ATS ARIST TEA ATT aeHAAY Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy of Administration aq MUSSOORIE | qeaarra LIBRARY | ' \ ' , rarfea Feat | | Accession No...... Sw... i | aah gear | Class NO-ssesseee Qed Dele seneerees eee GL 255.53 gtaa AeaT | Book NOvescsesseseesaesR@You sos [Bet terme MM 101124 LBSNAA528 The Jesuits in Malabar “* Volumus ut hae litterac nostrac-in virtue obedientiac debitae ad omnes domos vestras in divecesi nostra sitas yuamprimum citissime transmissae ac in stricta erecutione positae observentur ”, 3. FR. STANISILAUS CZERNIEWICZ IS CALLED TO ST. PETERSBURG. On the 25th Uctober 1773 the Vice Governor of Polock intimated to the Rector of the Jesuit College of the town, Fr. Czerniewicz, to go to St, Petersburg, where he was called by the Government. The Rector and his two companions, upon reaching Riga, wrote to the Papal Nuncio there, asking him for his advice, and protesting their readiness to comply with the papal wishes. hey received no answer. Soon after their arrival at the Capital, the Jesuits were received by Count Czerpiszew to whom they manifested their desire to obey the Pope. The Count was rather surprised, and adviced them to present a memoria! to the Czarine. The Memorial was soon ready, and was then presented for approval to the Bishop of Mallo, Delegate Apostolic for Russia. The Jesuits spoke to the Empress as follows: “ By what is most sacred we beg of Your Majesty to allow us to render prompt and public obedience to the Roman Pontiff, who has over us spiritual jurisdiction, and to execute his order of abolition of our Society. Your Majesty by allowing the intimation of the Brief will exercise Your authority, and we, by obeying, will show ourselves not less faithful toTHE JESUITS IN MALABARTHE JESUITS IN MALABAR BY D. FERROLI, SJ- Vol. II PRINTED AT KING & Co., THE NATIONAL PRESS, 36, DICKENSON ROAD, BANGALORE Cant. , 1951PERMISSU SUPERIORUMPREFACE APRIL 15TH 1539 has long been accepted as a red-letter day in the annals of the Society of Jesus. It marks the beginning of a series of meetings at which the first Companions of St. Ignatius decided the fundamental principles of their organi- zation. The Founder had called them some time previously to Rome from the mission-fields in various parts of Italy, and bade them each prepare himself by prayer and fasting and solitary meditation for his share in the decision of future policy. At one of the sittings, on May 4th, among other resolutions, Ignatius was designated to draw up the petition for Papal recognition. It is recorded that on reading the Constitutions submitted to him Paul Il] exclaimed: “* The finger of God is here", But official machinery moves slowly. The Constitutions had to be examined by a Committee especially appointed by the Pope and it was greatly feared lest some of its members should raise opposition on the score that new Religious Orders were not looked upon favourably in Vatican circles, St. Ignatius, according to his accustomed practice, had recourse to prayer. In the name of himself and all his companions he vowed that three thousand Masses of thanksgiving should be offered if the desired approval was secured. There is no reason to doubt that the conversion of Cardinal Guidiccioni, from whom opposition had been expected, was God's direct answer to Ignatius’ prayers. On hearing the Constitutions read to him the Cardinal at once changed opinion and joined with his colleagues in recommending Papal approval. Soon after Paul III issued the Bull of Establishment: Regiminis Militantis Ecclesiae on September 27th, 1540. Voicing the feelings and sentiments of the whole Society of Jesus the General, Very Rev. Fr. Wlodimir Ledochowski, sent forth directions for the celebration of worldwide festivitiesvi to be held in the year 1940. In a letter, dated 21st April 1935, he dwells at length on the things to be done to solemnize the fourth centenary jam nunc parundo, Above all es the need of reviving the primitive religious fervour hy stres of the ancient Society and more particularly of the first ten Fathers, qui pauci numero atyue annis, in navandis tamen Christo laboribus virtutem ac robur unius populi ac integri sacculi aequarunt. He then recommends, as chief part of tho external cele- brations, the preparing and printing of scholarly works and popular publications illustrating the asceticism of the Jesuits, their method and success in the educational field, their expe- riences in the different countries in which they have laboured. These latter studies are also intended to serve for the compil- ation of a long-cherished monumental work—the History of the Society of Jesus—during the four centuries of its existence. As it was anticipated, the desire of Very Rev. Fr. General met with a wave of enthusiastic response from the Provinces, and quite a harvest of scholarly volumes is eure to be gathered in for the occasion of the centenary celebrations. To Rev. Fr. D. Ferroli, $J., Professor at St. Joseph's College, Bangalore, has devolved the task of writing the history of the Society of Jesus in Malabar, The subject is worthy of the pen and deep scholarship of the writer to whom it has been entrusted. It fillsa gap in the annals of the Indian Missions, and the Venetian Province, working at present in the Diocese of Calicut, is to be congratulated on this contribution to the festivities of the Fourth Centenary. To lovers of our past and to students of missionary acti- vity and progress the book of Fr. Ferroli will be particularly dear as a welcome addition to such well-known works as: La Mission du Madure by Rev. L. Besse, 8.J.; The Bombay Mission History by Fr. F, Hull, 8.J., not to mention the cele- brated publications of Frs, Tacchi Venturi, Astrain andvu Rodrigues dealing respectively with the history of the Society of Jesus in Italy, Spain and Portugal. Fr. Ferroli’s book is full of charm and interest coupled with deep scholarship, but its chief merit lies in the fact that it tells the truth pure and undiluted. The present writer has recently had an opportunity of delivering a lecture to the stu- dents of Zamorin College ut Calicut. He chose as his theme: “A plea for the study of historical history”, And indeed it is seldom that from official historical literature we can form correct ideas of men and events and their interaction ; of the forces at play in the initiation and shaping of national as well as international movements. Contemporary history, in particular, is proverbially a riddle. It has become sub- servient to politics and party-propaganda. It has ceased to be the impartia] teacher of life and has, in its stead, assumed the role of popularizing ideologies of particular leaders who, by hook or by