_RC2 guide_v2023 03 16

Concrete 2
GUIDELINE FOR DESIGNING A

REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
Prepared by
Lecturer FLORUȚ Sorin-Codruț, Civ. Eng., PhD
codrut.florut@upt.ro
Assoc. Prof. NAGY-GYÖRGY Tamás, Civ. Eng., PhD

tamas.nagy-gyorgy@upt.ro
Editura Mirton
- 2023 - ISBN 978-973-52-1657-3
FOREWORD
Conception, design and execution of floors with reinforced concrete bearing structures
represent an extremely current issue in the construction industry. These elements surely
account for the most popular solution when it comes to floor systems of civil, industrial and
agricultural structures. Within this broad domain, the current work approaches the issue of
designing floor systems with reinforced concrete bearing structure, constructed in the
solution of one-way slabs and secondary beams. The aim of the work is to condense and
summarise into a single source all the required information for designing (i.e. static
calculation, conception and drafting) one-way slabs and corresponding secondary beams
within a reinforced concrete floor.
The work approaches the assumed theme from the perspective of valid European Norms, or
better yet from the perspective of Romanian Norms based extensively on the European
Norms.
In this context, the current work is mainly addressed to 3rd year students in Civil Engineering,
being an interesting tool for structural design engineers as well.
The authors have chosen for publishing the electronic format in order to provide the
readers with the graphic advantages generated by this solution (diagrams/drafting/3D
details).
THE AUTHORS
Concrete 2 - Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy-György T..©
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION 4 5. SLAB DESIGN 49

1.1 Theme and purpose 4 5.1 Establishing the static scheme 49
1.2 Project data 5 5.2 Design of the slab 53
1.3 Phases for completing the project 6 5.3 Final sizing of the slab thickness 55
1.4 Demands. Results. Evaluation 8 5.4 Calculation of required steel reinforcing 62
1.5 Symbols - Latin uppercase letters 9 5.5 Particular rules for reinforcing 63
- Latin lowercase letters 12 5.6 Example for reinforcing a slab using bent-up bars 67
- Greek lowercase letters 16 5.7 Example for reinforcing a slab with straight bars 69
5.8 Example for reinforcing a slab with welded wire meshes 70
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES 18 5.9 Shear verification of the slab 71
2.1 Generalities - Beam 18
2.1 Generalities - Slab 22 6. SECONDARY BEAM DESIGN 72
2.1 Generalities - Column 23 6.1 Evaluation of loads 72
2.1 Generalities - M-N Interaction diagram 25 6.2 Establishing the static scheme 74
2.1 Generalities - Reinforced concrete frame structures 26 6.3 Final sizing of the cross section height 76
2.1 Generalities - Load path 28 6.4 Calculation of required steel reinforcing in sagging area 80
2.1 Generalities - Components of the floor system 29 6.5 Calculation of required steel reinforcing in hogging area 90
2.1 Generalities - Steps for completing the formwork plan 33 6.6 Shear design 94
2.1 Generalities - Design stages 34
3. PRELIMINARY SIZING OF ELEMENTS 35 ANNEXES

3.1 Preliminary sizing of the slab 35 USEFUL TABLES - A) REINFORCING STEEL 98
3.2 Preliminary sizing of the beams 37 - B) CONCRETE 110
3.3 Preliminary sizing of the columns 38 - L) LOADS/ACTIONS 127
4. LOAD EVALUATION 39 REFERENCES 137
4.1 Actions on structures 39
4.2 Evaluation of permanent loads 43 DRAWINGS
4.3 Evaluation of variable loads 46 D1. Steps for drafting execution drawing for slab
4.4 Combination of actions 47 D2. Steps for drafting execution drawing for secondary beam
D3. Structure 3d view / D4. Columns and beams /
D5. Frame reinforcing / D6. Column and secondary beam reinforcing /
D7. Slab reinforcing / D8. Secondary beam reinforcing
Concrete 2 - Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy-György T.©
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Theme and purpose
Design and detailing of a Reinforced Concrete floor system
The structure to be designed has the following characteristics:

