy 1
17. F = Fp - Fr; ma = 50 - 5 0 y 0 ; = m (50 - 5 0 y 0 ) . The 3. tan y = -x sin x - cos x + C 5. ( y + 1)e-y = - ln x + C
dt
x - 1 x2
dy 7. y = C x 9. y = ex>2 + Cex>2
maximum velocity occurs when = 0 or y = 10 ft>sec . 4
dt
x2 - 2x + C e-x + C
11. y = 13. y = 15. xy + y3 = C
19. Phase line: 2x 2 1 + ex
di di 2x3 + 3x2 + 6 1
19. y = ( 1 - 4e-x )
3
dt
>0
dt
<0 17. y =
2 2
i 6(x + 1)2 3
0 d i d i
<0 >0
dt 2 dt 2
V
21. y = e-x (3x3 - 3x2)
ieq =
R
23.
If the switch is closed at t = 0 , then i(0) = 0 , and the graph of x y x y
the solution looks like this: 0 0 1.1 1.6241
i 0.1 0.1000 1.2 1.8319
V 0.2 0.2095 1.3 2.0513
R
0.3 0.3285 1.4 2.2832
0.4 0.4568 1.5 2.5285
0.5 0.5946 1.6 2.7884
t 0.6 0.7418 1.7 3.0643
0.7 0.8986 1.8 3.3579
V
As t S q, i(t) S isteady state = . 0.8 1.0649 1.9 3.6709
R
0.9 1.2411 2.0 4.0057
Section 9.5, pp. 555–557 1.0 1.4273
1. Seasonal variations, nonconformity of the environments, effects
of other interactions, unexpected disasters, etc. 25. y(3) ≈ 0.9131

27. (a) 2n - 1
15. an = (- 1)n + 1(n)2, n Ú 1 17. an = ,n Ú 1
3(n + 2)
2
19. an = n - 1, n Ú 1 21. an = 4n - 3, n Ú 1
3n + 2 1 + (-1)n + 1
23. an = , n Ú 1 25. an = ,n Ú 1
n! 2
[−0.2, 4.5] by [−2.5, 0.5] 27. Converges, 2 29. Converges, -1 31. Converges, - 5
33. Diverges 35. Diverges 37. Converges, 1 > 2
(b) N
ote that we choose a small interval of x-values because
39. Converges, 0 41. Converges, 22 43. Converges, 1
the y-values decrease very rapidly and our calculator cannot
45. Converges, 0 47. Converges, 0 49. Converges, 0
handle the calculations for x … - 1 . (This occurs because
51. Converges, 1 53. Converges, e7 55. Converges, 1
the analytic solution is y = -2 + ln (2 - e-x) , which has
57. Converges, 1 59. Diverges 61. Converges, 4
an asymptote at x = -ln 2 ≈ - 0.69 . Obviously, the Euler
63. Converges, 0 65. Diverges 67. Converges, e-1
approximations are misleading for x … -0.7 .)
69. Converges, e2>3 71. Converges, x (x 7 0)
73. Converges, 0 75. Converges, 1 77. Converges, 1 > 2
79. Converges, 1 81. Converges, p>2 83. Converges, 0
85. Converges, 0 87. Converges, 1 > 2 89. Converges, 0
91. 8 93. 4 95. 5 97. 1 + 22 99. xn = 2n - 2
[−1, 0.2] by [−10, 2] 101. (a) ƒ(x) = x2 - 2, 1.414213562 ≈ 22
(b) ƒ(x) = tan (x) - 1, 0.7853981635 ≈ p>4
1 2 3 1
29. y(exact) = x - ; y(2) ≈ 0.4 ; exact value is . (c) ƒ(x) = ex, diverges
2 2 2
(x2 - 1)>2
103. (b) 1 111. Nondecreasing, bounded
31. y(exact) = - e ; y(2) ≈ - 3.4192 ; exact value is 113. Not nondecreasing, bounded
- e3>2 ≈ - 4.4817 . 115. Converges, nondecreasing sequence theorem
33. (a) y = - 1 is stable and y = 1 is unstable. 117. Converges, nondecreasing sequence theorem
d 2y dy 119. Diverges, definition of divergence 121. Converges
(b) 2 = 2y = 2y(y2 - 1)
dx dx 123. Converges 135. (b) 23
y = −1 y=1
dy dy dy dy
Section 10.2, pp. 579–581
>0 <0 <0 >0
dx dx dx dx
y
2(1 - (1>3)n) 1 - (- 1>2)n
d 2y d 2y d 2y d 2y 1. sn = , 3 3. sn = , 2>3
<0 >0 <0 >0 1 - (1>3) 1 - (- 1>2)
dx2 dx2 dx2 dx2
y=0 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
4 16 64 g 5
5. sn = - , 7. 1 - + - + ,
(c) y 2 n + 2 2
3 9 57 249
4 16 64 256 g
2 9. - + + + + , diverges.
5 1 5 1 5 1 23
1 11. (5 + 1) + a + b + a + b + a + b + g,
2 3 4 9 8 27 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 17
b + g,
0 x
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 13. (1 + 1) + a - b + a + b + a -
2 5 4 25 8 125 6
−1 15. Converges, 5>3 17. Converges, 1>7 19. 23>99
21. 7>9 23. 1>15 25. 41333>33300 27. Diverges
−2 29. Inconclusive 31. Diverges 33. Diverges
1
35. sn = 1 - ; converges, 1 37. sn = ln 2n + 1; diverges
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 558–559 n + 1
1. (a) y = c + ( y0 - c)e-k (A>V )t p 1 p
39. sn = - cos-1 a b; converges, -
(b) Steady-state solution: yq = c 3 n + 2 6
1
5. x2 ( x2 + 2y2 ) = C 41. 1 43. 5 45. 1 47. - 49. Converges, 2 + 22
ln 2
7. ln 0 x 0 + e-y>x = C e2
9. ln 0 x 0 - ln 0 sec ( y>x - 1) + tan ( y>x - 1) 0 = C 51. Converges, 1 53. Diverges 55. Converges, 2
e - 1
57. Converges, 2 > 9 59. Converges, 3 > 2 61. Diverges
p
Chapter 10 63. Converges, 4 65. Diverges 67. Converges, p - e
69. a = 1, r = -x; converges to 1>(1 + x) for x 6 1
Section 10.1, pp. 569–572
71. a = 3, r = (x - 1)>2; converges to 6>(3 - x) for x in (- 1, 3)
1. a1 = 0, a2 = -1>4, a3 = -2>9, a4 = -3>16
1 1 1
3. a1 = 1, a2 = -1>3, a3 = 1>5, a4 = -1>7 73. x 6 , 75. -2 6 x 6 0,
2 1 - 2x 2 + x
5. a1 = 1>2, a2 = 1>2, a3 = 1>2, a4 = 1>2 p 1
77. x ≠ (2k + 1) , k an integer;
3 7 15 31 63 127 255 511 1023 2 1 - sin x
79. (a) a (b) a
7. 1, , , , , , , , , q
1
q
1
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n = -2 (n + 4)(n + 5) n=0 (n + 2)(n + 3)
9. 2, 1, - , - , , , - , - , ,
(c) a
q
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 1
11. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55 13. an = (- 1)n + 1, n Ú 1 n=5 (n - 3)(n - 2)

Diverges; limit comparison with g 1 1> 2n 2

Diverges 17. Diverges; limit comparison with g 1 1> 2n 2
1 + 2r 13.
89. (a) r = 3>5 (b) r = - 3>10 91. r 6 1,
Converges; compare with g(1>2n)

1 - r2 15.
93. (a) 16.84 mg, 17.79 mg (b) 17.84 mg
19.
Converges; compare with g ( 1>n2 )

1 2 1 2 7 8 1 2 7 8 21. Diverges; nth-Term Test
95. (a) 0, , , , , , , , , , , 1
27 27 9 9 27 27 3 3 9 9 23.
(b) a a b
q
1 2 n-1 n
= 1 n n n 1 n
n=1 2 3 25. Converges; a b 6 a b = a b
27. Diverges; direct comparison with g(1>n)

3n + 1 3n 3
29. Diverges; limit comparison with g(1>n)

Section 10.3, pp. 586–587

1. Converges 3. Converges 5. Converges 7. Diverges
33. Converges; compare with g ( 1>n3>2 )

1
9. Converges 11. Converges; geometric series, r = 6 1
10
n 1 1
13. Diverges; lim = 1 ≠ 0 35. Converges; n … n
n Sq n + 1 n2 2
15. Diverges; p-series, p 6 1 1 1
37. Converges; n - 1 6 n-1
39. Converges; comparison with g ( 1>5n2 )
1 3 + 1 3
17. Converges; geometric series, r = 6 1
41. Diverges; comparison with g(1>n)

8
19. Diverges; Integral Test
43. Converges; comparison with g

21. Converges; geometric series, r = 2>3 6 1
1
with g ( 1>n )
23. Diverges; Integral Test or limit comparison
n(n - 1)
2n 2
25. Diverges; lim ≠ 0
n Sq n + 1
27. Diverges; limn Sq 1 2n>ln n 2 ≠ 0 tan-1 n p>2
47. Converges; 1.1 6 1.1
49. Converges; compare with g ( 1>n2 )
1 n n
29. Diverges; geometric series, r = 7 1
51. Diverges; limit comparison with g (1>n)
ln 2
53. Converges; limit comparison with g ( 1>n2 )

31. Converges; Integral Test 33. Diverges; nth-Term Test
35. Converges; Integral Test 37. Converges; Integral Test
39. Converges; Integral Test 41. a = 1 65. Converges 67. Converges 69. Converges
43. (a) y y
Section 10.5, pp. 597–598
1 1. 1Converges 3. Diverges 5. Converges 7. Converges
1 1
1 y=
x
9. Converges
1 11. Diverges
y=
x 13. Converges 15. Converges
12 1n 12 1n
x
17. Converges; Ratio Test 19. Diverges; Ratio Test x
1 dx g(3>(1.25)n)
0 1 2 3 n n+1 21. Converges; Ratio Test
0 1 2 3 n − 1 n
L1 L1
n+1 n
1 dx < 1 + 1 + … + 1 23. Converges;
1 + 1 + … +compare
1 < 1 + with
x 2 n 2 n x
3 n
25. Diverges; lim a1 - n b = e-3 ≠ 0
Converges; compare with g ( 1>n2 )
y n Sq
Diverges; compare with g(1>(2n))

27.
1
29.
1
1 y=
x 31. Diverges; an S> 0 33. Converges; Ratio Test
Converges; Root Test 41. Converges; compare with g ( 1>n2 )

1n 12 1n
x x
35. Converges; Ratio Test 37. Converges; Ratio Test
n n+1 0 1 2 3 n−1 n 39.
L1 x
n
1+ 1 +…+ 1 <1+ 1 dx 43. Converges; Ratio Test 45. Converges; Ratio Test
2 n
47. Diverges; Ratio Test 49. Converges; Ratio Test

1 (1>n!) S
(b) ≈41.55 51. Converges; Ratio Test 53. Diverges; an = a b 1
3
45. True 47. (b) n Ú 251,415
55. Converges; Ratio Test 57. Diverges; Root Test
49. s8 = a 3 ≈ 1.195 51. 1060
8
1 59. Converges; Root Test 61. Converges; Ratio Test 65. Yes
n=1 n
59. (a) 1.20166 … S … 1.20253 (b) S ≈ 1.2021, error 6 0.0005 Section 10.6, pp. 603–604
1. Converges by Alternating Series Test
p2
61. a - 1b ≈ 0.64493 3. Converges; Alternating Series Test
6
5. Converges; Alternating Series Test
1. Converges; compare with g ( 1>n2 )

Section 10.4, pp. 591–592 7. Diverges; an S> 0
9. Diverges; an S
3. Diverges; compare with g 1 1> 2n 2
> 0
11. Converges; Alternating Series Test
5. Converges; compare with g ( 1>n3>2 )
13. Converges by Alternating Series Test
15. Converges absolutely. Series of absolute values is a convergent
7. Converges; compare with g = 25 g 3>2
n + 4n geometric series.
17. Converges conditionally; 1> 2n S 0 but g n = 1
1
9. Converges 11. Diverges; limit comparison with g(1>n)

B n4 + 0 n q 1
diverges.
2n

19. Converges absolutely; compare with g n = 1 ( 1>n2 ) . 53. 1 6 x 6 5, 2>(x - 1), a ( - 12 ) n(x - 3)n - 1,
q q
n
gn=1
q 1 n=1
21. Converges conditionally; 1>(n + 3) S 0 but
diverges (compare with g n = 1(1>n)).
n + 3 1 6 x 6 5, -2>(x - 1)2
q
x2 x4 x6 x8 x10
55. (a) cos x = 1 - + - + - + g; converges
3 + n 2! 4! 6! 8! 10!
23. Diverges; S1 for all x
5 + n
1 1 (b) Same answer as part (c)
25. Converges conditionally; a 2 + n b S 0 but (1 + n)>n2 7 1>n
n 23x3 25x5 27x7 29x9 211x11
27. Converges absolutely; Ratio Test (c) 2x - + - + - + g
3! 5! 7! 9! 11!
29. Converges absolutely by Integral Test x 2
x 4
x 6
17x 8
31x 10
p p
31. Diverges; an S
> 0 33. Converges absolutely by Ratio Test 57. (a) + + + + ,- 6 x 6
2 12 45 2520 14175 2 2
cos np (- 1)n + 1 1 2x 4
17x 6
62x 8
p p
35. Converges absolutely, since ` ` = ` ` = 3>2 (b) 1 + x2 + + + + g, - 6 x 6
n 2n n3>2 n 3 45 315 2 2
(convergent p-series)
37. Converges absolutely by Root Test 39. Diverges; an S q Section 10.8, pp. 618–619
41. Converges conditionally; 2n + 1 - 2n = 1. P0(x) = 1, P1(x) = 1 + 2x, P2(x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 ,
1 compare with g 1 1> 2n 2 2 .

1> ( 2n + 2n + 1 2 S 0, but series of absolute values diverges P3(x) = 1 + 2x + 2x2 + x3
4
3
1
43. Diverges, an S 1>2 ≠ 0 3. P0(x) = 0, P1(x) = x - 1, P2(x) = (x - 1) - (x - 1)2,
2
2 2en 1 1
45. Converges absolutely; sech n = n -n = 2n 6 P3(x) = (x - 1) - (x - 1)2 + (x - 1)3
e + e e + 1 2 3
2en 2 1 1 1
2n = n , a term from a convergent geometric series. 5. P0(x) = , P1(x) = - (x - 2),
47. Converges conditionally; g(- 1)n + 1
e e 2 2 4
1
converges by 1 1 1
2(n + 1) P2(x) = - (x - 2) + (x - 2)2,
Alternating Series Test; g
2 4 8
1
son with g(1>n).
diverges by limit compari- 1 1 1 1
2(n + 1) P3(x) = - (x - 2) + (x - 2)2 - (x - 2)3
2 4 8 16
22 22 22 p
7. P0(x) = , P1 (x) = + ax - b,
49. Error 6 0.2 51. Error 6 2 * 10-11 2 2 2 4
53. n Ú 31 55. n Ú 4 57. 0.54030
59. (a) an Ú an + 1 (b) - 1>2 22 p22 22 p 2
P2(x) = + b - ax -
ax - b ,
2 2 4 4 4
Section 10.7, pp. 612–614 22 22 p 22 p 2
1. (a) 1, - 1 6 x 6 1 (b) - 1 6 x 6 1 (c) none P3(x) = + ax - b - ax - b
2 2 4 4 4
3. (a) 1>4, - 1>2 6 x 6 0 (b) - 1>2 6 x 6 0 (c) none 22 p 3
5. (a) 10, -8 6 x 6 12 (b) - 8 6 x 6 12 (c) none - ax - b
12 4
7. (a) 1, - 1 6 x 6 1 (b) - 1 6 x 6 1 (c) none
1
9. (a) 3, - 3 … x … 3 (b) - 3 … x … 3 (c) none 9. P0(x) = 2, P1(x) = 2 + (x - 4),
4
11. (a) q, for all x (b) for all x (c) none 1 1
13. (a) 1>2, - 1>2 6 x 6 1>2 (b) - 1>2 6 x 6 1>2 (c) none P2(x) = 2 + (x - 4) - (x - 4)2,
4 64
15. (a) 1, - 1 … x 6 1 (b) - 1 6 x 6 1 (c) x = -1 1 1 1
17. (a) 5, - 8 6 x 6 2 (b) - 8 6 x 6 2 (c) none P3(x) = 2 + (x - 4) - (x - 4)2 + (x - 4)3
4 64 512
11. a
19. (a) 3, - 3 6 x 6 3 (b) - 3 6 x 6 3 (c) none q
(-x)n x2 x3 x4
21. (a) 1, - 2 6 x 6 0 (b) - 2 6 x 6 0 (c) none = 1 - x + - + - g
n = 0 n! 2! 3! 4!
23. (a) 1, - 1 6 x 6 1 (b) - 1 6 x 6 1 (c) none
13. a (-1)nxn = 1 - x + x2 - x3 + g
q
25. (a) 0, x = 0 (b) x = 0 (c) none
27. (a) 2, - 4 6 x … 0 (b) - 4 6 x 6 0 (c) x = 0 n=0
15. a 17. 7 a 19. a

q q q
29. (a) 1, - 1 … x … 1 (b) - 1 … x … 1 (c) none (- 1)n32n + 1x2n + 1 (- 1)nx2n x2n
31. (a) 1>4, 1 … x … 3>2 (b) 1 … x … 3>2 (c) none n=0 (2n + 1)! n = 0 (2n)! n = 0 (2n)!
33. (a) q, for all x (b) for all x (c) none 21. x4 - 2x3 - 5x + 4
35. (a) 1, - 1 … x 6 1 (b) - 1 6 x 6 1 (c) -1 23. 8 + 10(x - 2) + 6(x - 2)2 + (x - 2)3
37. 3 39. 8 41. - 1>3 6 x 6 1>3, 1>(1 - 3x) 25. 21 - 36(x + 2) + 25(x + 2)2 - 8(x + 2)3 + (x + 2)4
a a (x - 2)
43. - 1 6 x 6 3, 4> ( 3 + 2x - x2 ) q q 2
e
n n n
45. 0 6 x 6 16, 2> 1 4 - 2x 2 27. (-1) (n + 1)(x - 1) 29.
n=0 n = 0 n!
a (-1)
47. - 22 6 x 6 22, 3> ( 2 - x2 ) q 2n p 2n
n+1 2
49. x = a 2(-1)n(x - 1)n, 0 6 x 6 2

q 31. ax - b
2 n=0 (2n)! 4
n=0 5
33. -1 - 2x - x2 - g, - 1 6 x 6 1
51. a ( - 13 ) (x - 5)n, 2 6 x 6 8
q 2
n
1 1
n=0 35. x2 - x3 + x4 + g, -1 6 x 6 1
2 6

41. L(x) = 0, Q(x) = - x2 >2 43. L(x) = 1, Q(x) = 1 + x2 >2 1 1 1

9. 1 + - +
45. L(x) = x, Q(x) = x 2x 8x2 16x3
Section 10.9, pp. 625–626 11. (1 + x)4 = 1 + 4x + 6x2 + 4x3 + x4
13. (1 - 2x)3 = 1 - 6x + 12x2 - 8x3
1. a
q
(- 5x)n 52x2 53x3
= 1 - 5x + - + g 15. 0.0713362 17. 0.4969536 19. 0.0999445 21. 0.10000
n=0 n! 2! 3!
1 x3 x7 x11
3. a = a
- #
13 # 6! 11 # 5!
q
5(- 1)n(- x)2n + 1 q
5( -1)n + 1x2n + 1 23. ≈ 0.00011 25. +
3 7 3!
n=0 (2n + 1)! n=0 (2n + 1)! x 2
x 4
27. (a) -
5x3 5x5 5x7 2 12
= - 5x + - + + g
3! 5! 7! x 2
x4 x6 x8 x32
- # + # - # + g + (-1)15
31 # 32
5. a
q
(- 1)n ( 5x2 ) 2n (b)
25x4 625x8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
= 1 - + -g
n=0 (2n)! 2! 4! 29. 1>2 31. - 1>24 33. 1>3 35. - 1 37. 2
7. a (-1)n + 1 n = x2 -
q
x2n x4 x6 x8 3 23 x3
+ - + g 39. 3>2 41. e 43. cos 45. 47.
n=1 2 3 4 4 2 1 - x
9. a (-1)n a b x3n = 1 - x3 + 2 x6 - 3 x9 + g
q
3 n 3 32 33 x3 -1
49. 51. 55. 500 terms 57. 4 terms
4 4 4 4 1 + x2 (1 + x)2
n=0
11. a
q
xn + 1 x3 x4 x5 x3 3x5 5x7
= x + x2 + + + + g 59. (a) x + + + , radius of convergence = 1
6 40 112
n=0 n! 2! 3! 4!
3 5
5x7
13. a
q p x 3x
(- 1)nx2n x4 x6 x8 x10 (b) - x - - -
= - + - + g 2 6 40 112
n = 2 (2n)! 4! 6! 8! 10!
61. 1 - 2x + 3x2 - 4x3 + g
+ g = a
q
p 2x 3 p 4x 5 p 6x 7 (-1)np2nx2n + 1 67. (a) -1 (b) 1 1> 22 2(1 + i) (c) - i
15. x - + -
2! 4! 6! n=0 (2n)!
1 1 5
17. 1 + a
q
(- 1)n(2x)2n 71. x + x2 + x3 - x + g, for all x
3 30
#
n = 1 2 (2n)!
=
(2x)2 (2x)4 (2x)6 (2x)8 Practice Exercises, pp. 636–637

- g
2 # 2! 2 # 4! 2 # 6! 2 # 8!
1 - + - + 1. Converges to 1 3. Converges to - 1 5. Diverges
7. Converges to 0 9. Converges to 1 11. Converges to e-5
19. x2 a (2x)n = x2 + 2x3 + 4x4 + g
q
13. Converges to 3 15. Converges to ln 2 17. Diverges
n=0 19. 1 > 6 21. 3 > 2 23. e>(e - 1) 25. Diverges
21. a nxn - 1 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + g
q
27. Converges conditionally 29. Converges conditionally
n=1 31. Converges absolutely 33. Converges absolutely
23. a (-1)n + 1
q
x4n - 1 x7 x11 x15 35. Converges absolutely 37. Converges absolutely
= x3 - + - + g 39. Converges absolutely
n=1 2n - 1 3 5 7
41. (a) 3, -7 … x 6 -1 (b) -7 6 x 6 -1 (c) x = - 7
25. a a + (-1)n b xn = 2 + x2 - x3 +
q
1 3 5 25 4 43. (a) 1>3, 0 … x … 2>3 (b) 0 … x … 2>3 (c) None
x - g
n = 0 n! 2 6 24 45. (a) q, for all x (b) For all x (c) None
27. a
q
(- 1)n - 1x2n + 1 x3 x5 x7 47. (a) 23, - 23 6 x 6 23 (b) - 23 6 x 6 23 (c) None
= - + - g
n=1 3n 3 6 9 49. (a) e, -e 6 x 6 e (b) -e 6 x 6 e (c) Empty set
, , 53. sin x, p, 0 55. ex, ln 2, 2 57. a 2nxn

q
x3 x5 1 1 4
29. x + x2 + - + g 51.
1 + x 4 5
3 30 n=0
59. a 61. a 63. a

2 23 6 44 8
31. x2 - x4 + x - x + g q
(- 1)np2n + 1x2n + 1 q
(- 1)nx10n>3 q ((px)>2)n
3 45 105
1 1 n=0 (2n + 1)! n=0 (2n)! n=0 n!
33. 1 + x + x2 - x4 + g
2 8 (x + 1) 3(x + 1)2 9(x + 1)3
+ g
2 # 1! 3#
65. 2 - + +
25 # 3!
1
35. Error … 4 # 6 4.2 * 10-6 2 2!
10 4!
1 1 1 1
37. x 6 (0.06)1>5 6 0.56968 67. - (x - 3) + 3 (x - 3)2 - 4 (x - 3)3
4 42 4 4
39. Error 6 ( 10-3 ) 3 >6 6 1.67 * 10-10, - 10-3 6 x 6 0
69. 0.4849171431 71. 0.4872223583 73. 7 > 2 75. 1 > 12
41. Error 6 ( 30.1 ) (0.1)3 >6 6 1.87 * 10-4
77. -2 79. r = - 3, s = 9>2 81. 2 > 3
k(k - 1) 2
49. (a) Q(x) = 1 + kx + x (b) 0 … x 6 100-1>3 n + 1 1
2 83. ln a b; the series converges to ln a b.
2n 2
Section 10.10, pp. 633–635 85. (a) q (b) a = 1, b = 0 87. It converges.
x x2 x3
1. 1 + - + 3. 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 638–640
2 8 16
3x2 x3 x3 3x6 5x9 1. Converges; Comparison Test 3. Diverges; nth-Term Test
5. 1 - x + - 7. 1 - + - 5. Converges; Comparison Test 7. Diverges; nth-Term Test
4 2 2 8 16

1 23 1 13. 15.
9. With a = p>3, cos x = - (x - p>3) - (x - p>3)2 y y
2 2 4
23 3
+ (x - p>3)3 + g 0≤t≤
p
12 2
2
x2 x3 t=0 y = Î1 − x2
11. With a = 0, ex = 1 + x + + + g 1 2
2! 3! x=y
t=0
1 1 x
13. With a = 22p, cos x = 1 - (x - 22p)2 + (x - 22p)4 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
2 4! t = −1
x −1
1 0 1
- (x - 22p)6 + g
−1
6! −2
1 −p ≤t<0
15. Converges, limit = b 17. p>2 21. b = { −3
2
5
23. a = 2, L = - 7>6 27. (b) Yes
31. (a) a nxn - 1

q
1 17. y
(b) 6 (c) q x2 − y2 = 1
n=1
33. (a) Rn = C0e-kt0 ( 1 - e-nkt0 ) > ( 1 - e-kt0 ) ,
R = C0 ( e-kt0 ) > ( 1 - e-kt0 ) = C0 > ( ekt0 - 1 )
(b) R1 = 1>e ≈ 0.368, t=0
x
0
R10 = R ( 1 - e-10 ) ≈ R(0.9999546) ≈ 0.58195;
−1
R ≈ 0.58198; 0 6 ( R - R10 ) >R 6 0.0001

(c) 7
Chapter 11 19. (a) x = a cos t, y = -a sin t, 0 … t … 2p

Section 11.1, pp. 647–649 (b) x = a cos t, y = a sin t, 0 … t … 2p
1. 3. (c) x = a cos t, y = -a sin t, 0 … t … 4p
y
2
y (d) x = a cos t, y = a sin t, 0 … t … 4p
y=x
4 21. Possible answer: x = -1 + 5t, y = -3 + 4t, 0 … t … 1
t= 5
2
23. Possible answer: x = t 2 + 1, y = t, t … 0
t<0 t>0 25. Possible answer: x = 2 - 3t, y = 3 - 4t, t Ú 0
y = 2x + 3
1 27. Possible answer: x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t , 0 … t … 4p
x -at a
t= 7 −1 1 2 3 4 29. Possible answer: x = , y = , - q 6 t 6 q
1
4 −1 21 + t 2 21 + t 2
−2 4 4 tan u
x 31. Possible answer: x = , y = ,
0 1 −3 1 + 2 tan u 1 + 2 tan u
−4 0 … u 6 p>2 and x = 0, y = 2 if u = p>2
33. Possible answer: x = 2 - cos t, y = sin t, 0 … t … 2p
5. 7.
35. x = 2 cot t, y = 2 sin2 t, 0 6 t 6 p
y y
37. x = a sin2 t tan t, y = a sin2 t, 0 … t 6 p>2 39. (1, 1)
2
x 2 + y2 = 1 x2 + y2 = 1
16 4 Section 11.2, pp. 657–659
1 2
d2 y
1. y = -x + 2 22, = - 22
t=p
2
t=0
t = 0, 2p dx2
x x
−2 −1 0 1 2 0 4
t=p 1 d 2y 22
3. y = - x + 2 22, = -
−1
2 dx2 4
2
1 dy d 2y
−2 5. y = x + , = -2 7. y = 2x - 23, = - 3 23
4 dx 2
dx2
9. 11. d 2y 1
y y 9. y = x - 4, =
y = x 2 (x − 2) dx2 2
y = 1 − 2x 2
1
p 23 d 2y
11. y = 23x - + 2, = -4
t<0 3 dx2
changes
direction d 2y 3
x at t = 0 13. y = 9x - 1, = 108 15. - 17. - 6
−1 1 (0, 0)
x dx2 16
2
19. 1 21. 3a2p 23. 0 ab 0 p 25. 4 27. 12
t=−p t= p 2 2 52p
2 −1 2 29. p 31. 8p 33. 35. 3p 25
3

19. y 21. y
37. ( x, y ) = a 12 24 24
p - 2, 2 - 2b p p
p
1 4 u= r=1
39. ( x, y ) = a , p - b 41. (a) p (b) p 2
0≤u≤p
3 3 r≥0
dy 1 dy
43. (a) x = 1, y = 0, = (b) x = 0, y = 3, = 0
dx 2 dx
x
23 - 1 3 - 23 dy 2 23 - 1 x 0 1
(c) x = , y = , = O
2 2 dx 23 - 2
22 23. y 25. y p p
45. a , 1b, y = 2x at t = 0, y = -2x at t = p p
≤u≤
3p − ≤u≤
2 4 4 2 2
1 0≤r≤1 2 1≤r≤2
64p
47. (a) 8a (b) 1
3
x
0 1 2
Section 11.3, pp. 662–663 0

x −1
y
1. a, e; b, g; c, h; d, f 3. −2
p
Q2, 2 R
27. x = 2, vertical line through (2, 0) 29. y = 0, the x-axis
x 31. y = 4, horizontal line through (0, 4)
(−2, 0) (2, 0) 33. x + y = 1, line, m = -1, b = 1
p
Q−2, 2 R 35. x2 + y2 = 1, circle, C(0, 0), radius 1
37. y - 2x = 5, line, m = 2, b = 5
39. y2 = x, parabola, vertex (0, 0), opens right
p p 41. y = ex, graph of natural exponential function
(a) a2, + 2npb and a- 2, + (2n + 1)pb, n an integer
2 2 43. x + y = {1, two straight lines of slope - 1, y-intercepts
(b) (2, 2np) and (- 2, (2n + 1)p), n an integer b = {1
45. (x + 2)2 + y2 = 4, circle, C(-2, 0), radius 2
3p 3p 47. x2 + (y - 4)2 = 16, circle, C(0, 4), radius 4
(c) a2, + 2npb and a- 2, + (2n + 1)pb, n an integer
2 2 49. (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 = 2, circle, C(1, 1), radius 22
(d) (2, (2n + 1)p) and (- 2, 2np), n an integer 51. 23y + x = 4 53. r cos u = 7 55. u = p>4
5. (a) (3, 0) (b) (- 3, 0) (c) 1 - 1, 23 2 (d) 1 1, 23 2 57. r = 2 or r = -2 59. 4r 2 cos2 u + 9r 2 sin2 u = 36
61. r sin2 u = 4 cos u 63. r = 4 sin u
(e) (3, 0) (f ) 1 1, 23 2 (g) (- 3, 0) (h) 1 -1, 23 2
65. r 2 = 6r cos u - 2r sin u - 6
p 11p 67. (0, u), where u is any angle
7. (a) a 22, b (b) (3, p) (c) a2, b
4 6
Section 11.4, pp. 666–667
4 1. x-axis 3. y-axis
(d) a5, p - tan-1 b
3 y y
5p 5p
9. (a) a- 3 22, b (b) (- 1, 0) (c) a-2, b
4 3 r = 1 + cos u r = 1 − sin u
1
-1 3 x
(d) a- 5, p - tan b −1 0 1
4
11. y 13. y 2
x
2 r=2 r≥1
−1 −2
x x
0 2 0 1
5. y-axis 7. x-axis, y-axis, origin
y y
Î2
3 r = sin (u2) 2
15. y 17. y
3 u=
p 2
3
0≤u ≤
p −1 ≤ r ≤ 3 r = 2 + sin u
6 1
r≥0 x
−1 1
x
x p −2 −1 0 1 2
0 2
3
x −Î
2
−1 0 2 −1
−1