crook, have attained supreme power and rule the destinies of their country. Modern history is often a myth. The work of Fr. Ferroli, we are glad to say, is free from these all too common faults of subti‘uting fiction and so-called critical interpretation to the simple narrative of facts. He allows full play to the actors of the drama he has undertaken to write, This is rendered more easy by the wealth of con- temporary documents he has been able to unearth and to accumulate—of these he deliberately makes ample use. To such documents the author alludes in a lengthy introduction wherein he marshals forth in battle array an imposing list of historians, travel and chronicle writers who abundantly furnish him the raw material needed for his work. Among the evidences the author has so diligently collected by far the most important are the Litterae Annuae. As stated jn the Introduction, they were ordered by St. Ignatius who wished that the General of the Society should be yearly in- formed about the doings of the Order and enjoined that: “the things concerning each house as well as the whole Pro- vince have to be fully told, so that eventually they may serve to write the history of the Society.”viii How wise and far-seeing this Ignatian regulation was, how prophetic in its realization is testified by the many histo- rical works the Society has produced, and is seen much to our gain and edification in the present work of REV. FR, FERROLI Calicut, Feast of the Assumption, | + LEO PROSERPIO, S.J, 15 August 1939, Bishop of Calicut The second volume of The Jesuits in Malabar should have appeared seven years ago, But, owing to the Author's prolonged internment during the War, and to the dificulty in obtaining documents, it appears only now. It is hoped that, in spite of the quality of the paper and of the printing, the book will be read with interest by all those who desire to know more about the history of the Catholic effurt in spreading the Kingdom of Christ. Bangalore, feast of the Conversion of St. Paul, 25th January 1951.TABLE OF CONTENTS THE JESUITS IN MALABAR, If VOLUME FIRST PART CHAPTER I PAGE DurcH EXPLOITs IN INDIA AND CEYLON, AS RELATED BY CONTEMPORARY JESUIT LETTERS. 1602-1663. 1-24 1. Calicut (1607) 1 2. Devanapatnam (1608) .. 2 3. Mozambique and Goa (1608) 3 4. The Losses of 1622... as rH 4 5. Other Exploits (1630-1636) oo 7 4 6. The Disaster of Mount Gomeroe (1638) 5 7 The first Siege of Colombo(1640) ... 6 8. The Fall of Galle (1640) 7 9. Malacca (1641) i ae 8 10. The Battle of Matare (1642) eH aes 8 11. The second Siege of Colombo... ae 10 12. Negapatam (1642) ae il 13. Colombo (1648) oa ae oe 13 14. San Thome (Mylapore) on ra 13 15. Malacca a on 4 16. Finances... os ae 14 1% The Mutiny of Colombo (1654) .. ate 15 18. Fall of Colombo (1656)... ti eee 16 19. The Fishery Coast (1658) a 18 20. Cranganore (1662) ae 19 21. The Fall of Cochin (1663) we 20 22, Cannanore (1663) we fe 22 23. The Dutch in Malabar after the fall of Cochin ... Bue sae oe 23CHAPTER II peers Nee APPENDIX a5 x THE REBELLION OF THE SERRA The Document in favour of the Archdeacon ue we ar The Ordinarias a Ahatalla's Arrival... os The Consecration of the Arc! chdeacon eee Portuguese Intervention aoe The Coming of the Carmelites The Efforts of the Carmelites to heal the Schism ee Death of Archbishop Garcia wee ee A Letter of the Cassanars and people to the Captain of Cochin an Some Briefs of Pope Alexander VII (summarized) fe on oe CHAPTER LIT THE PRELATES OF THE SERRA FROM THE DEATH OF ARCHBISHOP GARCIA 8. J, TO THE YEAR 1800... 1 The Bishop of Hierapolis (Fra Giuseppe da Santa Maria, O. C. D.) (1661-1663) oe The Bishop of Megara (Chandi or Nale or Alexander de Campos.) (1663-1692?) Gregory, the Author of the Jacobite Schism in Malabar (1665)... eee The Carmelite Fr. Matthew of St. Joseph ... His Letters, a oo oe Reactions . oe oe Padre Francisco Barretto, 8. J. (1662) His Report on the Missions. ... ae Padre Braz de Azevedo, S. J. (1670?) wee Padre Manoel De Souza of the Oratory. (1684) an oe Padre Andre Freyre, S. J. ae oes PAGE - 25-53 50 50 54-93 58 60 62 64 68 a 2 U 7 7xi CHAPTER I1I—cont. PAGE 11. Saint John de Britto, 8. J., Martyr. (+ 1693) : os 80 12. Padre Francisco Dox Reis Martello of the Oratory, ... . oe 87 13. Dom Fra Jeronymo de san Thiago, Benedictine, (1688) ... oe ae 87 14. Dom Diogo da Annunciasao Justiniano (1694) we 87 15. Dom Joao Riherro, 8. ‘1. (1701-1716?) oe 87 16. Dom Manoel Carvalho Pimentel, 8. J. (1721-1752) 91 1%. Dom .Joao da Serra, or Joao Luiz Vasconcellos, 8. J. (1753-58)... 91 18. Dom Salvador Dos Reis, S. J. (1756-1777)... 91 19. Dom Pedro Figueiredo, Cong. Or. Goan, (1780)... see a 92 20. Dom Jose Kariatil (1785- 86) ae aes 92 21. Dom Jose Caetano de Silna Coutinho (1800) ... 93 CHAPTER IV. THE SEE OF COCHIN oo we 94-116 1 The first seven Bishops of Cochin, 94 2. Successors of Don Miguel Rangel. ioe 97 4, Unholy Tactics an ” oe 100 5. Niculao’s Gossip. “- one 101 6. Trouble about Calicut, oe “ 103 % Trouble about the Paravers aoe 107 8. Jesuit Bishops in Cochin : ae ee 109 Padre Francisco de Vasconcellos (1722-1742) Padre Bertoldi Governador. Don Clemente Jose Colaso Leitao (1745 1775) APPENDIX: The Decree ‘* Sacrosanctt Apostolatus Oficii”’ of Pope Alexander VII. ae 113xii APPENDIX :— contd. (a) Behaviour of the Clergy towards the faithful (b) Behaviour towards the Indian Clergy (c) ‘The Religious (a) Conversions (e) ‘The Heathen The Complaints of Rama Varmer Raja of PAGE ‘Travancore, co on w G6 CHAPTER V THE CaRMELITE VICARS APOSTOLIC e- 117-139 Preliminary Note. 118 1. Fra Giuseppe da Santa Maria, O.C.D, 120 2, Parambil Chandi. 23, 3. Don Rafael de Figuercdo Salgado fe 123 4. Frey Angelus Francis a S. Theresia, O.C.D. ... 124 5. Frey John Baptist, O.C.D. ro 126 6. Other Carmelite Vicars Apostolic 126 7. Fra Paolino da San Bartolomeo 127 His description of Church Organisation in Malabar of Civil Conditions of Conversions of the Missionaries. APPENDIX we 132 1, The Amsterdam Decree 132 2. Dutch Governors of Cochin wee 132 3. Popes’ Letters to the Raja of Travancore... 133 4. Padre Vincenzo’s Description of the Christians of St. Thomas nae ee 133 5. Padre Vincenzo’s Remarks on the Christians subject to the Portuguese ase vee 134 6. Fra Paolino’s Description of the Latin Christians ioe 134 7. An XVIII Century Controversy 01 on n the Indigenous Clergy... oe 135 8. On the Sending of Young Lovites | to Rome ... 136 9. Fra Giuseppe’s Epitaph and Main Works... 137xiii CuaPTer VI. THE JACOBITES (1665-1808) we 1. Origins 2. Immediate Successors of the Archdeacon Mar Thomas oe wee 3. Dark Years Pe oe 4, Mar Dionysius ee ae 5. Manners and Customs ... APPENDIX PaGE .. 