1 July 2024

LECTURE 01
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID DYNAMICS

Daw Zin Mar Chan

Part-Time Lecturer

1
2 Today’s Lecture

▪ Phase
▪ Types of Fluids
▪ Density
▪ Pressure
✓ Hydrostatic Pressure
✓ Measurement of atmospheric pressure
✓ Measurement of liquid pressure
✓ Measurement of gas pressure
3 Phases
A substance can exist as
▪ A solid (ice)
▪ A liquid(water)
▪ A gas (steam)
4 Phases
Solid
▪ Maintains shape
▪ Can withstand tensile (pulling), compressive and shear
(sliding) stresses
5 Phases
Fluids
▪ Includes liquids and gases
▪ Little resistance to a
permanent change in shape
▪ Take on the shape of
container
6 Types of Fluids
Two types of fluids (generally)
• Incompressible Fluids: Liquids
➢ Molecules arranged so a given mass of fluid will retain
virtually the same volume irrespective of pressure
7 Types of Fluids
• Compressible Fluids: Gases and Vapours
➢ Free molecular arrangement, so tend to fill any vessel
➢ Pressure changes produce considerable change in
volume
8 Density

▪ Density is mass per unit volume

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑘𝑔)
Density =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚3)
▪ Density of water:
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
▪ Relative Density
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
9 Specific Weight

▪ Specific weight is the amount of weight per unit volume

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡(𝑁) 𝑚𝑔
Specific Weight (γ) = = = 𝜌𝑔
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚3) 𝑣
▪ Specific Weight of water:
10 Specific gravity S

a. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the

density of water
b. Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific weight of a
substance to the specific weight of water
11 Pressure
• Closed Cylinder

• The pressure is the force exerted per unit area neglecting

the weight of fluid:
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝑁)
Pressure = P = F/A
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚3)
Units:
N/m2 or Pascal (Pa), 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
Bar 1 bar = 105 N/m2
12 Pressure in fluid
At rest,

▪ Pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions

▪ Pressure exerted on a surface is normal to the surface
▪ At any two points in the same horizontal plane, pressure
is equal.
13 Hydrostatic Pressure in a liquid

▪ Column of liquid of height ℎp

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝐴ℎ𝑝
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑝
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑔 = 𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑝𝑔
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑝𝑔
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴

▪ Pressure in liquid due to the weight of the fluid above:

𝑷 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉𝒑
Hydrostatic equation, and hp = pressure head
 14 Mechanical Advantage - hydraulics
▪ A 100N force, F1, is applied to a piston with a 4cm diameter. What is the
magnitude of the force, F2, that can be resisted by the piston with the 10cm
diameter? (Ignore the weights of the pistons)
▪ Consider the system in equilibrium. The pressure exerted by force, F1, is
balanced by the pressure of the oil and pressure caused by force F2.
15 Mechanical Advantage - hydraulics
▪ Pressure caused by F1,
𝐹1
𝑝1 = = 100/ (π/4 × 0.042) = 79577 N/m2
𝐴1

▪ Hydrostatic pressure caused by oil

𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑝 = 850 × 9.81 × 2
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 16677 𝑁/𝑚2
16 Mechanical Advantage - hydraulics
▪ At equilibrium
𝑝1 = 𝑝2 + 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝐹2
79577 = + 16677
𝐴2
𝐹2
= 79577 − 16677
𝜋/4 × 0.102

𝐹2 = 7.854 × 10−3 × 62900 = 494𝑁

17 Exercise
A 200 N force, F1, is applied to a piston with a 4 cm
diameter. What is the magnitude of the force experienced by
the piston?

a) 2530.56 N
b) 1120 N
c) 1052.43 N
d) 200 N
21 Atmospheric Pressure Patmos
• Column of air: 1 m2 cross sectional area
• Weight, on average: 101 300 N
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠 = 101300 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠 = 101.3 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠 = 1.013 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠 = 1.013bar
• Atmospheric pressure is nearly 1 bar
22 Absolute and Gauge Pressure
• Absolute pressure
The pressure in a perfect vacuum is called absolute zero, and
pressure measured relative to this zero pressure is absolute pressure.
23 Absolute and Gauge Pressure
• Gauge pressure
Pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure is gage
pressure.
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
24 Measurement: Barometer
Used to measure absolute pressure of the atmosphere
✓ Pressure in the same horizontal plane is equal
✓ Mercury will rise up until pressure due to weight will balance
patmos
✓ At level XX:
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠 where 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑏
ℎ𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 13600 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
26 Recap
For an incompressible fluid pressure increases linearly with
the fluid depth.
Atmospheric Pressure is indicated by a barometer
27 Hoover Dam
A barometer at the surface of the Hoover Dam shows a
reading of 750mm of Mercury. At the bottom of the dam the
absolute pressure is 22.68 bar. How high is the Hoover
Dam? DO NOT USE GOOGLE!!!
1. 241 m
2. 231 m
3. 221 m
4. 210 m
28 Measurement: Piezometer Tube
Measurement: Piezometer Tube
• Measurement of liquid pressure
Gauge pressure at XX:
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑝
Absolute pressure at XX:
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑠 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑝
hp = pressure head, measured in meter.
30 Measurement: U-Tube Manometer
Gas pressure measurement
Where 𝑝 > 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠
Gauge pressure at XX:
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑝
Absolute pressure at XX:
𝑃 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑝
hp = pressure head, measured in meter.
31 Measurement: U-Tube Manometer
Gas pressure measurement
Where 𝑝 < 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠
Gauge pressure at XX:
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = −𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑝
Absolute pressure at XX:
𝑃 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑝
hp = vacuum head, measured in meter.
33 U-Tube Manometer – Immiscible liquids
34 U-Tube Manometer – General Equation

The general equation for the pressure difference measured by

a manometer is:

When liquids and gases are involved it is well within

engineering accuracy to neglect the pressure changes due to
the columns of gas.
35