9. x-axis, y-axis, origin 11. y-axis, x-axis, origin 25. y 27. y

0 ≤ r ≤ 2 − 2 cos u
y y r=2
1 r 2 = −sin u 2
r 2 = cos u
r = −1
x x
−4 0
x x
−1 1
−2
−1
29. Equation (a)
13. x-axis, y-axis, origin 15. Origin Section 11.5, pp. 670–671
17. The slope at (- 1, p>2) is - 1, at (- 1, - p>2) is 1.
1 p p
y 1. p3 3. 18p 5. 7. 2 9. - 1
6 8 2

p
Q−1, − R p 23
2 11. 5p - 8 13. 3 23 - p 15. +
r = −1 + cos u 3 2
8p 3 p
17. + 23 19. (a) - 21. 19 > 3 23. 8
x
3 2 4
2 p 3
25. 31 22 + ln1 1 + 22 22 27. +
8 8
p
31. (a) a (b) a (c) 2a>p
Q−1, R
2
Section 11.6, pp. 677–680
1. y2 = 8x, F(2, 0), directrix: x = -2
19. The slope at (1, p>4) is - 1, at (- 1, - p>4) is 1, at (-1, 3p>4) 3. x2 = - 6y, F(0, - 3>2), directrix: y = 3>2
is 1, at (1, - 3p>4) is - 1.
x2 y2
y 5. - = 1, F1 { 213, 0 2, V( {2, 0),
4 9
p p
Q−1, − R Q1, R 3
asymptotes: y = { x
4 4
2
2
x
r = sin 2u 7. + y2 = 1, F( {1, 0), V1 { 22, 0 2
x 2
9. 11.
y y
3p 3p
Q1, − R Q−1, R
4 4
y 2 = 12x
x = −3 2 y=2
3
21. (a) y (b) y 2

x x
−3 0 F(3, 0) 0
3
2 F(0, −2)
1
1
2 r= + cos u x 2 = −8y
2 1
r= + sin u
2
x
1 3
2 2
1 13. 15.
−
2
x y y
1 1
−
2 2 y = 4x 2
x = −3y 2 1 1
6 x=
1 12
23. (a) y (b) y 4
1
F a0, b
1 16
x
3 2 0 1
1
2 −
3 3 F a− , 0b 12
12
3 2 2 x
x
r= + cos u 0 14 1
2 −
3 1 6
x r= − sin u directrix y = −
2 16
1 0 5
−
2 2
−3 −
5
2 2

17. 19. 39. (a) Vertex: (1, -2); focus: (3, -2); directrix: x = - 1
y y (b) y
x2 y2 Î2 y2
+ =1 x2 + =1
4 25 16 2 ( y + 2) 2 = 8(x − 1)
1 F1 2
x
0 1 2 3
F1 F2
x x −2 F(3, −2)
−5 −3 0 3 5 0 1 V(1, −2)
−4
−1 F2
−4
21. 23. 41. (a) Foci: 1 4 { 27, 3 2; vertices: (8, 3) and (0, 3); center: (4, 3)
y
(b) y
y
x2 y2 x2 y2
Î3 + =1 =1
2 3 Î6 9
+
6 (x − 4) 2 ( y − 3) 2
+ =1
16 9
1 F1 6
F1 F2 F1(4 − Î7, 3)
x
0 x C(4, 3)
Î2 −Î3 0 3
Î3 (0, 3) (8, 3)
−1 F2
F2(4 + Î7, 3)
x
0 4 8
x2 y 2 43. (a) Center: (2, 0); foci: (7, 0) and (- 3, 0); vertices: (6, 0) and
25. + = 1
4 2 3
(-2, 0); asymptotes: y = { (x - 2)
27. Asymptotes: y = {x 29. Asymptotes: y = {x 4
y y (b) y
y2 x2 2 2
− =1 (x − 2) y
8 8 − =1
16 9
3
y = − (x − 2)
x2 − y2 = 1 4 3
4 F1 y= (x − 2)
4
F1 F2
2Î2
x x
−Î2 Î2 (–3, 0) (7, 0)
x
0 2
−4 F2 (–2, 0) (6, 0)
31. Asymptotes: y = {2x 33. Asymptotes: y = {x>2 45. (y + 3)2 = 4(x + 2), V(-2, -3), F(- 1, - 3),
y
y directrix: x = -3
y2 x2 47. (x - 1)2 = 8(y + 7), V(1, -7), F(1, -5), directrix: y = - 9
Î10 F1 − =1
x2 y2 2 8
− =1 (x + 2)2 (y + 1)2
2 8
49. + = 1, F1 -2, { 23 - 1 2,
6 9
Î2
F1 F2 V(-2, {3 - 1), C(-2, -1)
Î2 x
x
−Î10 Î10 (x - 2)2 ( y - 3)2
51. + = 1, F(3, 3) and F(1, 3),
3 2
−Î10 F2 V1 { 23 + 2, 3 2, C(2, 3)
(x - 2)2 (y - 2)2
53. - = 1, C(2, 2), F(5, 2) and F(- 1, 2),
4 5
x2 y2 25
35. y2 - x2 = 1 37. - = 1 V(4, 2) and V(0, 2); asymptotes: (y - 2) = { (x - 2)
9 16 2

55. (y + 1)2 - (x + 1)2 = 1, C(- 1, - 1), F1 -1, 22 - 1 2 x2 y2 x2 y2

13. + = 1 15. + = 1
9 4 64 48
and F1 - 1, - 22 - 1 2, V(-1, 0) and V(-1, - 2); asymptotes
(y + 1) = {(x + 1) 17. e = 22; F1 { 22, 0 2; 19. e = 22; F(0, {4);
57. C(- 2, 0), a = 4 59. V(-1, 1), F(-1, 0) 1
directrices are x = { . directrices are y = {2.
(x + 2)2 22
61. Ellipse: + y2 = 1, C(- 2, 0), F(0, 0) and y
5 y
y2 2
− x =1 6
F(- 4, 0), V1 25 - 2, 0 2 and V1 - 25 - 2, 0 2 3
x 2 − y2 = 1
8 8
2 4 F1
(x - 1) 2
63. Ellipse: + (y - 1)2 = 1, C(1, 1), F(2, 1) and
2 1 2 Î8
F(0, 1), V1 22 + 1, 1 2 and V1 - 22 + 1, 1 2 −Î2 Î2

x
−4 −2 2 4
x
–3 –2 F1 –1 1 F2 2 3
2 2
65. Hyperbola: (x - 1) - (y - 2) = 1, C(1, 2), −1 −2 −Î8
F1 1 + 22, 2 2 and F1 1 - 22, 2 2, V(2, 2) and −2 −4 F2
V(0, 2); asymptotes: ( y - 2) = {(x - 1) −3 −6

( y - 3)2 x2
67. Hyperbola: - = 1, C(0, 3), F(0, 6)
6 3 21. e = 25; F1 { 210, 0 2; 23. e = 25; F1 0, { 210 2;
and F(0, 0), V1 0, 26 + 3 2 and V1 0, - 26 + 3 2; 2 2
directrices are x = { . directrices are y = { .
asymptotes: y = 22x + 3 or y = - 22x + 3 210 y
210
y2 2
69. (b)1 : 1 73. Length = 2 22, width = 22, area = 4 x2 − y2 = 1
y − x =1 F1
Î10
2 8
2 8
75. 24p 10
2
77. x = 0, y = 0: y = -2x; x = 0, y = 2: y = 2x + 2;
5 1 Î2
x = 4, y = 0: y = 2x - 8
F2 F1
16 x x
79. x = 0, y = −4
−Î10
−2
−Î2 Î2
2
Î10
4 −4 −2 2 4
3p −1 − 2
−5 Î
Section 11.7, pp. 685–686 −10

−2
3 1
, F( {3, 0); ; F(0, {1);
F2 − 10
1. e = 3. e = Î
5 22
25 directrices are y = {2.
directrices are x = { . y2
3 y x2 2
25. y2 - = 1 27. x2 - = 1 29. r =
y 8 8 1 + cos u
x2 + y2 = 1
4 25 16 Î2 x2 +
y2 30 1 10
1 2
=1
31. r = 33. r = 35. r =
F1 1 - 5 sin u 2 + cos u 5 - sin u
F1 F2
x
x −1 1 37. 39.
−5 −3 3 5
F2 −1
y
y
−Î2
−4 x=1
2
r= 1 25
x = −5 r=
1 + cos u 10 − 5 cos u
1 1 1
5. e = ; F(0, {1); 7. e =
23
; F1 { 23, 0 2;
a , 0b
2 a5 , 0b
3 (5, 0)
23 3 x
−5
x
−2 −1 0 1 5 0
directrices are y = {3. directrices are x = {3 23. a , pb
3
y −1
y
x2 + y2 = 1 −2
Î6 9 6
x2 y2
Î3 + =1
2 3 F1 F2 41. 43.
F1 1 x y
−3 − 3 3 y
Î Î3
x y = 50
−Î2 Î2 8
r=
−Î6 50 p 2 − 2 sin u
F2 −1 a , b
3 2 r= 400
16 + 8 sin u x
−Î3 −2 0 2
x
0 a2, 3pb y = −4
2
50 3p
a , b
3 2
x2 y2 x2 y2 3p
9. + = 1 11. + = 1 a50, b
2
27 36 4851 4900

23 69.
71.
45. y = 2 - x 47. y = x + 2 23 y y
3
y y

1
x 1
r=
3 −2 −1 1 1 − sin u
4 y = Î x + 2 Î3
2 3 −1
x +y=2 2
−6 x
8 −1 1
x r=
x 4 + cos u
2
73. y
p p
49. r cos au - b = 3 51. r cos au + b = 5 1 1
4 2 2
x
−1 1
53. 55.
y y
1
r=
1 + 2 sin u
r = 4 cos u
75. (b)
(2, 0) (1, p)
r = −2 cos u Planet Perihelion Aphelion
x x
−2
Radius = 1 Mercury 0.3075 AU 0.4667 AU
Venus 0.7184 AU 0.7282 AU
Radius = 2 Earth 0.9833 AU 1.0167 AU
57. r = 12 cos u 59. r = 10 sin u Mars 1.3817 AU 1.6663 AU
y y
Jupiter 4.9512 AU 5.4548 AU
r = 10 sin u
Saturn 9.0210 AU 10.0570 AU
x2 + (y − 5)2 = 25
(x − 6)2 + y2 = 36
Uranus 18.2977 AU 20.0623 AU
r = 12 cos u Neptune 29.8135 AU 30.3065 AU
(0, 5)
x Practice Exercises, pp. 687–689

x 1. 3.
(6, 0)
y y
4y2 − 4x2 = 1
y = 2x + 1 1
61. r = - 2 cos u 63. r = - sin u 1
t=0
y y 1 t=0
2
x
0
(x + 1)2 + y2 = 1 x2 + ay + 1b 2 = 1 x
1
2 4
1 0
r = −2 cos u r = −sin u −
2
x x
(−1, 0)
1
a0, − b
2
5. y
y = x2
65. 67.
y y t=0 1 t=p
4 r = 4 sin u
p
r = 3 sec au − b
3
x
2Î3 −1 0 1
6
x
x
7. x = 3 cos t, y = 4 sin t, 0 … t … 2p
23 1 1
9. y = x + ,
2 4 4

{ x 3>2 { 21 - x2 55. Focus is (0, -1), 3

11. (a) y = - 1 (b) y = x directrix is y = 1. 57. Focus is a , 0b,
8 4
10 285 9p 76p 3
13. 15. 17. 10 19. 21. directrix is x = - .
3 8 2 3 4
23 y y
23. y = x - 4 25. x = 2
3
y 1 y=1 y2 = 3x
y
2
x=2 x= –3
x 4
−2 0 2
x − Î3 y = 4Î3
x
0 3
a4 , 0b
x x
4Î3 2 −2
2
x = −4y
−4
3 61. e = 2; the asymptotes are

59. e =
3 2 2 4 y = { 23 x.
27. y = - 29. x + ( y + 2) = 4
2 y y
y y
x2 y2 y = Î3x
4 + =1
7 16
3
y2
x2 − =1
3
x r = −4 sin u x2 + (y + 2)2 = 4 x
x x −2 −1 1 2
0
−
3 Î7
2
3 (0, −2)
y=−
2
−3
y = −Î3x
−4
31. 1x - 22 22 + y2 = 2 33. r = - 5 sin u

y y 63. (x - 2)2 = - 12( y - 3), V(2, 3), F(2, 0), directrix is y = 6.
(x + 3)2 ( y + 5)2
r = 2Î2 cos u r = −5 sin u 65. + = 1, C(- 3, -5), F(- 3, -1) and
9 25
x + ay + 5b = 25
2 2
2 4 F(-3, - 9), V(- 3, - 10) and V(-3, 0).
QÎ2 , 0R
x
x
1y - 2 22 22 (x - 2)2
67. - = 1, C1 2, 2 22 2,
8 2
2
5
a0, − 2b F1 2, 2 22 { 210 2, V1 2, 4 22 2 and V(2, 0), the asymptotes
2
ax − Î2b + y = 2
are y = 2x - 4 + 2 22 and y = - 2x + 4 + 2 22.
69. Hyperbola: C(2, 0), V(0, 0) and V(4, 0), the foci are
35. r = 3 cos u 37. x - 2
F1 2 { 25, 0 2 , and the asymptotes are y = { .
y y 2
71. Parabola: V(-3, 1), F(- 7, 1), and the directrix is x = 1.
3 2 2 9
ax − 2b + y = 4
0 ≤ r ≤ 6 cos u 73. Ellipse: C(-3, 2), F1 -3 { 27, 2 2, V(1, 2) and V(- 7, 2)
r = 3 cos u 75. Circle: C(1, 1) and radius = 22

3
x
x 77. V(1, 0) 79. V(2, p) and V(6, p)
a , 0b 0 6
2 y y
3
2
9 p 2 r= 6
39. d 41. l 43. k 45. i 47. p 49. 2 + 1 + cos u r=
2 4 (2, p) 1 − 2 cos u
x
51. 8 53. p - 3 0 (1, 0) x
(6, p) 0
−2
−3

81. r =
4
83. r =
2
Chapter 12
1 + 2 cos u 2 + sin u
85. (a) 24p (b) 16p Section 12.1, pp. 695–696
1. The line through the point (2, 3, 0) parallel to the z-axis
3. The x-axis
2 5. The circle x2 + y2 = 4 in the xy-plane
7 y y
7. The circle x2 + z2 = 4 in the xz-plane
1. x - =
2 2 7 y2 9. The circle y2 + z2 = 1 in the yz-plane
x− =
2 2
11. The circle x2 + y2 = 16 in the xy-plane
13. The ellipse formed by the intersection of the cylinder
x
x2 + y2 = 4 and the plane z = y
0 1 3 F(4, 0) 15. The parabola y = x2 in the xy-plane
17. (a) The first quadrant of the xy-plane
(b) The fourth quadrant of the xy-plane
19. (a) The ball of radius 1 centered at the origin
(b) All points more than 1 unit from the origin
3. 3x2 + 3y2 - 8y + 4 = 0 5. F(0, {1) 21. (a) The ball of radius 2 centered at the origin with the interior of
the ball of radius 1 centered at the origin removed
3 2
ay + b (b) The solid upper hemisphere of radius 1 centered at the ori-
(y - 1) x2
2 4 x2
7. (a) - = 1 (b) - = 1 gin
16 48 25 75
a b a b 23. (a) The region on or inside the parabola y = x2 in the xy-plane
16 2 and all points above this region
11.
13. (b) The region on or to the left of the parabola x = y2 in the
y y xy-plane and all points above it that are 2 units or less away
x2 + 4y2 − 4 = 0 x2 − y2 − 1 = 0
5 x2 y2 4
from the xy-plane
+ ≤1
9 16 25. (a) x = 3 (b) y = -1 (c) z = - 2
27. (a) z = 1 (b) x = 3 (c) y = - 1
29. (a) x2 + (y - 2)2 = 4, z = 0
1
x
(b) (y - 2)2 + z2 = 4, x = 0 (c) x2 + z2 = 4, y = 2
x 0
0 1 2 3 31. (a) y = 3, z = -1 (b) x = 1, z = - 1
(c) x = 1, y = 3
33. x2 + y2 + z2 = 25, z = 3 35. 0 … z … 1 37. z … 0
39. (a) (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 + (z - 1)2 6 1
x2 + y2 − 25 = 0 (b) (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 + (z - 1)2 7 1
41. 3 43. 7 45. 2 23 47. C(- 2, 0, 2), a = 2 22
49. C1 22, 22, - 22 2, a = 22
15. y
51. (x - 1)2 + (y - 2)2 + (z - 3)2 = 14
9x2 + 4y2 − 36 = 0
3 1 2 2 2 16
4x2 9y2
53. (x + 1)2 + ay - b + az + b =
+ = 16 2 3 81
1 1 1 5 23
55. C(- 2, 0, 2), a = 28 57. C a- , - , - b, a =
0
x 4 4 4 4
2
59. (a) 2y2 + z2 (b) 2x2 + z2 (c) 2x2 + y2
61. 217 + 233 + 6 63. y = 1
65. (a) (0, 3, -3) (b) (0, 5, -5)
25 Section 12.2, pp. 704–706

17. (a) r = e2u (b) ( e4p - 1 ) 1. (a) 89, -69 (b) 3 213 3. (a) 81, 39 (b) 210
2
4 2 5. (a) 812, - 199 (b) 2505
19. r = 21. r =
1 + 2 cos u 2 + sin u 1 14 2197
7. (a) h , i (b) 9. 81, - 49
a + b 5 5 5
23. x = (a + b) cos u - b cos a ub ,
b 1 23 23 1
11. 8-2, - 39 13. h - , i 15. h - ,- i
2 2 2 2
a + b
y = (a + b) sin u - b sin a ub 17. -3i + 2j - k 19. -3i + 16j
b
p 21. 3i + 5j - 8k
27.
2

23. The vector v is horizontal and 1 in. long. The vectors u and w 10 + 217
11 7. (a) 10 + 217, 226, 221 (b)
are in. long. w is vertical and u makes a 45° angle with the 2546
16
horizontal. All vectors must be drawn to scale. 10 + 217 10 + 217
(a) (b) (c) (d) (5i + j)
v
226 26
u+v+w
u+v
w 9. 0.75 rad 11. 1.77 rad
u
v 1
13. Angle at A = cos-1 a b ≈ 63.435 degrees, angle at
25
u
3
B = cos-1 a b ≈ 53.130 degrees, angle at
5
(c) −v (d)
u 1
u −w C = cos-1 a b ≈ 63.435 degrees.
u−v 25
u−w 23. Horizontal component: ≈ 1188 ft>sec, vertical component:
≈ 167 ft>sec
25. (a) Since 0 cos u 0 … 1, we have 0 u # v 0 = 0 u 0 0 v 0 0 cos u 0 …
2 1 2
25. 3a i + j - kb 27. 5(k)
3 3 3
0 u 0 0 v 0 (1) = 0 u 0 0 v 0 .
1 1 1 1 (b) We have equality precisely when 0 cos u 0 = 1 or when one or
29. a i - j - kb
A 2 23 23 23 both of u and v are 0. In the case of nonzero vectors, we
3 2 have equality when u = 0 or p, that is, when the vectors
31. (a) 2i (b) - 23k (c) j + k (d) 6i - 2j + 3k are parallel.
10 5
7 27. a
33. (12i - 5k)
13 33. x + 2y = 4 35. -2x + y = - 3
3 4 1 y
35. (a) i + j - k (b) (1 > 2, 3, 5 > 2) y
5 22 5 22 22 −2i + j
1
1 1 1 5 7 9
37. (a) - i - j - k (b) a , , b i + 2j
23 23 23 2 2 2 2 −2 0 3
x
2
3 1 x + 2y = 4
39. A(4, -3, 5) 41. a = , b =
2 2 −2x + y = −3
43. ≈ 8-338.095, 725.0469 x
0 1 4
100 cos 45°
45. 0 F1 0 = ≈ 73.205 N, −3
sin 75°
100 cos 30°
0 F2 0 = ≈ 89.658 N, 37. x + y = -1 39. 2x - y = 0
sin 75°
y y
F1 = 8- 0 F1 0 cos 30°, 0 F1 0 sin 30° 9 ≈ 8-63.397, 36.6039,
P(1, 2)
F2 = 8 0 F2 0 cos 45°, 0 F2 0 sin 45° 9 ≈ 863.397, 63.3979 P(−2, 1)
1
2x − y = 0
100 sin 75°
47. w = ≈ 126.093 N, x
cos 40°
x
−2 1
w cos 35°
0 F1 0 = ≈ 106.933 N x + y = −1 −i − 2j
sin 75°
5 5 23 −1 i−j
49. (a) (5 cos 60°, 5 sin 60°) = a , b
2 2
(b) (5 cos 60° + 10 cos 315°, 5 sin 60° + 10 sin 315°) =
p p
41. 5 J 43. 3464 J 45. 47. 49. 0.14
5 + 10 22 5 23 - 10 22 4 6
a , b
2 2
3 3 Section 12.4, pp. 718–720
51. (a) i + j - 3k (b) i + j - 2k (c) (2, 2, 1) 2 1 2
2 2 1. 0 u * v 0 = 3, direction is i + j + k; v * u = 3,
3 3 3
Section 12.3, pp. 712–714 2 1 2
1. (a) - 25, 5, 5 (b) - 1 (c) - 5 (d) - 2i + 4j - 25k direction is - i - j - k
3 3 3
1 5 1 3. 0 u * v 0 = 0, no direction; 0 v * u 0 = 0, no direction
3. (a) 25, 15, 5 (b) (c) (d) (10i + 11j - 2k)
3 3 9 5. 0 u * v 0 = 6, direction is - k; 0 v * u 0 = 6, direction is k
2 2
5. (a) 2, 234, 23 (b) (c) 1 2
23 234 234 7. 0 u * v 0 = 6 25, direction is i - k; v * u = 6 25,
1 25 25
(d) (5j - 3k) 1 2
17 direction is - i + k
25 25

9. 11. 3 15. x = 1, y = 1 + t,
z 13. x = t, y = t, z = t,
2 z = 0, - 1 … t … 0
z 0 … t … 1
z z
j+k
i×j=k
3
i−j+k a1, 1, 2b
y
y y
j
i
(1, 1, 0)
(0, 0, 0) (1, 0, 0)
x i−k y
x x
13. x
z 17. x = 0, y = 1 - 2t, 19. x = 2 - 2t, y = 2t,

z = 1, 0 … t … 1 z = 2 - 2t, 0 … t … 1
y z z
i–j
i+j
(0, −1, 1) (0, 1, 1)
x –2k (2, 0, 2)
y
(0, 2, 0)
y
1
15. (a) 2 26 (b) { (2i + j + k) x x
26
22 1 21. 3x - 2y - z = -3 23. 7x - 5y - 4z = 6
17. (a) (b) { (i - j) 25. x + 3y + 4z = 34 27. (1, 2, 3), - 20x + 12y + z = 7
2 22
19. 8 21. 7 23. (a) None (b) u and w 29. y + z = 3 31. x - y + z = 0 33. 2 230 35. 0
25. 10 23 ft@lb 9 242
37. 39. 3 41. 19 > 5 43. 5 > 3 45. 9> 241
27. (a) True (b) Not always true (c) True (d) True 7
(e) Not always true (f) True (g) True (h) True 3 3 1
u#v 47. p>4 49. 1.38 rad 51. 0.82 rad 53. a , - , b
2 2 2
29. (a) projv u = v # v v (b) { u * v (c) { (u * v) * w
55. (1, 1, 0) 57. x = 1 - t, y = 1 + t, z = - 1
(d) (u * v) # w (e) (u * v) * (u * w) (f) u
v
v 59. x = 4, y = 3 + 6t, z = 1 + 3t
31. (a) Yes (b) No (c) Yes (d) No 61. L1 intersects L2; L2 is parallel to L3, 25>3; L1 and L3 are
33. No, v need not equal w. For example, i + j ≠ - i + j, but skew, 10 22>3
i * (i + j) = i * i + i * j = 0 + k = k and 63. x = 2 + 2t, y = -4 - t, z = 7 + 3t; x = - 2 - t,
i * (- i + j) = -i * i + i * j = 0 + k = k. y = -2 + (1>2)t, z = 1 - (3>2)t
11 25 1 3
35. 2 37. 13 39. 2129 41. 43. 65. a0, - , - b, (-1, 0, - 3), (1, -1, 0)
2 2 2 2
3 221 69. Many possible answers. One possibility: x + y = 3 and
45. 47.
2 2 2y + z = 7.
49. If A = a1 i + a2 j and B = b1 i + b2 j, then 71. (x>a) + (y>b) + (z>c) = 1 describes all planes except those
i j k through the origin or parallel to a coordinate axis.
a a2 3
A * B = 3 a1 a2 03 = 3 1 k
b1 b2
b1 b2 0 Section 12.6, pp. 732–733
and the triangle’s area is 1. (d), ellipsoid 3. (a), cylinder 5. (l), hyperbolic paraboloid
12 1 a a2 2 7. (b), cylinder 9. (k), hyperbolic paraboloid 11. (h), cone
A * B2 = { 2 1 .
2 2 b1 b2 13. z 15. z
The applicable sign is ( + ) if the acute angle from A to B runs x2 + y2 = 4
counterclockwise in the xy-plane, and (-) if it runs clockwise. x2 + 4z2 = 16
2
Section 12.5, pp. 726–728

−2
1. x = 3 + t, y = -4 + t, z = - 1 + t 4
3. x = -2 + 5t, y = 5t, z = 3 - 5t 2 y
x y
5. x = 0, y = 2t, z = t
7. x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 + t x
9. x = t, y = -7 + 2t, z = 2t
11. x = t, y = 0, z = 0

17. z 19. 4x2 + 9y2 + 4z2 = 36 37. x 2 + y2 − z2 = 4 39. z

z
2 2
9x + y + z = 9 2 z
3
3 x2 + z2 = 1
−3 1
−1 −3
−2
1
1 3 y
2 y y x
y
x 3
−3
x
−3 x
21. z 23. z
z = x2 + 4y2 41. z 43. z
2 z = −(x 2 + y 2)
4 4y 2 + z2 − 4x 2 = 4
x = 4 − 4y2 − z2
1
2 y
1 y
x
y
y 4
x x
x
25. z 27. x 2 + y2 − z2 = 1
x 2 + y 2 = z2 z
2p ( 9 - c2 ) 4pabc
45. (a) (b) 8p (c)
9 3

y −1
−1 1. (a) 8-17, 329 (b) 21313
3. (a) 86, -89 (b) 10
1 y
1
23 1
x 5. h - , - i [assuming counterclockwise]
2 2
x
8 2
7. h ,- i
217 217
1 1
29. z 31. z 9. Length = 2, direction is i + j.
22 22
z2 − x2 − y2 = 1
11. v (p>2) = 2(-i)
y2 − x 2 = z
2 3 6
13. Length = 7, direction is i - j + k.
2 y 7 7 7
8 2 8
1 15. i - j + k
233 233 233
17. 0 v 0 = 22, 0 u 0 = 3, v # u = u # v = 3, v * u = - 2i + 2j - k,
x y x
Î3 Î3
1 p
u * v = 2i - 2j + k, v * u = 3, u = cos-1 a b = ,
22 4
3 3
33. 35. u cos u = , projv u = (i + j)
z2 = 1 + y 2 − x 2 z
22 2
z y = −(x 2 + z 2)
4
19. (2i + j - k)
3
21. u * v = k
y z
y
x
x i × (i + j) = k
i+j
x

23. 2 27 25. (a) 214 (b) 1 29. 278>3 2400 1000

(b) 0 F1 0 = ≈ 184.615 lb, 0 F2 0 = ≈ 76.923 lb,
13 13
31. x = 1 - 3t, y = 2, z = 3 + 7t 33. 22 -12,000 28,800
35. 2x + y + z = 5 37. - 9x + y + 7z = 4 F1 = h , i ≈ 8- 71.006, 170.4149,
169 169
1 3 12,000 5000
39. a0, - , - b, (- 1, 0, - 3), (1, - 1, 0) 41. p>3 F2 = h, i ≈ 871.006, 29.5869 ,
2 2 169 169
43. x = -5 + 5t, y = 3 - t, z = - 3t 12 5
a = tan-1 , b = tan-1
45. (b) x = -12t, y = 19>12 + 15t, z = 1>6 + 6t 5 12
47. Yes; v is parallel to the plane. 9. (a) u = tan-1 22 ≈ 54.74° (b) u = tan-1 2 22 ≈ 70.53°
6
49. 3 51. - 3j + 3k 13. (b) (c) 2x - y + 2z = 8
214
2 11 26 7
53. (5i - j - 3k) 55. a , , - b (d) x - 2y + z = 3 + 5 26 and x - 2y + z = 3 - 5 26
235 9 9 9
32 23 13
57. (1, - 2, - 1); x = 1 - 5t, y = -2 + 3t, z = -1 + 4t 15. i + j - k
41 41 41
59. 2x + 7y + 2z + 10 = 0
17. (a) 0, 0 (b) -10i - 2j + 6k, - 9i - 2j + 7k
61. (a) No (b) No (c) No (d) No (e) Yes
(c) -4i - 6j + 2k, i - 2j - 4k
63. 11> 2107 (d) -10i - 10k, -12i - 4j - 8k
65. 67. 4x 2 + 4y2 + z2 = 4
19. The formula is always true.
x 2 + y2 + z2 = 4
z z
2
2 Chapter 13
−2 Section 13.1, pp. 745–747
−1
2 y y
1. y = x2 - 2x, v = i + 2j, a = 2j
1 1
2
2
3. y = x2, v = 3i + 4j, a = 3i + 8j
x −2 x 9
−2
p 22 22 - 22 22
5. t = : v = i - j, a = i - j;
4 2 2 2 2
t = p>2: v = - j, a = -i
69. z = −(x 2 + y 2) 71. z
z y
x 2 + y2 = z2
1
y p
aQ R v QpR
4 4
x y x
0
a QpR
2
v QpR
2
x
3p
7. t = p: v = 2i, a = - j; t = : v = i - j, a = −i
2
73. x 2 + y2 − z2 = 4 75. y2 − x2 − z2 = 1 y
z z t=p
v(p)
2
t = 3p
a(p) 2
3
Î5 1 v Q3pR
2
3 r = (t – sin t)i + (1 – cos t)j a Q3pR
2
3 −2 3 x
−1 0 p 2p
−2
2 3
2 y 1 2
x Î 10 y 9. v = i + 2tj + 2k; a = 2j; speed: 3; direction: i + j +
3 3
−3 2 1 2 2
x k; v(1) = 3a i + j + kb
3 3 3 3
11. v = (-2 sin t)i + (3 cos t)j + 4k;
a = (- 2 cos t)i - (3 sin t)j; speed: 2 25;
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 736–738 direction: 1 -1> 25 2i + 1 2> 25 2k;
1. (26, 23, - 1>3) 3. 0 F 0 = 20 lb v(p>2) = 2 25 31 -1> 25 2i + 1 2> 25 2k 4
5. (a) 0 F1 0 = 80 lb, 0 F2 0 = 60 lb, F1 = 8- 48, 649,
4 3
F2 = 848, 369, a = tan-1 , b = tan-1
3 4