140-164 Notitia Topographica Malabarica (1750 circa) CHAPTER VII. ON THE ECCLWSIASTICAL POLICY OF PORTUGAL (a) (0) (c) IN INDIA AND ON ALLIED SUBJECTS The Padroado vo 1. Origin of the Pudroado a 2. The Rights and Duties of the Padroado 3. Extension of the Padroado. 4, Restriction of the Padroado. ... 5, Remarks ... vee Four Indian Vicars Apostolic, 1, Don Mathaeus de Castro, 2. Don Custodius de Pinho. oe 3. Don Andre Gomez ... we 4. Don Thomas de Castro. on A Note on the Venerable Father Joseph Vaz An Account of Father Joseph Vaz's Apostolate in Kanara, CHAPTER VIII. 1 BRIEF NOTES ON THE POLITICAL HISTORY MALABAR AND S, KANAaRA (1663-1795) The Dutch, the Raja of Cochin and Zamorin a 141 143 147 152 154 161 + 164-194 OF the The Raja of Cochin e puppet of the Dutch. Wars between Cochin and Calicut. Destruction of the Church in Calicut. News of Tanur. 165 167 168 169 173 174 183 183 184 185 192 195-251 198xiv CHAPTER VITI—cont. PaGE 2. The Kanarese, the English and the French soe 201 Treaties of 1671, 1678, and 1714 between the Portuguese and the Kanara Rajas. Wars between Kanara and Cannanore. The English and the French. 3. The Rise of Travancore a see 205 Anarchy. Martanda Varma comes to the GA DI. His ruthlessness towards the Nobles. Wars against Quilon, Kayamkulam and the Dutch. The Battle of Kolachel (1741). 4, E. B. De Lannoy (Valia Capitan—-The Great Captain) one 208 He is taken prisoner at Kolachel. He reorganizes the Army. Conquers Vadakumkur and Thekumkur, Builds the Travancore Lines The Christians lose their privileges. March on Trichur. 5. Hyder Ali aes ae see 21 His obscure Origin. His Exploits at Devanhballi (1749), at Dindigul and in Mysore (1759-1761). The Conquest of Bednur, the Capital of Kanara (1762) 6. Hyder Ali in Kanara and in Malabar oe 213 Nayar Hegemony destroyed (1762). Zamorin's Suicide (1766). Fall of Mangalore (1768). Christians imprisoned. Treaty of Peace with Portugal. De Lannoy’s Death (1778), Malabar Rebellion (1782). Hyder Ali’s Death (1782). 7. Tippu Sultan, os wee oe 219 Conquest of Bednur (1783),xv CHAPTER VIII—cont, NOTES, ts one : 1, Fr, Ribeiro’s Treaty with the Zamorin 2. Calicut at the beginning of the XVIII Century on on 3. Tellicherry we we 4. Cannanore wee 7 5. A Dutch Description of the Christians in Malabar ae 6. On the Taking of Bednur wee 7. Tippu takes Mangalore. The Christians are suspected. i 8. Haider Ali Khan and the Jesuits ... 9. A Letter of Fr. Miranda. SECOND PART. CHAPTER I. FRAGMENTARY ... oo oo 1, Introduction woe 2. Numbers... an 3. The various residences oe 4, The proposed fusion of the Province of Malabar with Goa ... wee 5. Reactions in Malabar woe 6. Problems and Troubles wee 7. Two remarkable Provincials. ... Padre Ignazio Bruno. Padre Manoel Rodriguez. APPENDIX ... oe oe Fall of Mangalore (1784). Tippu as Paighambar (Prophet) (1788). Malabar Rebellion. PAGE Cranganore and Cochin sold to Travancore (1789). The Third Mysore War. Cochin falls to the English (1795). Statistics and Remarks. o Provincials. oe ane see 223-251 ee 223 we 227 on 228 an 230 ate 234 238 239 a 245 wee 255-285 oe 255 eee 257 ta 257 oa 263 a 265 ead 267 aH 273 ae 279 as 283 ee 285CHAPTER II THE COLLEGE OF AMBALAKAD eee - 5 6. 7 Introduction and Bibliography. The Foundation of Ambalakad (1662) Dutch Persecutions ... Return to the Serra . New Persecutions ... The Collegium Maximum, —... The Press. a The Seminary. CHAPTER IIT PADRE COSTANZO GIUSEPPE BESCHI (1680-1747) ... Nores 1 Pr SoS SNH om oo 13, 14, 15. 1. Principal Dates in the Life of Padre Beschi. He is sent to the Madura Mission, Conditions of the Mission. First Missionary Labours. He is arrested. Some of his Prose Works i in Tamil He stems the Onslaught of Heresy Missionary Life in the XVIII Century The Mahrattas in Tanjur. ae War and Pestilence. a The Zemindar’s Donation, Padre Beschi, the Friend of Chandra Sahib. ... oD ae The Last years. on we Padre Beschi’s Character. os Padre Beschi’s Literary Activities. An Appreciation of Padre Beschi’s Literary Activity ... 2 The Grammarian. S The Lexicographer. Tho Prose Writer. Tho Poet. ee o PAGE . 286-297 287 288 290 291 2u2 294 295 298-314 298 299 299 300 300 302 303 303 304 305 306 306 3508 308 309 312 312 312 312 312xvil NOTES~—cont, PAGE 2. Fromm the Shetch of the Life of Fr. Beschi by Muthusami Pillai. eee 313 3. On the Spirttual Exercises given n to the Catechists and to the People. ... wee 314 CHAPTER LV. PaTER ExNst HaANXLEDEN (ARNOS PADRI) (1681-1732) ce wee 315-332 1, His Vocation to the Society and tu the Indian Mission. an see a 316 2, The See Voyage. . 317 3. The Land Journey. one ee 318 4, From Bunder Abbas to Goa. ... ae 31y 5. The Sanskrit Scholar. 319 6. The Malayalam Scholar. 321 7. Father Hanxleden’s Ministry ... oie 322 CHAPTER V. JtsvIT FINANCES a ae +» 333-351 Introduction... ar ee 333 1. Contributions from the King. ... ae 334 2. Alms... 7 338 3. Contributions from the people. i: 344 4. Estates. a eee 344 5. Losses. ... oo ae eal 349 CHAPTER VI. EVANGELIZATION (THE MISSION OF NEMAN) w+. 352-374 1. The Evangelization of the Sanars. on 354 2. The Mission of Neman, oe ite 258 3. Persecutions. 7 a oe 356 4, Further Troubles. os oe 358 5. The Persecution of 1708 ie ee 359 6. Events at Neman till 1713 es a 360 7. Mission of the Savalakarers in Travancore. ne ate 361 8. Padre Giovanni Battista Buttari (1707-1757) ... ia 9. Lazarus Devasagayam, Martyr APPENDIX 364 367 oH ps 372xvull THIRD PART CHAPTER I, PAGE PADRE ROBERTO DE’ NoBILI S.J. (1577-1656) ... 377-416 1. Padre Roberto de’ Nobili 378 2, Methods of Apostolate in the XVI Century in Goa, a 379 3. Father de’ Nobili goes to Madura ae 382 4. Cloudy Skies eae on ase 386 5. The Storm te 390 6. Excerpts from a letter by Fr. de’ Nobili ... 393 7. The new Methods and the Jesuits eae 395 8. The Judgment of the Inquistion eo 397 9. Rome’s Decision... one 400 10. The Study of Sanskrit and of Indian Culture in general . oe fee 402 1l, Missionary Journeys peel 407 12. Last Years and Death of Padre De" Nobili ... 412 CHaPTER IL. THE MALABAR RITES ... ws ave 417-487 1. Introduction . a 420 2. Three Ceremonies omitted i io the Constitution of Gregory XV ... a 424 3. Capuchins and Jesuits in Pondicherry... 425 4, The first Skirmishes we oo 427 5. Cardinal de Tournon 428 6. The Decree 430 7. Reactions 432 8. In Rome 433 9. In India 436 10. Rome again 438 1l. A new Decree 442 12. Jesuit Letters 443, 13. The Bull “Omnium Sollicitudinum” 445, 14. Reactions in Non-Jesuit Circles 447 15. Jesuit Reactions... oe 449 16. Obedience better than Sacrifices. aoe 453 1%, Troubles everywhere eo oo 457xix CHAPTER II—cont, PaGE 18, Defections? 461 19. The Trouble continues 466 20, Final Remarks woe oe on 468 APPENDIX I. 1. Padre Ricci, S.J... on oe 474 2. The New Comers ... ae ane 4%, 3. The Decree of Toleration ee ane 475, 4. Decree of Propaganda (1693) ... aoe 476 5. Charles Maillard De Tournon ... . 