- Frame structure, with high regularity, the columns and the beams forming a continuous
structural system
- compact structure, prismatic in shape
- symmetric structure along one direction
- 1 story height
Concrete 2 - Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Floruț S. C., Nagy-György T.© 4
1. INTRODUCTION
1.2 Project data
Dimensions of the building:

- spans of frame (inter-axis distance between columns)
- bay (inter-axis distance between two consecutive frames)
- number of bays
- height of the story (given as free required height)
Type of flooring
Imposed (live) loads considering the category of use
Self-weight of movable partitions
Concrete strength class
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcing steel
1. INTRODUCTION
1.3 Phases for completing the project
a) Preliminary sizing of all structural elements:

- slab (s)
- secondary beam (sb)
- main beam - girder (G)
- column (C)
b) Slab design
- evaluation of loads acting on the slab
- establishing the static scheme for the calculation of the slab
- static calculation of the slab
- final sizing of the slab thickness
- calculation of required steel reinforcing
- establishing the reinforcing configuration
- execution drawing for the slab
1. INTRODUCTION
1.3 Phases for completing the project
c) Secondary beam design

- evaluation of loads acting on the secondary beam
- establishing the static scheme for the calculation of the secondary beam
- static calculation of the secondary beam
- final sizing of the cross section dimensions
- calculation of required steel reinforcing for bending/flexure
- shear design of the beam
- establishing the reinforcing configuration
- execution drawing for the secondary beam
1. INTRODUCTION
1.4 Demands. Results. Evaluation
Demands
- Tidily calculations written in pencil and presented on paper
- Weekly technical discussions with the professor in charge
- Execution drawings performed in a specialised drafting software (preferably AutoCAD,
Tekla, Nemetchek, Revit, etc.)
Results
- Complete file containing all calculations
- Drawings with all drawings
- Bill of steel reinforcing provided on each drawing
Evaluation
Test of approximately 2 hours during which the following knowledge shall be evaluated:
- Correct evaluation of loads
- Establishing the static scheme, design internal forces (M, V) and of the required steel
reinforcing both for the slab and for the secondary beam
- Evaluation of the necessary concrete quantity
- Preparing a full concrete specification for a given situation
1. INTRODUCTION
1.5 Symbols Latin uppercase letters
𝐴 accidental action
𝐴𝐸 seismic action
𝐴𝑐 cross sectional area
𝐴𝑠 cross sectional area of reinforcement
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 minimum cross sectional area of reinforcement
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 maximum cross sectional area of reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑤 cross sectional area of shear reinforcement
𝐵 bay
𝐶 length of cantilever
𝐶 …Τ… strength class for normal and high strength concrete
𝐶0 … 𝐶3 consistence classes expressed by degree of compactability
𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 coefficient
𝐸𝑐𝑚 secant modulus of elasticity of concrete
𝐹1 … 𝐹6 consistence classes expressed by flow diameter

𝐹𝑑 design value of an action
𝐹𝑘 characteristic value of an action
1. INTRODUCTION
𝐺𝑘 characteristic value of a permanent action
𝐿1 , 𝐿2 spans of the main beam

𝐿 inter-axis spans (beams, slabs)
𝐿𝐶 …Τ… strength classes of lightweight aggregate concrete
𝑀𝐸𝑑 design value of bending moment
𝑁𝐸𝑑 design value of axial force

𝑁𝑙𝑖𝑚 limit value of the axial force
𝑄𝑘 characteristic value of a single variable action
𝑆1… 𝑆5 consistence classes expressed by slump

𝑆𝐿𝑆 Serviceability Limit State
𝑈𝐿𝑆 Ultimate Limit State
1. INTRODUCTION
𝑉0 … 𝑉4 consistence classes expressed by Vebe time

𝑉𝐸𝑑 design value of the applied shear force
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 design value of the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear
reinforcement
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 design value of the maximum shear force which can be sustained by the
member, limited by crushing of the compression struts
𝑋0 exposure class corresponding to no risk of corrosion or attack

𝑋𝐶 … exposure class corresponding to corrosion induced by carbonation
𝑋𝐷 … exposure class corresponding to corrosion induced by chlorides, other than those
from sea water
𝑋𝑆 … exposure class corresponding to corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water
𝑋𝐹 … exposure class corresponding to freeze/thaw attack
𝑋𝐴 … exposure class corresponding to chemical attack
𝑋𝑀 … exposure class corresponding to mechanical stress (wear)
1. INTRODUCTION
1.5 Symbols Latin lowercase letters
𝑏 overall width of a cross-section, or actual flange width in a T or L beam