2 -2 43. (a) r(t) = (x(t)) i + (y(t)) j; where

13. v = a bi + 2t j + t k; a = a bi + 2 j + k;
t + 1 (t + 1)2 1
x(t) = a b ( 1 - e-0.08t ) (152 cos 20° - 17.6) and
1 2 1 0.08
speed: 26; direction: i + j + k;
26 26 26 152
y(t) = 3 + a b ( 1 - e-0.08t ) (sin 20°)
0.08
1 2 1
v(1) = 26¢ i + j + k≤ 32
26 26 26 + a b ( 1 - 0.08t - e-0.08t )
0.082
15. p>2 17. p>2 (b) At t ≈ 1.527 sec it reaches a maximum height of about
1 41.893 feet.
19. x = t, y = -1, z = 1 + t 21. x = t, y = t, z = t
3 (c) Range ≈ 351.734 ft; flight time ≈ 3.181 sec
23. (a) (i): It has constant speed 1. (ii): Yes
(d) At t ≈ 0.877 and 2.190 sec, when it is about 106.028 and
(iii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes
251.530 ft from home plate
(b) (i): It has constant speed 2. (ii): Yes
(e) No
(iii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes
(c) (i): It has constant speed 1. (ii): Yes Section 13.3, pp. 759–760
(iii): Counterclockwise
2 2 25
(iv): It starts at (0, - 1) instead of (1, 0). 1. T = a- sin tbi + a cos tbj + k, 3p
3 3 3
(d) (i): It has constant speed 1. (ii): Yes
(iii): Clockwise (iv): Yes 1 2t 52 3
3. T = i + k, 5. T = - cos t j + sin t k,
(e) (i): It has variable speed. (ii): No 21 + t 21 + t 3 2
(iii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes cos t - t sin t sin t + t cos t
25. v = 2 25i + 25j 7. T = a bi + a bj
t + 1 t + 1
Section 13.2, pp. 753–756 22t 1>2 p2
+ a bk, + p
p + 2 22 t + 1 2
1. (1>4)i + 7j + (3>2)k 3. ¢ ≤j + 2k 9. (0, 5, 24p)
2
5. (ln 4)i + (ln 4)j + (ln 2)k 5p
11. s(t) = 5t, L =
2
e - 1 e - 1 p 3 23
7. i + e j + k 9. i - j + k 13. s(t) = 23et - 23, L = 15. 22 + ln1 1 + 22 2
2 4 4
- t2 - t2 - t2 2 2
17. (a) Cylinder is x + y = 1; plane is x + z = 1.
11. r(t) = a + 1bi + a + 2bj + a + 3bk
2 2 2 (b) and (c) z
13. r(t) = ((t + 1)3>2 - 1)i + (- e-t + 1)j + (ln(t + 1) + 1)k (0, –1, 1)
(–1, 0, 2)
15. r(t) = 8t i + 8t j + (- 16t 2 + 100)k
3 6 1 2
17. r(t) = ¢ t 2 + t + 1≤i - ¢ t 2 + t - 2≤j
2 211 2 211
1 2 1 2t
+ ¢ t 2 + t + 3≤k = ¢ t 2 + ≤(3i - j + k)
2 211 2 211 (1, 0, 0) (0, 1, 1)
x y
+ (i + 2j + 3k)
19. 50 sec 2p
L0
21. (a) 72.2 sec; 25,510 m (b) 4020 m (c) 6378 m (d) L = 21 + sin2 t dt (e) L ≈ 7.64
23. (a) y0 ≈ 9.9 m>sec (b) a ≈ 18.4° or 71.6°
25. 39.3° or 50.7° 31. (b) v0 would bisect ∠AOR.
33. (a) ( Assuming that “x” is zero at the point of impact) Section 13.4, pp. 765–766
r(t) = (x(t))i + (y(t))j, where x(t) = (35 cos 27°)t and 1. T = (cos t)i - (sin t)j, N = (- sin t)i - (cos t)j, k = cos t
y(t) = 4 + (35 sin 27°)t - 16t 2. 1 t -t
3. T = i - j, N = i -
(b) At t ≈ 0.497 sec, it reaches its maximum height of about 1 21 + t 2 2 1 + t 2
2 1 + t2
j,
7.945 ft. 21 + t 2
(c) Range ≈ 37.45 ft; flight time ≈ 1.201 sec 1
(d) At t ≈ 0.254 and t ≈ 0.740 sec, when it is ≈ 29.532 and k =
21 21 + t 2 23
≈ 14.376 ft from where it will land
(e) Yes. It changes things because the ball won’t clear the net. 5. (b) cos x
35. 4.00 ft, 7.80 ft > sec

- 2e2t 1 29. Components of v: 2.0000, 0, - 0.1629

7. (b) N = i + j Components of a: 0, -1.0000, - 0.0086; Speed: 2.0066
21 + 4e4t 21 + 4e4t
Components of T: 0.9967, 0, - 0.0812
1
(c) N = - 1 24 - t 2 i + t j 2 Components of N: -0.0007, -1.0000, - 0.0086
2
Components of B: - 0.0812, 0.0086, 0.9967;
3 cos t 3 sin t 4 Curvature: 0.2484
9. T = i - j + k, N = (-sin t)i - (cos t)j,
5 5 5 Torsion: 0.0411; Tangential component of acceleration: 0.0007
3 Normal component of acceleration: 1.0000
k =
25
Section 13.6, pp. 775–776
cos t - sin t cos t + sin t
11. T = a ≤i + ¢ ≤j, 1. v = (3a sin u)ur + 3a(1 - cos u)uu
22 22
a = 9a(2 cos u - 1)ur + (18a sin u)uu
- cos t - sin t - sin t + cos t 1 3. v = 2aeauur + 2eauuu
N = ¢ ≤i + ¢ ≤j, k =
22 22 et 22 a = 4eau(a2 - 1)ur + 8aeauuu
tj 5. v = (-8 sin 4t)ur + (4 cos 4t)uu
t 1 i
13. T = i + j, N = - , a = (-40 cos 4t)ur - (32 sin 4t)uu
2t 2 + 1 2t 2 + 1 2t 2 + 1 2t 2 + 1
11. ≈29.93 * 1010 m 13. ≈2.25 * 109 km2 >sec
1 15. ≈1.876 * 1027 kg
k =
t(t 2 + 1)3>2
t t
15. T = asech a bi + atanh a bj, x2 y2
1. + = 1
16 2
t t y
N = a- tanh a bi + asech a bj,
2 v QpR
4
1 t Î2 (2Î2, 1)
k = a sech2 a 1 a QpR v(0)
4
19. 1 > (2b) –4 0 4
x
a(0)
2
p –1
21. ax - b + y2 = 1
2
23. k(x) = 2> ( 1 + 4x2 ) 3>2 At t = 0: aT = 0, aN = 4, k = 2;
25. k(x) = 0 sin x 0 > ( 1 + cos x )
2 3>2 p 7 4 22 4 22
At t = :a = ,a = ,k =
4 T 3 N 3 27
Section 13.5, pp. 771–772
3. 0 v 0 max = 1 5. k = 1>5 7. dy>dt = - x; clockwise
4 2 25 11. Shot put is on the ground, about 66 ft 3 in. from the stopboard.
1. a = 0 a 0 N 3. a(1) = T + N 5. a(0) = 2N
3 3
22 22 22 22 p p2 p p2
p
7. ra b = i +
p
j - k, T a b = - i + j, 15. Length = 1 + + ln ¢ + 1 + ≤
4 2 2 4 2 2 4B 16 4 B 16
2 2 1 1 1
p 22 22 p 17. T(0) = i - j + k; N(0) = i + j;
N a b = - i - j, B a b = k; osculating plane: 3 3 3 22 22
4 2 2 4
z = - 1; normal plane: - x + y = 0; rectifying plane: 1 1 4 22 1
B(0) = - i + j + k; k = ;t =
x + y = 22 3 22 3 22 3 22 3 6
1 4 4 1
4 4 3 4 19. T(ln 2) = i + j; N(ln 2) = - i + j;
9. B = a cos tbi - a sin tbj - k, t = - 217 217 217 217
5 5 5 25
8
11. B = k, t = 0 13. B = -k, t = 0 15. B = k, t = 0 B(ln 2) = k; k = ;t = 0
17 217
17. Yes. If the car is moving on a curved path (k ≠ 0), then
21. a(0) = 10T + 6N
aN = k 0 v 0 2 ≠ 0 and a ≠ 0.
1 1 1
23. k = t , r = t 23. T = ¢ cos t≤i - (sin t)j + ¢ cos t≤k;
22 22
27. Components of v: - 1.8701, 0.7089, 1.0000
1 1
Components of a: - 1.6960, -2.0307, 0 N = ¢- sin t≤i - (cos t)j - ¢ sin t≤k;
Speed: 2.2361; Components of T: - 0.8364, 0.3170, 0.4472 22 22
Components of N: - 0.4143, - 0.8998, -0.1369 1 1 1
B = i - k; k = ;t = 0
Components of B: 0.3590, - 0.2998, 0.8839; Curvature: 0.5060 22 22 22
Torsion: 0.2813; Tangential component of acceleration: 0.7746 p 1
25. 27. x = 1 + t, y = t, z = - t 31. k = a
Normal component of acceleration: 2.5298 3

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 778–779 13. 15.

pgb y
du y xy = c
1. (a) ` = 2
dt u = 2p A a2 + b2
4
c=9
gbt 2 gb2t 2 x+y–1=c c = –9
(b) u = 2 2
, z = 2 c = –4 c=4
2(a + b ) 2(a2 + b2) x
c = –1 c=1
–2 2 4 x
gbt c: 3 0=c
(c) v(t) = T; –2 2 1=c –1 = c
2a2 + b2 1 4=c –4 = c
0 9=c
d 2r bg bgt 2 –1 –9 = c
2
= T + aa 2 2
b N –2
dt 2a2 + b2 a + b –3
There is no component in the direction of B. 17. (a) All points in the xy-plane (b) All reals
dx # # dy # # (c) The lines y - x = c (d) No boundary points
5. (a) = r cos u - r u sin u, = r sin u + r u cos u (e) Both open and closed (f) Unbounded
dt dt
dr # # du # # 19. (a) All points in the xy-plane (b) z Ú 0
(b) = x cos u + y sin u, r = -x sin u + y cos u (c) For ƒ(x, y) = 0, the origin; for ƒ(x, y) ≠ 0, ellipses with the
dt dt
7. (a) a(1) = -9ur - 6uu, v(1) = -ur + 3uu (b) 6.5 in. center (0, 0), and major and minor axes along the x- and
# # # $ # y-axes, respectively
9. (c) v = r ur + r uuu + z k, a = (r - r u 2)ur +
$ # # $ (d) No boundary points (e) Both open and closed
(r u + 2ru) uu + z k (f) Unbounded
21. (a) All points in the xy-plane (b) All reals
(c) For ƒ(x, y) = 0, the x- and y-axes; for ƒ(x, y) ≠ 0, hyperbo-
Chapter 14 las with the x- and y-axes as asymptotes
Section 14.1, pp. 787–789 (d) No boundary points (e) Both open and closed
1. (a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 58 (d) 33 (f ) Unbounded
3. (a) 4>5 (b) 8>5 (c) 3 (d) 0 23. (a) All (x, y) satisfying x2 + y2 6 16 (b) z Ú 1>4
5. Domain: all points (x, y) on 7. Domain: all points (x, y) (c) Circles centered at the origin with radii r 6 4
or above line y = x + 2 not lying on the graph of (d) Boundary is the circle x2 + y2 = 16
y = x or y = x3 (e) Open (f) Bounded
y y 25. (a) (x, y) ≠ (0, 0) (b) All reals
(c) The circles with center (0, 0) and radii r 7 0
y=x+2 (1, 1) (d) Boundary is the single point (0, 0)
y=x
(e) Open (f) Unbounded
y = x3 27. (a) All (x, y) satisfying -1 … y - x … 1
x
(b) - p>2 … z … p>2
(c) Straight lines of the form y - x = c where - 1 … c … 1
x (d) Boundary is two straight lines y = 1 + x and y = - 1 + x
(–1, –1)
(e) Closed (f) Unbounded
9. Domain: all points (x, y) satisfying x2 - 1 … y … x2 + 1 29. (a) Domain: all points (x, y) outside the circle x2 + y2 = 1
(b) Range: all reals
y y= x2 +1
(c) Circles centered at the origin with radii r 7 1
(d) Boundary: x2 + y2 = 1
1 y = x2 – 1
(e) Open (f) Unbounded
31. (f) 33. (a) 35. (d)
x
37. (a) z (b) y
–1
z = y2
z=4
z=1
11. Domain: all points (x, y) for which z=0
x
(x - 2)(x + 2)( y - 3)( y + 3) Ú 0 z=1
z=4
x = –2 y x=2
y
3
y=3 x
x
–2 2
y = –3
–3

39. (a) z (b) y 49. x2 + y2 = 10 51. x + y2 = 4

z = x2 + y2
y y
z=4
z=1 Î 10
z=0 2
x
–2 –1 1 2
–Î 10 Î 10 x
x 4
y –2
x
–Î 10
41. (a) (b)
z z = –3
z = –2 53. z 55. z
z = x2 – y
y z = –1
1 1
z=0
3 z=1
2 z=2 1
1 1 y
z=3 y 1
y
x x
0 x
–1
f (x, y, z) = x + z = 1
–2 f(x, y, z) = x 2 + y2 + z2 = 1
x
–3
z z
57. 59.
43. (a) z (b) y f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 = 1
5
z = 4x2 + y2
4 2
16 z = 16
2
4
2 2 z=4
x 1
1 2 1 1
1
y
1 f(x, y, z) = z – x 2 – y 2 = 1
z=0 x or z = x 2 + y2 + 1
4 y
2 x
1
61. 2x - y - ln z = 2 63. x2 + y2 + z2 = 4
0 y 65. Domain: all points (x, y) 67. Domain: all points (x, y)
x satisfying 0 x 6 y 0 satisfying - 1 … x … 1 and
-1 … y … 1
45. (a) (b) y y y=x y
z z = –1
z = 1 – 0y0 1
2
(0, 0, 1) z=0
1
z=1
x x
0
z=0
–1 x
z = –1 –1 1
1 y y = –x
–2
–1
47. (a) (b) level curve: y = 2x level curve:

p
z y
sin-1 y - sin-1 x =
z = Î x2 + y2 + 4 2
4 z = Î 20
3 z = Î13 Section 14.2, pp. 795–798
2 z = Î8 1. 5 > 2 3. 2 26 5. 1 7. 1 > 2 9. 1
2 1 z = Î5
11. 1>4 13. 0 15. -1 17. 2 19. 1 > 4
z=2
y
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
x 21. 1 23. 3 25. 19>12 27. 2 29. 3
–1 31. (a) All (x, y) (b) All (x, y) except (0, 0)
–2 33. (a) All (x, y) except where x = 0 or y = 0 (b) All (x, y)
x
–3 35. (a) All (x, y, z)
–4 (b) All (x, y, z) except the interior of the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1

37. (a) All (x, y, z) with z ≠ 0 (b) All (x, y, z) with x2 + z2 ≠ 1 0ƒ 0ƒ 0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ

39. (a) All points (x, y, z) satisfying z 7 x2 + y2 + 1 41. = 1 + y, = 1 + x, 2 = 0, 2 = 0, = = 1
0x 0y 0x 0y 0y 0x 0x 0y
(b) All points (x, y, z) satisfying z ≠ 2x2 + y2 0g 0g
41. Consider paths along y = x, x 7 0, and along y = x, x 6 0. 43. = 2xy + y cos x, = x2 - sin y + sin x,
0x 0y
43. Consider the paths y = kx2, k a constant. 0 2g 0 2g
45. Consider the paths y = mx, m a constant, m ≠ -1. 2 = 2y - y sin x, 2 = -cos y,
0x 0y
47. Consider the paths y = kx2, k a constant, k ≠ 0.
0 2g 0 2g
49. Consider the paths x = 1 and y = x. = = 2x + cos x
51. (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) Does not exist 0y 0x 0x 0y
55. The limit is 1. 57. The limit is 0. 0r 1 0r 1 0 2r -1 0 2r -1
45. = , = , 2 = , 2 = ,
59. (a) ƒ(x, y) y = mx = sin 2u where tan u = m 61. 0 0x x + y 0y x + y 0x 2
(x + y) 0y (x + y)2
63. Does not exist 65. p>2 67. ƒ(0, 0) = ln 3 0 2r 0 2r -1
69. d = 0.1 71. d = 0.005 73. d = 0.04 = =
0y 0x 0x 0y (x + y)2
75. d = 20.015 77. d = 0.005 0w 0w
47. = x2y sec2 (xy) + 2x tan (xy), = x3 sec2 (xy),
Section 14.3, pp. 807–809 0x 0y
0 2w 0 2w
0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ = = 2x3y sec2 (xy) tan (xy) + 3x2 sec2(xy)
1. = 4x, = -3 3. = 2x(y + 2), = x2 - 1 0y 0x 0x 0y
0x 0y 0x 0y
0 2w
0ƒ 0ƒ 2 = 4xy sec2 (xy) + 2x2y2 sec2 (xy) tan (xy) + 2 tan (xy)
5. = 2y(xy - 1), = 2x(xy - 1) 0x
0x 0y
0 2w
0ƒ x 0ƒ y 2 = 2x4 sec2 (xy) tan (xy)
7. = , = 0y
0x 2x2 + y2 0y 2x2 + y2
0ƒ 0ƒ 0w 0w
9. =
-1
, =
-1 49. = sin ( x2y ) + 2x2y cos ( x2y ) , = x3 cos ( x2y ) ,
0x 2 0y 0x 0y
(x + y) (x + y)2
0 2w 0 2w
0ƒ - y2 - 1 0ƒ - x2 - 1 = = 3x2 cos ( x2y ) - 2x4y sin ( x2y )
11. = , = 0y 0x 0x 0y
0x (xy - 1) 2 0y
(xy - 1)2
0 2w
0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ 2 = 6xy cos ( x2y ) - 4x3y2 sin ( x2y )
1 1 0x
13. = ex + y + 1, = ex + y + 1 15. = , =
0x 0y 0x x + y 0y x + y 0 2w
2 = -x5 sin ( x2y )
0ƒ 0y
17. = 2 sin (x - 3y) cos (x - 3y),
0x 0w 2 0w 3 0 2w 0 2w -6
0ƒ 51. = , = , = =
= - 6 sin (x - 3y) cos (x - 3y) 0x 2x + 3y 0y 2x + 3y 0y 0x 0x 0y (2x + 3y)2
0y 0w 0w
0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ 53. = y2 + 2xy3 + 3x2y4, = 2xy + 3x2y2 + 4x3y3,
0x 0y
19. = yxy - 1, = xy ln x 21. = -g(x), = g(y)
0x 0y 0x 0y 0 2w 0 2w
= = 2y + 6xy2 + 12x2y3
23. ƒx = y2, ƒy = 2xy, ƒz = - 4z 0y 0x 0x 0y
25. ƒx = 1, ƒy = - y(y2 + z2)-1>2, ƒz = - z(y2 + z2)-1>2 55. (a) x first (b) y first (c) x first
yz xy (d) x first (e) y first (f) y first
xz
27. ƒx = , ƒy = , ƒz = 57. ƒx(1, 2) = -13, ƒy(1, 2) = -2
2 2 2 2 2 2
21 - x y z 21 - x y z 21 - x2y2z2
59. ƒx (-2, 3) = 1>2, ƒy (-2, 3) = 3>4 61. (a) 3 (b) 2
1 2 3
29. ƒx = ,ƒ = ,ƒ = 0A a 0A c cos A - b
x + 2y + 3z y x + 2y + 3z z x + 2y + 3z 63. 12 65. -2 67. = , =
2
0a bc sin A 0b bc sin A
+ y2 + z2) 2
+ y2 + z2) 2
+ y2 + z2)
31. ƒx = - 2xe-(x , ƒy = -2ye-(x , ƒz = -2ze-(x ln y
69. yx =
33. ƒx = sech2(x + 2y + 3z), ƒy = 2 sech2(x + 2y + 3z), (ln u)(ln y) - 1
ƒz = 3 sech2(x + 2y + 3z) 71. ƒx (x, y) = 0 for all points (x, y),
0ƒ 0ƒ 3y2, y Ú 0
35. = - 2p sin (2pt - a), = sin (2pt - a) ƒy (x, y) = e ,
0t 0a - 2y, y 6 0
0h 0h 0h ƒxy (x, y) = ƒyx (x, y) = 0 for all points (x, y)
37. = sin f cos u, = r cos f cos u, = -r sin f sin u
0r 0f 0u 89. Yes
2
dy
39. WP(P, V, d, y, g) = V, WV(P, V, d, y, g) = P + , Section 14.4, pp. 816–818
2g
dw dw
Vy2 Vdy 1. (a) = 0, (b) (p) = 0
Wd(P, V, d, y, g) = , Wy(P, V, d, y, g) = g , dt dt
2g
dw dw
Vdy2 3. (a) = 1, (b) (3) = 1
Wg(P, V, d, y, g) = - dt dt
2g2

dw dw 0w dw 0u 0w dw 0u
5. (a) = 4t tan-1 t + 1, (b) (1) = p + 1 21. = , =
dt dt 0s du 0s 0t du 0t
0z w w
7. (a) = 4 cos y ln (u sin y) + 4 cos y,
0u dw dw
0z 4u cos2 y du du
= -4u sin y ln (u sin y) +
0y sin y
u u
0z 0z
(b) = 22 (ln 2 + 2), = -2 22 (ln 2 - 2)
0u 0y 'u 'u
's 't
0w 0w
9. (a) = 2u + 4uy, = -2y + 2u2
0u 0y s t
0w 0w 3 0w 0w 0x 0w 0y 0w 0x 0y
(b) = 3, = - 23. = + = since = 0,
0u 0y 2 0r 0x 0r 0y 0r 0x 0r 0r
0u 0u z 0u -y
11. (a) = 0, = , = 0w 0w 0x 0w 0y 0w 0y 0x
0x 0y (z - y)2 0z (z - y)2 = + = since = 0
0s 0x 0s 0y 0s 0y 0s 0s
0u 0u 0u
(b) = 0, = 1, = -2 w w
0x 0y 0z
'w 'w 'w 'w
dz 0z dx 0z dy 'x 'y 'x 'y
13. = +
dt 0x dt 0y dt x y x y
z
'z 'z 'x 'y 'x = 0 'y
'r =0
'x 'y 'r 's 's
r s
x y
0z 1 0z 3
25. 4 > 3 27. -4>5 29. = , = -
dx
dt
dy
dt
0x 4 0y 4
0z 0z
t 31. = -1, = -1 33. 12 35. - 7
0x 0y
0w 0w 0x 0w 0y 0w 0z
15. = + + , 0z 0z 0w 2 0w
0u 0x 0u 0y 0u 0z 0u 37. = 2, = 1 39.
3
= 2t es + t ,
3
= 3s2 es + t
2
0u 0y 0t 0s
0w 0w 0x 0w 0y 0w 0z 41. -0.00005 amp>sec
= + +
0y 0x 0y 0y 0y 0z 0y
47. (cos 1, sin 1, 1) and (cos(- 2), sin(-2), - 2)
w w
'w 'w 'w 'w 22 22 22 22
'x 'w 'z 'x 'w 'z 49. (a) Maximum at ¢- , ≤ and ¢ ,- ≤; minimum
'y 'y 2 2 2 2
x y z x y z
'y 'y 22 22 22 22
'u 'z 'y 'z at ¢ , ≤ and ¢- ,- ≤
'x 'x 2 2 2 2
'u 'u 'y 'y
u y (b) Max = 6, min = 2
x2
L0 2 2t 4 + x3
0w 0w 0x 0w 0y 0w 0w 0x 0w 0y 8 3 3x2
17. = + , = + . 51. 2x 2x + x + dt
0u 0x 0u 0y 0u 0y 0x 0y 0y 0y
w w
Section 14.5, p. 826
'w 'w 'w 'w
'x 'y 'x 'y 1. y 3. y
x y x y ∇f = –i + j
2 y – x = –1
'x 'y 'x 'y x= 2
'u 'y 1 y2
'u 'y (2, 1)
u y x x
0 1 2 (2, –1)
–1
0z 0z 0x 0z 0y 0z 0z 0x 0z 0y
19. = + , = +
0t 0x 0t 0y 0t 0s 0x 0s 0y 0s
z z
∇f = i – 4j
'z 'z 'z 'z
'x 'y 'x 'y
5. y
x y x y
∇f = 1 i + 3 j
'x 'y 'x 'y 2 4
't 't 's 's
t s 4
(–1, 2)
3
4 = 2x + 3y
x
2

26 23 23 25. (a) L(x, y) = 1 (b) L(x, y) = 2x + 2y - 1

7. ∇ƒ = 3i + 2j - 4k 9. ∇ƒ = - i + j - k
27 54 54 27. (a) L(x, y) = 3x - 4y + 5
11. - 4 13. 21 > 13 15. 3 17. 2 (b) L(x, y) = 3x - 4y + 5
p
1 1 1 1 29. (a) L(x, y) = 1 + x (b) L(x, y) = - y +
19. u = - i + j, (Du ƒ)P0 = 22; -u = i - j, 2
22 22 22 22 31. (a) W(20, 25) = 11°F, W(30, -10) = - 39°F, W(15, 15) = 0°F
(D−u ƒ)P0 = - 22 (b) W(10, -40) ≈ -65.5°F, W(50, - 40) ≈ - 88°F,
W(60, 30) ≈ 10.2°F
1 5 1
21. u = i - j - k, (Du ƒ)P0 = 3 23; (c) L(y, T) ≈ -0.36 (y - 25) + 1.337(T - 5) - 17.4088
3 23 3 23 3 23
(d) i) L(24, 6) ≈ -15.7°F
1 5 1 ii) L(27, 2) ≈ -22.1°F
- u = - i + j + k, (D-u ƒ)P0 = -3 23
3 23 3 23 3 23 iii) L(5, -10) ≈ -30.2°F
1 33. L(x, y) = 7 + x - 6y; 0.06 35. L(x, y) = x + y + 1; 0.08
23. u = (i + j + k), (Du ƒ)P0 = 2 23;
23 37. L(x, y) = 1 + x; 0.0222
1 39. (a) L(x, y, z) = 2x + 2y + 2z - 3 (b) L(x, y, z) = y + z
- u = - (i + j + k), (D-u ƒ)P0 = -2 23
23 (c) L(x, y, z) = 0
25. y 27. 1 1
∇f = 2Î2i + 2Î2j
y 41. (a) L(x, y, z) = x (b) L(x, y, z) = x + y
22 22
2 xy = –4 1 2 2
y=x–4 (c) L(x, y, z) = x + y + z
(Î2, Î2) 3 3 3
x
2
x ∇f = –2i + 2j 2 43. (a) L(x, y, z) = 2 + x
–2 p
(2, –2)
x2 + y2 = 4 (b) L(x, y, z) = x - y - z + + 1
y = –x + 2Î2 2
p
(c) L(x, y, z) = x - y - z + + 1
2
3 4 45. L(x, y, z) = 2x - 6y - 2z + 6, 0.0024
29. (a) u = i - j, Du ƒ(1, -1) = 5 47. L(x, y, z) = x + y - z - 1, 0.00135
5 5
3 4 49. Maximum error (estimate) …0.31 in magnitude
(b) u = - i + j, Du ƒ(1, - 1) = - 5
5 5 51. Pay more attention to the smaller of the two dimensions. It will
4 3 4 3 generate the larger partial derivative.
(c) u = i + j, u = - i - j
5 5 5 5 53. f is most sensitive to a change in d.
24 7
(d) u = - j, u = i - j
25 25 Section 14.7, pp. 843–845
7 24
(e) u = - i, u = i + j 1. ƒ(-3, 3) = -5, local minimum 3. ƒ(-2, 1), saddle point
25 25
7 2 7 2 3 17
31. u = i - j, - u = - i + j 5. ƒa3, b = , local maximum
253 253 253 253 2 2
33. No, the maximum rate of change is 2185 6 14. 7. ƒ(2, -1) = -6, local minimum 9. ƒ(1, 2), saddle point
35. - 7> 25 16 16
11. ƒa , 0b = - , local maximum
7 7
Section 14.6, pp. 833–836 2 2 170
1. (a) x + y + z = 3 13. ƒ(0, 0), saddle point; ƒa- , b = , local maximum
3 3 27
(b) x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 1 + 2t
15. ƒ(0, 0) = 0, local minimum; ƒ(1, -1), saddle point
3. (a) 2x - z - 2 = 0
17. ƒ(0, { 25), saddle points; ƒ(-2, - 1) = 30, local maximum;
(b) x = 2 - 4t, y = 0, z = 2 + 2t
ƒ(2, 1) = -30, local minimum
5. (a) 2x + 2y + z - 4 = 0
19. ƒ(0, 0), saddle point; ƒ(1, 1) = 2, ƒ(-1, -1) = 2, local maxima
(b) x = 2t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 2 + t
21. ƒ(0, 0) = -1, local maximum
7. (a) x + y + z - 1 = 0 (b) x = t, y = 1 + t, z = t
23. ƒ(np, 0), saddle points, for every integer n
9. 2x - z - 2 = 0 11. x - y + 2z - 1 = 0
25. ƒ(2, 0) = e-4, local minimum
13. x = 1, y = 1 + 2t, z = 1 - 2t
27. ƒ(0, 0) = 0, local minimum; ƒ(0, 2), saddle point
1
15. x = 1 - 2t, y = 1, z = + 2t 1 1
2 29. ƒa , 1b = lna b - 3, local maximum
17. x = 1 + 90t, y = 1 - 90t, z = 3 2 4
9 31. Absolute maximum: 1 at (0, 0); absolute minimum: - 5 at (1, 2)
19. dƒ = ≈ 0.0008 21. dg = 0
11,830 33. Absolute maximum: 4 at (0, 2); absolute minimum: 0 at (0, 0)
23 1 35. Absolute maximum: 11 at (0, -3); absolute minimum: - 10 at
23. (a) sin 23 - cos 23 ≈ 0.935°C>ft (4, -2)
2 2
(b) 23 sin 23 - cos 23 ≈ 1.87°C>sec