476 6. The Archbishop of Goa . 477 7%. The Capuchins . eee oes A477 8. Pope Clement XI ... at AUT 9. In China 477 10. In Macao 478 11. The Pope 479 12, The Roman Inquisition eae 480 13. The Ex-Jesuit Visdelou aoe nee 482 14, Death of Card. De Tournon ... wee 482 15. A Letter of Pope Clement XI to the Bishop of Mylapore wee a 483 16. Visdelou again ae aus eee 483 17, The Jesuits in Rome ae an 484 18. The Embassy from China 484 19. Sebastiano de Andrada Pessanha aoe 485 20. The new Legate ... a wee 485, 21, The Emperor of China an ane 485 APPENDIX II. Claude de Visdelou ove oe fo 486 CHAPTER III. THE SUPPRESSION OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS oe oe oe 488-535 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1, The Suppression of the Society of Jesus in Europe ae 490 NOTE On the Trial of the Marquis de Pombal oo on one 490xx CHAPTER 1I1I—cont. APPENDIX we noe ae NOTE on the Brief of the Pope to the Bishop of Barcelona ” wee ‘Two Documents in favour of the Society .. a) Letter of Clement XI1ILI to the King of Spain (16-4-1767) .. a 2 b) Testament of the ‘Last General of the Society, P. Lorenzo Ricci... we The Storm in Goa Moral Sufferings ... The Jesuits are sheltered in various religious houses... see The calumnies of Joao Veloso ... ced The Missionaries ad Paganos The Jesuits return to the New College Preparations for the Voyage to Lisbon The Voyage eo eee They reach Lisbon ... poe In the Prisons of St. Julian... Life in the Dungeons eee oe Principal Events in the Catacombs The Extinction of the Society of Jesus Little Devices ase oe ase Animportant Point ... i Liberation nee wee oe The Restoration of the Society of Jesus ... (From the ‘Letter of Padre Filippi, S.J.) | The Society of Jesus continuesin Poland ... Attempts to destroy the Society of Jesusin Poland... one oo The Czarine favours the Jesuits ose The Jesuits are declared innocent Hi Death of Pombal_... oa one State of Europe or we ae Many Evils in Europe due to the Suppression of the Society... ety PAGE 491 493. 493, 494 496 499 501 503 505 509 510 512 513 514 515 517 518 519 520 520 521 522 522 522 523, 523, 523 524 524xxi APPENDIX I—cont, PAGE 8. The Clergy aoe one 525 9, The Pope (Pius VI) goes to Vienna, 525 10. The Pope’s Authority undermined 526 APPENDIX IT 527 1. Catherine II protects the Jesuits Eee 527 2. The Bishop of Vilna’s Letter ... see 527 3. Fr. Stanislaus Czerniewicz is called to St. Petersbourg oe one ae 528 4. The Answer of Catherine aoe oe 528 5. A Letter of Catherine to the King of Spain .. oe one 528 Pope Pius Vi and the Jesuits ... - 529 7. The Attitude of Frederic Il towards the Jesuits aoe wee aoe 531 APPENDIX 11[—Status of the Missions in Asia... 532 CHAPTER LV FROM THE SUPPRESSION OF THE SOCIETY TO THE YEAR 1818 oe 536 1. How the news of the Suppression was received oe ey a 539 (a) by the Fathers themselves. one ee: 541 (b) by the Clergy, 542 (c) by the people, saa eee ae 546 2. Remnants ; (a) The Ex-Jesutts tn Malabar and in South Kanara oes 547 1. Don Salvador dos Reys, Archbishop of Cranganore (d. 1777) ee te 547 2. Don Clement Jose, Bishop of Cochin (a. 1771). oe - a 547 3. Padre Emmanuel Ferrao aoe ae 550 4. Padre Mathias Scherpenseel, V. G. of Cranganore (1780-86 ?) wee te 551 5. Padre Timotheo Xavier, Governador of Cranganore (1786) eae oy 551 6. Padre Aloysius Falcao ase ae 552xxii CHAPTER IV—cont. (6) Phe Ex-Jesuits in Mysore and Raichur 1, Padre Pietro Licchetta 2-6. Padri A. Coelho, L. Tavares, Vellada, Salemma, Lancellotti : 7. Padre Giovanni Paradiao (d. 1793) 8. Padre Francesco Saverio Pavone (d. 1799) ... (c) The Bx-Jesnits in the Madura Mission and on the Fishery Coast. a 1. Padre Antonio Duarte-Provincial (d. 1788) ... oe 2-3, Padri Ant. Peyrotto and Antonio Giraldes. we 4, Padre Jose de Ourem 5. Padre Pietro Machado (d. 1769) 6. Padre Giacomo de Rossi (d. 1774) 7-10. Padri F, de Menezes, L. da Costa, J. de Barros., F, Tomassini ... 11-12, Padri ‘Thomas Maur and James Hartmann oe oe 13. Padre Giulio Cesare Potenza ... 3, The Successors of the Jesuits (a) Malabar (Carmelites, Secular Priests both Syrian and Latin) fe (b) The Carnatic (and also Madura and Bengal) . i Goan Priests, Capuchins a The Paris Forerym Mission Society ... Boundaries of the Carnatic Mission The Jurisdiction ist Proposed Amalgamation with the Ex-Jesuits Difficulties... fe ps The Bx-Jesuits oe 1. Pere Mosac (Superior) 4. 1779... 2. Pere Vernet (Procurator). The Properties of the Jesuits one PAGE 554 554 558 559 561 564 565, 565 565, 569 566 569 569 570 571 572 578 579xxiii CHAPTER [V—cont. 3-4, Peres Coeurdoux and Ansaldo. The Carmel 5-6, Peres Busson a d Costas (4. 1781 and 1784) fas 7. Padre Francesco d’Andrea (1818) 8. Brother Duchoiselle (1793)... os 9. Padre Fabri (d. 1809) i see 10-14, Fathers H. de Montjustin (a. 1791), Baignoux (d. 1810), de St. Amour (d. 1803), Guiribaldi (d. 1797), Schwendimann (d. 1804), wee 15-16. Peres Sincere and Arnould (a 1806) ae 17. Padre Manente (d. 1812) wee oy THE CHANDERNAGOR JESUITS a 18-21. Frs Possevin (Superior), Garret, Garofalo and Br. Broquet, The Capuchins succeed them. P, Marco della Tomba. —... NOTE ON THE FOUR JESUITS BELONGING TO AGRA 1, P. A. Gabelsperger ; 2, P. A. Strobl; 3. P. J. Tieffentaler ; 4. P. Wendel ane Conclusion by Fra Paolino da San Bartolomeo ... APPENDIX I. A letter to the Raja of Travancore from his persecuted Christian Subjects an APPENDIX IL. Contribution of the old Jesuits to the Evolution of Sanskrit Studies ... an APPENDIX III. A Letter of Fr. Pavone to the Card. Prefect of Propaganda os PaGE 580 581 582 583 584 586 587 589 592 596 597 609CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In the first volume of this History we have described the establishment of the Society of Jesus in Malabar and its work there in the first century of its life, Wherever the Jesuits labour, they aro a sign of contradiction. Hence, from the very beginning of their apostolate in Malabar, the cross was their constant companion. First the troubles with the Syrian Prelates, then the misunderstandings with their own brethren in Goa, and the battles with the Bishop of Cochin, and the opposition to the new missionary methods of Fr. De Nobili Still these ycars were years of great labours and cven greater hopos HOPE in fact is tho key note of Jesuit Apostolate in the South till about 1640. There ie the hopeful beginning of Fr. Fenicio’s Mission in Calicut, the hopeful attack on Hinduism in its very citadel, Madura, and the hope- ful explorations of Todaland and of far off Titet, Hope, however. is dimmed now, and greater prominence ix evinced