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 effective width of a beam
𝑏𝑤 width of the web on T, I or L beams
𝑏𝑔𝑠 width of the secondary beams’ cross-section
𝑏𝐺𝑃 width of the main beams’ cross-section
𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 nominal concrete cover

𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 minimum concrete cover
∆𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 allowance in design for deviation
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 minimum cover due to bond requirement
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 minimum cover due to environmental conditions, which is influenced by exposure
class and structural class of the member
𝑑 effective depth of a cross-section

𝑑𝑚 mandrel diameter
𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑐 required effective depth of a cross-section
𝑑𝑠 distance between the centroid of the reinforcement to the nearest concrete
surface
1. INTRODUCTION
𝑓𝑏𝑑 design value of the ultimate bond stress

𝑓𝑐 compressive strength of concrete
𝑓𝑐𝑑 design value of concrete compressive strength
𝑓𝑐𝑘 characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days
𝑓𝑐𝑘,𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 characteristic compressive cube strength of concrete at 28 days
𝑓𝑐𝑚 mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete

𝑓𝑦 yield strength of reinforcement
𝑓𝑦𝑑 design yield strength of reinforcement
𝑓𝑦𝑘 characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 design yield of shear reinforcement
𝑔𝑘 characteristic value of the permanent loads

𝑔𝑑 design value of the permanent loads
1. INTRODUCTION
ℎ overall depth of a cross-section

ℎ𝑓 flange thickness
ℎ𝑔𝑠 height of the secondary beams’ cross-section
ℎ𝐺𝑃 height of the main beams’ cross-section
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 minimum height of the main beams’ cross-section
ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑐 required height of a cross-section
ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑡 optimum height of a cross-section
ℎ𝑠 thickness of the slab
𝑘 coefficient, factor
𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 length of the slab panel

𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 width of the slab panel
𝑙𝑝 inter-axis distance between two consecutive secondary beams
𝑙𝑐 design length
𝑙0 clear span between two consecutive secondary beams
𝑛 number of bays
1. INTRODUCTION
𝑝𝑑 total design load

𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑡 optimum reinforcement percentage for longitudinal reinforcement
𝑞𝑘 characteristic value of the imposed (variable) loads

𝑞𝑑 design value of the imposed (variable) loads
𝑠𝑝𝑙 spacing of bars for longitudinal reinforcement of the slab

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 maximum spacing of bars for longitudinal reinforcement of the slab
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 minimum spacing of bars for longitudinal reinforcement of the slab
1. INTRODUCTION
1.5 Symbols Greek lowercase letters
𝛽 angle ; ratio; coefficient
𝛾 partial factor
𝛾𝑓 partial factor for actions
𝛾𝑐 partial factor for concrete
𝛾𝑠 partial factor for reinforcing or prestressing steel
𝜀𝑐 compressive strain in the concrete

𝜀𝑐1 compressive strain in the concrete at the peak stress 𝑓𝑐
𝜀𝑐𝑢 ultimate compressive strain in the concrete
𝜀𝑢 strain of reinforcement or prestressing steel at maximum load
𝜀𝑢𝑘 Characteristic strain of reinforcement or prestressing steel at maximum load
𝜇 relative value of the design bending moment
𝜃 concrete compression strut
𝜈𝑑 axial force normalised to 𝐴𝑐 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
1. INTRODUCTION
1.5 Symbols Greek lowercase letters
𝜌 specific weight
𝜌𝑙 reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑡 specific weight for a given material
𝜌𝑤 reinforcement ratio for shear reinforcement
∅𝑚𝑎𝑥 maximum diameter of reinforcing steel

∅𝑚𝑖𝑛 minimum diameter of reinforcing steel
𝜓 factors defining representative values of variable actions

𝜓0 for combination values
𝜓1 for frequent values
𝜓2 for quasi-permanent values
𝜔 mechanical ratio of reinforcement, depending on the properties of the material