3 22 Section 14.9, p. 858

37. Absolute maximum: 4 at (2, 0); absolute minimum: at 1 2
2 1. Quadratic: x + xy; cubic: x + xy + xy
2
p p p p
a3, - b, a3, b, a1, - b, and a1, b 3. Quadratic: xy; cubic: xy
4 4 4 4
1
39. a = - 3, b = 2 5. Quadratic: y + ( 2xy - y2 ) ;
2
1 1
41. Hottest is 2
1° 1 23
at a- ,
1
b and a- , -
23
b ; coldest is cubic: y + ( 2xy - y2 ) + ( 3x2y - 3xy2 + 2y3 )
4 2 2 2 2 2 6
1
7. Quadratic: ( 2x2 + 2y2 ) = x2 + y2 ; cubic: x2 + y2
1° 1 2
- at a , 0b.
4 2 9. Quadratic: 1 + (x + y) + (x + y)2;
43. (a) ƒ(0, 0), saddle point (b) ƒ(1, 2), local minimum cubic: 1 + (x + y) + (x + y)2 + (x + y)3
(c) ƒ(1, - 2), local minimum; ƒ(- 1, - 2), saddle point 1 1
11. Quadratic: 1 - x2 - y2; E(x, y) … 0.00134
2 2
1 1 355 9 6 3
49. a , , b 51. a , , b 53. 3, 3, 3 55. 12
6 3 36 7 7 7 Section 14.10, pp. 862–863
4 4 4 1. (a) 0 (b) 1 + 2z (c) 1 + 2z
57. * * 59. 2 ft * 2 ft * 1 ft
23 23 23 0U 0U V 0U nR 0U
3. (a) + a b (b) a b +
61. (a) O n the semicircle, max ƒ = 2 22 at t = p>4, min ƒ = - 2 0P 0T nR 0P V 0T
at t = p. On the quarter circle, max ƒ = 2 22 at t = p>4, 0x 0r x
5. (a) 5 (b) 5 7. a b = cos u a b =
min ƒ = 2 at t = 0, p>2. 0r u 0x y 2x2 + y2
(b) O n the semicircle, max g = 2 at t = p>4, min g = - 2 at
t = 3p>4. On the quarter circle, max g = 2 at t = p>4, Practice Exercises, pp. 864–867
min g = 0 at t = 0, p>2. 1. Domain: all points in the xy-plane; range: z Ú 0. Level curves
(c) O n the semicircle, max h = 8 at t = 0, p; min h = 4 are ellipses with major axis along the y-axis and minor axis
at t = p>2. On the quarter circle, max h = 8 at t = 0, along the x-axis.
min h = 4 at t = p>2. y
63. i) min ƒ = - 1>2 at t = - 1>2; no max 3

ii) max ƒ = 0 at t = - 1, 0; min ƒ = - 1>2 at t = - 1>2 z=9
iii) max ƒ = 4 at t = 1; min ƒ = 0 at t = 0 x
–1 1
20 9 71
67. y = - x + , y x=4 = -
13 13 13 –3
Section 14.8, pp. 852–854

3. Domain: all (x, y) such that x ≠ 0 and y ≠ 0; range: z ≠ 0.
11 1 1
1. ¢ { , ≤, ¢ { , - ≤ 3. 39 5. 1 3, {3 22 2 Level curves are hyperbolas with the x- and y-axes as asymp-
22 2 22 2 totes.
7. (a) 8 (b) 64 y
9. r = 2 cm, h = 4 cm 11. Length = 4 22, width = 3 22
13. ƒ(0, 0) = 0 is minimum; ƒ(2, 4) = 20 is maximum. z=1
15. Lowest = 0°, highest = 125°
x
3 5
17. a , 2, b 19. 1 21. (0, 0, 2), (0, 0, - 2)
2 2
23. ƒ(1, -2, 5) = 30 is maximum; ƒ(- 1, 2, - 5) = -30 is minimum.
2 2 2 5. Domain: all points in xyz-space; range: all real numbers. Level
25. 3, 3, 3 27. by by units
23 23 23 surfaces are paraboloids of revolution with the z-axis as axis.
29. ( {4>3, - 4>3, - 4>3) 31. ≈24,322 units z
4
33. U(8, 14) = +128 37. ƒ(2>3, 4>3, -4>3) = f(x, y, z) = x 2 + y2 – z = –1
3 or
z = x2 + y2 + 1
39. (2, 4, 4) 41. Maximum is 1 + 6 23 at 1 { 26, 23, 1 2;
minimum is 1 - 6 23 at 1 { 26, - 23, 1 2. 1
43. Maximum is 4 at (0, 0, {2); minimum is 2 at
y
1 { 22, { 22, 0 2.
x

7. Domain: all (x, y, z) such that (x, y, z) ≠ (0, 0, 0); range: positive 45. z
x2 + y + z2 = 0
real numbers. Level surfaces are spheres with center (0, 0, 0) and ∇f 0 (0, –1, 1) = j + 2k
radius r 7 0.
z h(x, y, z) = 2 12 =1 1
or x + y + z2 ∇f 0 (0, 0, 0) = j
2 2 2
x +y +z =1
1 y
–1
x
∇f 0 (0, –1, –1) = j – 2k
1 1
x y
47. Tangent: 4x - y - 5z = 4; normal line:

x = 2 + 4t, y = -1 -t, z = 1 - 5t
49. 2y - z - 2 = 0
9. - 2 11. 1 > 2 13. 1 15. Let y = kx2, k ≠ 1
51. Tangent: x + y = p + 1; normal line: y = x - p + 1
17. No; lim(x,y) S (0,0) ƒ(x, y) does not exist.
y y = –x + p + 1
0g 0g
19. = cos u + sin u, = -r sin u + r cos u 2 y=x–p+1
0r 0u
0ƒ 1 0ƒ 1 0ƒ 1
1 y = 1 + sin x
21. = - 2, = - 2, = - 2
0R1 R1 0R2 R2 0R3 R3 x
0 1 2 p
0P RT 0P nT 0P nR 0P nRT
23. = , = , = , = - 2 53. x = 1 - 2t, y = 1, z = 1>2 + 2t
0n V 0R V 0T V 0V V
2 2 2 2 55. Answers will depend on the upper bound used for
0g 0 g 2x 0 g 0g 1
25. = 0, 2 = 3 , = = - 2 ƒxx , ƒxy , ƒyy . With M = 22>2, E … 0.0142. With
0x2 0y y 0y 0x 0x 0y y
M = 1, E … 0.02.
0 2ƒ 2 - 2x2 0 ƒ
2
0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ 57. L(x, y, z) = y - 3z, L(x, y, z) = x + y - z - 1
27. = - 30x + , = 0, = = 1
0x2 ( x2 + 1 ) 2 0y2 0y 0x 0x 0y 59. Be more careful with the diameter.
61. dI = 0.038, % change in I = 15.83,, more sensitive to voltage
dw 2
29. = -1 change
dt t = 0
63. (a) 5% 65. Local minimum of -8 at (- 2, - 2)
0w 2 0w 2 67. Saddle point at (0, 0), ƒ(0, 0) = 0; local maximum of 1 > 4 at
31. = 2, = 2 - p (-1>2, - 1>2)
0r (r, s) = (p, 0) 0s (r, s) = (p, 0)
69. Saddle point at (0, 0), ƒ(0, 0) = 0; local minimum of - 4 at
dƒ (0, 2); local maximum of 4 at (-2, 0); saddle point at (- 2, 2),
33. 2 = - (sin 1 + cos 2)(sin 1) + (cos 1 + cos 2)(cos 1)
dt t = 1 ƒ(-2, 2) = 0
- 2(sin 1 + cos 1)(sin 2) 71. Absolute maximum: 28 at (0, 4); absolute minimum: - 9>4 at
dy (3 > 2, 0)
35. 2 = -1 73. Absolute maximum: 18 at (2, -2); absolute minimum: - 17>4 at
dx (x, y) = (0,1)
(-2, 1>2)
22 22 75. Absolute maximum: 8 at (-2, 0); absolute minimum: - 1 at
37. Increases most rapidly in the direction u = - i - j; (1, 0)
2 2
22 22 77. Absolute maximum: 4 at (1, 0); absolute minimum: - 4 at
decreases most rapidly in the direction -u = i + j; (0, -1)
2 2
79. Absolute maximum: 1 at (0, {1) and (1, 0); absolute minimum:
22 22 7 v -1 at (-1, 0)
Du ƒ = ; D-u ƒ = - ; Du1 ƒ = - where u1 =
2 2 10 v 81. Maximum: 5 at (0, 1); minimum: -1>3 at (0, -1>3)
2 3 6
39. Increases most rapidly in the direction u = i + j + k; 1 1 1
7 7 7 83. Maximum: 23 at ¢ ,- , ≤; minimum: - 23 at
2 3 6 23 23 23
decreases most rapidly in the direction -u = - i - j - k;
7 7 7 1 1 1
v ¢- , ,- ≤
Du ƒ = 7; D-u ƒ = -7; Du1ƒ = 7 where u1 = 23 23 23
v
41. p> 22 c2V 1>3 b2V 1>3 a2V 1>3
85. Width = ¢ ≤ , depth = ¢ ac ≤ , height = ¢ ≤
43. (a) ƒx(1, 2) = ƒy(1, 2) = 2 (b) 14 > 5 ab bc

3 1 1 1 1 11. (a) 0 … x … 3, x2 … y … 3x

87. Maximum: at ¢ , , 22≤ and ¢- ,- , - 22≤; y
2 22 22 22 22 (b) 0 … y … 9, … x … 2y
3
1 1 1 1 1 13. (a) 0 … x … 9, 0 … y … 2x
minimum: at ¢- , , - 22≤ and ¢ ,- , 22≤
2 22 22 22 22 (b) 0 … y … 3, y2 … x … 9
0w 0w sin u 0w 0w 0w cos u 0w 15. (a) 0 … x … ln 3, e-x … y … 1
89. = cos u - r , = sin u + r
0x 0r 0u 0y 0r 0u 1
95. (t, - t { 4, t), t a real number (b) … y … 1, - ln y … x … ln 3
3
z 17. (a) 0 … x … 1, x … y … 3 - 2x
101. (a) ( 2y + x2z ) eyz (b) x2eyz ay - b (c) ( 1 + x2y ) eyz
2y 3 - y
(b) 0 … y … 1, 0 … x … y ∪ 1 … y … 3, 0 … x …
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 867–869 2
1. ƒxy(0, 0) = - 1, ƒyx(0, 0) = 1 p2
19. + 2 21. 8 ln 8 - 16 + e
r2 1 23abc 2
7. (c) = ( x2 + y2 + z2 ) 13. V = y
2 2 2 y
ln 8 (ln ln 8, ln 8)
y x 9 (p, p)
17. ƒ(x, y) = + 4, g(x, y) = + p
2 2 2 x = ln y
1
19. y = 2 ln sin x + ln 2
1 -1 x
21. (a) (2i + 7j) (b) (98i - 127j + 58k) 0 p
0 ln ln 8
x
253 229,097
2 2
23. w = e-c p t sin px
23. e - 2
y
Chapter 15 1
(1, 1)
Section 15.1, pp. 874–875

1. 24 3. 1 5. 16 7. 2 ln 2 - 1 9. (3>2)(5 - e) x = y2
11. 3>2 13. ln 2 15. 14 17. 0 19. 1>2
21. 2 ln 2 23. (ln 2)2 25. 8>3 27. 1 29. 22 0 1
x
3
31. 2>27 33. ln 3 - 1 35. (a) 1>3 (b) 2>3
2 3
25. ln 2 27. -1>10
Section 15.2, pp. 882–884 2
1. 3. 29. 8 31. 2p
y y
u
y = 2x y
x = y2 u = sec t
6
2 (−p3, 2) (p3, 2)
2
p
−2 2
1
y=p y = −p
x
4
t
(−2, −2) −2 (2, −2) −p p
x 3 3
3
−2
4 (4 - y)>2 1 x
L2 L0 L0 Lx2
33. dx dy 35. dy dx
5. 7.
y y
y y
e y = ex
1 (1, 1)
1
4
y = 4 − 2x y=x
y=e 2 (1, 2) y = x2
x = sin−1y x
x 0 1
x x 0 1
1 p
2
9. (a) 0 … x … 2, x3 … y … 8
(b) 0 … y … 8, 0 … x … y1>3

e 1 9 1 29 - y2>2 57. 4 > 3 59. 625 > 12 61. 16 63. 20 65. 2(1 + ln 2)
L1 Lln y L0 L0
37. dx dy 39. 16x dx dy 67.
y z
y y
2 1
e (1, e) 9 z = 1 − 1x − 1y
3 2
y = ex
y = 9 − 4x 2
(1, 1) y
1 2
x x x
0 1 0 3 3
2
3
1 21 - x2 1 e
L-1L0 L0 Ley
x
41. 3y dy dx 43. xy dx dy
3 20 23
y y 69. 1 71. p2 73. - 75.
y = ln x 32 9
1 x 2 + y2 = 1 1 2-x
L0 Lx
77. ( x2 + y2 ) dy dx = 4
3
y
x
−1 0 1 2
y=
x
1 e
2
−
x
1
e3 3
L1 Lln x
x
45. (x + y) dy dx 47. 2
y=
x
1
y y
x=1
x = ey 79. R is the set of points (x, y) such that x2 + 2y2 6 4.
3
p (p, p) 81. No, by Fubini’s Theorem, the two orders of integration must give
the same result.
y=x 85. 0.603 87. 0.233
x
0 p Section 15.3, p. 887
x 2 2-x 1 -y2
L0 L0 L-2 Ly - 2
1 e3 9
1. dy dx = 2 or 3. dx dy =
2
e - 2
49. 51. 2 2 2-y
L0 L0
2 y
y y dx dy = 2 (−1, 1)
1
2Îln 3 (Îln 3, 2Îln 3)
1 (1, 1) y = 2x y
x
−4 −2 0
x=y
y=x+2
2
y=2−x x = −y2
x x −2
0 1 (−4, −2)
0 Îln 3
53. 1>(80p) 55. - 2>3 0 2

x
y y
ln 2 ex 1 2y - y2
L0 L0 L0 Ly
1
1 1 1
Q 2 , 16R 1 5. dy dx = 1 7. dx dy =
16 2 3
y = x4
−x + y = 1 x+y=1 y y
(ln 2, 2)
y = ex 1 (1, 1)
x
0 1 x x = y2
2 −1 1
1
x = 2y − y2
−x − y = 1 x−y=1
x x
0 ln 2 0 1
−1

2 3y Section 15.4, pp. 892–894
L0 Ly
9. 1 dx dy = 4 or p p 3p
1. … u … 2p, 0 … r … 9 3. … u … , 0 … r … csc u
2 4 4
2 x 6 2 p
L0 Lx>3 L2 Lx>3
5. 0 … u … , 1 … r … 2 23 sec u;
1 dy dx + 1 dy dx = 4 6
p p
… u … , 1 … r … 2 csc u
6 2
y
y = 1x
p p p
y=x
3 7. - … u … , 0 … r … 2 cos u 9.
2
2 2 2
y=2 11. 2p 13. 36 15. 2 - 23 17. (1 - ln 2) p
2 1 1 + 22 2
x 19. (2 ln 2 - 1) (p>2) 21.
2 6 3
23. y
1 2x 2 3-x 1 y = Î1 − x2 or x = Î1 − y2
L0 Lx>2 L1 Lx>2
3
11. 1 dy dx + 1 dy dx = or
2
1 2y 2 3-y
L0 Ly>2 L1 Ly>2
3
1 dx dy + 1 dx dy =
2
x
y 1

y = 2x or x = 1 y 1 21 - x2 1 21 - y2
L0 L0 L0 L0
3
2
xy dy dx or xy dx dy
2
y = 1 x or x = 2y
25. y x=2
2
2 y=x
1
x
1 2 3
y = 3 − x or x = 3 − y
x
2
13. 12 15. 22 - 1
y 2 x 2 2
L0 L0 L0 Ly
y
y2 ( x2 + y2 ) dy dx or y2 ( x2 + y2 ) dx dy
y = cos x
6 2
y = 3x (12, 6) Î2
(p4, Î2/2) 2a
2 27. 2(p - 2) 29. 12p 31. (3p>8) + 1 33.
3
y= x y = sin x
2
x 2a 4 5p
0 12 x 35. 37. 2p1 2 - 2e 2 39. +
NOT TO SCALE
0 p
4
3 3 8
2p 1
3 41. (a) (b) 1 43. p ln 4, no 45. ( a2 + 2h2 )
17. 2 2
2 8
y 47. (3p - 4)
9
(−1, 2)
2 Section 15.5, pp. 900–903
y = −2x
y=1−x 1. 1 > 6
x 1 2 - 2x 3 - 3x - 3y>2 2 1 - y>2 3 - 3x - 3y>2
L0 L0 L0 L0 L0 L0
(0, 0) 2
(2, −1) 3. dz dy dx, dz dx dy,
x
y=−
2
1 3 - 3x 2 - 2x - 2z>3 3 1 - z>3 2 - 2x - 2z>3
L0 L0 L0 L0 L0 L0
dy dz dx, dy dx dz,
2
19. (a) 0 (b) 4>p 21. 8 > 3 23. p - 2 2 3 - 3y>2 1 - y>2 - z>3 3 2 - 2z>3 1 - y>2 - z>3
L0 L0 L0 L0 L0 L0
25. 40,000(1 - e-2) ln (7>2) ≈ 43,329 dx dz dy, dx dy dz.
The value of all six integrals is 1.

2 24 - x 2 8 - x2 - y2 2 24 - y 2 8 - x2 - y2 Section 15.7, pp. 918–922
L-2L- 24 - x 2Lx 2 + y 2 L-2L- 24 - y 2Lx 2 + y 2

5. 1 dz dx dy, 1 dz dx dy, 4p1 22 - 1 2 17p 3p
1. 3. 5. p1 6 22 - 8 2 7.
3 5 10
2 8 - y2 28 - z - y 2 2 4 2z - y 2
L-2L4 L- 28 - z - y 2 L-2Ly 2 L- 2z - y 2
1 dx dz dy + 1 dx dz dy, 9. p>3
2p 1 24 - r2
L0 L0 L0
8 28 - z 28 - z - y 2 4 2z 2z - y 2
11. (a) r dz dr du
L4 L- 28 - zL- 28 - z - y 2 L0 L- 2zL- 2z - y 2
1 dx dy dz + 1 dx dy dz, 2p 23 1 2p 2 24 - z2
L0 L0 L0 L0 L23 L0
(b) r dr dz du + r dr dz du
2 8 - x2 28 - z - x 2 2 4 2z - x 2
L-2L4 L- 28 - z - x 2 L-2Lx 2 L- 2z - x 2
1 dy dz dx + 1 dy dz dx, 1 24 - r2 2p
L0 L0 L0
(c) r du dz dr
8 28 - z 28 - z - x 2 4 2z 2z - x 2
L4 L- 28 - zL- 28 - z - x 2 L0 L- 2zL- 2z - x 2
1 dy dx dz + 1 dy dx dz. p>2 cos u 3r2
L-p>2 L0 L0
13. ƒ(r, u, z) dz r dr du
The value of all six integrals is 16p.
p 2 sin u 4 - r sin u
51 2 - 23 2
L0 L0 L0
7. 1 9. 6 11. 13. 18 15. ƒ(r, u, z) dz r dr du
4
1 p 1 + cos u 4
15. 7 > 6 17. 0 19. - p>2
L-p>2L1 L0
2 8 17. ƒ(r, u, z) dz r dr du
2
1 1-x 1-z 1 21 - z 1-z
L-1L0 Lx2 L0 L- 21 - z Lx2

sec u 2 - r sin u
21. (a) dy dz dx (b) dy dx dz p>4
L0 L0 L0
19. ƒ(r, u, z) dz r dr du 21. p2
1 1-z 2y 1 1-y 2y
L0 L0 L- 2y L0 L0 L- 2y
(c) dx dy dz (d) dx dz dy 8 - 5 22
23. p>3 25. 5p 27. 2p 29. a bp
2
1 2y 1-y
L0 L- 2yL0
2p p>6 2
L0 L0 L0
(e) dz dx dy 31. (a) r2 sin f dr df du +
32 2p p>2 csc f
23. 2 > 3 25. 20 > 3 27. 1 29. 16 > 3 31. 8p -
L0 Lp>6 L0
3 r2 sin f dr df du
33. 2 35. 4p 37. 31 > 3 39. 1 41. 2 sin 4
43. 4 45. a = 3 or a = 13>3 2p 2 sin-1(1>r)
L0 L1 Lp>6
47. The domain is the set of all points (x, y, z) such that (b) r2 sin f df dr du +
4x2 + 4y2 + z2 … 4.
2p 2 p>6
L0 L0 L0
Section 15.6, pp. 908–910 r2 sin f df dr du +
1. x = 5>14, y = 38>35 3. x = 64>35, y = 5>7
5. x = y = 4a>(3p) 7. Ix = Iy = 4p, I0 = 8p 2p 1 p>2
L0 L0 Lp>6
9. x = - 1, y = 1>4 11. Ix = 64>105 r2 sin f df dr du
13. x = 3>8, y = 17>16 15. x = 11>3, y = 14>27, Iy = 432
17. x = 0, y = 13>31, Iy = 7>5 2p p>2 2
L0 L0 Lcos f
31p
19. x = 0, y = 7>10; Ix = 9>10, Iy = 3>10, I0 = 6>5 33. r2 sin f dr df du =
6
M 2
21. Ix = ( b + c2 ) , Iy = M ( a2 + c2 ) , Iz = M ( a2 + b2 ) 2p p 1 - cos f
L0 L0 L0
3 3 3 8p
35. r2 sin f dr df du =
23. x = y = 0, z = 12>5, Ix = 7904>105 ≈ 75.28, 3
Iy = 4832>63 ≈ 76.70, I z = 256>45 ≈ 5.69 2p p>2 2 cos f
L0 Lp>4 L0
25. (a) x = y = 0, z = 8>3 (b) c = 2 22 p
37. r2 sin f dr df du =
27. IL = 1386 3
29. (a) 4 > 3 (b) x = 4>5, y = z = 2>5 p>2 p>2 2
L0 L0 L0
31. (a) 5 > 2 (b) x = y = z = 8>15 (c) Ix = Iy = Iz = 11>6 39. (a) 8 r2 sin f dr df du
33. 3
2 24 - r 2
abc(a2 + b2) p>2
L0 L0 L0
a2 + b2
37. (a) Ic.m. = , Rc.m. = (b) 8 r dz dr du
12 A 12
abc(a2 + 7b2) a2 + 7b2 2 24 - x 2 24 - x 2 - y 2
L0 L0 L0
(b) IL = , RL = (c) 8 dz dy dx
3 A 3

2p p>3 2 cos y - u sin y

L0 L0 Lsec f
41. (a) r2 sin f dr df du 21. (a) ` ` = u cos2 y + u sin2 y = u
sin y u cos y
2p 23 24 - r 2 sin y u cos y
L0 L0 L1
(b) ` ` = -u sin2 y - u cos2 y = - u
(b) r dz dr du cos y - u sin y
3
23 23 - x 2 24 - x 2 - y 2 27. ln 2
2
L- 23 L- 23 - x 2 L1
(c) dz dy dx (d) 5p>3
3p - 4 2pa3 1. 9e - 9 3. 9 > 2
43. 8p>3 45. 9 > 4 47. 49.
18 3 y t
41 2 22 - 1 2p 10 (110, 10) 3
51. 5p>3 53. p>2 55. 57. 16p 2
3
4p1 8 - 3 23 2 y = 1x s
59. 5p>2 61. 63. 2 > 3 65. 3 > 4 −3 3
3
67. x = y = 0, z = 3>8 69. (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 3>8) s2 + 4t 2 = 9
(1, 1)
4 1
a hp x
71. x = y = 0, z = 5>6 73. Ix = p>4 75. 0 1
10 NOT TO SCALE
4 p 0 4 - x2 3 (1>2) 29 - x2
77. (a) (x, y, z) = a0, 0, b, Iz =
L-2L2x + 4 L-3 L0
5 12 4 9
5. dy dx = 7. y dy dx =
3 2
5 p
(b) (x, y, z) = a0, 0, b, Iz =
6 14 y
y
3M 4 y = 2x + 4
81. 3
x 2 + 4y2 = 9
pR3 x = −Î4 − y 2
85. The surface’s equation r = ƒ(z) tells us that the point (r, u, z) = x
(ƒ(z), u, z) will lie on the surface for all u. In particular, x
−3 0 3
−2
(ƒ(z), u + p, z) lies on the surface whenever (ƒ(z), u, z) lies on
the surface, so the surface is symmetric with respect to the z-axis.
ln 17
z 9. sin 4 11. 13. 4 > 3 15. 4 > 3 17. 1 > 4
( f(z), u, z) 4
z
( f(z), u + p, z) p - 2
f(z) 19. p 21. 23. 0 25. 8 > 35 27. p>2
f(z) 4
2 ( 31 - 35>2 )
29.
3
22 22 - y 2 24 - x 2 - y 2
L- 22 L- 22 - y 2 L2x 2 + y 2
u
31. (a) 3 dz dx dy
u+p
x y 2p p>4 2
L0 L0 L0
(b) 3 r2 sin f dr df du (c) 2p1 8 - 4 22 2
Section 15.8, pp. 930–932
2p p>4 sec f
L0 L0 L0
u + y y - 2u 1 p
1. (a) x = ,y = ; 33. r2 sin f dr df du =
3 3 3 3
(b) Triangular region with boundaries u = 0, y = 0, and 1 23 - x 2 24 - x 2 - y 2
L0 L21 - x 2 L1
u + y = 3 35. z2 xy dz dy dx
1 1 1
3. (a) x = (2u - y), y = (3y - u);
5 10 10 23 23 - x 2 24 - x 2 - y 2
L1 L0 L1
(b) Triangular region with boundaries 3y = u, y = 2u, and + z2 xy dz dy dx
3u + y = 10
2 3 8p1 4 22 - 5 2 8p1 4 22 - 5 2
L1 L1
2u 52 37. (a) (b)
7. 64 > 5 9. (u + y) y du dy = 8 + ln 2 3 3
3
8pd(b5 - a5)
pab ( a2 + b2 ) 1 3 39. Iz =
11. 13. a1 + 2 b ≈ 0.4687 15
4 3 e 1
41. x = y = 43. I0 = 104 45. Ix = 2d
225 a2b2c2 2 - ln 4
15. 17. 12 19. 3 23
16 6 47. M = 4, Mx = 0, My = 0 49. x = p , y = 0

15p + 32 11. (a) 2 (b) 3 > 2 (c) 1 > 2

51. (a) x = , y = 0
6p + 48 13. -15>2 15. 36 17. (a) -5>6 (b) 0 (c) - 7>12
(b) y 19. 1 > 2 21. -p 23. 69 > 4 25. - 39>2 27. 25 > 6
r = 1 + cos u 29. (a) Circ 1 = 0, circ 2 = 2p, flux1 = 2p, flux2 = 0
r=1
1 (b) Circ 1 = 0, circ 2 = 8p, flux1 = 8p, flux2 = 0
31. Circ = 0, flux = a2p 33. Circ = a2p, flux = 0
p
c.m. 35. (a) - (b) 0 (c) 1 37. (a) 32 (b) 32 (c) 32
1 ≈ 1.18 2
x 2
39. y
−1 2
x2 + y2 = 4
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 935–936 x
0 2
2 6 - x2 2 6 - x2 x2
L-3 Lx L-3 Lx L0
1. (a) x2 dy dx (b) dz dy dx
(c) 125 > 4

3. 2p 5. 3p>2 41. (a) G = -yi + xj (b) G = 2x2 + y2 F
7. (a) Hole radius = 1, sphere radius = 2 (b) 4 23p
xi + yj 1
b 43. F = - 47. 48 49. p 51. 0 53.
4
9. p>4 11. ln a a b 15. 1> 2 3 2x2 + y2 2
b Section 16.3, pp. 966–968

17. Mass = a2 cos-1 a a b - b 2a2 - b2, 1. Conservative 3. Not conservative 5. Not conservative
3y2
a4 -1 b b3 b3 7. ƒ(x, y, z) = x2 + + 2z2 + C 9. ƒ(x, y, z) = xey + 2z + C
I0 = cos a a b - 2a2 - b2 - ( a2 - b2 ) 3>2 2
2 2 6
1
1 a2 b2 11. ƒ(x, y, z) = x ln x - x + tan (x + y) + ln ( y2 + z2 ) + C
19. (e - 1) 21. (b) 1 (c) 0 2
ab 13. 49 15. -16 17. 1 19. 9 ln 2 21. 0 23. - 3
1 1 22 x2 - 1
25. h = 220 in., h = 260 in. 27. 2pc - a b d 27. F = ∇ a y b 29. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1
3 3 2
31. (a) 2 (b) 2 33. (a) c = b = 2a (b) c = b = 2
Chapter 16 35. It does not matter what path you use. The work will be the same
on any path because the field is conservative.
Section 16.1, pp. 943–945
37. The force F is conservative because all partial derivatives of M,
1. Graph (c) 3. Graph (g) 5. Graph (d) 7. Graph (f )
(xa, ya, za) and B = (xb, yb, zb). Therefore, 1 F # dr =
N, and P are zero. ƒ(x, y, z) = ax + by + cz + C; A =
13 1
9. 22 11. 13. 3 214 15. 1 5 25 + 9 2
2 6
ƒ(B) - ƒ(A) = a(xb - xa) + b(yb - ya) + c(zb - za) =
b
17. 23 ln a a b 19. (a) 4 25 (b)
1
( 173>2 - 1 ) F# rAB.
12
15 16 Section 16.4, pp. 978–980
21. ( e - e64 ) 23. 1 (403>2 - 133>2) 1. Flux = 0, circ = 2pa2 3. Flux = - pa2, circ = 0
32 27
1 3>2 10 25 - 2 5. Flux = 2, circ = 0 7. Flux = -9, circ = 9
25. 1 5 + 7 22 - 1 2 27. 29. 8 9. Flux = - 11>60, circ = - 7>60
6 3
1 11. Flux = 64>9, circ = 0 13. Flux = 1>2, circ = 1>2
31. ( 173>2 - 1 ) 33. 2 22 - 1 15. Flux = 1>5, circ = - 1>12 17. 0 19. 2 > 33 21. 0
6
23. -16p 25. pa2 27. 3p>8
35. (a) 4 22 - 2 (b) 22 + ln 1 1 + 22 2 37. Iz = 2pda3
29. (a) 0 if C is traversed counterclockwise
39. (a) Iz = 2p 22d (b) Iz = 4p 22d 41. Ix = 2p - 2 (b) (h - k)(area of the region) 39. (a) 0
Section 16.2, pp. 955–957 Section 16.5, pp. 989–991

1. ∇ƒ = - (x i + y j + z k) ( x2 + y2 + z2 ) -3>2 1. r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + r 2k, 0 … r … 2,
0 … u … 2p
2x 2y
3. ∇g = - a bi - a 2 bj + ez k 3. r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + (r>2)k, 0 … r … 6,
2 2
x + y x + y2 0 … u … p>2
kx ky 5. r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + 29 - r 2 k,
5. F = - i - 2 j, any k 7 0 0 … r … 3 22>2, 0 … u … 2p; Also:
(x2 + y2)3>2 (x + y2)3>2
r(f, u) = (3 sin f cos u)i + (3 sin f sin u)j +
7. (a) 9 > 2 (b) 13 > 3 (c) 9 > 2
(3 cos f)k, 0 … f … p>4, 0 … u … 2p
9. (a) 1 > 3 (b) - 1>5 (c) 0

7. r(f, u) = 1 23 sin f cos u 2i + 1 23 sin f sin u 2j + 1 2p

u2 cos2 y # 24u2 + 1 #
O L0 L0
7. x2 25 - 4z ds =
1 23 cos f 2k, p>3 … f … 2p>3, 0 … u … 2p
S
9. r(x, y) = x i + y j + (4 - y2)k, 0 … x … 2, - 2 … y … 2
1 2p
L0 L0
11. r(u, y) = u i + (3 cos y)j + (3 sin y)k, 0 … u … 3, 11p
u 24u2 + 1 dy du = u3(4u2 + 1) cos2 y dy du =
0 … y … 2p 12
13. (a) r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + (1 - r cos u - r sin u)k, abc
0 … r … 3, 0 … u … 2p 9. 9a3 11. (ab + ac + bc) 13. 2
4
(b) r(u, y) = (1 - u cos y - u sin y)i + (u cos y)j + 1 3
(u sin y)k, 0 … u … 3, 0 … y … 2p 15.
30
1 22 + 6 26 2 17. 26>30 19. - 32 21. pa
6

