PERIODICITY IN

ELEMENTS

High Yield Notes

 NOTES NOTES
PUNJAB TOPPER
PERSPECTIVE
PERIODICITY IN
ELEMENTS

INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Things to remember:
This section is a partPeriodic
of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic
table: Elements Classification of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
a really important section for the second year
arranged in order of increasingas well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
proton number.
periodic table and the trend of different properties in groups and periods respectively
Group number: Number of
is required. Overall, the chapter is not complicated, so it will not take time for you to
electrons
clear your concepts. In this guide,in theweoutermost
will not only list the important topics but will tell
shell(valence
you exactly how to cover them. Happyelectrons).
studying!
Period number: Number of shells
of electrons.
Valence electrons: Electrons in
How to approachthe theoutermost
textbook?shell. 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Metals: Elements with 1-3 valence
1.1 INTRODUCTION
electrons
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLEexcept boron. The most important topic, make sure you do the
Non-metals: Elements with
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL trend4-7of each and every property especially
PROPERTIES valence electrons. Electronegativity and ionization energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS respective groups and periods. Each and every
Inert gases: Elements with full
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
outermost shell. THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
1.1 INTRODUCTION rote learning.

Small section, just do a reading of this. This is never

tested in exams.
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups,
periods, blocks, and different families of elements
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in
MCQS.
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
COMPOUNDS
Make sure you understand the position and
difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
This topic is more concept-based than rote
learning.

1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN

Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,

It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.

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 NOTES PUNJABOFTOPPER
EVOLUTION PERIODIC TABLE
PERSPECTIVE
The early history of ideas leading 2. Newland’s of octaves:
up to the periodic classification In 1864, an English chemist, John
of elements is fascinating, but Newland classified 62 elements,
will not be treated here in detail. known at that time, in increasing
Those who made memorable order of their atomic masses.
contributions in this field are; According to his law of octaves,
1. Dobereiner’s Triads: "”If the elements are arranged in
Introduction
In 1829, a German chemist,
Dobereiner arranged then-
the increasing order of their
atomic masses, every 8th
known elements in groups element had some properties in
This section is a part of Chapter
called 1 ‘Periodic
triads, as Classificationcommon
each contained of Elements
withand Periodicy’.
the first one.” It is
a really important section for the second year
three elements with similar as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
properties.
periodic table and the trend of different properties in groups and periods respectively
is required. Overall,According
the chaptertois
this
notlaw of
complicated, so it will not take time for you to
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list the important topics but will tell
triads;
you exactly how to "cover them. mass
The atomic Happy of studying!
a Li (7) Na (23) K (39)
middle element is the
average of atomic masses of
the other two elements of a
How to approach the textbook? 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL
triad." For example Be (9) Mg (24) Ca (40)
PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most important topic, make sure you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL Atomictrend
massof each and every property especially
Triad
PROPERTIES Electronegativity Beand(11) ionization
Al (27) energy Ti (48)
in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS respective groups and periods. Each and every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
Li 7
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
1.1 INTRODUCTION rote learning.
C (12) Si (28) Cr (52)
Small section, just do a reading of Na
this. This is never 23
tested in exams. 1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
COMPOUNDS
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE N (14) P (31) Mn (55)
K Conclusion
Make sure you understand the position and
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups, difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
periods, blocks, and different families of elements This topic is more concept-based than rote
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in learning.
MCQS. 0 (16) S (32)
39 Atomic mass of Fe (56)
Na=7+39/2=23
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN

Defects: Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,

It is not really important
F (19)but do aClthorough reading
Dobereiner’s idea of (35.5) Ni and Co
of this just in case.
classification failed because
only a few elements could be
covered under triads.

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 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
Defects:
1. It was found that the law of
Meyer's experiments provided
strong evidence for the existence

PERSPECTIVE
octaves was applicable only
up to calcium, as after
calcium every 8 elements
did not possess properties
similar to that of the first.
2. It was assumed by Newland
that only 62 elements
existed in nature and no
more elements would be
of a periodic relationship
between the elements. However,
his periodic table was not as
widely accepted as that of Dmitri
Mendeleev, who had also
developed a periodic table
around the same time.
Mendeleev's table was more
successful because it made more

Introduction
discovered in the future. But
later on, several new
elements were discovered,
accurate predictions about the
properties of undiscovered
elements.
This section is a part ofwhose
Chapterproperties didClassification
1 ‘Periodic not fit Hereof is
Elements and Periodicy’. It is
a more detailed
a really important section intofor
thethe
lawsecond
of octaves.
year as well as MCAT Chemistry.
explanation of some of Many of it is
Meyer's
3. The above sequence of
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For experiments:
this, a solid understanding of the
periodic table and the trend of different
elements properties
was disturbed by in Atomic
groups volume:
and periods respectively
Meyer
is required. Overall, thethechapter is not complicated,
discovery of noble gases. so it will not take time for you to
calculated the atomic volumes of
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list the important topics but will tell
the elements by dividing their
you exactly how to cover them. Happy studying!
3. Lothar Meyer: molar masses by their densities.
Lothar Meyer conducted a For example, the alkali metals
series of experiments in the (Group 1 of the periodic table)
How to approach the late textbook? 1.3
1860s and early 1870s PERIODIC
haveTRENDS IN PHYSICAL
the lowest atomic volumes,
PROPERTIES
that led him to develop his while the noble gases (Group 18
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODICown periodic table of the
TABLE
of the periodic table) have the
The most important topic, make sure you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN elements.
PHYSICAL highest
trend of each and atomic volumes.especially
every property
PROPERTIES His experiments were based
Electronegativity and ionization energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS respective groups and periods. Each and every
on the idea that the physical
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
and chemical properties of
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
the elements are related tolearning.
rote
their atomic weights.
One of Meyer's most
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
important experiments
COMPOUNDS
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC involved
TABLE plotting the atomic
volumes of the elements Make sure you understand the position and
Make sure you understand the against
conceptstheir atomic weights.
of groups, difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
periods, blocks, and differentHe
families of elements
found that the resultingThis topic is more concept-based than rote
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in learning.
MCQS.
graph showed a repeating
pattern, with elements with
similar properties having 1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN
similar atomic volumes. This
Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,
pattern is now known as
It isthe
not really important but do a thorough reading
Lothar Meyer curve. of this just in case.