by a bulldog TENACITY, which will henceforth characterize Jesuit endeavour in South India, The tide turns definitely ngainst the Jesuits, and not against them alone, but also against Portugal, under whose aegis they had left Europe and spread all over the East, from the Persian Gulf to the shores of Japan, Like a swarm of locusts did the Dutch ships cover the Irdian Ocean the Straits of Malacca, the China Sea, Just as commercial enterprise and love of gain had taught Vasco de Gama the way round the Cape to the shores of Malabar so did the love of moncy teach the Dutch to leave their little country, to find fortune in the Ea The spices which the Portuguese had bought in Calicut and in Cochin were brought to Lisbon, and from Lisbon to the Dutch markets of Bruges, Antwerp and Amsterdam, wherefrom they found their way to London and the Hansa Cities. The profits were enormous and the Dutch thought they too could have a share in them. They first attempted to find a way to India by sailng round the Northen Coasts of Europe and Asia, thus avoiding the armed opposition of Lisbon. Theso attempts failed; but the Dutch were not discouraged, and they sent Cornelius Houtman, who doybled the Cape of Good Hope, and reached Sumatra and Bantum in 1596,ii Various trading companies were started, which in 1602 were amalga- mated by The States Gsneral into THE UNITED EAST INDIA COMPANY OF THE NETHERLANDS, which possessed a capital of # 540,000 and was granted a monopoly for 21 years, It is not our intention to describe the doings of the Hollanders in the East. We shall only gather a few details chiefly from the LITTERAE ANNUAE, which show how the Jesuits reacted to the Dutch menace, Fr, LAERZIO, of whom we have sp sken at length in the first volume, writes (5-1-1604) that “in the Gu'f of Bengala there were many Dutch and British ships, which have captured seme Portuguese vessels". Two years before (1602) Adin. Joris Van Spillebsrgcn had dropped anchor at Batticaloa in Ceylon, Again in Nov. 1604 the Dutch consluded an agreement with the Zamorin of Calicut, who had just mounted the throne, “with the view to the expulsion of the Portuguese from the territories of His Highness and the rest of Iadia'’. The Zamorin allowed them to open @ ‘’ Factory"'— as it used to be called—at Ponnani and one at Calicut, should they help him toconquer Cannanore. They could not keep their promises, and the factories were not opened. Thirteen Dutch ships appeared before Calicut in 1608. Veerhoeven, their leader, presented the Zamorin two guns, taken from the Portuguese, and some gifts brought from Holland. The old Treaty was renewed but it remained on paper re which Fr, Fenicio We shall begin this Chapter by showing the S, J. had in frustrating the aims of the Dutch in Calicut. Next we shall describe the work of Fr. Levanto S. J, with the Ruler of Bisnagar in order to prevent the Raja of Jinjfrom allowing the Dutch to open a factory at Devanapatnam on the Kast Coast. The conduct of Fr. Feuicio and Fr. Levanto may be blamed by modern Historians, who think that Catho.ic Missionaries should be absolutely dabarred from all political activity, The XV1 Century, however, was not the XIX, nor was tho Portuguese enterprise in the East to be put on @ par with any modern colonial enterprise, In the first volume of this History we have secn Gatholic Bishops leading armed soldiers against people—even Priests and Missionaries who, they thought, were infringing their jurisdictional righty. We do not justify them; we simply wish to point out how vastly different was the social, political and religious out- look of those days from to-day. Further, Portugal protested quite openly that the aim of her colonial expansion was not merely commercial, but religious us well. In fact the spreading of Christ's Kingdom was para- mount, The triumph of the Portuguese flag was subordinate. The Rulers fr, The Zamorin of Calicut by K.V.Krishna Ayyar, M.a., Galicut-1938.p.214,i were convinced of this, and tho Missionarics even more, They leaned heavily on Portugal, and they thought that a new Power like Holland, which was strongly anticatho!ic, was to be opposed, not only because it undermined Portuguese influence, but mainly because it threatened to destroy all Catholic Missionary enterprise. Hence the activities of Fr, Levanto in Bisnagar—when viewed in their proper perspective—are excusable, The Moluccas wore the first theatre of the conflict between the Portu- guoge and the Dutch, and Amboyna fell in 1605. In India itself the Dutch obtained a Factory at Pulivat in 1609, and in 1616 established themselves in Surat, which was then the gate of the Orient, aa Bombay is to-day, In this Chapter, however,—as we have already remurked—we have no intontion to relate the Dutch conquest of the East Indics; we only wish to cull a few passages from the Jesuit Letters of the times, which bear more directly on the History ot the Jesuits in Malabar. ‘Then we shall proceed to show how difficult navigation in the Indian Ocean had become; wherefrom it will be easily surmised how much the flow of vovations from Europe must have suffered. Similarly the postal servico— such as it was—was impairad, and communication by headquarters in Rome and Lisbon, and even in Goa and Cochin, had become very uncertain. As will be seen more in detail in a future Chapter, Jesuit enterprises were financed with contributions from Government, fixed income from farm lands and alms from benefactors. Now the wars with the Dutch ruined commerce and emptied the viceregal coffers. Hence the Jesuits were soroly tried and found it difficult to train now recruits and develop their works. Ceylon was one of the best portions of the Malabar Province of the Society of Jesus. ‘Le work of tho Jesuits there has been described by others *; but in tracing the development of the Dutch conquests, we could not forbear to say a word about the fall of Colombo and the vicissitudes of the war in the island, which ended with the expulsion of the Portuguese and the total rnin of the Missions, On the contrary the Missions on the Fishery Coast and in Malabar survived the onslaught of the new-comers, partly because Christianity—especially in Malibar—was moro ancient and more securely planted on native soil, and partly also because the native Reje afforded some protection. The following dates will give some idea of the Dutch conquests in the East; 1596—-Cornclius Hontman doubles the Cape of Good Hope. * Cf. 8. G. Pereira 8. J.“ The Jesuits in Ceylon. (De Nobili Press, Madura, 1941iv 1602—Fstablishment of the East India Co, of the Netherlands. 1602~The Dutch in Batticaloa (Ceylon). 1604—The Dutch appear before Calicut. 1609—The Dutch ope a factory at Pulicat. 