15. r(u, y) = (4 cos2 y)i + uj + (4 cos y sin y)k, 0 … u … 3, 23. 13a4 >6 25. 2p>3 27. -73p>6 29. 18
- (p>2) … y … (p>2); Another way: r(u, y) = (2 + 2 cos y)i
+ uj + (2 sin y)k, 0 … u … 3, 0 … y … 2p pa3 pa2 pa3
31. 33. 35. 37. - 32 39. - 4
2p 1 6 4 2
L0 L0 2
25 p 25
17. r dr du = a a a
2 41. 3a4 43. a , , b
2 2 2
2p 3 2p 4
L0 L1 L0 L1
19. r 25 dr du = 8p 25 21. 1 du dy = 6p 14 15p 22
45. (x, y, z) = a0, 0, b, Iz = d
9 2
2p 1
1 5 25 - 12 8p 4 20p 4
L0 L0
23. u 24u2 + 1 du dy = 47. (a) ad (b) ad
6
p 3 3
2p p Section 16.7, pp. 1013–1014
L0 Lp>4
25. 2 sin f df du = 1 4 + 2 22 2p 1. 4p 3. -5>6 5. 0 7. -6p 9. 2pa2
11. -p 13. 12p 15. - p>4 17. - 15p 19. - 8p
27. 29. 27. 16Iy + 16Ix
z
z
Section 16.8, pp. 1025–1027
z = Îx 2 + y2
1. 0 3. 0 5. -16 7. - 8p 9. 3p 11. - 40>3
x 2 + ( y – 3)2 = 9
13. 12p 15. 12p1 4 22 - 1 2 19. No
√3x + y = 9 21. The integral’s value never exceeds the surface area of S.
x + y − Î2z = 0
23. 184/35
(Î2, Î2, 2)

x 6
x y 1. Path 1: 2 23; path 2: 1 + 3 22 3. 4a2 5. 0
y
3√3 , 9/2, 0 7. 8p sin (1) 9. 0 11. p 23
2
1 abc 1 1 1
2p p 13. 2pa1 - b 15. + 2 + 2 17. 50
L0 L0
22 2 A a2 b c
33. (b) A = 3a2b2 sin2 f cos2 f + b2c2 cos4 f cos2 u +
19. r(f, u) = (6 sin f cos u)i + (6 sin f sin u)j + (6 cos f)k,
a2c2 cos4 f sin2 u 4 1>2 df du p 2p
… f … , 0 … u … 2p
35. x0 x + y0 y = 25 37. 13p>3 39. 4 6 3
5122_Thomas_ANS_393
21. r(r, u) = (r cos u)i + (r sin u)j + (1 + r)k, 0 … r … 2,
41. 6 26 - 2 22 43. p 2c2 + 1
p 0 … u … 2p
45.
6
1 17 217 - 5 25 2 47. 3 + 2 ln 2 23. r(u, y) = (u cos y)i + 2u2j + (u sin y)k, 0 … u … 1,
0 … y … p
49.
p
1 13 213 - 1 2 51. 5p 22 53. 23 1 5 25 - 1 2
6 25. 26 27. p 3 22 + ln 1 1 + 22 24 29. Conservative
Section 16.6, pp. 1000–1002 31. Not conservative 33. ƒ(x, y, z) = y2 + yz + 2x + z
3 2 35. Path 1: 2; path 2: 8 > 3 37. (a) 1 - e - 2p (b) 1 - e - 2p
O L0 L0
2 17 217 - 1
1. x ds = u 24u + 1 du dy = 39. 0 41. (a) 4 22 - 2 (b) 22 + ln 1 1 + 22 2
4
S
16 2 232 64 56
2p p 43. (x, y, z) = a1, , b; Ix = ,I = ,I =
O L0 L0
2 3 2 4p 15 3 45 y 15 z 9
3. x ds = sin f cos u df du =
3
S 3 7 23
45. z = ,I = 47. (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 49>12), Iz = 640p
1 1 2 z 3
O L0 L0
2p
5. z ds = (4 - u - y) 23 dy du = 3 23 49. Flux: 3 > 2; circ: -1>2 53. 3 55.
3
1 7 - 8 22 2
S
57. 0 59. p
(for x = u, y = y)

A-70 Appendices: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 1030–1032 17. x@intercept = 23, y@intercept = - 22
1. 6p 3. 2 > 3 y
5. (a) F(x, y, z) = z i + x j + y k
(b) F(x, y, z) = z i + y k (c) F(x, y, z) = zi
x
16pR3 0 1 2
7. 9. a = 2, b = 1. The minimum flux is -4.
3 −1 Î2 x − Î3 y = Î6
16
11. (b) g
3 −2
LC LC
16 19. (3, -3)
(c) Work = a gxy dsb y = g xy2 ds = g
3 21. x2 + (y - 2)2 = 4 23. 1x + 23 22 + (y + 2)2 = 4
4
13. (c) pw 19. False if F = y i + x j y y
3 Q−Î3, 0R
(0 , 4)
x
−4
Appendices (0, −1)
C(0 , 2)
Appendix 1, p. AP-6
C Q−Î 3, – 2R
1. 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.8, 0.9 or 1 (0, 0)
(0, −3)
x
1 −2 −1 1 2
3. x 6 - 2
5. x … - −4
3
x x 25. x2 + ( y - 3>2)2 = 25>4 27.
−2 −13
y
y y = x2 − 2x − 3
7. 3, - 3 9. 7>6, 25>6 (0, 4) (−1, 0)
x
11. - 2 … t … 4 13. 0 … z … 10 4 0 1 2 (3, 0)
t z 3
−2 4 0 10
Axis: x = 1
2
C(0, 32)
15. (- q, -24 ∪ 32, q) 17. (- q, -34 ∪ 31, q) (−2, 0)
1 (2, 0)
x
s r −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−2 2 −3 1
−1 (0, −1)
(0, −3)
19. (- 3, - 2) ∪ (2, 3) 21. (0, 1) 23. (- q, 14 2 2

−2
x + (y – 32) = 254 V(1, −4)
27. The graph of 0 x 0 + 0 y 0 … 1 is the interior and boundary of the
“diamond-shaped” region. 29. y
V(−3, 4)
y 2
y = −x − 6x − 5 4
1
0x0 + 0y0 ≤ 1
(−5, 0)
x x
−1 1 −6 −3 (−1, 0) 0
Axis: x = −3
−1
(−6, −5) (0, −5)

Appendix 3, pp. AP-17–AP-18
1. 2, - 4; 2 25 3. Unit circle 31. Exterior points of a circle of radius 27, centered at the origin
1 33. The washer between the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 4
5. m# = - (points with distance from the origin between 1 and 2)
3
y
35. (x + 2)2 + (y - 1)2 6 6
1 2 1 2
A(−1, 2) 2 37. a , b, a- ,- b
y = 3x + 5 25 25 25 25
1
Slope = 3
1 1 1 1
0
x 39. a- , - b, a , - b
−2 −1
23 3 23 3
B(−2, −1) −1
41. (a) ≈ -2.5 degrees > inch (b) ≈ -16.1 degrees > inch
7. (a) x = - 1 (b) y = 4>3 9. y = -x (c) ≈ -8.3 degrees > inch 43. 5.97 atm
5 x
11. y = - x + 6 13. y = 4x + 4 15. y = - + 12
4 2

Appendices: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-71
45. Yes: C = F = -40° 5. (a) Points on the circle x2 + y2 = 4

C (b) Points inside the circle x2 + y2 = 4
C=F (c) Points outside the circle x2 + y2 = 4
7. Points on a circle of radius 1, center (- 1, 0)
F
9. Points on the line y = -x 11. 4e2pi>3 13. 1e2pi>3
−40 32
15. cos4 u - 6 cos2 u sin2 u + sin4 u
5
C= (F − 32) 1 23
9
17. 1, - { i 19. 2i, - 23 - i, 23 - i
2 2
−40
(−40, −40)
26 22 26 22
21. { i, - { i 23. 1 { 23i, - 1 { 23i
2 2 2 2
51. k = -8, k = 1>2
Appendix 7, pp. AP-34–AP-35

1. (a) (14, 8) (b) (- 1, 8) (c) (0, - 5)
3. (a) By reflecting z across the real axis
(b) By reflecting z across the imaginary axis
(c) B y reflecting z across the real axis and then multiplying the
length of the vector by 1> z 2

Credits
Page ix, Art on File/Corbis; Page 1, Chapter 1 opening photo, Hal Morey/Getty Images;
Page 41, Chapter 2 opening photo, Gui Jun Peng/Shutterstock; Page 105, Chapter 3
opening photo, Yellowj/Shutterstock; Page 185, Chapter 4 opening photo, Carlos Castilla/
Shutterstock; Page 249, Chapter 5 opening photo, Patrick Pleul/AFP/Getty Images;
Page 313, Chapter 6 opening photo, Pling/Shutterstock; Page 366, Chapter 7 opening
photo, Markus Gann/Shutterstock; Page 444, Chapter 8 opening photo, Petr Petrovich/
Shutterstock; Page 524, Chapter 9 opening photo, Gustavo Ferrari/AP Images; Page
560, Chapter 10 opening photo, Fotomak/Shutterstock; Page 641, Chapter 11 opening
photo, Kjpargeter/Shutterstock; Page 692, Chapter 12 opening photo, Dudarev Mikhail/
Shutterstock; Page 739, Chapter 13 opening photo, Brian Cassey/EPA/Newscom; Page
781, Chapter 14 opening photo, Alberto Loyo/Shutterstock; Page 870, Chapter 15
opening photo, Viappy/Shutterstock; Page 938, Chapter 16 opening photo, Szefei/
Shutterstock; Page 945, Figures 16.6 and 16.7, National Committee for Fluid Mechan-
ics, edited by Shapiro, ILLUSTRATED EXPERIMENTS IN FLUID MECHANICS: THE
NCFMF BOOK OF FILM NOTES, reprinted by permission of Educational Development
Center, Inc.; Page 947, Figure 16.15, InterNetwork Media, Inc., courtesy of NASA/JPL;
Page AP-1, Appendices opening photo, Hal Morey/Getty Images.
C-1
Z04_THOM8960_Credit.indd 2 10/01/14 9:53 AM

Index
a, logarithms with base, 389 Angle convention, 22 discontinuities in dy/dx, 333–334

Abscissa, AP-10 Angle of elevation, 750 of a function, 334, 758
Absolute change, 173 Angle of inclination, AP-11 length of a curve y = ƒ(x), 331–333
Absolute convergence, 592–593 Angles and line integrals, 938–939
Absolute Convergence Test, 593 direction, 712 Arc length differential, 545–546
Absolute extrema, finding, 189–190 between planes, 726 Arc length formula, 334, 652, 757
Absolute (global) maximum, 185–190, 840–842 in standard position, 22 Arc length parameter, 757
Absolute (global) minimum, 185–190, 840–842 in trigonometric functions, 21–22 Arcsecant, 414
Absolute value between vectors, 706–708 Arcsine function
definition of, AP-4–AP-6, AP-30 Angular velocity of rotation, 1009 defining, 412
properties of, AP-5 Antiderivative linearity rules, 234 derivative of, 415
Absolute value function Antiderivatives identities involving, 414
derivative of, 147 definition of, 232 Arctangent, 412, 416, 419
as piecewise-defined function, 5 difference rule, 234 Area
Acceleration finding, 232–235 of bounded regions in plane, 884–886
definition of, 129 and indefinite integrals, 237–238 cross-sectional, 313, 314
derivative of (jerk), 129, 130 motion and, 235–237 under curve or graph, 272
as derivative of velocity, 129, 130–131 of vector function, 747 between curves, 299–302
in free fall, 131 Antidifferentiation, 232 as definite integral, 249
free fall and, 130 Applied optimization definition of, 273
normal component of, 766–771 of area of rectangle, 217–218 by double integration, 884–887
in polar coordinates, 772–775 examples from economics, 219–221 enclosed by astroid, 650–651
in space, 743 examples from mathematics and physics, and estimating with finite sums, 249–257
tangential component of, 766–771 217–219 finite approximations for, 251
velocity and position from, 197 solving problems, 215–217 under graph of nonnegative function, 256
Addition using least material, 216–217 by Green’s Theorem, 979
of functions, 14–15 volume of can, 216–217 infinite, 493
of vectors, 699–700 Approximations of parallelogram, 715, 983
Addition formulas, trigonometric, 25 differential, error in, 171–172 in polar coordinates, 890
Additivity by differentials, 166 of smooth surface, 983
double integrals and, 880 error analysis of, 486–489 surfaces and, 338, 656–657, 980–988
line integrals and, 940–941 linear, error formula for, 831, 856 of surfaces of revolution, 337–340,
Additivity Rule, for definite integrals, 270 Newton’s Method for roots, 227–230 656–657
Albert of Saxony, 588 for roots and powers, 168 total, 250, 284–286
Algebra, Fundamental Theorem of, AP-34 by Simpson’s Rule, 486–489 Area differential, 668
Algebraic functions, 10 standard linear, 166, 830 Argand diagrams, AP-30
Algebra operations, vector, 699–701 tangent line, 166, 830 Argument, AP-30
Algebra rules by Taylor polynomials, 616 Arithmetic mean, 199, 392, 854
for finite sums, 261 trapezoidal, 483–484 Arrow diagram for a function, 2
for gradients, 824 by Trapezoidal Rule, 486–489 Associative laws, AP-24
for natural logarithm, 377 using parabolas, 484–486 Asteroid, centroid and, 655
Algebra systems, computer. See Computer Arbitrary constant, 233 Astroid
algebra systems (CAS) Arccosine function area enclosed by, 650–651
Alternating series defining, 412 length of, 653
definition of, 598–599 identities involving, 414 Asymptotes
harmonic, 598–600 Archimedes’ area formula, 287 of graphs, 86–96
Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, 600, Arc length in graphs of rational functions, 9
623 along curve in space, 756–758 horizontal, 86, 88–90, 94–95
Alternating Series Test, 599 differential formula for, 334–335 of hyperbolas, 676
I-1
Z03_THOM8960_INDEX.indd 1 10/01/14 12:14 PM

I-2 Index
Asymptotes (continued ) length of, 669–670 Circles

oblique or slant, 91 in polar coordinates, area enclosed by, 668 length of, 652
vertical, 86, 94–95 Cartesian coordinates osculating, 763
integrands with, 495–497 conversion to/from polar coordinates, in plane, AP-13–AP-15
Average rates of change, 43, 45 890–892 polar equation for, 685
Average speed in plane, AP-10 standard Cartesian equation for, AP-14
definition of, 41 related to cylindrical and spherical coordi- Circulation, flux versus, 953
moving bodies and, 41–43 nates, 915 Circulation density, 968–971
over short time intervals, 42 related to cylindrical coordinates, 911 Circulation for velocity fields, 952–953
Average value related to polar coordinates, 659–662 Cissoid of Diocles, 155
of continuous functions, 273–274 three-dimensional. See Three-dimensional Clairaut, Alexis, 804
of multivariable functions, 886–887, 899–900 coordinate systems Clairaut’s Theorem, 804
of nonnegative continuous functions, triple integrals in, 894–900 Closed curve, 953
255–256 Cartesian coordinate systems, 692–695 Closed region, 783, 785
Average velocity, 128 Cartesian integrals, changing into polar Cobb-Douglas production function, 853
ax integrals, 890–892 Coefficients
definition of, 386 CAS. See Computer algebra systems binomial, 627
derivative of, 388 CAST rule, 23 determination for partial fractions, 474–475
integral of, 388 Catenary, 11, 432 of polynomial, 8–9
inverse equations for, 389 Cauchy, Augustin-Louis, 408 of power series, 605
laws of exponents, 386 Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem, 408 undetermined, 475
Axis(es) Cavalieri, Bonaventura, 315 Combining functions, 14–21
coordinate, AP-10 Cavalieri’s principle, 315 Combining series, 577–578
of ellipse, 673 Center of curvature, for plane curves, 763 Common functions, 7–11
moments of inertia about, 942, 998 Center of linear approximation, 166 Common logarithm function, 389
of parabola, 672, AP-15 Center of mass Commutativity laws, AP-24
slicing and rotation about, volumes by, centroid, 357–358 Comparison tests
313–320 coordinates of, 353, 942, 998 for convergence of improper integrals,
spin around, 968–971 definition of, 352 498–500
moments and, 351–360, 903–908 for convergence of series, 588–591
Base, of solid, 904 Completeness property of real numbers, AP-24
of cylinder, 313 of thin flat plate, 353–356 Complete ordered field, AP-24
Base a of thin shell, 999–1000 Completing the square, AP-14–AP-15
logarithmic functions with, 389–390 of wire or spring, 942 Complex conjugate, AP-29
Bernoulli, Centroids, 357–358, 904–905 Complex numbers
Daniel, 186 Chain Rule definition of, AP-26
Johann, 146, 403 and curvature function, 762 development of, AP-26–AP-30
Binomial series, 626–628 derivation of Second Derivative Test and, 855 division of, AP-31–32
Binormal vector, 771 derivatives of composite function, 144–146 Euler’s formula and, AP-30–AP-31
Birkhoff, George David, 292 derivatives of exponential functions, 384 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra and, AP-34
Bolzano, Bernard, 129 derivatives of inverse functions, 370 imaginary part of, AP-26
Boundary points derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, multiplication of, AP-31
finding absolute maximum and minimum 416 operations on, AP-31–AP-33
values, 840 for differentiable parametrized curves, 649 powers of, AP-32
for regions in plane, 783 and directional derivatives, 821 real part of, AP-26
for regions in space, 785 for functions of three variables, 812–813 roots of, AP-32–AP-33
Bounded functions, 103–104 for functions of two variables, 809–811 Component equation, for plane, 723
Bounded intervals, 6 for implicit differentiation, 814, 986 Component form of vectors, 697–699
Bounded regions for inverse hyperbolic functions, 429 Component functions, 739, 945
absolute maxima and minima on, 840–842 and motion in polar coordinates, 773 Component (scalar) of u in direction of v, 710
areas of, in plane, 884–886 “outside-inside” rule and, 146 Component test
definition of, 783 for partial derivatives, 809–816 for conservative fields, 962, 964
Bounded sequences, 567–569 with powers of function, 146–148 for exact differential form, 965
Box product, 717–718 proof of, 145–146, 172 Composite functions
Brachistochrones, 645–646 related rates equations, 157 15–16, 79–80, 144–145
Branch diagram(s), for multivariable Chain repeated use of, 146 Compressing a graph, 16
rules, 811, 812, 813, 814 Substitution Rule and, 289–294 Compression of a gas, uniform, 970–971
Branching of blood vessels, 442 for two independent variables and three Computational formulas, for torsion, 768
intermediate variables, 812–813 Computer algebra systems (CAS)
Cable, hanging, 11, 432 for vector functions, 744, 745 in evaluation of improper integrals, 497–498
Calculators Chain rule, for paths, 825 integral tables and, 477–478
to estimate limits, 53–54 Change integrate command, 579
graphing with, 29–34 of base in a logarithm, 389 integration with, 479–480
Cantor set, 581 estimating, in special direction, 829–830 Computer graphing
Carbon-14 decay, 398 exponential, 393–394 of functions, 29–34
Cardiac index, 866 rates of, 41–46, 106–107, 127–133 of functions of two variables, 786
Cardioid sensitivity to, 133, 173–174 Computers, to estimate limits, 53–54
definition of, 665 Charge, electrical, 1022 Concave down graph, 204
graphing of, 668 Circle of curvature, for plane curves, 763–764 Concave up graph, 204, 205

Index I-3
Concavity definition of, 78–79, 741 Cotangent function

curve sketching and, 204–212 differentiability and, 114 extended definition of, 22
second derivative test for, 205 extreme values of, on closed bounded sets, inverse of, 414
Conditional convergence, 601 186, 795 Cot x
Cones integrability of, 268 derivatives of, 140
elliptical, 729, 731 Intermediate Value Theorem for, 81–82, 219 inverse of, 414, 419
parametrization of, 981 limits of, 75–78, 80 Courant, Richard, 119
surface area of, 984 nonnegative, average value of, 255–256 Critical point, 189, 209, 837, 842
Conics at point, 793 Cross product
in Cartesian coordinates, 671–677 properties of, 78 with determinants, 715–717
defined, 671, 672, 673, 675 Continuous function theorem for sequences, proof of distributive law for, AP-35–AP-36
eccentricity of, 680–682 565 properties of, 714–715
in polar coordinates, 680–685 Continuous vector field, 945 right-hand rule for, 714
polar equations of, 682–684 Contour curve, 784 of two vectors in space, 714–715
Connectedness, 81 Convergence Cross Product Rule for derivatives of vector
Connected region, 959 absolute, 592–593 functions, 744–745
Conservation conditional, 601 Cross-sections
of angular momentum, 779 definition of, 267 horizontal, limits of integration and,
of mass, 1027 of improper integrals, 493, 495 879–880
Conservative fields interval of, 609 vertical, limits of integration and, 879
component test for, 962, 964 of power series, 605–608 volumes using, 313–320
finding potentials for, 962–965 radius of, 608–609 Csc x
as gradient fields, 960 of Riemann sums, 267 derivative of, 140
line integrals in, 964 of sequence, 561–563 inverse of, 414, 418
loop property of, 961 of series Cube, integral over surface of, 993–994
and Stokes’ theorem, 1012–1013 geometric, 574 Cube root function, 8
Constant Integral Test, 581–586 Cubic functions, 9
arbitrary, 233 power, 605–608 Curl, k-component of, 968–971
nonzero, 234 of Taylor Series, 619–625 Curl vector, 1002–1003
rate, 394 tests for, 498–500, 602 Curvature
spring, 343 Convergence Theorem for Power Series, 607 calculation of, 761, 771
Constant force, work done by, 342, 711 Coordinate axes center of, 763
Constant Function Rule, 744 definition of, AP-10 of plane curves, 760–763
Constant functions moments of inertia about, 942, 998 radius of, 763
definition of, 7, 49 Coordinate conversion formulas, 918 in space, 764
derivative of, 118 Coordinate frame Curved patch element, 983
Constant Multiple Rules left-handed, 692 Curves
for antiderivatives, 235, 238 right-handed, 692 area between, 299–302
for combining series, 577 Coordinate pair, AP-10 area under, 272, 493
for derivatives, 119–120 Coordinate planes assumptions for vector integral calculus,
for finite sums, 261 definition of, 692 958–959
for gradients, 824 first moments about, 942, 998 closed, 953
for integrals, 270, 880 Coordinates contour, 784
for limits, 51 of center of mass, 353, 942, 998 generating for cylinder surface, 728
for limits of functions of two variables, 791 polar, integrals in, 888–889 graphing of, 299–302
for limits of sequences, 564 xyz, line integrals and, 949 initial point of, 641
Constant Value Rule for finite sums, 261 Coordinate systems, three-dimensional. See level, 823–824
Constrained maximum, 845–848 Three-dimensional coordinate systems negatively oriented, 974
Constrained minimum, 845–848 Coplanar vectors, 701 parametric, 641–642
Construction of reals, AP-25–AP-26 Corner, 113 parametrically defined, length of,
Continuity. See also Discontinuity Cosecant, 22 651–654
on an interval, 78 Cosecant function parametrized, 642, 656–657
of composites, 795 extended definition of, 22 piecewise smooth, 742
differentiability and, 114, 806 inverse of, 414 plane
of function at a point, 75–78 Cosine(s) curvature of, 760–763
at interior point, 76 extended definition of, 22 flux across, 953–954
at left endpoint, 76 integrals of products of, 461–462 lengths of, 331–333, 651–654
limits and, 41–104 integrals of products of powers of, 458–459 parametizations of, 641–646, 739
for multivariable functions, 793–795 law of, 25–26, 707 plates bounded by two, 356–357
partial derivatives and, 803 values of, 23 points of inflection of, 205–207, 210
of vector functions, 740–741 Cosine function polar
Continuity equation of hydrodynamics, derivative of, 138–139 graphing of, 656–657
1023–1024 graph of, 10 length of, 669–670
Continuity Test, 77 integral of, 458 positively oriented, 974
Continuous extension, 82–83 inverse of, 414, 418 secant to, 43
Continuous functions Costs sketching, 204–212
absolute extrema of, 189–190, 795 fixed, 132 slope of
average value of, 273–274, 886–887, 899 marginal, 131–132, 219 definition of, 43–45, 105
composite of, 79–80 variable, 132 finding, 44, 105, 664

I-4 Index
Curves (continued ) Dependent variable of function, 1, 781 for derivatives, 120–121

smooth, 3–4, 331–333, 651–652 Derivative product rule, 122 for derivatives of constant functions, 118
curvature of, 760–763 Derivative quotient rule, 123–124, 141, 600 for finite sums, 261
length of, 756 Derivative rule for inverses, 370 of geometric series, 577
speed on, 758 Derivatives for gradient, 824
torsion of, 769 of absolute value function, 147 for higher-order derivatives, 124
in space, 739–745 alternate formula for, 110 for integrals, 270
arc length along, 756–758 applications of, 185–248 for limits, 51
binormals to, 767 calculation from definition, 110 for limits of functions with two variables,
formulas for, 771 of composite function, 144–146, 744 791
normals to, 762 of constant function, 118 for limits of sequences, 564
parametric equations for, 739 constant multiple rule for, 119–120 for positive integers, 118–119
vector equations for. See Vector functions of cosine function, 138–139 for products and quotients, 121
tangent line to, 105 Cross Product Rule, 744 for vector functions, 744
tangents to, 41–46, 758, 823–824 definition of, 110 Differentiability, 112–114, 798, 803, 805–807
terminal point of, 641 difference rule for, 120–121 Differentiable functions
work done by force over, 950–952 directional. See Directional derivatives constant multiple rule of, 119
y = ƒ(x), length of, 331–333 Dot Product Rule, 744 continuity and, 806
Cusp, 113 in economics, 131–133 continuous, 114, 651
Cycloids, 645 of exponential functions, 384, 388 definition of, 110
Cylinder(s) as function, 105, 110–114 graph of, 169
base of, 313 functions from, graphical behavior of, 211–212 on interval, 112–113
parabolic, flux through, 996 General Power Rule for, 119, 386–387 parametric curves and, 649
parametrization of, 982 graphing of, 112 partial derivatives, 798–800
quadric surfaces and, 728–731 higher-order, 124, 153 rules for, 118–124, 144–148, 744
slicing with, 324–326 of hyperbolic functions, 425–426 Taylor’s formula for, 616
volume of, 313 of integral, 284 Differential approximation, error in, 171–172
Cylindrical coordinates of inverse functions, 370–371 Differential equations
definition of, 910 inverse functions and, 366–380 initial value problems and, 235
integration with, 912–914 of inverse hyperbolic functions, 428–429 particular solution, 235
motion in, 772–773 of inverse trigonometric functions, 415–417, separable, 394–395
parametrization by, 982 415–418 Differential forms, 965–966
to rectangular coordinates, 911, 918 involving loga x, 390 Differential formula, short form of arc length,
from spherical coordinates, 918 left-handed, 112–113 334–335
triple integrals in, 910–918 Leibniz’s Rule, 312 Differentials
volume differential in, 911 of logarithms, 376, 390 definition of, 168
Cylindrical shells, volumes using, 324–329 notations for, 111–112 estimating with, 169–171
Cylindrical solid, volume of, 313–315 nth, 124 linearization and, 165–168
Cylindrical surface, 337 one-sided, 112–113 surface area, for parametrized surface, 984
partial. See Partial derivatives tangent planes and, 831–833
Decay, exponential, 394 at point, 105–107, 113–114 total, 832
Decay rate, radioactive, 397 of power series, 610 Differentiation
Decreasing function, 6, 199–200 as rate of change, 127–133 Chain Rule and, 144–148
Dedekind, Richard, 263, AP-25 of reciprocal function, 110 derivative as a function, 110–114
Definite integrals right-handed, 112–113 derivative as a rate of change, 127–133
and antiderivatives, 237 second, 124 derivatives of trigonometric functions,
applications of, 313–373 second-order, 124 137–141
average value of continuous functions, of sine function, 137–141 implicit, 151–154, 814–816
273–274 of square root function, 111 and integration, as inverse processes, 284
definition of, 249, 266–268, 289 symbols for, 124 inverse trigonometric functions and,
evaluation of, by parts, 453 of tangent vector, 761 415–418
existence of, 266–268 third, 124 linearization and, 165–168
Mean Value Theorem for, 278–281 of trigonometric functions, 137–141 related rates, 156–161
nonnegative functions and, 272–273 of vector function, 741–743 tangents and derivative at a point, 105–107
notation for, 267 as velocity, 128, 743 term-by-term for power series, 610
properties of, 269–271 Derivative sum rule, 120–121, AP-8–AP-9 of vector functions, rules for, 743–745
shift property for, 305 Derivative tests, for local extreme values, Differentiation rules, 118–124
substitution in, 296–299 187–188, 667–669, 836–840 Direct Comparison Test, 498
of symmetric functions, 298–299 Descartes, René, AP-10 Directed line segments, 697
of vector function, 748 Determinant(s) Direction
Definite integration by parts, 453 calculating the cross product, 718 along a path, 641–642, 938–939
Definite integration by substitution, 296–299 Jacobian, 923, 925, 926, 928 estimating change in, 829–830
Degree, of polynomial, 9 Difference quotient of vectors, 701
“Del ƒ,” 821, 882–884 definition of, 106 Directional derivatives
De Moivre’s Theorem, AP-32 forms for, 110 calculation of, 820–822
Density limit of, 106 definition of, 819
circulation, 968–971 Difference Rules as dot product, 821
as continuous function, 354 for antiderivatives, 234, 238 estimating change with, 829–830
flux, 973 for combining series, 577 and gradients, 821