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 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
Chemical properties: Meyer also
studied the chemical properties
Significance of
Mendeleev's periodic

PERSPECTIVE
of the elements. He found that
elements with similar atomic table:
weights also had similar chemical Mendeleev's periodic table had a
properties. For example, he found profound impact on the
that the alkali metals (Group 1 of development of chemistry. It
the periodic table) all have one provided a framework for
valence electron, and they all understanding the properties of
form similar ionic compounds. He the elements and their
also found that the halogens relationships to each other. The

Introduction
(Group 17 of the periodic table) all periodic table also allowed
have seven valence electrons, and chemists to predict the
they all form similar ionic properties of new elements that
had not yet been discovered.
This section is a partcompounds.
of Chapter 1Meyer's ‘Periodicexperiments
Classification of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
were important because they Some of the specific benefits of
a really important section for the second year as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
tested in exams, so you provided
should strong evidencefor
be prepared forit.the Mendeleev's
For this, periodic tableof the
a solid understanding
periodic table and the trend ofofdifferent
existence a periodic properties in groupsinclude: and periods respectively
is required. Overall, the chapter is not
relationship between the complicated, so it 1.
will It helped
not takechemists
time for to you to
1.1 INTRODUCTION
clear your concepts. elements.
In this guide, we will
His work not only
helped understand
to list the important the relationships
topics but will tell
you exactly how to
Small section, just do a readingcover them.
of this.
pave the This
way Happy
is never
for thestudying! between the elements and
tested in exams.
development of the modern their properties.
periodic table, which is one of the 2. It allowed chemists to predict
the properties of new
How to approachmost important tools in 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS
the textbook? IN PHYSICAL
elements that had not yet
chemistry. PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION been discovered.
4. Mendeleev’s periodic table:
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most important 3. It topic,
helped chemists
make sure youtodo
develop
the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN In PHYSICAL
1871, Russian chemist, Dimitri
trend of each and every property especially
new theories about the
PROPERTIES Mendeleev, give a more useful Electronegativity and ionization energy
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS INcomprehensive
COMPOUNDS
structure and behavior ofin
and scheme for groups and periods. Each and every
respective
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend atoms.
are important. DO NOT SKIP
the classification of elements.He
THIS TOPIC. This4. It provided
topic a foundation
is more concept-based for
than
presented the first regular rote learning. the development of new
periodic table in which elements
technologies, such as
of similar chemical properties
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONSfertilizers, plastics,
IN and
were arranged in 8 vertical
columns called groups. The COMPOUNDS pharmaceuticals.
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
horizontal rows of the table were
Make sure youDefects
understand of the
Mendeleev's
position and periodic
called periods.
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups, table:
difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
periods, blocks, and different families of elements
Mendeleev's periodic law: Although
This topic is more Mendeleev's
concept-based than roteperiodic
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in learning.
" If the elements are arranged table was a major breakthrough,
MCQS.
in ascending order of their it did have some defects. Some of
atomic masses, their chemical 1.5 THE POSITION the specific defects of
OF HYDROGEN
properties repeat in periodic Mendeleev's periodic table
Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,
manner.” include:
It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.

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 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
1. It did not explain why the
elements had repeating
Moseley discovered this law in
1913 while studying the X-ray

PERSPECTIVE
patterns of properties.
2. It did not include all of the
elements that are now known to
exist.
3. It placed some elements in the
wrong order based on their
atomic weights.
4. It left some gaps for elements
that had not yet been
spectra of different elements. He
found that the X-ray spectrum of
each element was unique, and
that the frequencies of the X-rays
emitted by an element could be
used to determine its atomic
number.
Moseley's law was a major
breakthrough in the

Introduction
discovered, but which
Mendeleev predicted would
exist.
development of the periodic
table. Before Moseley, the
periodic table was arranged by
This section is a partThe
of Chapter
periodic 1table
‘Periodic Classificationatomic
has been mass. However,
of Elements Moseley's
and Periodicy’. It is
a really important section for the second year
updated and refined over the as well as law showed
MCAT that
Chemistry.atomic
Many number
of it is
tested in exams, so you should
years, but it be prepared
remains forthe
one of is a more fundamental property
it. For this, a solid understanding of the
periodic table and the trend of different
most important tools in properties in groups and periods
of an element, respectively
and that the
is required.
1.1 INTRODUCTION Overall, the chapter is
chemistry today.
not complicated, so it will not take time for you to
periodic table should be arranged
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list the byimportant topics but will tell
atomic number.
5. Moseley periodic law:
you
Small exactly
section, how
just do to cover
a reading them.
of this. This isHappy
never studying!
Moseley periodic law states that,
tested in exams.
"The physical and chemical
properties of elements are
How to approachperiodic
the textbook? 1.3atomic
function of their PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL
numbers." PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Periodicity:
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most important topic, make sure you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS The repetition of properties
IN PHYSICAL after
trend of each and every property especially
PROPERTIES regular intervals is called Electronegativity and ionization energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS
periodicity. respective groups and periods. Each and every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
Moseley's periodic law also states
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
that the square root of the rote learning.
frequency of the characteristic X-
ray emitted by an element is
proportional to its atomic 1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
number. This means that the COMPOUNDS
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
higher the atomic number of an
Make sure you understand the position and
element, the higher
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups, the energy of between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
difference
its families
periods, blocks, and different characteristic X-rays. This topic is more concept-based than rote
of elements
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in learning.
MCQS.