1609—The Dutch in Devanepatna (on the Eust Coast). 1616—The Dutch in Surat. 1940—The first Siege of Colombo. 1641—The fall of Galle (Ceylon), and of Malacca, 1642—Nagapatam (East Coast of India). 1644—The Socond Siege of Colombo. 1654—The Mutiny of Colombo, 1648—~Fall of Colombo. 1658~Fall of Jaffnapatam (Ceylon). 1661—Fall of Quilon (Malabar), 1662—Fall of Cranganore (Malabar). 1663—Fall of Cochin (Malabar). 1663—Fall of Cannanore (Malabar). ‘We do not speak at length of the Dutch “exploits'’ on the Sea, nor of their blockade of (soa itself. What we say, however, though brief and rather sketchy, will be sufficiont to show the terrible blows which the Malabar Province of the Socicty of Jesus suffered at the hands of these enemies of Portugal and of the Catholic Church, and will help us to admire tho wonderful TENACITY of the Jesuits, who continued to cultivate the field entrusted to them in spite of poverty, persccution and exile, The main sources for this Chapter are: 1, The Annual Letters of the Society of Jesus for the years 1607, 1609, 1630, 1646, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1648, 165; 2, Letter of Fr. Laerzio S. J. (20-11-1608). Letter of Fr. Manuel Roiz,S. J. to the Assistant for Portugal (30-11-1622). Letter of Fr. Ignazio Bruno 8. J. (27-9-1638). Letter of Fr. Francis de Oliveira S. J. (10-12-1664). The English Factortes (1661-1664). BaLDakus—Malahar Choromandel. GIUSEPPR SEBASTIANI~Seconda Spedizione alle Indie Orientali. ALEXANDER REA—Monumental Remains of the Dutch BE 1, C. 10. K.M. PANIKAR—Malabar and the Dutch, (Bombay-Tataporevala-1931) UL. S.G. Perera 8. J.—The Jesuits in Ceylon (1941) s sone PeCHAPTER 1 DUTCH “EXPLOITS” IN INDIA AND CEYON AS RELATED BY CONTEMPORARY J UIT L 1602.--1663 1. Canicur (1607). IN the Annual Lotter of 1607 we read that the Dutch appeared in Calicut and endeavoured to obtain from the Zamorin trading facilities, as well as permission to build Factories in his dominions. Archbishop Menczes, who was then Governor of Goa, wrote to the Zamorin and to Fr, Fenicio 8. J., who had just returned from a Mission tour in the Serra. The Father spoke to the Zamorin, who, during the night, gathered his council and decided to keep peace with the Portuguese. He would, however, receive the Dutch Delegates, accept their gifts, put them off with fair words, but at the same time he would grant them no trading privileges, and no permission to fortify themselves on the Malabar Coast. On the appointed day the Dutch were ready to land, when the news was brought that Don Francis Roz 8. J. Bishop of Angamale, was at hand with a large force of Christians. He had been asked, both by the Zamorin, who was at war with Cochin, and by the Raja of Cochin, to bring about peace among them. That is why he was coming to Calicut, At the same time ten ships from Goa appeared on the offing. The Dutch, fearing that a trap had been laid to catch them, returned to their ships and sailed away. Thoy were pursued by the Portuguese under the eyes of the Nayars, who from the coast could see the accuracy of Portuguese artillery. In fact their estimation of Portuguese valour, which cf late had suffered somewhat, was restored, while that for the2 The Jesuits in Malabar Dutch correspondingly diminished. Even the Moors were heard shouting: “Como on, Portuguese, come on: God himself has put the ships in your hands. Take them”. Fr. Fenicio in order to find out the strength of the onemy sent one of his servants—a clover rogue-—dressed like a Hindu, who succeeded to board the Dutch number of soldiers, how many were sick or wounded, on the strength of the artillery, and so on. The Father sent the information to the Archbishop in Goa and to the Viceroy in ips and reported on the Malacca. 2 DEVANAPATNAM (1608). The Dutch having boon foiled in Calicut, tried their luck elsewhere. In the ANNUA of 1699 we find that the Bishop of Mylapore, the Commandant of the Iortress and the Senate begged of Fr, Levanto S. J—who was much loved by the King of Bisnagar—to go and obtain letters from the King addressed to the Raja of Jinj asking him to expel the Dutch from his dominions, The Raja in fact had been very friendly to the Dutch, to whom he had granted the use of the port of Devana- patnam and permission to fortify it. They, of course, had not been slow to avail themselves of the permission, and had already begun to build a fort. The writer of tho Annual Lettor remarks that their success would have brought great evils both to the Portuguese and to the Christians. Hence the Father could not decline the onerous task. He had no difficulty in getting the Ictters from the King, but though he was roceived with great deference by the Raja, he could not persuade him to give up the advantages he hoped to obtain from the Hollanders. Of course the Raja never said so; but he tried to gain time by making vague promises and fostering vain hopes. Meanwhile the King of Bisnagar, suspect- ing the true cause of the delay, wrote again telling the Raja to grant the Father’s behests and get rid of the foes of the Portuguese. Should he wish the port to be frequented, let the“ Dutch Exploiis” in India and Celyon 3 Portuguese havo it, who will turn out better friends than the Dutch. This had tho desired effect, for the Raja preparcd letters for the Bishop of Mylapore, for the Commandant and for the Senate, and dispatched an Embassy, headed by Fr, Levanto himself, to settlo the details about the port and the building of a Portuguese Fortress in Devanapatnam. 3. MOZAMBIQUE AND GOA (1608). While the Dutch had tried to gain a footing in Calicut and in Devanapatnam, the English took possession of Mazulipatam (1606). In a letter of Fr. Laerzio, S. J., written from Cochin (20-11-1608) to the Assistant for Portugal, Fr. Alvarez, the troubles of the Portuguese in India are said to be on the increase, owing to the maladministration of the acting Governor General, Archbishop Menezes, and to the growing power of English and Dutch traders. The Indian Seas, which had ever been unsafe owing to tho Malabar Pirates, became doubly insecure, owing to the Dutch and the English, who captured or sank many a Portuguese ship. The Father speaks of the new Viceroy, Conde de Feria, who had left Lisbon at the hea? of a Flect of 14 ships. “One of them left the Viceroy and reached Mozambique in the month of August. But the Fort of Mozambique was being besieged by 13 Dutch ships, which set uron the Portuguese boat and took it after one day's hard fighting”. Upon hearing that the new Viceroy was coming, the Dutch raised the siege, proceeded to India and cast anchor off the mouth of the Goa river. “During our stay there’, continues Fr, Laerzio, “news reached us that a ship