Index I-5
gradient vectors and, 818–825 Dot Product Rule for vector functions, 744 parametric. See Parametric equations
interpretation of, 820 Double-angle formulas, trigonometric, 25 for plane in space, 723–724
in plane, 818–820 Double integrals point-slope, AP-12
properties of, 822 over bounded nonrectangular regions, polar for circles, 683
Direction cosines, 712 875–876 polar for lines, 684
Directrix (directrices) Fubini’s theorem for calculating, 872–874 related rates, 157–161
of ellipse, 681 in polar form, 888–892 relating polar and Cartesian coordinates,
of hyperbola, 681 properties of, 880–881 661
of parabola, 681, 683 over rectangles, 870–874 relating rectangular and cylindrical
Dirichlet, Lejeune, 494 substitutions in, 922–927 coordinates, 911
Dirichlet ruler function, 103 as volumes, 871–872 relating spherical coordinates to Cartesian
Discontinuity Double integration, area by, 884–887 and cylindrical coordinates, 915
in dy/dx, 333–334 Dummy variable in integrals, 268 Error analysis
infinite, 77 for linear approximation, 831
jump, 77 e for numerical integration, 486–489
oscillating, 77 definition of number, 375 in standard linear approximation, 171–172,
point of, 77 as limit, 387–388 831
removable, 77 natural exponential and, 383 Error estimation, for integral test, 584–586
Discriminant (Hessian) of function, 838 as series, 620–621 Error formula, for linear approximations,
Disk method, 316–318 Eccentricity 171–172, 831, 856
Displacement of ellipse, 681 Error term, in Taylor’s formula, 620
definition of, 128, 254 of hyperbola, 681 Euler, Leonhard, AP-36
versus distance traveled, 254–255, 283 of parabola, 681 Euler’s formula, AP-30–AP-31
Display window, 29–32 in polar coordinates, 680–682 Euler’s identity, 631–632
Distance polar equation for conic with, 682 Evaluation Theorem (Fundamental Theorem,
in plane, AP-13–AP-15 Economics Part 2), 281–283
and spheres in space, 694–695 derivatives in, 131–133 Even functions, 6–7
in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates examples of applied optimization from, ex
point to line, 722–723 219–221 derivative of, 384
point to plane, 723–724, 725–726 Einstein’s mass correction, 173 integral of, 384–385
point to point, 694 Electric field, 957 inverse equation for, 383
Distance formula, 694, AP-14 Electromagnetic theory (Gauss’ Law), 1022 laws of exponents for, 385
Distance traveled Elements of set, AP-2 Exact differential forms, 965–966
calculating, 251–253 Ellipse Law (Kepler’s First Law), 774 Expansion, uniform, for a gas, 970–971
versus displacement, 254–255, 283 Ellipses Expected value, mean, 508
total, 254, 283 center of, 673, AP-17 Exponential change (growth or decay),
Distributive Law center-to-focus distance of, 674 393–394
definition of, AP-24 eccentricity of, 681 Exponential functions
proof of, AP-35–AP-36 focal axis of, 673 with base a, 386
for vector cross products, 715 major axis of, 674, AP-17 derivatives of, 388
Divergence minor axis of, 674, AP-17 growth and decay, 394
of improper integrals, 493 perimeter of, 653–654 integral of, 384–385
limits and, 493 polar equations of, 682–684 natural, 383
nth-term test for, 576–577 standard-form equations for, 675 Exponential growth, 394
of sequence, 561–563 vertices of, 673 Exponents,
to infinity, 563 Ellipsoids irrational, 386
to negative infinity, 563 definition of, 729 Laws of, 385
of series, 573 graphs of, 731 Extrema
tests for, 498–500, 602 of revolution, 730 finding of, 188–189
of vector field, 971–973, 1015–1016 Elliptical cones, 729, 731 global (absolute), 185–190, 189–190
Divergence Theorem Elliptical paraboloids, 731 local (relative), 187–188, 200–202, 207–211,
for other regions, 1021–1022 Elliptic integral 836
for special regions, 1019–1020 of first kind, 634 Extreme values
statement of, 1016–1018 of second kind, 654 constrained, and Lagrange multipliers, 848
Domain Empty set, AP-2 at endpoints, 187–188
connected, 959 Endpoint extreme values, 187–188 of functions, 185–190, 836–840
of function, 1–3, 781, 782 Endpoint values of function, 76, 189 local (relative)
natural, 2 Equal Area Law (Kepler’s Second Law), derivative tests, 188–189, 200–202
simply connected, 959 774–775 for several variables, 836, 838
of vector field, 945, 959 Equations for single variable functions, 187–188
Dominant terms, 95–96 for circles, AP-16 Extreme Value Theorem, 186–187, 795, AP-24
Domination, double integrals and, 880 differential. See Differential equations
Domination Rule for definite integrals, 270 for ellipses, 675, 684, AP-16–AP-17 Factorial approximation, 523
Dot product Euler’s identity, 631–632 Factorial notation, 567
angle between vectors, 706–708 focus-directrix, 681 Fan-shaped region in polar coordinates, area
definition of, 707 for hyperbolas, 675–677 of, 668
directional derivative as, 821 ideal projectile motion and, 750 Fermat, Pierre de, 44
orthogonal vectors and, 708–709 inverse, 389 Fermat’s principle in optics, 218
properties of, 709–711 linear, AP-13 Fibonacci numbers, 567

I-6 Index
Fields Fluid force against a vertical plate, 347 gradient of, 821
conservative, 958, 959–962, 1012–1013 Fluid forces, work and, 952 graphing with calculators and computers,
electric, 957 Fluid forces and centroids, 358 29–34
gradient, 960 Fluid pressure, 345–347 graphs of, 1–11, 14–21, 784
gravitational, 957 Flux greatest integer, 5
number, AP-24 across plane curve, 953–954 Hessian of function of two variables, 838
ordered, AP-24 across rectangle boundary, 972–973 hyperbolic. See Hyperbolic functions
vector, 947–948 calculation of, 974, 995–998 identity, 24–25, 49–50, 1012
Finite (bounded) intervals, 6, AP-3 versus circulation, 953 implicitly defined, 151–153, 814
Finite limits, 86–96 definition of, 953, 996 increasing, 6, 199–200
Finite sums surface integral for, 995–998 independent variable of, 1, 781
algebra rules for, 261 Flux density (divergence), of vector field, 973, input variable of, 1, 781
estimating with, 249–257 1015–1016 integer ceiling, 5
limits of, 262–263 Foci, 671–677 integer floor, 5
and sigma notation, 259–262 Forces integrable, 268–271, 748, 871, 895
Integrals addition of, 699–700 inverse. See Inverse functions
ƒ(1>u) du, 378–379 constant, 342 least integer, 5
Firing angle, 750 field of, 950 left-continuous, 76
First Derivative Test, 200–202, 837, 846 variable along line, 342–343 limit of, 48–55, 790
First derivative theorem for local extreme work done by linear, 7
values, 188–189, 200–202 over curve in space, 950–952 linearization of, 165–168, 830–831
First moments through displacement, 711 logarithmic. See Logarithmic functions
about coordinate axes, 904 Free fall, Galileo’s law for, 41, 130 machine diagram of, 2
about coordinate planes, 904, 998 Frenet, Jean-Frédéric, 767 of many variables, 816
masses and, 903–905 Frenet frame marginal cost, 131–132
First-order differential equation topics computational formulas, 769 maximum and minimum values of, 185–190,
applications of, 538–543 definition of, 767 187–188, 200–202, 840–842
autonomous differential equations, 545, 552 torsion in, 768–769 monotonic, 199–200
Bernoulli differential equation, 538 Fubini, Guido, 873 of more than two variables, 795, 802–803,
carrying capacity, 549 Fubini’s theorem for double integrals, 872–874, 833
competitive-hunter model, 552–554 877–879, 889, 895 multiplication of, 14
curve, sigmoid shape, 550 Functions natural exponential, definition of, 383
equilibria, 545, 552 absolute value, 5 natural logarithm, 375–-379
equilibrium values, 545, 547, 552 addition of, 14–15 nondifferentiable, 113–114
Euler’s method, 527 algebraic, 10 nonintegrable, 268
exponential population growth model, arcsine and arccosine, 412–414 nonnegative
539 arrow diagram of, 2, 782 area under graph of, 272–273
falling body, encountering resistance, 548 combining of, 14–21 continuous, 255–256
first-order linear equations, 532 common, 7–11 numerical representation of, 4
graphical solutions of autonomous component, 739 odd, 6
differential equations, 544–547 composite. See Composite functions one-to-one, 366–367
initial value problems, 525 constant, 7, 49–50, 118, 255–256 output variable of, 1, 781
integrating factor, 533 continuity of, 76, 741, 793 piecewise-continuous, 268
Law of Exponential Change, 539, 549 continuous. See Continuous functions piecewise-defined, 5
limit cycle, 554 continuous at endpoint, 76 piecewise-smooth, 958
limiting population, 549 continuous at point, 82–83, 741, 793 polynomial, 8
logistic population growth, 549 continuous extension of, 82–83 position, 5
mixture problems, 541 continuously differentiable, 331, 339, 651–652 positive, area under graph of, 256
motion with resistance proportional to continuous on interval, 78 potential, 958
velocity, 538 cosine, 22, 138–139 power, 386–387
Newton’s law of cooling, 547 critical point of, 189, 837 quadratic, 9
Newton’s second law of motion, 548 cube root, 8 range of, 1–3, 781, 782
numerical method and solution, 527 cubic, 9 rational. See Rational functions
orthogonal trajectories, 540 decreasing, 6, 199–200 real-valued, 2, 739, 781
phase lines and phase planes, 545, 552 defined by formulas, 14 reciprocal, derivative of, 110
resistance proportional to velocity, 538 defined on surfaces, 812–814 representation as power series, 614–618
rest points, 552 definition of, 1 right-continuous, 76
RL circuits, 536 dependent variable of, 1, 781 scalar, 739
slope fields, 526 derivative as, 105, 110–114 scaling of, 16–18
solution curves, 526 derivative of, 106, 110, 113–114, 742 scatterplot of, 4
solution of first-order equations, 534 from derivatives, graphical behavior of, of several variables, 781–786
standard form of linear equations, 532 211–212 shift formulas for, 16
steady-state value, 536 differentiable. See Differentiable functions sine, 22, 137–138
systems of differential equations, 551 discontinuity of, 77–78, 793 in space, average value of, 899–900
terminal velocity, 549 domain of, 1–3, 14, 781, 782 square root, 8
Flat plate, center of mass of, 353–356, 904 even, 6–7 derivative of, 111
Flight time, 751 exponential. See Exponential functions symmetric, 6–7, 298–299, 663
Flow integrals, 952–953 extreme values of, 185–190, 836–842, 848, of three variables, 784–786, 811–812,
Fluid flow rates, 972 851 824–825

Index I-7
total area under graph of, 285 of derivatives, 112 Hydrodynamics, continuity equation of,
total cost, 132 of equation, AP-10 1023–1024
trigonometric. See Trigonometric functions of functions, 3–4, 14–21, 784 Hyperbolas
of two variables, 782–783, 786, 806 of functions with several variables, 781–786 branches of, 675
Chain Rule(s) for, 809–811 of functions with three variables, 784–786 center of, 675
Increment Theorem of, 806 of functions with two variables, 783–784 definition of, 675
limits for, 789–793 of parametric equations, 666 directrices, 681
linearization of, 830–831 in polar coordinates, 660, 663–666 eccentricity of, 681
partial derivatives of, 781–786, 798–800 of polar curves, 666 equation of, in Cartesian coordinates,
unit step, 50 of sequence, 562 681–682
value of, 2 surface area of, 988 focal axis of, 675
vector. See Vector functions symmetric about origin, 6, 663 foci of, 675
velocity, 254, 743 symmetric about x-axis, 6, 663 polar equation of, 682
vertical line test for, 4–5 symmetric about y-axis, 6, 663 standard-form equations for, 675–677
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, AP-34 symmetry tests for, 663 vertices of, 675
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus technique for, 666 Hyperbolic functions
arc length differential and, 655 trigonometric, transformations of, 26–27 definitions of, 424
continuous functions and, 280 of trigonometric functions, 24, 31–32 derivatives of, 425–426, 428–429
description of, 278–286, 1024–1025 of y = ƒ(x), strategy for, 209–211 graphs of, 424
evaluating definite integrals, 444 Grassmann, Hermann, 701 identities for, 424
for line integrals, 939 Gravitation, Newton’s Law of, 773 integrals of, 425–426
Part 1 (derivative of integral), 279–281, 376 Gravitational constant, 773 inverse, 426–427
proof of, 281 Gravitational field six basic, 424
Part 2 (Evaluation Theorem), 281–283 definition of, 957 Hyperbolic paraboloid, 730, 731
Net Change Theorem, 283 vectors in, 946 Hyperboloids, 729, 731
proof of, 281–283 Greatest integer function
path independence and, 958 definition of, 5 i-component of vector, 701
Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals, 959 as piecewise-defined function, 5 Identity function, 7, 49–50, 1012
Green’s formulas, 1027 Image, 922
Gabriel’s horn, 502 Green’s Theorem Implicit differentiation
Galileo Galilei area by, 979 Chain Rule and, 814–816
free-fall formula, 41, 130 circulation curl or tangential form, 974, formula for, 814
law of, 41 976–854, 1004, 1024 technique for, 151–154
Gamma function, 522, 936 comparison with Divergence Theorem, 1015, Implicit Function Theorem, 815, 986
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 261, 698 1024 Implicitly defined functions, 151–153
Gauss’s Law, 1022 comparison with Stokes’ Theorem, 1003, Implicit surfaces, 986–988
General linear equation, AP-13 1024 Improper integrals
General Power Rule for derivatives, 119, divergence or normal form of, 974, 1015, approximations to, 500
386–387 1024 calculating as limits, 492–500
General sine function, 27 to evaluate line integrals, 976–854 with a CAS, 497–498
General solution of differential equation, 235, forms for, 973–975 convergence of, 493, 495
394 generalization in three dimensions, 1024 of Type I, 493
Genetic data, and sensitivity to change, 133 and the Net Change Theorem, 974 of Type II, 495
Geometric mean, 199, 392, 854 in plane, 968–978 Increasing function, 6, 199–200
Geometric series proof of, for special regions, 977–978 Increments, AP-10–AP-13
convergence of, 574 Growth, exponential, 394 Increment Theorem for Functions of Two
definition of, 574–576 Growth rates, of functions, 394, 433–435 variables, 806, AP-38–AP-40
Geometry in space, 692–738 Indefinite integrals. See also Antiderivatives
Gibbs, Josiah Willard, 758 Half-angle formulas, trigonometric, 25 definition of, 237, 289
Global (absolute) maximum, 185–190, 840–842 Half-life, 397–398 evaluation with substitution rule, 289–294
Global (absolute) minimum, 185–190, 840–842 Halley, Edmund, 200 Independent variable of function, 1, 781
Gradient Theorem, Orthogonal, for constrained Harmonic functions, 1026 Indeterminate form 0/0, 403–405
extrema, 848 Harmonic motion, simple, 139–140 Indeterminate forms of limits, 403–406,
Gradient vector fields Harmonic series 630–631
conservative fields as, 960 alternating, 598–600 Indeterminate powers, 406–407
definition of, 946–947 definition of, 582 Index of sequence, 561
Gradient vectors Heat equation, 809 Index of summation, 259
algebra rules for, 824 Heat transfer, 399–400 Induction, mathematical, AP-6–AP-9
curl of, 1012 Heaviside integration method, 473 Inequalities
definition of, 821 Height, maximum in projectile motion, 751 rules for, AP-1
directional derivatives and, 818–825 Helix, 740 solving of, AP-3–AP-4
to level curves, 823–824 Hessian of function, 838 Inertia, moments of, 905–908
Graphing, with calculators and computers, Higher-order derivatives, 124, 153, 805 Infinite discontinuities, 77
29–34 Hooke’s law of springs, 343–344 Infinite (unbounded) intervals, 6, AP-3
Graphing windows, 29–32 Horizontal asymptotes, 86, 88–90, 94–95 Infinite limits
Graphs Horizontal scaling and reflecting formulas, 17 definition of, precise, 93–94
asymptotes of, 86–96 Horizontal shift of function, 16 description and examples, 91–93
of common functions, 7–11 Horizontal strips, 354–355 of integration, 492–495
connectedness and, 81 Huygens, Christian, 644, 645 Infinite sequence, 560–569. See also Sequences

I-8 Index
Infinite series, 572–579 of vector fields, 947–948 and logarithms, 382–383, 389
Infinitesimals, AP-25 of vector functions, 747–749 trigonometric. See Inverse trigonometric
Infinity work, 342–343, 950–952 functions
divergence of sequence to, 563 Integral sign, 237 Inverse functions, and integrating, 457
limits at, 86–96 Integral tables, 477–478 Inverses
and rational functions, 88 Integral test finding of, 368–369
Inflection, point of, 189, 205–207, 210 for convergence of series, 581–586 integration and differentiation operations,
Initial point error estimation, 584–586 284
of curve, 641 remainder in, 585–586 of ln x and number e, 382–383
of vector, 697 Integral theorems, for vector fields, for one-to-one functions, 367–368
Initial ray in polar coordinates, 659 1024–1025 Inverse trigonometric functions
Initial speed in projectile motion, 750 Integrands cofunction identities, 418
Initial value problems definition of, 237 definition of, 411–412
definition of, 235 with vertical asymptotes, 495–497 derivatives of, 415–417, 415–418
and differential equations, 235 Integrate command (CAS), 579 Irrational numbers,
separable differential equations and, 395 Integration definition of, AP-2
Inner products. See Dot product basic formulas, 445 as exponents, 386
Input variable of function, 1, 781 with CAS, 479–480 Irreducible quadratic polynomial, 469
Instantaneous rates of change in cylindrical coordinates, 910–918 Iterated integral, 872
derivative as, 127–133 and differentiation, relationship between, Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob, 922
tangent lines and, 45–46 284 Jacobian determinant, 923, 925, 926, 928
Instantaneous speed, 41–43 of inverse functions, 457 j-component of vector, 701
Instantaneous velocity, 128 limits of. See Limits of integration Jerk, 129, 130
Integer ceiling function (Least integer numerical, 482–489 Joule, James Prescott, 342
function), 5 by parts, 449–455 Joules, 342
Integer floor function (Greatest integer by parts formula, 450 Jump discontinuity, 77
function), 5 of rational functions by partial fractions,
Integers 468–475 k-component of curl, 968–971
description of, AP-26 with respect to y, area between curves, k-component of vector, 701
positive, power rule for, 118–119 301–302 Kepler, Johannes, 775
starting, AP-8 in spherical coordinates, 916–918 Kepler’s First Law (Ellipse Law), 774
Integrable functions, 268–271, 871, 895 with substitution, 290, 296–299 Kepler’s Second Law (Equal Area Law),
Integral form, product rule in, 449–453 techniques of, 444–523 774–775
Integrals term-by-term for power series, 611–612 Kepler’s Third Law (Time-Distance Law), 775
approximation of by trigonometric substitution, 463–466 Kinetic energy and work, 349
by lower sums, 251 variable of, 237, 267 Kovalevsky, Sonya, 429
by midpoint rule, 251 in vector fields, 938–1032 kth subinterval of partition, 263, 267
by Riemann sum, 263–265 of vector function, 748–749
by Simpson’s Rule, 484–486 Interior point Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 194, 845
by Trapezoidal Rule, 483–484 continuity at, 76 Lagrange multipliers
by upper sums, 250 finding absolute maximum and minimum method of, 848–851
Brief Table of, 445 values, 840 partial derivatives and, 845–852
definite. See Definite integrals for regions in plane, 783 solving extreme value problems, 841
double. See Double integrals for regions in space, 785 with two constraints, 851–852
exponential change and, 393–394 Intermediate Value Property, 81 Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 804
of hyperbolic functions, 424–425 Intermediate Value Theorem Laplace’s equation, 808–809
improper, 492–500 continuous functions and, 81–82, 219, 375, Launch angle, 750
approximations to, 500 AP-24 Law of cooling, Newton’s, 399–400
of Type I, 493 monotonic functions and, 199 Law of cosines, 25–26, 707
of Type II, 495 Intermediate variable, 811 Law of refraction, 219
indefinite, 237–238, 289–294 Intersection, lines of, 724–725 Laws of exponents, 385
involving log, 390 Intersection of sets, AP-2 Laws of logarithms
iterated, 872 Interval of convergence, 609 proofs of, 377–378
line. See Line integrals Intervals properties summarized, 377
logarithm defined as, 374–375 definition of, AP-3 Least integer function, 5
multiple, 870–937 differentiable on, 112–113 Least upper bound, 567, AP-24
nonelementary, 480–481, 628–629 parameter, 641–642 Left-continuous functions, 76
polar, changing Cartesian integrals into, types of, AP-3 Left-hand derivatives, 112–113
890–892 Inverse equations, 389 Left-handed coordinate frame, 692
in polar coordinates, 888–889 Inverse function-inverse cofunction identities, Left-hand limits, definition of, 69–70
of powers of tan x and sec x, 460–461 418 informal, 68–70
of rate, 283–284 Inverse functions precise, 59–65, 70
repeated, 872 definition of, 367 Leibniz, Gottfried, 290, AP-25
substitution in, 289–294, 296–299, 922–930 derivative rule for, 370 Leibniz’s formula, 630
surface, 991–1000, 1005 and derivatives, 366–380, 370–371 Leibniz’s notation, 112, 146, 165, 168, 267, 652
table of, 477–478 of exponential functions, 11, 366 Leibniz’s Rule, 312
trigonometric, 457–462 finding, 368–369 for derivative of an integral, 312
triple. See Triple integrals hyperbolic, 426–427 for products, 184

Index I-9
Length right-hand. See Right–hand limits Local extrema

along curve in space, 756–758 root rule for, 51 first derivative test for, 200–202
constant, vector functions of, 745 Sandwich Theorem, 54–55 first derivative theorem for, 188–189
of curves, 331–333, 651–654 of sequences, 562, 564–565 second derivative test for, 207–211
of parametrically defined curve, 651–654 two-sided, 68 Local extreme values
of polar coordinate curve, 669–670 of vector-valued functions, 740–741 definition of, 187–188, 836
of vector (magnitude), 698, 699–700 Limit theorems, proofs of, AP-19–AP-21 derivative tests for, 188–189, 836–840, 838
Lenses, light entering, 154 Linear approximations first derivative theorem for, 188–189, 837
Level curves, of functions of two variables, error formula for, 831, 856 Local (relative) maximum, 187–188, 836, 842
784 standard, 166, 830–831 Local (relative) minimum, 187–188, 836, 842
Level surface, of functions of three variables, Linear equations, general, AP-13 Logarithmic differentiation, 378–379
784 Linear functions, 7 Logarithmic functions
L’Hôpital, Guillaume de, 403 Linearization with base a, 389
L’Hôpital’s Rule definition of, 166, 830 change of base formula and, 389
finding limits of sequences by, 405–406 differentials and, 165–168 common, 389
indeterminate forms and, 403–409 of functions of two variables, 830–831, description of, 11
proof of, 408–409 832 natural, 375
Limit Comparison Test, 498, 499, 589–591 Linear transformations, 923–924 Logarithms
Limit Laws Line integrals algebraic properties of, 377–378, 389
for functions with two variables, 791 additivity and, 940–941 defined as integral, 374–375
limit of a function and, 48–55 definition of, 939 integral of, 451
theorem, 51, 87 evaluation of, 939, 948 properties of, 377–378
Limit Power Rule, 51 by Green’s Theorem, 976–854 loga u, derivative of, 390
Limit Product Rule, proof of, AP-19–AP-20 fundamental theorem of, 959 loga x
Limit Quotient Rule, proof of, AP-20–AP-21 integration in vector fields, 938–943 derivatives and integrals involving, 390
Limit Root Rule, 51 interpretation of, 942–943 inverse equations for, 389
Limits mass and moment calculations and, Loop, 953
of (sin u)/u, 71–73 941–942 Lorentz contraction, 102
commonly occurring, 566–567, in plane, 942–943 Lower bound, 262
AP-22–AP-23 vector fields and, 945–954 Lower sums, 251
continuity and, 41–104 xyz coordinates and, 949
of continuous functions, 75–78, 80 Lines Machine diagram of function, 2
for cylindrical coordinates, 912–914 of intersection, for planes, 724–725 Maclaurin, Colin, 615
definition of masses along, 351–352 Maclaurin series, 615–616, 617
informal, 48–50 motion along, 128–131 Magnitude (length) of vector, 698, 699–700
precise, 59–65 normal, 154 Marginal cost, 131–132, 219
proving theorems with, 64–65 tangent planes and, 827–829 Marginal profit, 219
testing of, 60–62 parallel, AP-13 Marginal revenue, 219
deltas, finding algebraically, 62–64 parametric equations for, 720–721 Marginals, 131–133
of difference quotient, 106 perpendicular, AP-13 Mass. See also Center of mass
e (the number) as, 387–388 and planes, in space, 720–726 along line, 351–352
estimation of, calculators and computers for, polar equation for, 684 distributed over plane region, 352–353
53–54 secant, 43 formulas for, 353, 355–356, 904, 942
finite, 86–96 straight equation lines, 720 by line integral, 942
of finite sums, 262–263 tangent, 45–46, 105 and moment calculations
for functions of two variables, 789–793 vector equations for, 720–722 line integrals and, 941–942
of function values, 48–55 vertical, shell formula for revolution about, multiple integrals and, 904, 907
indeterminate forms of, 403–409 327 moments of, 353
infinite, 91–93 work done by variable force along, of thin shells, 998–1000
precise definitions of, 93–94 342–343 of wire or thin rod, 941–942
at infinity, 86–96 Line segments Mass to energy equation, 174
of integration directed, 697 Mathematical induction, AP-6–AP-9
for cylindrical coordinates, 912–914 midpoint of, finding with vectors, 702 Maximum
for definite integrals, 296–299 in space, 720–726 absolute (global), 185–190, 840–842
finding of, for multiple integrals, 879–880, Liquids constrained, 845–848
889–890, 895–899, 912–914, 917 incompressible, 973 local (relative), 187–188, 836, 842
infinite, 492–495 pumping from containers, 344–345 Max-Min Inequality Rule for definite integrals,
for polar coordinates, 889–890 ln bx, 376–377 270, 278–279
for rectangular coordinates, 895–900 ln x Max-Min Tests, 200–202, 207, 837, 838, 842
for spherical coordinates, 917 and change of base, 389 Mean value. See Average value
left-hand. See Left–hand limits derivative of, 376 Mean Value Theorems, 194–195, 196–197,
nonexistence of, two-path test for functions graph and range of, 378 199–200, 202, 377
of two variables, 794 integral of, 451 arbitrary constants, 233
one-sided. See One–sided limits inverse equation for, 383 Cauchy’s, 408
of polynomials, 52 inverse of, 382–383 corollary 1, 196
power rule for, 51 and number e, 375 corollary 2, 196–197, 377
of rational functions, 52, 88 properties of, 377 corollary 3, 199–200
of Riemann sums, 266–268 ln xr, 377, 386 for definite integrals, 278–281

I-10 Index
Mean Value Theorems (continued ) Newton’s law of cooling, 399–400 semicubical, 156
for derivatives, 194 Newton’s law of gravitation, 773 vertex of, 672, AP-15
interpretation of, 195, 278 Newton’s method Paraboloids
laws of logarithms, proofs of, 377, 389 applying, 228–230 definition of, 729
mathematical consequences of, 196–197 convergence of approximations, 230 elliptical, 731
for parametrically defined curves, 651 procedure for, 228 hyperbolic, 730, 731
proofs of, 377–378 Nondecreasing partial sums, 573 volume of region enclosed by, 897–898
Mendel, Gregor Johann, 133 Nondecreasing sequences, 568 Parallel axis theorem, 910
Mesh size, 483 Nondifferentiable function, 113–114 Parallel lines, 724, AP-13
Midpoint of line segment in space, finding with Nonelementary integrals, 480–481, 628–629 Parallelogram
vectors, 702 Nonintegrable functions, 268–271 area of, 715
Midpoint rule, 251, 252 Normal component of acceleration, 766–771 law of addition, 699–700, 707
Minimum Normal distribution, 511 Parallel planes
absolute (global), 185–190, 840–842 standard form of, 513 lines of intersection, 724
constrained, 845–848 Normal line, 154, 827 slicing by, 314–315
local (relative), 187–188, 836, 842 Normal plane, 769 Parallel vectors, cross product of, 714
Mixed Derivative Theorem, 804, AP-36 Normal vector, 764–765 Parameter domain, 641, 981
Möbius band, 995 Norm of partition, 264, 871, 911 Parameter interval, 641–642
Moments Notations, for derivative, 111–112, 799–800 Parameters, 641, 981
and centers of mass, 351–360, 903–908, 942, nth partial sum, 572–573 Parametric curve
998 nth-term test for divergence, 576–577 arc length of, 651–654, 756–758
first, 903–905, 998 Numerical integration, 482–489 calculus with, 649–657
of inertia, 905–908, 998 Numerical representation of functions, 4 definition of, 641
and mass calculations, line integrals and, differentiable, 649
941–942 Oblique (slant) asymptote, 91 graphing, 642–643, 666
of solids and plates, 907 Octants, 692 Parametric equations
of system about origin, 352 Odd functions, 6–7 of circle, 642, 652–653
of thin shells, 998–1000 One-sided derivatives, 112–113 for curves in space, 739
of wires or thin rods, 941–942 One-sided limits. See also Left–hand limits; of cycloid, 645
Monotonic functions, 199–200 Right-hand limits definition of, 641–642
Monotonic sequences, 567–569 definition of graphing, 642–644
Monotonic Sequence Theorem, 568–569, 581 informal, 68–70 of hyperbola, 644, 649–650
Motion precise, 70 of lines, 720–722
along curve in space, 741–743, 767 derivatives at endpoints, 112–113 for projectile motion, 749–751
along line, 128–131 involving (sin u)/u, 71–73 Parametric formulas, for derivatives, 649
antiderivatives and, 235–237 One-to-one functions, 366–367 Parametrization
direction of, 743 Open region, 783, 785 of cone, 981
in polar and cylindrical coordinates, 772–773 Optics of curves, 641–646, 739
simple harmonic, 139–140 Fermat’s principle in, 218 of cylinder, 982
vector functions and, 739, 741–743 Snell’s Law of, 219 of line, 720–721
Multiple integrals. See Double integrals; Triple Optimization, applied. See Applied optimization of sphere, 981
integrals Orbital period, 774 and surface area, 982–986
Multiplication Ordered field, AP-24 of surfaces, 980–986
of complex numbers, AP-31 Order of Integration Rule, 270 Partial derivatives
of functions, 14 Oresme, Nicole, 562 calculations of, 800–802
of power series, 609–610 Orientable surface, 995 Chain Rule for, 809–816
scalar, of vectors, 699–700 Origin with constrained variables, 858
Multiplier (Lagrange), 841, 845–852 of coordinate system, AP-10 and continuity, 789–795
moment of system about, 352 continuous, identity for function with, 1012
Napier, John, 377 in polar coordinates, 659 definitions of, 799
Natural domain of function, 2 Orthogonal gradient theorem, 848 equivalent notations for, 799
Natural exponential function Orthogonal vectors, 708–709 extreme values and saddle points, 836–842
definition of, 383 Oscillating discontinuities, 77 of function of several variables, 781–786
derivative of, 384 Osculating circle, 763 of function of two variables, 798–800
graph of, 382 Osculating plane, 769 functions of several variables, 781–786
power series for, 620 Output variable of function, 781 gradient vectors and, 818–825
Natural logarithm function Outside-Inside interpretation of chain rule, 146 higher-order, 805
algebraic properties of, 377–378 Lagrange multipliers, 845–852
definition of, 375 Paddle wheel, 1008–1011 second-order, 803–804
derivative of, 376 Parabola(s) tangent planes and, 827–833
graph of, 382 approximations by, 484–486 Partial fractions
power series for, 612 axis of, 672, AP-15 definition of, 475
Natural numbers, AP-2 definition of, 671 integration of rational functions by, 468–475
Negative rule, for antiderivatives, 234 directrix of, 671, 673, 683 method of, 469–472
Net Change Theorem eccentricity of, 681 Partial sums
and Green’s Theorem, 974 focal length of, 672 nondecreasing, 581–582
statement of, 283 focus of, 671, 673 nth of series, 572–573
Newton, Sir Isaac, 278, AP-25 as graphs of equations, AP-15–AP-16 sequence of, 573
Newton-Raphson method, 227–230 parametrization of, 642–643 Particular solution, of differential equation, 235