1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN

Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,

It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.

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 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
Modern periodic table
PERSPECTIVE
“If elements are arranged in 2nd and 3rd period:
ascending order of their atomic Each period contain 8
numbers, their chemical elements.
properties repeat in a periodic These are called short periods.
manner.” All the elements belong to
sub group A and are
This law was introduced by
representative elements.
Moseley from his X-rays
Introduction
experiment in 1913.
On the basis of this periodic law
In these periods every eighth
element resembles in
properties with first element.
he arranged the element in the
This section is a partmodern
of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic It includes S block and P block
periodic table. Classification of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
a really important section for the second year as well as MCAT elements.
Chemistry. Many of it is
Salient features of
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid
4th and 5thunderstanding
periods: of the
periodic table and the trend of different
modern periodic table: properties in groups
Each and periods
period respectively
contains 18
is required.
1.1 INTRODUCTION Overall, the chapter is not complicated, so it will
Groups: not take time for you to
elements.
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list theThese important topics
are called butperiods.
Long will tell
Vertical columns of elements are
you exactly how to cover them. Happy
Small section, just do a reading of this. This is never studying!
called groups. First 2 elements are S block,
tested in exams.
Properties: next 10 are D-block and next
There are 8 groups in periodic six are P-block.
How to approachtable, the and 18 according to1.3
textbook? the In these periods
PERIODIC TRENDS properties
IN PHYSICAL
advance classification. PROPERTIES repeat after 18 elements e.g K
1.1 INTRODUCTION is similar to Rb.
They are numbered by Roman
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most important topic, make sure you do the
numerals I and VIII.
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL 6thand periods:
trend of each every property especially
PROPERTIES Each group is divided Electronegativity
into two This
andperiod contains
ionization 32
energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS
sub group A and B. respective groupselements.
and periods. Each and every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
Sub group A contain normal It is a very long period.
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
and representative elements. It contains 8 normal, 10
rote learning.
Sub group B contain less transition and 14 inner
typical elements or transition transition
elements. 1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
elements(lanthanides).
Periods: COMPOUNDS
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLErows of elements Lanthanide is placed at the
Horizontal
bottom the
Make sure you understand of periodic table.
position and
are called periods.
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups, 7th period:
difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
They are
periods, blocks, and different families represented by
of elements This topic is moreIt concept-based than rote
is last period of periodic
Arabic
present in the periodic table. This numbers
is usually 1 to 7. learning.
asked in
MCQS.
table.
1st period:
It is incomplete and contain
1st period contains only 2
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN
28 elements.
elements H and He.
It contains 2 normal, 10
It is the shortest period of sure you understand this topic conceptually,
Make
transition 14 inner transition
It is not really important but do a thorough reading
periodic table.
of this just in case.elements (actinides).
It include only S block
All the elements of this period are
elements.
reactive.

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 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
Blocks in periodic table: The blocks can also be used to
explain the physical properties of
The periodic table is divided into

PERSPECTIVE
four blocks: S-block, P-block, D-
block, and F-block. These blocks
are determined by the valence
electron orbital. Valence electrons
are the electrons in the
outermost shell of an atom, and
they are the electrons that
participate in chemical bonding.
s-block: The s-block elements are
elements. For example, S-block
and P-block elements are
generally more ductile and
malleable than D-block and F-
block elements.
Some families in periodic table:
Here are some families in the
periodic table with their mnemonics:
Alkali metals: Group IA / 1

Introduction
located in groups IA and IIA of the
periodic table. They have one or
Mnemonic: LiNa Ki Ruby Cse
Friendship hai .
two valence electrons in the s Elements:
This section is a part of Chapter
orbital. S-block1 elements
‘Periodic Classification
are of Elements
Lithium and Periodicy’.
(Li), sodium (Na), It is
a really important generally
section for the second year
soft, reactive metals. as well as MCAT
potassium (K), rubidium (Rb),is
Chemistry. Many of it
tested in exams, sop-block:you should be prepared
The p-block for it. For this,
elements a solid (Cs),
caesium understanding
and francium of (Fr).
the
periodic table and are thelocated
trend of different properties
in groups IIIA-VIIIA of in groups and periods respectively
Alkaline earth metals: Group
is required.
1.1 INTRODUCTION Overall, the chapter is not complicated, so it will not take time for you to
the periodic table. They have IIA/2
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list the important topics but will tell
Small you exactly
section, how
just do tothree
cover
a reading
tothem.
eight Happy
of this.
valence electrons
This is never studying!
Mnemonic: Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra
tested in exams. in the p orbital. p-block elements Elements:
include metals, nonmetals, and Beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg),
metalloids. calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr),
How to approach the textbook?
d-block: The d-block elements 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS(Ba),
barium IN PHYSICAL
and radium (Ra).
are located in the middle of the PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION Boron group: Group IIIA / 13
periodic
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE table, from groups 3-12. Mnemonic: B Asure
G I Tyou do the
The most important topic, make
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS They have one to ten valence
IN PHYSICAL trend of each Elements:
and every property especially
PROPERTIES electrons in the d orbital. d-block
ElectronegativityBoron
and (B),
ionization energy in
aluminium (Al), gallium
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS respective groups and periods. Each and every
elements are all metals, and they (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl)
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
are known as transition metals.
THIS TOPIC. ThisCarbon group:
topic is more Group 14 than
concept-based / IV A
f-block: The f-block elements are
rote learning. Mnemonic: Chemistry Sir Gives
located below the main body of Sanki Problems
the periodic table. They have one Elements:
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
to fourteen valence electrons in Carbon (C), silicon (Si),
COMPOUNDS
the f orbital. F-block elements are germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), and
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
all metals, and they are known as lead (Pb) the position and
Make sure you understand
Make sure you understand inner transition
the concepts metals.
of groups, difference between oxides, hydrides,
Nitrogen and halides.
group: Group 15 / VA
periods, blocks, and different families of elements This topic is more concept-based than rote
The blocks of the periodic table Mnemonic: Nahi Pasand Aise Sab
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in learning.
MCQS. can be used to predict the Bhai
chemical properties of elements. Elements:
1.5
For example, S-block elements THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN
Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
are generally more reactiveMake
than arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and
sure you understand this topic conceptually,
P-block elements, and D-block bismuth
It is not really important but(Bi)
do a thorough reading
elements are generally moreof this just in case.
reactive than F-block elements.