(concrete, reinforcing steel) and reinforcement percentage
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES
2.1 Generalities Beam
Defining terms specific to the present project:
Beam → Structural element subjected mainly to bending (i.e. transverse loads) and to a
design axial force (mainly compression, rarely tension) not grater than
𝑁𝐸𝑑 ≤ 0,10 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
or for which the normalized axial force is not grater than 0,1
𝜈𝑑 ≤ 0,1
where 𝜈𝑑 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 /𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
Beam → Structural element subjected mainly to flexure and shear
Crack pattern for a beam subjected to the given loads
tensioned area
Reinforcement required theoretically
V
Practical reinforcement lay-out
Beam → linear structural member
𝑳 ≥ 𝟑𝒉
𝐿L
L
h ℎ
𝐿
h
ℎ
𝑏
b
𝑏
Beam → aside flexure and shear it can be subjected also to torsion

Stress path Resultant forces of loads
𝑚𝑡
Beams with torsion
Effect of torsion Situations of beams subjected to torsion
2.1 Generalities Slab
Slab: → surface element subjected mainly to flexure
𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝒍𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≥ 𝟓𝒉𝒔
ℎ𝑠
ℎ𝑠
𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛
2.1 Generalities Column
Column: → structural element, supporting gravity loads by axial compression (usually

combined bending with compression axial force), with
𝑵𝑬𝒅 ≥ 𝟎, 𝟏𝟎 𝑨𝒄 𝒇𝒄𝒅
or which is subjected to a normalized design axial force grater than 0,1
𝝂𝒅 ≥ 𝟎, 𝟏
2.1 Generalities Column
Column: → can have various cross-sectional shape (rectangular, square, circular, etc.)
𝐻 𝐻
𝑏 ℎ
ℎ 𝑏
2.1 Generalities M-N Interaction diagram
Members subjected mainly to flexure: beams and slabs
N cRd
Balance failure
Nlim B
0.1Acfcd COLUMN
BEAM+SLAB M
MRlim
N tRd
Typical interaction diagram for combined bending and axial load with highlighting the
domains for the design of slabs, beams and columns.
2.1 Generalities Reinforced concrete frame structures
A reinforced concrete frame structure consists mainly of the two components described
below:
- Structural members, such as the slab, beams and columns

- Non-structural components, with protection and/or functional/esthetic purpose, such as
finishing, thermal insulation, soundproofing, hydro insulation, fire proofing, equipment,
etc.
When discussing a slab with main and secondary beams, then:

- Main beams represent also transversal frame beams
- Secondary beams are distributed perpendicular to the main beams in such a way that
they are equally spaced (if possible) and the inter-axis distance between two consecutive
beams is within the range:
𝒍𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟓 … 𝟑. 𝟎 𝒎
2.1 Generalities Reinforced concrete frame structures
The cast in place slab is a spatial structure, as through the concrete and the reinforcing
steel a complex connection between sub-components is achieved.
The Static calculation of a spatial structure is at some extent rather cumbersome for 3rd
year students, thus a simplified individual calculation of each structural element is allowed
in the design, considering the load path of the vertical loads towards the supports.
Therefore, it may be admitted that the slab (s) is supported by the secondary beams (sb)
and transfers the loads to them, the secondary beams transfer the loads to the main
beams (G) and the columns (C), while the main beams and the columns (together as
frames) transfer the loads to the foundations (F) and the soil (T).
Clearly, the load path also indicates the order in which the structural elements have to be
designed, i.e. the design is started with the slab and is continued with the secondary
beams. The design of the frames (main beams and columns) is no longer so direct, obvious
and simple, as these elements are usually designed also under the effect of horizontal
actions (e.g. loads generated by the seismic action).
2.1 Generalities Load path
Slab → secondary beam → FRAMES (= Main Beam + COLUMNS) → Foundation → Soil
2.1 Generalities Components of the floor system
span C
G
𝑳𝟏
Slab panel sb
𝑳𝟐
span
𝒍𝒑
cantilever
𝑪
𝑩
Bay
For one-way slabs, the ration between length and width of the slab panel (𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 /𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
satisfies the condition:
𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 /𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐵 / 𝑙𝑝 ≥ 2.0
Slab panel
𝒍𝒑
sb
B G
Slab panels represent subdivisions of a slab, being bounded by the supports. It can be
observed that the structure addressed in this work consists of 5 transversal frames (so it
has 4 bays). Each transversal frame consists of 3 columns and a three-spans beam (at one
of the extremities, the beam is constructed as a cantilever). Considering that the slab is
supported by the secondary and main beams, 24 slab panels can be identified. In this
particular case, due to the structural regularity and the equidistant distribution of the
secondary beams, al 24 slab panels can be considered as identical, having dimensions of
𝒍𝒑 𝒙 𝑩.
ℎ𝑠
ℎ𝑠𝑏
ℎ𝐺
𝐿1
𝑏𝐺 𝑏𝑠𝑏
Code
Shape
Eurocode-RO
Case400x800
: ST1
250x500
𝐿2
𝐶
Simplified drafting procedure for a slab