called Oliveira, which belonged to the Viceroy’s Fleet, had arrived, and was about 6 miles away to the north. Boats were sent there from Goa, which threw overboard all the gold and goods, and, before the arrival of the Dutch, set the ship on fire, so that nothing should go to the Dutch. No news ever reached Goa of the4 The Jesuits in Malabar other ships, and the Conde de Feria perished at sea”. The letter continues in the same strain, but this suffices to give some idea of Portugal's troubles in the Indian Seas. 4, THE LOSSES OF 1622, From a long letter written from Cochin by Fr. Manuel Roiz to the Fr. Assistant for Portugal (30-11-1622) we learn that the Viceroy Don Francisco de Gama, Conde de Vidiquerda, was shipwrecked near Mozambique in 1622. He had been attacked by 5 Dutch vessels. The money and the passengers of only two ships were saved. The same your, of 4 vessels and 4 galleons which were directed to India, only one vessel and two galleons arrivod safely. The others were forced to return home. Most of the letters were lost. Only those which were onthe Sun Thome were received. But they were over two years old. The tone of the letter is most depressing. Good Fr, Roiz saw the rapid decline of the power of Portugal which nothing could stop. At this time the English helped Persia to occupy Ormuz. 5, OTHER EXPLOITS (1630-36), The annual Lotter of 1630 tells us that the Dutch were relentlessly continuing their wars against the Portuguese. A galleon belonging to the Governor of San Thome (Mylapore) was attacked with such fury that the prow was nearly sunk. At the same time it was boarded by 40 Dutchmen. The Port- uguese Captain, rather than yield, set fire to the Santa Barbara. There was a terrific explosion. The Captain was blown to pieces ; but the enemy perished toa man. The Dutch ship was torn open, and to save her, all the cargo was jettisoned. Incidents of this kind can be multiplied. Commerce was nearly brought to a standstill. Goa, Cochin, Colombo, Malacca, which were once busy emporia overflowing with wealth, were sunk into poverty, and the Missionaries, who, thirty yearsDutch “ Exploits’ in India and Ceylon 5 before, were in comparative affluence, were reduced almost to destitution. And yct the worst was still to come. Fr. Ignatius Bruno, writing to Fr. General Vitelleschi (27--9—1638) wonders that of the many letters he had written from Malacca none had reached Rome. He adds that the College of Malacca, which he had left to go to Ceylon, was extremely poor. It owned some orchards and houses, but the Hollanders had destroyed all commerce, and the Fathers shared the universal poverty. In 1636 the Dutch appeared again hefore Goa with a powerful fleet, and intercepted comunications with Kurope. The same year they took Batticaloa and three years later Trincomaleo and Kottyiar. No Catholic Missionary was allow- ed to remain in Dutch dominions. 6, THE DISASTER OF MOUNT GOMEROE (1638). In Ceylon the Dutch allied themselves with the Ruler of Kandy and attempted to take Colombo and Galle. Diego de Mello, who was Captain General for Ceylon, marched to Kandy at the head of an army. He took the town, but on his return he fell into an ambush set by the Singalese, and perished with 600 Portuguese. The place of the disaster was Mount Gomeroe, Of the time the Chronicler sadly remarks: “On the day when the Church places palms in our hands, the palm of victory fell to the enemy”. FR. ANTHONY SOEIRO, S. J., military Chaplain to the Portuguese, fell pierced by a lance. He did not die on the field, but was taken alive before a Kandian General, who asked the soldiers; why they had spared the “the archenemy of their religion”, The soldiers, repaired their mistake by beheading the minister of Christ. For many years Fr, Soeiro had accompanied the Portuguese in their expeditions and enjoyed a universal reputation for sanctity. He lived with the common soldiers and endured their privations. He marched on foot, often unshod, and carried his6 The Jesuits in Malabar own baggage. Tho palanquin which the Commandant had pro- vided for him, he gave to the wounded, A staff, crowned with his hat, marked the placo where he stayod while tho troops rested, so that all that stood in need of him should be able to find him, The same hat served him as a pillow at night, Many favours were attributed to his intercession. When he died he was 61. His companion, Fr. PEDROSA, was also taken prisoner, but soon regained his freedom, for we read that he was wounded at Ambanwela (1639). In March 1640 he was wounded again at Galle, and the Dutch removed him, along with two other Fathers, to Batavia. After having been of great conso- Jation to the Portuguese imprisoned, the Jesuit Priests were eventually exchanged with some Dutch prisoners of war, and were brought back to Galle in 1641 Two years latcr the good Father, while going to a Portuguese camp to say Mass, fell in with a troop of Singalese soldiers who murdered him, * % THE FIRST SIKGE OF COLOMBO (1640). The Singalese were turning everywhere against Portugal. After the destruction of the Purtugueso army by the King of Kandy and his Dutch allies, the Jesuit Fathers had withdrawn to the Fortress of Cotombo, The siege began and grew more severe day by day. Victuals were very scarce. The Fathers suffered with the rest. The work among the Heathen had been suspended. During the day the Fathers heard the Confessions of the besieged, and during the night they took their turn in guarding the City against possible attacks. On the 9 of February fell the Fort of Negombo, if really it could be called a Fort, for it had a single bastion, which might have sufficed against the Natives, but not against the Dutch. No sooner had it fallen that both Pagans and Christians alike began to destroy and burn the churches, so as to leave no * Ctr, the Annual Letter of 1640 and also The Jesuily in Ceylon by 8, G. Perera, S. J. (Madura, 1941) pp. 84, 85, 86,Dutch “ Exploits" in India and Celyon 7 trace of them. Negombo was retaken by the Portuguese on the 8th of Nov. of the same year. But meanwhile what caused intense pain both to the Jesuits and to other Religious was that of thousands of Christians, of whom the Fathers had taken such great care, only afew kept united. ‘The Singalese”, continues tho writer, “think only of the present. They always try to be on the winning side. While the fight went on between the Portuguese and the Dutch they sat on the fence, ready to shout VIVA QVE VENCE “Long live the winners”’. 