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 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
Oxygen group: Group 16 / VI A
Mnemonic: Oh! Style Se Tel
Metalloids: Metalloids have
properties that are intermediate

PERSPECTIVE
Polish between those of metals and
Elements: non-metals. They can be good
Oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium conductors of electricity, but they
(Se), tellurium (Te), and polonium are not as shiny or malleable as
(Po) metals. Metalloids can also form
Halogens: Group 17 / VIIA both positive and negative ions
Mnemonic: Fir Call kar Bahar Aayi when they react with other
Aunty elements. Some common
Elements: Fluorine (F), chlorine metalloids include Silicon,

Introduction
(Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and
astatine (At)
Germanium, and Arsenic.

Metals, non-metals, and

This section is a part of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic Classification of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
metalloids in the periodic
a really important section for the second year as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
tested in exams, table:
so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
periodic table and Thethe trend of
periodic different
table properties
is a chart of all in groups and periods respectively
is required. Overall, the chapter
1.1 INTRODUCTION the known chemical elements, is not complicated, so it will not take time for you to
clear your concepts. In thisinguide,
arranged order we will not only list the important topics but will tell
of increasing
you exactly how to cover
Small section, just do a reading
atomic them.
of this. Happy
This is never
number. studying!
The elements are
tested in exams.
also grouped by their chemical
properties, with metals on the
How to approach left, non-metals
the textbook? on the right,1.3
and
PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL
metalloids in between. PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTIONMetals:
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most important topic, make sure you do the
Metals are generally shiny, good
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL trend of each and every property especially
PROPERTIES conductors of heat and Electronegativity and ionization energy in
electricity,
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS malleable and ductile
IN COMPOUNDS respective groups and periods. Each and every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN
(meaning they can be hammered property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
into thin sheets and drawn into THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
rote learning.
wires). Metals also tend to form
positive ions when they react
with other elements. Some 1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
common metals include Iron,COMPOUNDS
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODICAluminum,TABLE Copper, and Gold.
Make sure you understand the position and
Non-metals:
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups, difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
Non-metals
periods, blocks, and different families are generally dull,
of elements This topic is more concept-based than rote
present in the periodicpoor
table.conductors
This is usually of heat
asked in and learning.
MCQS. electricity, and brittle. They also
tend to form negative ions when 1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN
they react with other elements.
Some common non-metals Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,
include Oxygen, Nitrogen, It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.
Carbon, and Sulfur.

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 NOTES Periodic trends in
PUNJAB TOPPER
periodic table
PERSPECTIVE
Trend in a Responsible Trend along
Property Definition group (Down Factors period(from
the group) left to
right)

Atomic Introduction
Half of the
distance between
the centres of
Increases.
Nuclear
charge and
number of
Decreases.

radius
This section is a part of Chapter 1 two adjacent
‘Periodic Classification of Elements shells.
and Periodicy’. It is
a really important section for the atoms
second year as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
of any
tested in exams, so you should beelement.
prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
periodic table and the trend of different properties in groups and periods respectively
is required. Overall, the chapter isDistance
1.1 INTRODUCTION not complicated, so it will notNuclear
between For similar take time for you tofor
Decreases
Ionic
clear your concepts. In this guide,the wecentre
will not
of anonly list the
charged ionsimportant topics but will tell
Iso- electronic
charge and
you exactly how to cover them.
Small section, just do a reading radius Happy
ion
of this. This is neverandstudying!
the increases. +ve and -ve .
number of
tested in exams. outer boundary
shells.
of its electron
cloud.
How to approach the textbook? 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION Minimum Decreases. Nuclear
Ionization
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Increases.
quantity of The most important topic, charge,
make sure you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL energy, whichtrend
is of each and every
atomic property
size especially
PROPERTIES
energy
Electronegativity and ionization energy in
required to
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS
and shielding
respective groups and periods. Each and every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN remove an property and its trend are effect.
important. DO NOT SKIP
electron fromTHIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
the outermost rote learning.
shell of its
isolated, gaseous
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
atom in its COMPOUNDS
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE ground state.
Make sure you understand the position and
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups, difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
Energy released Size of than roteIncreases.
periods, blocks, and different families of elements
Electron This topic is more concept-based
Decreases .
or observed
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in when
learning. atom,nuclear
MCQS. affinity an electron is charge and
added to a vacancies in
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN
gaseous atom to valence shell.
form a negative
Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,
ion. It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.