Index I-11
Partitions Point-slope equation, AP-12 Probability

definition of, 870–871 Poiseuille’s formula for blood flow, 176 of a continuous random variable, 505
kth subinterval of, 263 Poisson, Siméon-Denis, 836 mean, 508
norm of, 264, 871 Polar coordinate pair, 659 median, 509
for Riemann sums, 264–265 Polar coordinates standard deviation, 510
Parts, integration by, 449–455 area in, 890 variance, 510
Pascal, Blaise, 573 area of polar region, 668 density function, 505
Path independence, 958 Cartesian coordinates related to, 659–662 distributions
Path integrals. See Line integrals conics in, 671, 680–685 exponentially decreasing, 506, 509
Path of particle, 739 definition of, 659 normal, 511
Pendulum clock, 645 graphing in, 660, 663–666 uniform, 511
Percentage change, 173 symmetry tests for, 663 Product Rule
Periodicity, of trigonometric functions, 24 initial ray of, 659 for derivatives, 122
Period of a pendulum, 150, 184 integrals in, 888–889 for gradient, 824
Perpendicular lines, AP-13 length of polar curve, 669–670 in integral form, integration by parts,
Perpendicular (orthogonal) vectors, 708–709 motion in, 772–773 449–453
Physics, examples of applied optimization from, pole in, 659 for limits, 51
217–219 slope of polar curve, 664–665 of functions with two variables, 791
Pi (p) velocity and acceleration in, 772–775 proof of, 122–123
recursive sequence for, 571 Polar equations for natural logarithms, 377, 389
series sum and, 586, 611, 630 of circles, 685 for power series, 609–610
Piecewise-continuous functions, 268, 310 of conic sections, 682–684 for sequences, 564
Piecewise-defined functions, 5 graphing of, 660 Products
Piecewise-smooth curves, 742, 958 of lines, 684 of complex numbers, AP-31
Piecewise-smooth surface, 992, 1003 Polyhedral surfaces, 1011 of powers of sines and cosines, 458–459
Pinching Theorem. See Sandwich Theorem Polynomial functions, definition of, 8 and quotients, derivatives of, 122–124
Plane areas for polar coordinates, 667–669 Polynomials of sines and cosines, 461–462
Plane curves coefficients of, 8–9 Profit, marginal, 219
circle of curvature for, 763–764 degree of, 9 Projectile motion, vector and parametric
lengths of, 331–333 derivative of, 121 equations for, 749–751
parametrizations of, 641–646 limits of, 52 Projection, of vectors, 709–711
Plane regions quadratic irreducible, 469 Proportionality relationship, 7
interior point, 783 Taylor, 616–618, 623, 624 p-series, 583–584
masses distributed over, 352–353 Population growth, unlimited, 396–397 Pumping liquids from containers, 344–345
Planes Position, of particle in space over time, 739 Pyramid, volume of, 314–315
angles between, 726 Position function, acceleration and, 197 Pythagorean theorem, 24, 26, AP-13, AP-27
Cartesian coordinates in, AP-10 Position vector, 697 Pythagorean triples, 571
directional derivatives in, 818–820 Positive integers
distance and circles in, AP-13–AP-15 definition of, AP-26 Quadrants, of coordinate system, AP-10
equation for, 723 derivatives power rule for, 118–119 Quadratic approximations, 619
Green’s Theorem in, 968–978 Potential function, 958 Quadratic polynomial, irreducible, 469
horizontal tangent to surface, 836 Potentials, for conservative fields, 962–965 Quadric surfaces, 729–731
line integrals in, 942–943 Power Chain Rule, 147, 152 Quotient Rule
lines of intersection for, 724–725 Power functions, 119 for derivatives, 123–124, 141, 600
motion of planets in, 773–774 Power Rule for gradient, 824
normal, 769 for derivatives, general version of, 119 for limits, 51
osculating, 769 for limits, 51 of functions with two variables, 791
parallel, 724 for limits of functions of two variables, 791 proof of, AP-20–AP-21
rectifying, 769 natural logarithms, 377, 389 for natural logarithms, 377, 389
in space, 720–726 for positive integers, 118–119 for sequences, 564
Plane tangent to surface, 827, 828 proof of, 386–387 Quotients
Planetary motion Powers for complex numbers, AP-31–32
Kepler’s First Law (Ellipse Law) of, 774 binomial series for, 627–628 products and, derivatives of, 122–124
Kepler’s Second Law (Equal Area Law) of, of complex numbers, AP-32
774–775 indeterminate, 406–407 Radian measure and derivatives, 148
Kepler’s Third Law (Time-Distance Law) of sines and cosines, products of, Radians, 21–22, 23
of, 775 458–459 Radioactive decay, 397
as planar, 773–774 Power series Radioactive elements, half-life of, 398
Plate(s) convergence of, 605–608 Radioactivity, 397–399
bounded by two curves, 356–357 radius of, 608–609 Radius
thin flat, center of mass of, 353–356 testing of, 608–609 of circle, AP-14
two-dimensional, 904, 907 multiplication of, 609–610 of convergence, 609
Points operations on, 609–612 of convergence of power series, 608–609
boundary, 785 reciprocal, 605 of curvature, for plane curves, 763–764
of discontinuity, definition of, 76 term-by-term differentiation of, 610 Radius units, 21
of inflection, 189, 205–207 term-by-term integration of, 611–612 Random variable, 504
interior, 785 Preimage, 922 Range
in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate Pressure depth equation, 345 of function, 1–3, 781, 782
system, distance to plane, 725–726 Principal unit normal vector, 764, 771 in projectile motion, 751

I-12 Index
Rate(s) Remainder Scalar Multiple Rules for vector functions, 744

average, 43 estimating of, in Taylor’s Theorem, 620, Scalar multiplication of vectors, 699–700
of change, 41–46 621–622 Scalar products. See Dot product
instantaneous, derivative as, 45–46 in integral test, 585–586 Scalars, definition of, 698
integral of, 283–284 of order n, definition for Taylor’s formula, Scaling, of function graph, 16–18
Rate constant, exponential change, 394 620 Scatterplot, 4
Ratio, in geometric series, 574 Remainder Estimation Theorem, 621, 623 Schwarz’s (Cauchy-Schwartz) inequality, 725
Rational functions Removable discontinuities, 77 Secant, trigonometric function, 22
definition of, 9 Representation of function, power series, Secant function
domain of, 9 604–612 extended definition of, 22
integration of, by partial fractions, Resultant vector, 699–700 inverse of, 414
468–475 Revenue, marginal, 219 Secant lines, 43
limits of, 52 Revolution Secant slope, 44
at infinity, 88 areas of surfaces of, 337–340, 656–657 Second derivative test
Rational numbers, AP-2, AP-26 ellipsoid of, 730 for concavity, 205
Ratio Test, 594–595, 606–607, 609, 627 Shell formula for, 327 derivation of, two-variable function, 854–856
Real numbers solids of for local extrema, 207–211
construction of reals and, AP-25–AP-26 disk method, 316–318 summary of, 842
development of, AP-26–AP-27 washer method, 319–320 Second moments, 905–908, 998
properties of surface of, 337 Second-order differential equation topics
algebraic, AP-1, AP-23 about y-axis, 339–340 covered online
completeness, AP-1, AP-23 Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard, 263 applications of second-order equations
order, AP-1, AP-23 Riemann sums auxiliary equation
and real line, AP-1 concept overview, 263–265 boundary value problems
theory of, AP-23–AP-26 convergence of, 267 complementary equation
Reals, construction of, AP-25–AP-26 forming, 267 damped vibrations
Real-valued functions, 2, 739, 781 for integrals, 353 critical damping
Rearrangement theorem, for absolutely limits of, 266–268 overdamping
convergent series, 601 line integrals and, 938 underdamping
Reciprocal function, derivative of, 110 slicing with cylinders, 325 electric circuits
Reciprocal Rule for natural logarithms, 377, for surface integrals, 991 Euler equation
389 total area of rectangle, 284 Euler’s method
Rectangles for triple integrals, 911, 916 existence of second-order solutions
approximating area of, 249–251 volumes using cross-sections, 314 forced vibrations
defining Riemann sums, 264–265 volumes using cylindrical shells, 327 form of second-order solutions
double integrals over, 870–874 work and, 343 general solution for linear equations
optimizing area of, inside circle, 217–218 Right-continuous functions, 76 homogeneous equations
Rectangular coordinates. See Cartesian Right-handed coordinate frame, 692 linear combination
coordinates Right-handed derivatives, 112–113 linearity
Rectifying plane, 769 Right-hand limits linearly independent solutions
Recursion formula, 567 definition of, 69–70 method of undetermined coefficients
Recursive definitions, 567 proof of, AP-21 nonhomogeneous equations
Reduction formula, 453, 478 Rise, AP-11 power-series solutions
Reflection of graph, 16–18 r-limits of integration, 889, 913 second-order differential equations
Refraction, Law of, 219 Rolle, Michel, 193 second-order initial value problems
Regions Rolle’s Theorem, 193–194 second-order linear equations
bounded, 783 Root finding, 81–82 second-order series solutions
closed, 783, 785 Root rule simple harmonic motion
connected, 959 for limits, 51 solution of constant-coefficient second-order
general, double integrals over, 875–881 for limits of functions of two variables, 791 linear equations
open, 783, 785, 1012–1013 Roots superposition principle
plane binomial series for, 627–628 theorem on general solution form
interior point, 783 of complex numbers, AP-32–AP-33 uniqueness of second-order solutions
masses distributed over, 351 finding by Newton’s Method, 228–230 variation of parameters
simply connected, 959 and Intermediate Value Theorem, 81–82 Second-order partial derivatives, 803–804
solid, volume of, 876–879 Root Test, 595–597, 609 Sec x
in space Rotation derivatives of, 140
interior point, 785 disk method, 316–318 integrals of, 460–461
volume of, 895 uniform, 973 inverse of, 414–415, 417
special Run, AP-11 Separable differential equations, 394–395
divergence theorem for, 1019–1020 Sequences
Green’s Theorem for, 977–978 Saddle points, 730, 837–838, 838, 842 bounded, 567–569
unbounded, 783 Sandwich Theorem calculation of, 564–565
Regression analysis, 33 limits at infinity, 90 convergence of, 561–563
least squares, 33, 844 limits involving (sin u)/u, 71 divergence of, 561–563
Reindexing infinite series, 578–579 proof of, AP-21 index of, 561
Related rates, 156–161 for sequences, 564 infinite, 560–569
Relative change, 173 statement of, 54–55 to infinity, 563
Relative (local) extrema, 187–188, 836 Scalar functions, 739 limits of, 562, 564–565

Index I-13
by Continuous Function Theorem, 565 Sine function Square roots, elimination of, in integrals, 460
by l’Hôpital’s Rule, 565–566 derivative of, 137–138 Squeeze Theorem. See Sandwich Theorem
by Sandwich Theorem, 564 graph of, 10 St. Vincent, Gregory, 654
monotonic, 568 integral of, 458 Standard deviation, 510
to negative infinity, 563 inverse of, 414, 415–416 Standard linear approximation, 166, 830
of partial sums, 573 Sine-integral function, 502 Standard unit vectors, 701
nondecreasing, 568 Sinusoid formula, 27 Step size, 483
recursively defined, 567 SI units, 342 Stirling’s formula, 522
zipper theorem for, 571 Skew lines, 735 Stokes’ Theorem
Series Slant (oblique) asymptote, 91 comparison with Green’s Theorem, 1002,
absolutely convergent, 592–593 Slicing 1003, 1004, 1024, 1025
adding or deleting terms, 578 with cylinders, 324–326 conservative fields and, 962, 1012–1013
alternating, 598–602 by parallel planes, 314–315 integration in vector fields, 1002–1013
harmonic, 598–600 volume by, 314–315 for polyhedral surfaces, 1011
binomial, 626–628 Slope surface integral in, 1005
combining, 577–578 of curve, 43–45 for surfaces with holes, 1012
conditionally convergent, 601 of nonvertical line, AP-11 Stretching a graph, 17
convergence of, comparison tests for, of parametrized curves, 643–644 Substitution
588–591 of polar coordinate curve, 664–665 and area between curves, 299–302
convergent, 573 tangent line and, 105–106 in double integrals, 922–927
divergent, 573, 576–577 Smooth curves, 3–4, 331–333, 742 rectangular to polar coordinates, 889
error estimation, 584–586 Smooth surface, 982–983, 986 indefinite integrals and, 289–294
geometric, 574–576 Snell’s Law, 219 in multiple integrals, 922–930
harmonic, 582, 598–600 Snell van Royen, Willebrord, 218 trigonometric, 463–466
infinite, 572–579 Software, graphing with, 29–34 in triple integrals, 927–930
integral test, 581–586 Solids rectangular to cylindrical coordinates, 911
Maclaurin, 615–616 Cavalieri’s principle of, 315 rectangular to spherical coordinates, 915
p-, 583–584 cross-section of, 313 Substitution formula for definite integrals,
partial sum of, 572–573 three-dimensional, masses and moments, 296–299
power, 604–612 904, 907 Substitution Rule
rearrangement of, 601–602 volume in definite integrals, 296–299
reindexing, 578–579 calculation of, 314 definition of, 291
representations, of functions of power, by disk method, 316–318 evaluation of indefinite integrals with, 289–294
604–612 by double integrals, 871–872, 876–879 Subtraction, of vectors, 700
sum of, 572–573 by method of slicing, 313–320 Sum Rule
Taylor, 615–616, 619–625, 622–623 by triple integrals, 894–895 for antiderivatives, 234, 238
tests by washer method, 319–320 for combining series, 577
for absolute convergence, 593 Solids of revolution for definite integrals, 270
alternating, 598–601 by disk method, 316–318 derivative, 120–121
Cauchy condensation, 587 by washer method, 319–320 for finite sums, 261
comparison, 588 Solution of functions of two variables, 791
convergence, 588–591 of differential equation, 394 of geometric series, 577
integral, 581–586 particular, 235 for gradients, 824
limit comparison, 589–591 Speed for limits, 51, 64
Raabe’s, 638 along smooth curve, 758 of sequences, 564
ratio, 594–595 average, 41–43 for vector functions, 744
root, 595–597 definition of, 128 Sums
summary of, 602 instantaneous, 41–43 and difference, of double integrals, 880
Set, AP-2 of particle in space, 743 finite, 601
Shearing flow, 970 related rates equations, 159–161 estimation with, 249–257
Shell formula for revolution, 327 over short time intervals, 42 limits of, 262–263
Shell method, 326–329 Spheres lower, 251
Shells, thin, masses and moments of, concentric, in vector field, 1021–1022 partial, sequence of, 573
998–1000 parametrization of, 981 Riemann. See Riemann sums
Shift formulas for functions, 16 in space, distance and, 694–695 upper, 250
Shifting, of function graph, 16 standard equation for, 694 Surface area
Short differential formula, arc length, 334–335 surface area of, 984–985 defining of, 337–339, 982–986
Sigma notation, 259–265 Spherical coordinates differential for parametrized surface, 984
Simple harmonic motion, 139–140 definition of, 914 of explicit surface, 992
Simply connected region, 959 triple integrals in, 914–918 of graph, 988
Simpson, Thomas, 485 Spin around axis, 968–971 of implicit surface, 987–988, 992
Simpson’s Rule Spring constant, 343, 344 parametrization of, 982–986
approximations by, 484–486, 486–489 Springs for revolution about y-axis, 339–340
error analysis and, 486–489 Hooke’s law for, 343–344 for sphere, 984–985
Sine(s) mass of, 941–942 Surface integrals
extended definition of, 22 work to stretch, 344 computation of, 992–995
integrals of products of, 461–462 Square root function for flux, 995–998
integrals of products of powers of, 458–459 definition of, 8 formulas for, 992
values of, 23 derivative of, 111 integration in vector fields, 991–1000

I-14 Index
Surface integrals (continued ) Taylor’s Formula Monotonic Sequence, 568–569, 581

of scalar functions, 992 definition of, 619, 620 Multiplication of power series, 609
in Stoke’s Theorem, 1005 for functions of two variables, 854–858 Net Change, 283
of vector fields, 996 Taylor’s Theorem Nondecreasing Sequence, 568
Surface of revolution, 337 definition of, 619 number e as limit, 387
Surfaces proof of, 624–625 Orthogonal gradient, 848
and area, 656–657, 980–988 Term-by-term differentiation, 610 Pappus,’ 358–360
functions defined on, 812–814 Term-by-term integration, 611–612 Properties of continuous functions, 78
with holes, 1012 Terminal point Properties of limits of functions of two
implicit, 986–988 of curve, 641 variables, 791
implicitly defined, 986 of vector, 697 Ratio Test, 594
level, 784 Term of a sequence, 561 Rearrangement, for Absolutely Convergent
orientable, 995 Term of a series, 573 Series, 601
parametrization of, 980–986 Theorem(s) Remainder Estimation, 621, 623
piecewise smooth, 992, 1003 Absolute Convergence Test, 593 Rolle’s, 193–194
plane tangent to, 827–829 Algebraic Properties of Natural Logarithm, Root Test, 596
quadric, 729–731 377 Sandwich, AP-21, 54–55, 71, 90, 564
smooth, 982–983, 986 Alternating Series Estimation, 600, 623 Second derivative test for local extrema, 207,
two-sided, 995 angle between two vectors, 706 838
of two-variable functions, 784 Cauchy’s Mean Value, 408 Stokes,’ 1004
Symmetric functions Chain Rule, 145 Substitution in definite integrals, 296
definite integrals of, 298–299 for functions of three variables, 811–812 Substitution Rule, 291
graphs of, 6–7 for functions of two variables, 809–810 Taylor’s, 619, 624–625
properties of, 6 for two independent variables and three Term-by-Term Differentiation, 610
Symmetry tests, for graphs in polar coordinates, intermediate variables, 812 Term-by-Term Integration, 611–612
663 Comparison Test, 588 Thickness variable, 327
u-limits of integration, finding of, 889–890, conservative fields are gradient fields, 960 Thin shells, moments and masses of, 998–1000
917 Continuous function for sequences, 565 Three-dimensional coordinate systems
System torque, systems of masses, 351–352 Convergence, for Power Series, 607 Cartesian, 692–695
curl F = 0 related to loop property, 1012–1013 coordinate planes, 692
Table of integrals, 445, 477–478 De Moivre’s, AP-32 cylindrical, 912–914
Tabular integration by parts, 454, 521 Derivative Rule for Inverses, 370 right- and left-handed, 692
Tangent(s) Differentiability implies continuity, 114, 806 spherical, 916–918
to curves, 41–46, 758, 823–824 Direct Comparison Test, 589 Three-dimensional solid, 904, 907
of curves in space, 739–745 Divergence, 1016–1018 Three-dimensional vectors, component form
extended definition of, 22 Evaluation, 281–283 of, 698
to graph of function, 105–106 Exactness of differential forms, 965 Time-Distance Law (Kepler’s Third Law), 775
to level curves, 823–824 Extreme Value, AP-24 TNB frame, 767
and normals, 154 First derivative test for local extreme values, Torque, 351–352, 717
at point, 105–107 837 Torsion, 768–769, 771
slope of, 43 first derivative test for local extreme values, Torus, 989–990
values of, 23 188–189 surface area of’, 360
vertical, 114 Formula for Implicit Differentiation, 814 volume of, 359
Tangent function Fubini’s, 873, 877–879 Total differential, 832
extended definition of, 22 Fundamental, 278–286 Trace curve, 805
inverse of, 414 of Algebra, AP-34 Trachea contraction, 226–227
Tangential component of acceleration, 766–771 of Calculus Transcendental functions, 385
Tangent line approximation, 166, 830 Part 1, 279–281 Transcendental numbers, 385
Tangent lines Part 2, 281–283 Transformations
to curve, 105 of Line Integrals, 959 Jacobian of, 925, 926
instantaneous rates of change and, 45–46 Green’s, 974 linear, 923–924
Tangent plane approximation, 830 Implicit Function, 815, 986 of trigonometric graphs, 26–27
Tangent planes Increment, for Functions of Two Variables, Transitivity law for real numbers, AP-24
horizontal, 837 AP-38–AP-40, 806 Trapezoid, area of, 273
and normal lines, 827–829 integrability of continuous functions, 268 Trapezoidal Rule
to a parametric surface, 982 Integral Test, 582 approximations by, 483–484, 486–489
Tangent vector, 742 Intermediate value, 81–82 error analysis and, 486–489
Tan x Laws of Exponents for ex , 385 Triangle inequality, AP-5
derivative of, 140 l’Hôpital’s Rule, 403, 565–566 Trigonometric functions
integral of, 460–461 Limit, proofs of, AP-19–AP-21 angles, 21–22
inverse of, 414, 416 Limit Comparison Test, 589–591 derivatives of, 137–141
Tautochrones, 645–646 Limit Laws, 51, 87 graphs of, 10, 24, 31–32
Taylor, Brook, 615 Loop property of conservative fields, 961 transformations of, 26
Taylor polynomials, 616–618, 623, 624 Mean Value, AP-36–AP-40, 194–195, integrals of, 457–462
Taylor series 196–197, 199–200, 233, 332, 651 inverse, 415–418, 415–420
applying of, 622–623, 628–632 corollary 1, 196 periodicity of, 24
convergence of, 619–625 corollary 2, 196–197, 377 six basic, 22–23
definition of, 615–616 for definite integrals, 278–281 Trigonometric identities, 24–25
frequently used, 632 Mixed Derivatives, AP-36, 804 Trigonometric substitutions, 463–466

Index I-15
Triple integrals Variance, 510 in physics and engineering, 703–704

in cylindrical coordinates, 910–918 Vector equations position, standard, 697–698
properties of, 894–895, 900 for curves in space, 739 principal unit normal, 762, 771
in rectangular coordinates, 894–900 for lines, 720, 721–722 projection of, 709–711
in spherical coordinates, 914–918 of plane, 723 resultant, 699–700
substitutions in, 927–930 for projectile motion, 749–751 scalar multiplication of, 699–700
Triple scalar product (box product), 717–718 Vector fields standard position, for a point, 697–698
Tuning fork data, 4 conservative, 958, 959–962 standard unit, 701
Two-dimensional vectors, component form of, continuous, 945 subtraction (difference) of, 700
698 curl of, 1002–1003 tangent, of curve, 742
Two-path test for nonexistence of limit, 794 definition of, 945–946 terminal point of, 697
Two-sided limits differentiable, 945 three-dimensional, 698
definition of, 68 divergence of, 970–971 torque, 717
proof of, AP-21 electric, 957 Triple scalar product of, 717–718
Two-sided surface, 995 flux density of, 973 two-dimensional, 698, 708
gradient, 946–947, 959–960 unit
Unbounded intervals, 6 gravitational, 957 definition of, 701–702
Unbounded region, 783 integration in, 926–1032 derivative in direction of, 819
Unbounded sequence, 567 and line integrals, 945–954 writing vectors in terms of, 701–702
Undetermined coefficients, 475 line integrals of, definition of, 947–948 unit binormal, 767
Unified theory, 1024–1025 potential function for, 958 unit normal, 764
Uniform distribution, 511 Vector functions unit tangent, 758–759
Uniformly continuous, 277 antiderivatives of, 747 velocity, 697, 743
Union of set, AP-2 of constant length, 745 zero vector, 698
Unit binormal vector, 767 continuity of, 740–741 Vector-valued functions. See Vector functions
Unit circle, AP-14 curves in space and, 739–745 Velocity
Unit normal vector, 762 definite integral of, 748–749 along space curve, 743
Unit step functions, limits and, 50 derivatives of, definition of, 742 angular, of rotation, 1009
Unit tangent vector, 758–759, 771 differentiable, 742 average, 128
Unit vectors differentiation rules for, 743–745 definition of, 128
definition of, 701 indefinite integral of, 747–749 free fall and, 130
writing vectors in terms of, 701–702 integrals of, 747–752 instantaneous, 128
Universal gravitational constant, 773 limits of, 740–741 in polar coordinates, 772–775
Upper bound, AP-24, 262 Vector product. See Cross product and position, from acceleration, 197
Upper sums, 250 Vectors Velocity fields
acceleration, 743, 767 circulation for, 952–953
Value(s) addition of, 699–700, 707 flow integral, 952–953
absolute, AP-4–AP-6, AP-30 algebra operations with, 699–701 Velocity function
average, 273–274 angle between, 706–708 acceleration and, 197, 743
extreme, 185–190, 836–842 applications of, 703–704 speed and, 254
of function, 2–3, 899–900 binormal, of curve, 767 Vertical asymptotes. See also Asymptotes
of improper integral, 492–493, 496 component form of, 697–699 definition of, 94–95
local maximum, 187–188, 836 coplanar, 701 limits and, 86
local minimum, 187–188, 836 cross product Vertical line test, 4–5
Variable force as area of parallelogram, 715 Vertical scaling and reflecting formulas, 17
along curve, 950–952 in component form, 715–717 Vertical shift of function, 16
along line, 342–343 definition of, 714 Vertical strip, 324
Variable of integration, 237, 268 as determinant, 715–717 Vertical strips, 354
Variables right-hand rule for, 714 Vertical tangents, 114
dependent, 1 of two vectors in space, 714–715 Viewing windows, 29–32
dummy, 268 curl, 1002–1003 Volume
functions of several, 781–786, 795, 802–803, definition of, 697 of cylinder, 313
816 direction of, 701 differential
independent, 1, 810, 811–812 dot product, definition of, 706 in cylindrical coordinates, 911
input, 781 equality of, 697 in spherical coordinates, 916
intermediate, 811 and geometry in space, 692–738 by disks for rotation about axis, 316
output, 781 gradient, 821 double integrals as, 871–872
proportional, 7 in gravitational field, 946 by iterated integrals, 876–879
thickness, 327–328 i-component of, 701 of pyramid, 314–315
three, functions of, 784–786, 824–825 initial point of, 697 of region in space, 895
Chain Rule for, 811–812 j-component of, 701 by slicing, 314–315
two, functions of, 782–783, 786, 806 k-component of, 701 of solid region, 876–879
Chain Rule for, 809–811 length (magnitude) of, 698, 699–700 of solid with known cross-section, 314
independent, and three intermediate, midpoint of line segments, 702 triple integrals as, 895
812–813 in navigation, 703 using cross-sections, 313–320
limits for, 789–793 normal, of curve, 764–765 using cylindrical shells, 324–329
linearization of, 830–831, 832 notation for, 697 by washers for rotation about axis,
partial derivatives of, 798–800 parallel, 714 319
Taylor’s formula for, 854–858 perpendicular (orthogonal), 708–709 von Koch, Helga, 581

I-16 Index
Washer method, 319–320, 329 by variable force along curve, 950 y, integration with respect to, 301–302
Wave equation, 809 by variable force along line, 342–343 y-axis, revolution about, 339–340
Weierstrass, Karl, 499 Work done by the heart, 175–176 y-coordinate, AP-10
Weierstrass function, 118 y-intercept, AP-13
Whirlpool effect, 970 x-coordinate, AP-10 y-limits of integration, 896, 898
Windows, graphing, 29–32 x-intercept, AP-13 yz-plane, 692
Work x-limits of integration, 897, 899
by constant force, 342 xy-plane, definition of, 692 Zero denominators, algebraic elimination of,
by force over curve in space, 950–952 xz-plane, 692 52–53
by force through displacement, 711 Zero vector, 698
Hooke’s Law for springs, 343–344 y = ƒ(x) Zero Width Interval Rule, 270, 375
and kinetic energy, 349 graphing of, 209–211 z-limits of integration, 896, 897, 898, 913
kinetic energy and, 349 length of, 331–333, 654–655
pumping liquids from containers, 344–345

A Brief Table of Integrals
Basic Forms
L L
xn + 1
1. k dx = kx + C (any number k) 2. xn dx = + C (n ≠ -1)
n + 1
L L
dx
3. x = ln 0 x 0 + C 4. ex dx = ex + C
L L
ax
5. ax dx = + C (a 7 0, a ≠ 1) 6. sin x dx = -cos x + C
ln a
L L
7. cos x dx = sin x + C 8. sec2 x dx = tan x + C
L L
9. csc2 x dx = -cot x + C 10. sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
L L
11. csc x cot x dx = -csc x + C 12. tan x dx = ln 0 sec x 0 + C
L L
13. cot x dx = ln 0 sin x 0 + C 14. sinh x dx = cosh x + C
L L 2a - x
dx x
15. cosh x dx = sinh x + C 16. 22
= sin-1 a + C
L L x 2x - a
dx 1 x dx 1 x
17. 2 2
= a tan-1 a + C 18. = a sec-1 2 a 2 + C
a + x 2 2
L 2a + x L 2x - a
dx x dx x
19. 22
= sinh-1 a + C (a 7 0) 20. 22
= cosh-1 a + C (x 7 a 7 0)
Forms Involving ax + b
(ax + b)n + 1
L
21. (ax + b)n dx = + C, n ≠ -1
a(n + 1)
(ax + b)n + 1 ax + b
L
b
22. x(ax + b)n dx = c - d + C, n ≠ -1, -2
a2 n + 2 n + 1
L L
1 x b
23. (ax + b)-1 dx = a ln 0 ax + b 0 + C 24. x(ax + b)-1 dx = a - 2 ln ax + b + C
a
L L
1 b dx 1 x 2
25. x(ax + b)-2 dx = c ln 0 ax + b 0 + d + C 26. = ln 2 + C
a 2 ax + b x(ax + b) b ax + b
2 1 2ax + b 2
n+2
L L L x 2ax + b
2ax + b dx
27. 1 2ax + b 2 dx = a
n
n + 2
+ C, n ≠ -2 28. x dx = 2 2ax + b + b
T-1
Z05_THOM4077_BTIpT1-T6.indd 1 8/29/13 11:35 AM

T-2 A Brief Table of Integrals
L x 2ax + b L x 2ax - b
dx 1 2ax + b - 2b dx 2 ax - b
29. (a) = ln ` ` + C (b) = tan-1 + C
2b 2ax + b + 2b 2b A b
L 2L x 2ax + b L x2 2ax + b 2bL x 2ax + b

2ax + b 2ax + b a dx dx 2ax + b a dx
30. dx = - + + C 31. = - - + C
x2 x bx
Forms Involving a 2 + x 2
L L (a + x )
dx 1 x dx x 1 x
32. = a tan-1 a + C 33. = + 3 tan-1 a + C
a 2
+ x 2 2 2 2
2a2 ( a2 + x2 ) 2a
L 2a2 + x2
dx x
34. = sinh-1 a + C = ln 1 x + 2a2 + x2 2 + C
L
x a2
35. 2a2 + x2 dx = 2a2 + x2 + ln 1 x + 2a2 + x2 2 + C
2 2
L
x 2 a4
36. x2 2a2 + x2 dx = ( a + 2x2 ) 2a2 + x2 - ln 1 x + 2a2 + x2 2 + C
8 8
L
2a2 + x2 a + 2a2 + x2
37. x dx = 2a2 + x2 - a ln ` x ` + C
L
2a2 + x2 2a2 + x2
38. 2
dx = ln 1 x + 2a2 + x2 2 - x + C
x
L 2a + x
x2 a2 x 2a2 + x2
39. dx = - ln 1 x + 2a2 + x2 2 + + C
22 2 2
L x 2a2 + x2 L x2 2a2 + x2
dx 1 a + 2a2 + x2 dx 2a2 + x2
40. = - a ln ` x ` + C 41. = - + C
a2x
Forms Involving a 2 − x 2
La - x L (a - x )
dx 1 x + a dx x 1 x + a
42. = ln 2 x - a 2 + C 43. = 2 2 + 3 ln 2 x - a 2 + C
2 2 2a 2 2 2
2a ( a - x2 ) 4a
L 2a - x L
dx x x a2 -1 x
44. = sin-1 a + C 45. 2a2 - x2 dx = 2a2 - x2 + sin a + C
2 2 2 2
L
4
a x 1
46. x2 2a2 - x2 dx = sin-1 a - x 2a2 - x2 ( a2 - 2x2 ) + C
8 8
L L
2a2 - x2 a + 2a2 - x2 2a2 - x2 x 2a2 - x2
47. x dx = 2a2 - x2 - a ln ` x ` + C 48. 2
dx = -sin-1 a - x + C
x
L 2a - x L x 2a - x
x2 a2 -1 x 1 dx 1 a + 2a2 - x2
49. dx = sin a - x 2a2 - x2 + C 50. = - a ln ` x ` + C
22 2 2 2 2
L x2 2a2 - x2
dx 2a2 - x2
51. = - + C
a2x
Forms Involving x 2 − a 2
L 2x2 - a2
dx
52. = ln 0 x + 2x2 - a2 0 + C
L
x a2
53. 2x2 - a2 dx = 2x2 - a2 - ln 0 x + 2x2 - a2 0 + C
2 2