8. THE FALL OF GALLE (1640), Gallo fell on the 13th March 1640, and God's hand seemed to be against Portugal rather than against Holland. According to the report of a Dane who was there, in less than half an hour more than 3000 men perished. Three Jesuit Fathers were present at the battle. They did wonders, not only in God's service, but also in the sorvice of their King. The letter of 1640 gives some interesting details about the Jaffna Mission, its numerous Christians and its beautiful Churches. They—I14 in number—were built of brick and coral stone. Not infrequently the church compound was surrounded by high walls, with port-holes, in the manner of a redoubt to provide some defence against the Kandians and the Dutch. To the church was usually attached a fine presbitery. In some places a permanent amphitheatre had been built to afford accomodation to the people attending sacred plays and dramatized Bible stories. The parish schools were well attended and the children are described as “so keen and painstaking in learning their lessons, that even when they are driving cattle they sing canticles”’. The Mission had been ravaged by the King of Kandy and by the Dutch, his allies, But now it was rising again from the ruins. The Christians are 23,720, and, though a few years before the number was double, one has to be satisfied in the circumstances,8 The Jesuits in Malaber 9. MALACCA (1641). In 1641 the Dutch took Malacea—a blow from which the Portugueso never recovered. The siege was long, and the Letter of 1640 mentions the great privations of the 6 Jesuits working there. 10, THE BATTLE OF MaTane (1642), The author of the Letters of 1642—.43 from Ceylon speaks at length of tho marvellous fertility of the island. Its reli- gious centre was Colombo, whore Franciscans, Augustinians, Dominicans and Jesuits worked together. The portion of the island assigned to the Jesuits comprised 7 districts of Korales, onthe West, starting from Colombo and going up the Coast opposite Manar, Forty Fathers would not have sufficed for the work, but there were only 14 and 2 brothers. They lived in constant danger, owing to the unsettled state of the island. In 1640 Portugal succeeded in regaining her independence from Spain, and arranged a kind of peace with the Dutch. But she was too weak to be able to enforce it in the Kast. Wherever the Dutch established themsclyes the Missionaries— especially Portuguese Missionarics—were exiled and the Christians were “reformed” into Calvinism. However the Christians of the seven Korales remained staunch Catholics, Since the Dutch found that the expenses of maintaing a garrison 600 strong in Galle were very heavy, they decided to break the armistice which had been concluded, and went to Goa for the purpose. But, of course, they spread the rumour that peace was their only desire. However they made a secret treaty with the Kandians securing their help in any even- tuality. Between the 20th and the 25th of May the Kandians were to attack the Portuguese at Mancerivaire, while the Dutch would attack them at Matare near Galle. Then they would march together on Colombo which they would take without striking a blow. On the appointed day the Dutch left GalleDutch “ Exploits" in India and Celyon 9 and the Singalese Kandy. There were no Jesuits in Galle to acquaint the Portuguese Commandant Antonio de Motha Galvao, Butaservant who was in charge of a farm, which the College of Colombo owned near Galle, suspected that something was in the air. He saw 400 Dutchmen and a large number of Moors marching along. In great haste he went to Matare, and reached the place during Mass. Speechless and out of breath he fell at the feet of the Disawa of Matare, Sebastian de Horta, gave him the news and told him to keep ready for the enemy. The Disawa communicated the message to to the Comman- dant, who was kneeling near the altar, Cool and calm Motha Galvao sent a trustworthy officer to ascertain the facts. The officer found that the servant was right. The alarm was sounded, and all got ready for the fray, The Disawa asked as a favour to be allowed to fight in the first rank. But the Commandant would not yield the honour toanyone- By his orders the Disawa took with him three Portuguese companies and al] the Nayars he had, and went to a certain place in order to prevent the auxiliaries of the Dutch from attacking the rear. The Commandant took charge of the vanguard. ‘he Portuguese had only 11 companies of 25 men each. The Commandant marched against the enemy at the head of 8 companies. They fought for about one hour. The enemy was so close that it was difficult to manouvre the artillery. The smoke was so thick thai the enomy’s feet could not be seen. Discarding the arquebuses, the soldiers fought with swords and spears for another hour. Seventeen Portuguese were killed; among them one Captain and five standard-bearers. Many of the other side fell. But it was impossible to say which side had won. Then the Commandant cheered up his soldiers, telling them they were fighting for justice, for their King and for tho Faith. Like lions they fell on the enemy and did prodigious deeds of yalour,10 The Jesuits in Malabar A young Portuguese, not more than 28 years old, alone attacked 4 Dutchmen well armed, and putting his musquet under their noses told them: “In the name of the King of Portugal put up your hands”. They obeyed and the soldiers took them to the Commandant. Finally the Dutch were put to flight leaving 200 dead on the field and about 30 prisoners. Having reached Galle, they sent 40 litters for the wounded. The Portuguese took 300 musquets, many lances, 3 banners, 6 drums and other arms, abandoned by the Dutch and by tho Natives, for they hampered their flight. The Singalese had to attack at Mancerivaire at the same time; but the Portuguese were on the alert, and they did not appear, The Captain General Don Philip Mascarenhas expected the Singalese to make a sortee at Malwana, But having heard what had happened at Matare, they withdrew to the interior. Captain Antonio de Motha, having received some reinforce- ments, laid siege to Galle. The Dutch began to suffer famine; many deserted, and having come to the Fathers, they were instructed in the Faith and converted. The Dutch Captain Peter Burel, who had broken the armistice at Goa, seeing that he had failed, went to Pulicat so weary and sorrowful that a few days after he had landed, he was found dead in his bed, of no other sickness but sadness and disappointment. * By a trait of God’s justice, some days after Burel had broken the armistice, a Dutch vessel well armed with artillery, approached Goa, laden with all tho treasuros which the Dutch Company had acquired by commerce with Persia. The ship was captured and its gold went to defray the expenses of the King’s fleet. 11. TIME SECOND SIEGE OF COLOMBO, Tho Lotter of 1644 says that tho war continued between 7 * Cfr. Danvers, II Vol. p, 284,