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PreMed.PK 9
 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER I.E and E.A of
The tendency of

PERSPECTIVEan atom to
attract a shared
Electronegativity pair electron
Decreases.
bonded atoms
the structure
of the atom
Increases.

and the
toward itself.
number and
kind of atoms
with which it
may combine.

Metallic Introduction
Tendency to lose
electron and
form cation and
Increases.
Atomic size
and nuclear Decreases.
character charge.
This section is a part of Chapter 1 basic oxides.Classification of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
‘Periodic
a really important section for the second year as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
periodic table and the trend of different properties in groups and periods respectively
is required. Overall, the chapter isSpecific
1.1 INTRODUCTION not complicated, so it
In case of will
IA not take time for
Number of I-Ayou to
to IV-A
Melting
clear your concepts. In this guide,temperature we will notatonly list
and IIAthe important topics but will tell
increases
valence
you exactly how to cover
and
Small section, just do a reading them.
boiling
of this. Happy
which
This is never studying!
an element decreases and while V to VIII
electrons
tested in exams. changes to liquid for VIIA decreases
point
or gaseous state. increases

How to approach the textbook? 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION Ability to (Increases for IA Lose electrons Decreases
Electrical
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE conduct The most important
and IIA) no topic, makeshell
in outer sure you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL trend of each and every property especially
PROPERTIES
conductance electricity. regular trend
Electronegativity and ionization energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS for transition
respective groups and periods. Each and every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN metals.
property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
rote learning.

1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN

Graphs for various trends in
COMPOUNDS
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODICperiodic
TABLE table
Make sure you understand the position and
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups, difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
periods, blocks, and different families of elements This topic is more concept-based than rote
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in learning.
MCQS.

1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN

Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,

It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.

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PreMed.PK 10
 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
PERSPECTIVE

Introduction
This section is a part of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic Classification of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
a really important section for the second year as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
periodic table and the trend of different properties in groups and periods respectively
is required. Overall, the chapter is not complicated, so it will not take time for you to
1.1 INTRODUCTION
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list the important topics but will tell
Smallyou exactly
section, how
just do to cover
a reading them.
of this. This isHappy
never studying!
tested in exams.

How to approach the textbook? 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most important topic, make sure you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL trend of each and every property especially
PROPERTIES Electronegativity and ionization energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS respective groups and periods. Each and every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
rote learning.

1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN

1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups,
periods, blocks, and different families of elements
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in
MCQS.
COMPOUNDS
Make sure you understand the position and
difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
This topic is more concept-based than rote
learning.

1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN

Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,

It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.

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PreMed.PK 11
 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
Position of
hydrogen
PERSPECTIVE
Position of an element in Dissimilarities
periodic table is determined
by electronic configuration Hydrogen I-A group
and properties. Hydrogen
resembles the elements of
It is a non metal. The elements of this
group, I-A,IV-A and VII-A in the
group are metals.
Introduction
same respects. Properties of
Hydrogen do not completely
match anyone of the above Hydrogen is a gas at Alkali metals are
mention groups. That's why room temperature. solid at room
This section is a part of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic Classification of Elements andtemperature Periodicy’. It is
a really importantposition
section of forelectron
the second is stillyear as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
tested in exams, so undecided.
you should be prepared for it. For this, Hydrogen a solid
does understanding
not Due to low I.E., of they
the
periodic table and the trend of different properties in lose groups and
electrons asperiods respectively
lose electron easily.
is required.
1.1 INTRODUCTION Overall, the
Hydrogenchapter is
and notI-Acomplicated, so it will not take time for you to
easily. as most
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list the important topics butofwill
the tell
alkali
you exactly how group(Alkali
to cover them. metals): metals.
Small section, just do a reading of this. This isHappy
never studying!
tested in exams. Similarities:
Hydrogen and alkali metals It gains electron. They do not gain
have one electron in their electrons.
How to approach "s" subshell(ns1). 1.3 PERIODIC
the textbook?
valence TRENDS IN PHYSICAL
Hydrogen exists in
They do not exist in
Valance shell electronic PROPERTIES molecular form
1.1 INTRODUCTION the molecular
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC configuration
TABLE of hydrogen i.e.H2 in open
The most important topic, make sure
form.you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS INand alkali metals is same.
PHYSICAL trend of each and every property especially
temperature.
PROPERTIES Both hydrogen and alkali Electronegativity and ionization energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS respective groups and periods. Each and every
metals by using their
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property andHydrogen
its trend is
are important.Sodium andSKIP
DO NOT
valance electron form THIS TOPIC. unstable This topiciniswater
more concept-based than
potassium are
unipositive ion. rote learning.and form
stable in water.
H------------>H+ + 1e- hydronium ion.
M------------>M+ + 1e-
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
Both hydrogen and alkali
COMPOUNDS
metalsTABLEhave strong
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC Hydrogen and VII-A
tendency to combine with Make sure you understand the position and
Make sure you understand the theconcepts
electronegative
of groups, difference group(halogens):
between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
periods, blocks, and different families of elements
elements such as This topic Similarities:
is more concept-based than rote
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in learning. Both Hydrogen and
MCQS.
halogens.
Both form ionic halogen gain one electron
compounds which 1.5 THE POSITION to complete their valence
OF HYDROGEN
dissociate in water(ionize shell, forming negative
Make sure you understand
ions. this topic conceptually,
in water). It is not really important but do a thorough reading
Both hydrogen and alkali H+1e- --------------> H-
of this just in case.
metals are good reducing (hydride ion)
agents. X+1e- --------------> X-(halide
ion)