A Brief Table of Integrals T-3
x1 2x2 - a2 2
n
L n + 1L
na2
54. 1 2x 2
- a 2
2 n
dx =
n + 1
- 1 2x2 - a2 2n - 2 dx, n ≠ -1
x1 2x2 - a2 22 - n
L 1 2x - a 2 L 1 2x - a2 2
dx n - 3 dx
55. 2 n
= 2
- 2 n-2 , n ≠ 2
2 (2 - n)a (n - 2)a 2
1 2x2 - a2 2n + 2
L
56. x1 2x2 - a2 2n dx = + C, n ≠ -2
n + 2
L
4
x
57. x2 2x2 - a2 dx =
8
( 2x2 - a2 ) 2x2 - a2 - a8 ln 0 x + 2x2 - a2 0 + C
L
2x2 - a2 x
58. x dx = 2x2 - a2 - a sec-1 ` a ` + C
L
2x2 - a2 2x2 - a2
59. 2
dx = ln 0 x + 2x2 - a2 0 - x + C
x
L 2x - a
x2 a2 x
60. dx = ln 0 x + 2x2 - a2 0 + 2x2 - a2 + C
2 2 2 2
L x 2x - a L x2 2x2 - a2
dx 1 x 1 a dx 2x2 - a2
61. = a sec-1 ` a ` + C = a cos-1 ` x ` + C 62. = + C
2 2 a2x
Trigonometric Forms
L L
1 1
63. sin ax dx = - a cos ax + C 64. cos ax dx = a sin ax + C
L L
x sin 2ax x sin 2ax
65. sin2 ax dx = - + C 66. cos2 ax dx = + + C
2 4a 2 4a
L L
n-1
sin ax cos ax n - 1
67. sinn ax dx = - na + n sinn - 2 ax dx
L L
cosn - 1 ax sin ax n - 1
68. cosn ax dx = na + n cosn - 2 ax dx
cos(a + b)x cos(a - b)x

L
69. (a) sin ax cos bx dx = - - + C, a2 ≠ b2
2(a + b) 2(a - b)
sin(a - b)x sin(a + b)x
L
(b) sin ax sin bx dx = - + C, a2 ≠ b2
2(a - b) 2(a + b)
sin(a - b)x sin(a + b)x

L
(c) cos ax cos bx dx = + + C, a2 ≠ b2
2(a - b) 2(a + b)
L L
cos 2ax sinn + 1 ax
70. sin ax cos ax dx = - + C 71. sinn ax cos ax dx = + C, n ≠ -1
4a (n + 1)a
L sin ax L
cos ax 1 cosn + 1 ax
72. dx = a ln sin ax + C 73. cosn ax sin ax dx = - + C, n ≠ -1
(n + 1)a
L
sin ax 1
74. cos ax dx = - a ln cos ax + C
L m + nL
sinn - 1 ax cosm + 1 ax n - 1
75. sinn ax cosm ax dx = - + sinn - 2 ax cosm ax dx, n ≠ -m (reduces sinn ax)
a(m + n)
L m + nL
sinn + 1 ax cosm - 1 ax m - 1
76. sinn ax cosm ax dx = + sinn ax cosm - 2 ax dx, m ≠ -n (reduces cosm ax)
a(m + n)

L b + c sin ax a 2b2 - c2
dx -2 b - c p ax
77. = tan-1 c tana - b d + C, b2 7 c2
Ab + c 4 2
L
dx -1 c + b sin ax + 2c2 - b2 cos ax
78. = ln ` ` + C, b2 6 c2
b + c sin ax 2
a 2c - b2 b + c sin ax
L L
dx 1 p ax dx 1 p ax
79. = - a tan a - b + C 80. = a tan a + b + C
1 + sin ax 4 2 1 - sin ax 4 2
L
dx 2 b - c ax
81. = tan-1 c tan d + C, b2 7 c2
b + c cos ax 2
a 2b - c2 A b + c 2
L b + c cos ax a 2c - b
dx 1 c + b cos ax + 2c2 - b2 sin ax
82. = ln ` ` + C, b2 6 c2
2 2 b + c cos ax
L 1 + cos ax L 1 - cos ax
dx 1 ax dx 1 ax
83. = a tan + C 84. = - a cot + C
2 2
L L
1 x 1 x
85. x sin ax dx = sin ax - a cos ax + C 86. x cos ax dx = cos ax + a sin ax + C
a2 a2
L L L L
n
x n xn n
87. xn sin ax dx = - a cos ax + a xn - 1 cos ax dx 88. xn cos ax dx = a sin ax - a xn - 1 sin ax dx
L L
1 1
89. tan ax dx = a ln 0 sec ax 0 + C 90. cot ax dx = a ln 0 sin ax 0 + C
L L
1 1
91. tan2 ax dx = a tan ax - x + C 92. cot2 ax dx = - a cot ax - x + C
L L L L
tann - 1 ax cotn - 1 ax
93. tann ax dx = - tann - 2 ax dx, n ≠ 1 94. cotn ax dx = - - cotn - 2 ax dx, n ≠ 1
a(n - 1) a(n - 1)
L L
1 1
95. sec ax dx = a ln 0 sec ax + tan ax 0 + C 96. csc ax dx = - a ln 0 csc ax + cot ax 0 + C
L L
1 1
97. sec2 ax dx = a tan ax + C 98. csc2 ax dx = - a cot ax + C
L n - 1L
secn - 2 ax tan ax n - 2
99. secn ax dx = + secn - 2 ax dx, n ≠ 1
a(n - 1)
L n - 1L
cscn - 2 ax cot ax n - 2
100. cscn ax dx = - + cscn - 2 ax dx, n ≠ 1
a(n - 1)
L L
secn ax cscn ax
101. secn ax tan ax dx = na + C, n ≠ 0 102. cscn ax cot ax dx = - na + C, n ≠ 0
Inverse Trigonometric Forms
L L
1 1
103. sin-1 ax dx = x sin-1 ax + a 21 - a2x2 + C 104. cos-1 ax dx = x cos-1 ax - a 21 - a2x2 + C
L
1
105. tan-1 ax dx = x tan-1 ax - ln ( 1 + a2x2 ) + C
2a
L n + 1 L 21 - a2x2
xn + 1 a xn + 1 dx
106. xn sin-1 ax dx = sin-1 ax - , n ≠ -1
n + 1
L n + 1 L 21 - a2x2
xn + 1 a xn + 1 dx
107. xn cos-1 ax dx = cos-1 ax + , n ≠ -1
n + 1
L n + 1 L 1 + a2x2
xn + 1 a xn + 1 dx
108. xn tan-1 ax dx = tan-1 ax - , n ≠ -1
n + 1

A Brief Table of Integrals T-5
Exponential and Logarithmic Forms
L L
1 1 bax
109. eax dx = a eax + C 110. bax dx = + C, b 7 0, b ≠ 1
a ln b
L L L
eax 1 n
111. xeax dx = (ax - 1) + C 112. xneax dx = a xneax - a xn - 1eax dx
a2
L a ln b a ln b L
xnbax n
113. xnbax dx = - xn - 1bax dx, b 7 0, b ≠ 1
L
eax
114. eax sin bx dx = (a sin bx - b cos bx) + C
a + b2
2
L L
eax
115. eax cos bx dx = (a cos bx + b sin bx) + C 116. ln ax dx = x ln ax - x + C
a + b2
2
xn + 1(ln ax)m
L n + 1L
m
117. xn(ln ax)m dx = - xn(ln ax)m - 1 dx, n ≠ -1
n + 1
(ln ax)m + 1
L L
dx
118. x-1(ln ax)m dx = + C, m ≠ -1 119. = ln 0 ln ax 0 + C
m + 1 x ln ax
Forms Involving 22ax − x 2, a + 0
L 22ax - x2
dx x - a
120. = sin-1 a a b + C
L
x - a a2 -1 x - a
121. 22ax - x2 dx = 22ax - x2 + sin a a b + C
2 2
(x - a)1 22ax - x2 2
n
L n + 1L
na2
122. 1 22ax - x2 2 dx =
n
n + 1
+ 1 22ax - x2 2n - 2 dx
(x - a)1 22ax - x2 22 - n
L 1 22ax - x2 2 (n - 2)a2L 1 22ax - x2 2n - 2
dx n - 3 dx
123. n = +
(n - 2)a2
(x + a)(2x - 3a) 22ax - x2 a3 -1 x - a
L
124. x 22ax - x2 dx = + sin a a b + C
6 2
L
22ax - x2 x - a
125. x dx = 22ax - x2 + a sin-1 a a b + C
L
22ax - x2 2a - x x - a
126. dx = -2 x - sin-1 a a b + C
x2 A
L 22ax - x2 L x 22ax - x2
x dx x - a dx 1 2a - x
127. = a sin-1 a a b - 22ax - x2 + C 128. = -a + C
A x
Hyperbolic Forms
L L
1 1
129. sinh ax dx = a cosh ax + C 130. cosh ax dx = a sinh ax + C
L L
sinh 2ax x sinh 2ax x
131. sinh2 ax dx = - + C 132. cosh2 ax dx = + + C
4a 2 4a 2
L L
sinhn - 1 ax cosh ax n - 1
133. sinhn ax dx = na - n sinhn - 2 ax dx, n ≠ 0

L L
coshn - 1 ax sinh ax n - 1
134. coshn ax dx = na + n coshn - 2 ax dx, n ≠ 0
L L
x 1 x 1
135. x sinh ax dx = a cosh ax - 2 sinh ax + C 136. x cosh ax dx = a sinh ax - 2 cosh ax + C
a a
L L L L
xn n xn n
137. xn sinh ax dx = a cosh ax - a xn - 1 cosh ax dx 138. xn cosh ax dx = a sinh ax - a xn - 1 sinh ax dx
L L
1 1
139. tanh ax dx = a ln (cosh ax) + C 140. coth ax dx = a ln sinh ax + C
L L
1 1
141. tanh2 ax dx = x - a tanh ax + C 142. coth2 ax dx = x - a coth ax + C
L L
tanhn - 1 ax
143. tanhn ax dx = - + tanhn - 2 ax dx, n ≠ 1
(n - 1)a
L L
cothn - 1 ax
144. cothn ax dx = - + cothn - 2 ax dx, n ≠ 1
(n - 1)a
L L
1 1 ax
145. sech ax dx = a sin-1 (tanh ax) + C 146. csch ax dx = a ln 2 tanh 2 + C
2
L L
1 1
147. sech2 ax dx = a tanh ax + C 148. csch2 ax dx = - a coth ax + C
L n - 1L
sechn - 2 ax tanh ax n - 2
149. sechn ax dx = + sechn - 2 ax dx, n ≠ 1
(n - 1)a
L n - 1L
cschn - 2 ax coth ax n - 2
150. cschn ax dx = - - cschn - 2 ax dx, n ≠ 1
(n - 1)a
L L
sechn ax cschn ax
151. sechn ax tanh ax dx = - na + C, n ≠ 0 152. cschn ax coth ax dx = - na + C, n ≠ 0
L
ax bx -bx
e e e
153. eax sinh bx dx = c - d + C, a2 ≠ b2
2 a + b a - b
L
eax ebx e-bx
154. eax cosh bx dx = c + d + C, a2 ≠ b2
2 a + b a - b
Some Definite Integrals

q q
L0 L0
n - 1 -x 2 1 p
155. x e dx = Γ(n) = (n - 1)!, n 7 0 156. e-ax dx = , a 7 0
2A a
1 # 3 # 5 # g # (n - 1) # p
2#4#6# g#n
p>2 p>2 , if n is an even integer Ú 2
2
L0 L0 2 # 4 # 6 # g # (n - 1)
n
157. sin x dx = n
cos x dx = d
3#5#7# g#n
, if n is an odd integer Ú 3

Trigonometry Formulas tan (A + B) =
tan A + tan B
1 - tan A tan B
y tan A - tan B
Definitions and Fundamental Identities tan (A - B) =
1 + tan A tan B
y 1 P(x, y) p p
Sine: sin u = r = sin aA - b = -cos A, cos aA - b = sin A
csc u r 2 2
y
x 1 u

Cosine: cos u = r = x x p p
sec u 0 sin aA + b = cos A, cos aA + b = -sin A
2 2
y 1
Tangent: tan u = x = 1 1
cot u sin A sin B = cos (A - B) - cos (A + B)
2 2
1 1
cos A cos B = cos (A - B) + cos (A + B)
Identities 2 2
sin (-u) = -sin u, cos (-u) = cos u 1 1
sin A cos B = sin (A - B) + sin (A + B)
sin2 u + cos2 u = 1, sec2 u = 1 + tan2 u, csc2 u = 1 + cot2 u 2 2
1 1
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u, cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u sin A + sin B = 2 sin (A + B) cos (A - B)
2 2
1 + cos 2u 1 - cos 2u
cos2 u = , sin2 u = 1 1
2 2 sin A - sin B = 2 cos (A + B) sin (A - B)
2 2
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
1 1
sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B cos A + cos B = 2 cos (A + B) cos (A - B)
2 2
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B 1 1
cos A - cos B = -2 sin (A + B) sin (A - B)
cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B 2 2
Trigonometric Functions y y
y = sin x y = cos x
Degrees Radians
Radian Measure
x x
–p – p 0 p p 3p 2p –p – p 0 p p 3p 2p
45 p 2 2 2 2 2 2
4
s "2 1 "2 1
Domain: (−∞, ∞) Domain: (−∞, ∞)
u p p
1 Range: [−1, 1] Range: [−1, 1]
45 90 4 2
r 1 1
Un l
e
it circ y
y
y = tan x y = sec x
r
C ir
cle of rad ius
p
30 1
s u s 6
x x
r = 1 = u or u = r , 2 "3 2 "3 – 3p –p – p 0 p p 3p – 3p –p – p 0 p p 3p
180° = p radians. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
p p
60 90 3 2
1 1 Domain: All real numbers except odd Domain: All real numbers except odd
integer multiples of p2 integer multiples of p2
The angles of two common triangles, in Range: (−∞, ∞) Range: (−∞, −1] ´ [1, ∞)
degrees and radians.
y y
y = csc x y = cot x
1 1
x x
–p – p 0 p p 3p 2p –p – p 0 p p 3p 2p
2 2 2 2 2 2
Domain: x ≠ 0, ±p, ±2p, . . . Domain: x ≠ 0, ±p, ±2p, . . .

Range: (−∞, −1] ´ [1, ∞) Range: (−∞, ∞)
Z06_THOM4077_Last3Bkpgs.indd 2 8/29/13 4:59 PM

Series
5. Series with some negative terms: Does g an converge?

Tests for Convergence of Infinite Series
2. Geometric series: g ar converges if r 6 1; otherwise it If yes, so does g an since absolute convergence implies con-
1. The nth-Term Test: Unless an S 0, the series diverges.
n
6. Alternating series: g an converges if the series satisfies the

vergence.
3. p-series: g 1>np converges if p 7 1; otherwise it diverges.
diverges.
conditions of the Alternating Series Test.

4. Series with nonnegative terms: Try the Integral Test, Ratio
Test, or Root Test. Try comparing to a known series with the
Comparison Test or the Limit Comparison Test.
Taylor Series
= 1 + x + x2 + g + xn + g = a xn,
q
1
0x0 6 1
1 - x n=0
= 1 - x + x2 - g + (-x)n + g = a (-1)nxn,
q
1
0x0 6 1
1 + x n=0
+ g = a ,
q
x2 xn xn
ex = 1 + x + + g + 0x0 6 q
2! n! n = 0 n!
+ g = a
q
x3 x5 x2n + 1 (-1)nx2n + 1
sin x = x - + - g + (-1)n , 0x0 6 q
3! 5! (2n + 1)! n = 0 (2n + 1)!
+ g = a
q
x2 x4 x2n (-1)nx2n
cos x = 1 - + - g + (-1)n , 0x0 6 q
2! 4! (2n)! n = 0 (2n)!
- g + (-1)n - 1 n + g = a
q
x2 x3 xn (-1)n - 1xn
ln (1 + x) = x - + n , -1 6 x … 1
2 3 n=1
+ gb = 2 a
q
1 + x x3 x5 x2n + 1 x2n + 1
ln = 2 tanh-1 x = 2ax + + + g + , 0x0 6 1
1 - x 3 5 2n + 1 n=0 2n + 1
+ g = a
q
x3 x5 x2n + 1 (-1)nx2n + 1
tan-1 x = x - + - g + (-1)n , 0x0 … 1
3 5 2n + 1 n = 0 2n + 1
Binomial Series
m(m - 1)x2 m(m - 1)(m - 2)x3 m(m - 1)(m - 2) g(m - k + 1)xk
(1 + x)m = 1 + mx + + + g + + g
2! 3! k!
= 1 + a a b xk,
q
m
0 x 0 6 1,
k=1 k
where
m m m(m - 1) m m(m - 1) g(m - k + 1)
a b = m, a b = , a b = for k Ú 3.
1 2 2! k k!

Vector Operator Formulas (Cartesian Form)
Formulas for Grad, Div, Curl, and the Laplacian

Cartesian (x, y, z) The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals
i, j, and k are unit vectors Part 1 Let F = M i + N j + P k be a vector field whose components
in the directions of are continuous throughout an open connected region D in space.
Then there exists a differentiable function ƒ such that
increasing x, y, and z.
M, N, and P are the 0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ
F = ∇ƒ = i + j + k
scalar components of 0x 0y 0z
if and only if for all points A and B in D the value of 1A F # dr is
B
F(x, y, z) in these
directions. independent of the path joining A to B in D.
0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ Part 2 If the integral is independent of the path from A to B, its value is
Gradient ∇ƒ = i + j + k
0x 0y 0z B
F # dr = ƒ(B) - ƒ(A).
∇#F =
0M 0N 0P
+ + LA
Divergence 0x 0y 0z
i j k
0 0 04 Green’s Theorem and Its Generalization to Three Dimensions
Curl ∇ * F = 4
0x 0y 0z
F # T ds = ∇ * F # k dA
F O
M N P Tangential form of Green’s Theorem:
C R
0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ
F # T ds = ∇ * F # n ds
F O
Laplacian ∇ƒ = 2 + 2 + 2
2
Stokes’ Theorem:
0x 0y 0z
C S
F # n ds = ∇ # F dA
F O
Vector Triple Products Normal form of Green’s Theorem:
(u * v) # w = (v * w) # u = (w * u) # v C R
u * (v * w) = (u # w)v - (u # v)w F # n ds = ∇ # F dV
O l
Divergence Theorem:
S D
Vector Identities
In the identities here, ƒ and g are differentiable scalar functions, F, F1, and F2 are differentiable vector fields, and a and b are real
constants.
∇ * ( ∇ƒ ) = 0 ∇ # ( F1 * F2 ) = F2 # ∇ * F1 - F1 # ∇ * F2
∇ ( ƒg ) = ƒ∇g + g∇ƒ
∇ * ( F1 * F2 ) = ( F2 # ∇ ) F1 - ( F1 # ∇ ) F2 +
∇ # ( gF ) = g∇ # F + ∇g # F ( ∇ # F2 ) F1 - ( ∇ # F1 ) F2
∇ * ( gF ) = g∇ * F + ∇g * F
∇ * ( ∇ * F ) = ∇ ( ∇ # F ) - ( ∇ # ∇ ) F = ∇ ( ∇ # F ) - ∇ 2F
∇ # ( aF1 + bF2 ) = a∇ # F1 + b∇ # F2 ( ∇ * F ) * F = ( F # ∇ ) F - 12 ∇ ( F # F )
∇ * ( aF1 + bF2 ) = a∇ * F1 + b∇ * F2
∇ ( F1 # F2 ) = ( F1 # ∇ ) F2 + ( F2 # ∇ ) F1 +
F1 * ( ∇ * F2 ) + F2 * ( ∇ * F1 )

Basic Algebra Formulas
Arithmetic Operations
a#c ac
a(b + c) = ab + ac, =
b d bd
a>b a d
= #
a c ad + bc
+ = ,
b d bd c>d b c
Laws of Signs
-a a a
-(-a) = a, = - =
b b -b
Zero Division by zero is not defined.

0
If a ≠ 0: 0
a = 0, a = 1, 0 = 0
a
For any number a: a # 0 = 0 # a = 0
Laws of Exponents
aman = am + n, (ab)m = ambm, (am)n = amn,
n
am>n = 2am = 12
n
a2
m
If a ≠ 0,
am 1
= am - n, a0 = 1, a-m = .
an am
The Binomial Theorem For any positive integer n,

n(n - 1) n - 2 2
1#2
(a + b)n = an + nan - 1b + a b
n(n - 1)(n - 2) n - 3 3
1#2#3
+ a b + g + nabn - 1 + bn.
For instance,
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3, (a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3.
Factoring the Difference of Like Integer Powers, n + 1

an - bn = (a - b)(an - 1 + an - 2b + an - 3b2 + g + abn - 2 + bn - 1)
For instance,
a2 - b2 = (a - b)(a + b),
a3 - b3 = (a - b) ( a2 + ab + b2 ) ,
a4 - b4 = (a - b) ( a3 + a2b + ab2 + b3 ) .
Completing the Square If a ≠ 0,

b2
ax2 + bx + c = au 2 + C au = x + (b>2a), C = c - b
4a
The Quadratic Formula If a ≠ 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0, then

-b { 2b2 - 4ac
x = .
2a
Z07_THOM4077_Epp01-07.indd 3 8/29/13 12:10 PM

GEOMETRY FORMULAS
A = area, B = area of base, C = circumference, S = lateral area or surface area, V = volume
Triangle Similar Triangles Pythagorean Theorem
c c′ a′ a c
b
h b′
b b a
a′ = b′ = c′
a b c
A = 1 bh a2 + b2 = c2
2
Parallelogram Trapezoid Circle
h
h A = pr 2,
r
C = 2pr
b
b
A = bh
A = 1 (a + b)h
2
Any Cylinder or Prism with Parallel Bases Right Circular Cylinder
h h
h
V = Bh
B B
V = pr2h
S = 2prh = Area of side
Any Cone or Pyramid Right Circular Cone Sphere
h h
V = 1 pr2h V = 43 pr3, S = 4pr2

3
B V= 1
Bh B S = prs = Area of side
3
Z07_THOM4077_Epp01-07.indd 4 8/29/13 12:10 PM

LIMITS
General Laws Specific Formulas

If L, M, c, and k are real numbers and If P(x) = an xn + an - 1 xn - 1 + g + a0, then
lim ƒ(x) = L and lim g(x) = M, then lim P(x) = P(c) = an cn + an - 1 cn - 1 + g + a0.
xSc xSc xSc
Sum Rule: lim (ƒ(x) + g(x)) = L + M If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Q(c) ≠ 0, then
xSc
Difference Rule: lim (ƒ(x) - g(x)) = L - M P(x) P(c)
xSc
lim (ƒ(x) # g(x)) = L # M
lim = .
Product Rule: xSc Q(x) Q(c)
xSc
Constant Multiple Rule: lim (k # ƒ(x)) = k # L
xSc
ƒ(x) L
Quotient Rule: lim = , M≠0 If ƒ(x) is continuous at x = c, then
xSc g(x) M
lim ƒ(x) = ƒ(c).
xSc
The Sandwich Theorem

If g(x) … ƒ(x) … h(x) in an open interval containing c, except
possibly at x = c, and if sin x 1 - cos x
lim x = 1 and lim x = 0
xS0 xS0
lim g(x) = lim h(x) = L,
xSc xSc
then limx S c ƒ(x) = L.

L’Hôpital’s Rule
If ƒ(a) = g(a) = 0, both ƒ′ and g′ exist in an open interval I
Inequalities containing a, and g′(x) ≠ 0 on I if x ≠ a, then
If ƒ(x) … g(x) in an open interval containing c, except possibly
at x = c, and both limits exist, then ƒ(x) ƒ′(x)
lim = lim ,
xSa g(x) x S a g′(x)
lim ƒ(x) … lim g(x).
xSc xSc
assuming the limit on the right side exists.
Continuity
If g is continuous at L and limx S c ƒ(x) = L, then
lim g(ƒ(x)) = g(L).
xSc
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Differentiation Rules
General Formulas Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Assume u and y are differentiable functions of x. d 1 d 1
(sin-1 x) = (cos-1 x) = -
d dx 21 - x 2 dx 21 - x2
Constant: (c) = 0
dx d 1 d 1
d du dy (tan-1 x) = (sec-1 x) =
Sum: (u + y) = + dx 1 + x2 dx 0 x 0 2x2 - 1
dx dx dx
d 1 d 1
d du dy (cot-1 x) = - (csc-1 x) = -
Difference: (u - y) = - dx 1 + x2 dx 0 x 0 2x2 - 1
dx dx dx
d du
Constant Multiple: (cu) = c
dx dx
Hyperbolic Functions
d dy du
Product: (uy) = u + y d d
dx dx dx (sinh x) = cosh x (cosh x) = sinh x
dx dx
du dy
y - u d d
d u dx dx (tanh x) = sech2 x (sech x) = -sech x tanh x
Quotient: ayb = dx dx
dx y2
d d
d n (coth x) = -csch2 x (csch x) = -csch x coth x
Power: x = nxn - 1 dx dx
dx
(ƒ(g(x)) = ƒ′(g(x)) # g′(x)
d
Chain Rule: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
dx
d 1 d 1
(sinh-1 x) = (cosh-1 x) =
dx 21 + x2 dx 2x2 - 1
Trigonometric Functions
d 1 d 1
d d (tanh-1 x) = (sech-1 x) = -
(sin x) = cos x (cos x) = -sin x dx 1 - x2 dx x 21 - x2
dx dx
d d d 1 d 1
(tan x) = sec2 x (sec x) = sec x tan x (coth-1 x) = (csch-1 x) = -
dx dx dx 1 - x2 dx 0 x 0 21 + x2
d d
(cot x) = -csc2 x (csc x) = -csc x cot x
dx dx
Parametric Equations
If x = ƒ(t) and y = g(t) are differentiable, then
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
d x d 1 dy dy>dt d 2y dy′>dt
e = ex ln x = x y′ = = and = .
dx dx dx dx>dt dx2 dx>dt
d x d 1
a = ax ln a (loga x) =
dx dx x ln a
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Integration Rules
General Formulas
a
La
Zero: ƒ(x) dx = 0
a b
Lb La
Order of Integration: ƒ(x) dx = - ƒ(x) dx
b b
La La
Constant Multiples: kƒ(x) dx = k ƒ(x) dx (Any number k)
b b
La La
-ƒ(x) dx = - ƒ(x) dx (k = -1)
b b b
La La La
Sums and Differences: (ƒ(x) { g(x)) dx = ƒ(x) dx { g(x) dx
b c c
La Lb La
Additivity: ƒ(x) dx +
ƒ(x) dx ƒ(x) dx =
Max-Min Inequality: If max ƒ and min ƒ are the maximum and minimum values of ƒ on 3 a, b4 , then
b
min ƒ # (b - a) … ƒ(x) dx … max ƒ # (b - a).
La
b b
La La
Domination: ƒ(x) Ú g(x) on 3 a, b4 implies ƒ(x) dx Ú g(x) dx
La
ƒ(x) Ú 0 on 3 a, b4 implies ƒ(x) dx Ú 0
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Part 1 If ƒ is continuous on 3 a, b4 , then F(x) = 1a ƒ(t) dt is continuous on
x
3 a, b4 and differentiable on (a, b) and its derivative is ƒ(x):

x
dxLa
d
F′(x) = ƒ(t) dt = ƒ(x).
Part 2 If ƒ is continuous at every point of 3 a, b4 and F is any antiderivative of

ƒ on 3 a, b4 , then
b
La
ƒ(x) dx = F(b) - F(a).
Substitution in Definite Integrals Integration by Parts

b g(b) b b b
ƒ(g(x)) # g′(x) dx =
La Lg(a) La La
ƒ(u) du ƒ(x)g′(x) dx = ƒ(x)g(x) d - ƒ′(x)g(x) dx
a
Z07_THOM4077_Epp01-07.indd 7 8/29/13 12:10 PM

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Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Chapter 1 29. (a) ƒ(x) = e

21. (- q, -5) ∪ (-5, - 34 ∪ 33, 5) ∪ (5, q) 1 x3

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Section 1.2, pp. 18–21 1

Dg>ƒ : - q 6 x 6 q, Rg>ƒ : y Ú 1>2 y−1=

11. (a) ƒ(g(x)) (b) j(g(x)) (c) g(g(x)) (d) j(j(x))

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(c) D : 30, 24, R : 30, 24 (d) D : 30, 24, R : 3-1, 04 75. y

(e) D : 3- 2, 04, R : 30, 14 (f) D : 31, 34, R : 30, 14

2 Section 1.3, pp. 27–29

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17. 3-10, 104 by 3-10, 104 19. 3-4, 44 by 30, 34

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p p 41. (a) & (b) y = 9.7571 # 10-3x - 19.118

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43. Reflects the portion for y 6 0 across the x-axis Chapter 2

Section 2.2, pp. 56–59

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69. (a) G(x) = (x + 6)>(x2 + 4x - 12)

u .1 .01 .001 .0001 .00001 .000001

u - .1 - .01 - .001 - .0001 - .00001 - .000001

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Section 2.6, pp. 97–99 93. (a) F

Practice Exercises, pp. 100–101

x lim ƒ(x) = 1 = ƒ(-1); continuous at x = - 1

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Z01_THOM8960__OddAns.indd 9 02/01/14 10:17 AM

latter is a special case of the Product Rule. 5

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30, 6.25). 1 y = sin x

t = 12.5 when it is traveling 200 ft > sec. It’s moving slow- −1

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Z01_THOM8960__OddAns.indd 12 20/12/13 2:24 PM

ƒ(x) at x = 0 is 1 + x; the linearization for g(x) at x = 1

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y = Î4 − x2 (0, 2) Abs max (p2, 1) Abs max 67. (a) No

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Section 4.2, pp. 197–199 7. (a) 0, 1

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on 1 - 2> 27, 0 2 and 1 0, 2> 27 2

y = f(x) 13. y 15. y

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17. y 19. y 37. y Abs max 39. y

Q−1Î3, −59R Q1Î3, −59R

6 Infl Q5p3, 5Î3p3 − 1R y = Î0x0

2 y= x 51. y″ = 3(x - 3)(x - 1) 53. y″ = 3(x - 2)(x + 2)

y y 55. y″ = 4(4 - x)(5x2 - 16x + 8)

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97. (a) Towards origin: 0 … t 6 2 and 6 … t … 10; away from 2 4 6 8

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0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

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21. (a) t = 0, 6, 12 (b) t = 3, 9 (c) 6 6 t 6 12 43. 45.

27. 29. 47. 49.

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Chapter 5 35. (a) (b)

y = Î4 − x2 (0, 2) Abs max (p2, 1) Abs max 67. (a) No

Q−1Î3, −59R Q1Î3, −59R

6 Infl Q5p3, 5Î3p3 − 1R y = Î0x0

97. (a) Towards origin: 0 … t 6 2 and 6 … t … 10; away from 2 4 6 8

3 (b) ƒ (x) = x - b . The graph of ƒ -1 is a line parallel to the

83. y = x + ln x + 2 85. (b) 0.00469

0.4 (b) Domain: - q 6 x 6 q; Range: - q 6 y 6 q

bsolute maximum of 2 > e at x = e2; inflection point

(a) y = - 1 and y = 1 are unstable equilibria and y = 0 is a dP 1

Converges; Root Test 41. Converges; compare with g ( 1>n2 )