PreMed.PK 12
 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
Both Hydrogen and
halogens are non metal in
Hydrogen and IV-A
group (carbon family) :

PERSPECTIVE
true sense. Similarities:
Both exist as molecular Hydrogen has half-filled
form in open temperature outermost shell like the
i.e H2, F2. elements of the IV-A
Hydrogen is the gas like group.
that of most halogen i.e Both Hydrogen and
fluorine, chlorine. elements of the IV-A group
Both hydrogen and combine with other
hydrogen form stable ionic elements for covalent

metals Introduction
compound with alkali

H2+2Na-------------->2NaH
bond.
Like Carbon, Hydrogen
also show remarkable
Cl2+2Na-------------->2NaCl reducing
This section is a part of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic Classification of Elements property.
and Periodicy’. It is
a really important section for the second year as well as MCATIonization Chemistry. Manyand
energy of it is
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding
electron affinity of of the
periodic table and the trend of different properties in groups and periods
hydrogen and respectively
carbon are
is required.
1.1 INTRODUCTION Overall, the chapter is not complicated, so it will not take time
comparable. for you to
Dissimilarities
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list the important topics but will tell
Electronegativity of
Smallyou exactly
section, how
just do to cover
a reading them.
of this. This isHappy
never studying!
Hydrogen and Carbon
tested in exams.
Hydrogen VII-A(Halogens) family are almost similar.
[H=2.1,C=2.5,Si=2.4].
How to approachHydrogen
the textbook?
has one 1.3 PERIODIC
Halogens have 7 TRENDS IN PHYSICAL
electron in its electronsPROPERTIES
in their
1.1 INTRODUCTION
valence shell.
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
valance shell.
The most important topic, make sure you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL trend of each and every property especially
PROPERTIES It losses its valance Electronegativity and ionization energy in
They cannot lose
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS respective groups and periods. Each and every
electrons to form
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN electrons.property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
hydrogen ion. THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
rote learning.
They belongs to p
It is s block element.
block.
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
COMPOUNDS
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODICIt combineTABLE
with They cannot form
oxygen to form stable oxides
Makee.gsure you understand the position and
Make sure you understand the concepts
stable of groups,
oxides(H20). difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
(ClO2,Cl2O7).
periods, blocks, and different families of elements This topic is more concept-based than rote
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in learning.
MCQS.
It is a gas at room Bromine is a liquid
1.5 THE
while iodine POSITION OF HYDROGEN
is solid
temperature.
at room
Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,
temperature.
It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.

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PreMed.PK 13
 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
Dissimilarities

PERSPECTIVE
Hydrogen VII-A(Halogens)

Elements of this
Hydrogen belongs
to s-Block. group belongs to p-
block.

It is a gas at room IV-A group

temperature. elements are solid
at room

Introduction temperature.

It needs one electron Elements of this

to complete its group needs 4
This section is a part of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic Classification of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
electron to complete
a really importantvalence
sectionshell.
for the second year as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
their valance shell.
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
periodic table and the trend of different properties in groups and periods respectively
is required. Overall,
1.1 INTRODUCTION It the
does chapter
not form is not complicated,
Carbon and silicon so it will not take time for you to
clear your concepts. longInchain
this guide, we willlong
from notchain
only list the important topics but will tell
you exactly how to cover
Small section, just do a reading them. Happy
of this. This is never
compounds. studying!
compound when they
tested in exams. combine with their
atoms.
How to approach the textbook? 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL
Due to one electron Carbon can PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
in the valence simultaneously from
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most important topic, make sure you do the
shell,only
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS one element bonds with more
IN PHYSICAL trend of each and every property especially
PROPERTIES at a time. hydrogen can
Electronegativity and ionization energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDScombine with than groups and periods. Each and every
respective
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
one element.
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
rote learning.
Conclusion:
Some of the properties of
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
Hydrogen are similar to those
COMPOUNDS
of elements of I-A,IV-A and VII-
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
A groups. But Hydrogen is aMake sure you understand the position and
Make sure you understand unique element
the concepts whose
of groups, difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
periods, blocks, and different families of elements
property do not match exactly This topic is more concept-based than rote
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in learning.
with any of the group in the
MCQS.
periodic table. However due to
partial resemblance in 1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN
properties with alkali metals
Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,
and monovalent nature It is not really important but do a thorough reading
Hydrogen is placed at the top of this just in case.
of elements in group I-A.

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PreMed.PK 14
 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
PERSPECTIVE

Introduction
This section is a part of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic Classification of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
a really important section for the second year as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
periodic table and the trend of different properties in groups and periods respectively
is required. Overall, the chapter is not complicated, so it will not take time for you to
1.1 INTRODUCTION
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list the important topics but will tell
Smallyou exactly
section, how
just do to cover
a reading them.
of this. This isHappy
never studying!
tested in exams.

How to approach the textbook? 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most important topic, make sure you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL trend of each and every property especially
PROPERTIES Electronegativity and ionization energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS respective groups and periods. Each and every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
rote learning.

1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN

1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups,
periods, blocks, and different families of elements
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in
MCQS.
COMPOUNDS
Make sure you understand the position and
difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
This topic is more concept-based than rote
learning.

1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN

Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,

It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.

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PreMed.PK 15
 NOTES PUNJAB
Electronic TOPPER
configuration
PERSPECTIVE
In order to understand the l is the azimuthal quantum
distribution of electron in an number, which represents the
atom which should know the shape of the orbital.
following facts; Mnemonics:
1. Any degenerate orbital like 1. Here are some
in orbital s, p , d and f can mnemonics for
have at most two remembering the (n + l)

Introduction
electrons.
2. The maximum number of
electrons that can be
rule:
a."No low levels left behind."
This mnemonic reminds us
accommodated in a shell is that orbitals with lower (n + l)
This section is a part of given Chapter 1 ‘Periodic Classificationvalues
by 2n^2 formula
of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
are filled first.
a really important section for the second year as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
where n is principal b."Newer lower levels first."
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
periodic table and the trend quantum number properties
of different and it This mnemonic
in groups and periods reminds us
respectively
is required. Overall, thecannot
1.1 INTRODUCTION chapter have zero
is not value.
complicated, so itthat
will orbitals
not take with
time lower (n + to
for you l)
Moreover, following rules have values are
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list the important topics but will tell filled first, even if
Small you exactly
section, how
just do to cover
been
a reading them.
This isHappy
adopted
of this. studying!
to distribute
never they are in a higher energy
tested in exams. the electrons in subshell or level.
orbital. c."Never leave low levels."
n+l rule. This mnemonic is a simpler
How to approach the textbook? 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL
Aufbau principle. version of the first two
PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION Pauli's exclusion principle. mnemonics.
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC Hund's rule.
TABLE Examples:
The most important Here sure
topic, make are some
you do the
1. n+l rule:
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL trend of each examples
and every of how the (n
property + l)
especially
PROPERTIES Electronegativity and ionization energy in
This rule is also called the
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS
rule is used to predict the
respective groups and periods. Each and every
Wiswesser rule. The (n + l)property
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN rule and itsorder in which atomic orbitals
trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
is a mnemonic used to THIS TOPIC. This are filled.
topic is more concept-based than
remember the order in which rote learning. 1s: n = 1, l = 0; (n + l) = 1; filled
atomic orbitals are filled first.
during the construction of1.4 the 2s: n = 2, l = 0; (n + l) = 2; filled
PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
ground state electron second.
COMPOUNDS
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC configuration
TABLE of the elements. 2p: n = 2, l = 1; (n + l) = 3; filled
The rule states that Make sure youthird.
understand the position and
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups, difference between
3s: n oxides,
= 3, l =hydrides,
0; (n + and
l) = halides.
3; filled
“Orbitals with lower (n + l)
periods, blocks, and different families of elements This topic is more concept-based than rote
values are filled first.” fourth.
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in learning.
MCQS. Where 3p: n = 3, l = 1; (n + l) = 4; filled
n is the principal quantum fifth.
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN
number, which represents the
energy level of the orbital.Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,
It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.

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PreMed.PK 16
 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
Note that the (n + l) rule is not
a perfect predictor of orbital
2. Aufbau principle:
The Aufbau principle, also

PERSPECTIVE
filling order. In some cases
other factors, such as electron-
electron repulsion can
override the (n + l) rule.
However, the (n + l) rule is a
good general rule of thumb
for predicting orbital filling
order.
1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,
known as the Aufbau rule,
states that electrons fill
subshells of the lowest
available energy, then they fill
subshells of higher energy. For
example, the 1s subshell is
filled before the 2s subshell is
occupied. In this way, the
electrons of an atom or ion

Introduction
5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s and so on.
To learn these, mnemonics is
given below;
form the most stable electron
configuration possible.

School,school,public
This section is a part of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic Classification of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
school,public
a really important section for theschool,division
second year as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
public school,division
tested in exams, so you should be prepared public
for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
periodic table and school,federal divisionproperties
the trend of different public in groups and periods respectively
is required. school,
Overall, the federal
chapter is division
not complicated, so it will not take time for you to
1.1 INTRODUCTION
clear your concepts. In this
public guide, we will not only list the important topics but will tell
school.
you
Small exactly
section, how
just do to cover
a reading them.
of this. This isHappy
never studying!
tested in exams. Orbital n 1 n+1
1s 1 0 1
How to approach the
2s textbook?
2 0 2 1.3 PERIODICExceptions
TRENDS IN toPHYSICAL
the Aufbau
2 1 PROPERTIESprinciple : There are a few
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2p 3
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most importantexceptions to thesure
topic, make Aufbau
you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN3s PHYSICAL 3 0 3 trend of each principle. These
and every exceptions
property especially
PROPERTIES Electronegativity and ionization energy
occur when electron-electron in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS3p 3
IN COMPOUNDS 1 4
respective groups and periods. Each and every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN
repulsion overrides the
3d 3 2 5 property and itstendency
trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
of electrons to fillthan
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based
4s 4 0 4 rote learning. lower-energy orbitals first.
One exception is the case of
4p 4 1 5
Chromium. The Aufbau
4 2 1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
4d 6 principle would predict that the
COMPOUNDS
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC 4f 4
TABLE 3 7 valence shell electronic
Make sure youconfiguration of chromium
understand the position and is
5s 5 0 5
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups, difference between oxides,
3d4 4s2. hydrides, the
However, and halides.
actual
periods, blocks, and different
5pfamilies5of elements
1 6 This topic is more concept-based than rote
valence shell electronic
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in learning.
MCQS. 5d 5 2 7 configuration is 3d5 4s1. This is
5f because the 3d orbitals are
5 3 8 1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN
closer to the nucleus than the
6s 6 0 6 4s orbitals, but the 3d orbitals
Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,
6p 6 1 7 are also but
It is not really important moredo anegatively
thorough reading
charged. The negative charge of
of this just in case.
6d 6 2 8 the 3d electrons repels each
7s 7 0 7 other, making it more stable for
the 3d orbitals to be only half
filled.
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PreMed.PK 17
 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
Another exception is the case
of Copper. The Aufbau
Hence ,the Pauli exclusion
principle can be summarized as

PERSPECTIVE
principle would predict that
the valence shell electronic
configuration of copper is 3d9
4s2. However, the actual
valence shell electronic
configuration is 3d10 4s1. This
is because the 3d orbitals are
more stable when they are
filled with 10 electrons.
follows:
“No two electrons in an atom
can have the same set of four
quantum numbers.”
This means that each electron
in an atom must have its own
unique set of quantum
numbers.
The Pauli exclusion principle

Introduction
3. Pauli's exclusion
principle:
has a number of important
consequences. For example, it
explains why the electron shells
Pauli's exclusion principle of atoms are filled inPeriodicy’.
a specific It is
This section is a part of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic Classification of Elements and
states that : order. It also explainsMany
why of it is
a really important section for the second year as well as MCAT Chemistry.
“No two electrons in an atoms cannot
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding collapse on top
ofof
the
atom can have the same set
periodic table and the trend of different properties in groups themselves,and since
periodstherespectively
Pauli
is required. Overall,ofthe
1.1 INTRODUCTION
four quantum
chapter numbers.”
is not complicated, soexclusion
it will notprinciple
take time for youthe
prevents to
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list the important
electrons topics but the
from occupying will tell
you exactly how to cover them. Happy
Small section, just do a reading of this. This is never studying! lowest energy orbital.
tested in exams.

Allowed Not Allowed

How to approach the textbook? 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most important topic, make sure you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDSThe four quantum numbers
IN PHYSICAL trend of each and every property especially
PROPERTIES that uniquely identify an Electronegativity and ionization energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS
electron in an atom are: respective groups1sand periods. Each 1sand every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
Principal quantum
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
number(n): This quantumrote learning. 4. Hund's rule:
number represents the Hund's rule is a rule of quantum
energy level of the electron. mechanics that states that;
Azimuthal quantum 1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN
“If degenerate orbitals are
number(l): This quantum COMPOUNDS available and more than one
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
number represents the shape Make sure you electrons are
understand toposition
the be placed
and in
of the electron's
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups,orbital. them oxides,
difference between they should be
hydrides, placed
and in
halides.
Magnetic
periods, blocks, and different familiesquantum
of elements This topic is more concept-based than rote
separate orbital with the same
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in
number (m): This quantumlearning. speed rather than putting them
MCQS.
number represents the in the same orbital with
orientation of the electron's 1.5 THE POSITION oppositeOFspins.”
HYDROGEN
orbital under the influence of
Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,
magnetic field
It is not really important but do a thorough reading
Spin quantum number (s):of this just in case.
This quantum number
represents the spin of the
electron.

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18
 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
PERSPECTIVE

In other words, electrons will

Introduction
singly occupy all of the
available orbitals in a subshell
before any orbital is doubly
occupied, and all of the
This section is a part of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic Classification of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
electrons in singly occupied
a really important section for the second year as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
tested in exams, soorbitals will have
you should the same for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
be prepared
periodic table and spin. the trend of different properties in groups and periods respectively
is required. Overall, Hund's rule is is
the chapter based on the
not complicated, so it will not take time for you to
1.1 INTRODUCTION
clear your concepts. In this guide,
observation thatwe will not only list the important topics but will tell
electrons
Small section, just do a reading of this. This is never studying!
you exactly how to cover
with them.
parallel Happy
spins repel each
tested in exams. other less than electrons with
antiparallel spins. This is
because electrons with
How to approach the textbook? 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL
parallel spins tend to stay
PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION further apart from each other.
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most important topic, make sure you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL trend of each and every property especially
PROPERTIES Electronegativity and ionization energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS respective groups and periods. Each and every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
rote learning.

1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN

1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups,
periods, blocks, and different families of elements
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in
MCQS.
COMPOUNDS
Make sure you understand the position and
difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
This topic is more concept-based than rote
learning.

1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN

Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,

It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.

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PreMed.Pk 19
 NOTES PUNJAB TOPPER
Electronic configuration of
various elements:

PERSPECTIVE

Introduction
This section is a part of Chapter 1 ‘Periodic Classification of Elements and Periodicy’. It is
a really important section for the second year as well as MCAT Chemistry. Many of it is
tested in exams, so you should be prepared for it. For this, a solid understanding of the
periodic table and the trend of different properties in groups and periods respectively
is required. Overall, the chapter is not complicated, so it will not take time for you to
1.1 INTRODUCTION
clear your concepts. In this guide, we will not only list the important topics but will tell
Smallyou exactly
section, how
just do to cover
a reading them.
of this. This isHappy
never studying!
tested in exams.

How to approach the textbook? 1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE The most important topic, make sure you do the
1.3 PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL trend of each and every property especially
PROPERTIES Electronegativity and ionization energy in
1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN COMPOUNDS respective groups and periods. Each and every
1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN property and its trend are important. DO NOT SKIP
THIS TOPIC. This topic is more concept-based than
rote learning.

1.4 PERIODIC RELATIONS IN

1.2 THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Make sure you understand the concepts of groups,
periods, blocks, and different families of elements
present in the periodic table. This is usually asked in
MCQS.
COMPOUNDS
Make sure you understand the position and
difference between oxides, hydrides, and halides.
This topic is more concept-based than rote
learning.

1.5 THE POSITION OF HYDROGEN

Make sure you understand this topic conceptually,

It is not really important but do a thorough reading
of this just in case.

To solve 34000+ MDCAT MCQs click here 1

PreMed.Pk 20