with n bays
Views and cross-sections through the main and

secondary beams
2.1 Generalities Steps for completing the formwork plan
Prior to the preliminary sizing of the structural elements, in order to completely understand
the configuration of the structure, a sketch of the main structural components has to be
drawn.
The way of creating the drawing for the formwork plan is presented step-by-step within the
specific Annex.
The main steps required in order to complete the formwork plan of the previously
mentioned structure are:
Step 1 – drawing the axes and numbering them. Longitudinal axes: A, B, C, D, etc.
Transversal axes (for frames): 1, 2, 3, 4, etc
Step 2 – positioning of the columns at the intersection of axes
Step 3 – lay-out of the main beams between columns and the cantilevers
Step 4 – lay-out of the secondary beams between frames
Step 5 – representing the contour of the slab
Step 6 – representing the cross-section through the floor system (preliminary/qualitative)
Step 7 – marking the codes for the main structural components
Step 8 – dimensioning the plan using interior and exterior dimension lines
2.1 Generalities Design stages
1) PRELIMINARY SIZING of the structural elements: choosing the dimensions of the cross-
sections for the structural elements based on existing provisions, in such a manner that they
are viable from other criterions apart from the structural one.
2) LOAD EVALUATION: evaluating the design loads, knowing the dimensions of the structural
elements and the configuration of the non-structural ones, the destination, and the location
of the building.
3) ESTABLISHING THE STATIC SCHEME based on the design spans of the structural elements;
4) STATIC CALCULATION: establishing the most unfavourable effects of loads on the

considered static scheme. The static calculation can be performed using design software or
analytically, using simplified methods.
5) ACTUAL DESIGN, covering the following stages:

- final sizing of the cross section based on the static calculation and the designated
materials;
- calculation of required reinforcement and establishing the reinforcing steel layout;
- execution drawings which include the formwork plan and the layout of reinforcing steel,
reinforcing details, and calculation of specific indicators (required concrete quantity and bill
of reinforcing steel).
3. PRELIMINARY SIZING OF ELEMENTS
3.1 Preliminary sizing of the slab
Provided that
𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 /𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐵 / 𝑙𝑝 ≥ 2.0
→ One-way slab ℎ𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 /35 ≥ 80𝑚𝑚

C
ℎ𝑠
𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛
Slab panel sb 𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥
G
3.1 Preliminary sizing of the slab
The thickness of the slab shell be chosen depending on the type of the floor system and on
the supports; the final value will be rounded at multiples of 10 mm.
Type of floor system ℎ𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛

One-way slabs
The reinforced concrete
- Simply supported 𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 /30 slabs can (and should) also
provide in-plane stiffness
- Fixed 𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 /35 for distribution of
horizontal forces by the
Two-way slabs horizontal diaphragm
action, if their thickness is
- Simply supported 𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 /40
at least 80 mm and are
properly reinforced to
𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 /45
undertake the stresses
- Fixed
from vertical and horizontal
𝑃Τ180 + 20𝑚𝑚
actions (P100-1/#5.10)
Ribbed slab 𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 /30
3.1 Preliminary sizing of the beams
The cross-sectional dimensions of various types of beams should be established based on the
table provided below. The height (h) and width (b) of usual beams is recommended to be
chosen as multiple of 50 mm.
Dimension Provision
L/(12 … 15) main beams
L/30 secondary beams
Minimum → ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛
L/20 ribbed slab with simply supported ribs
Height
L/25 ribbed slab with fixed supported ribs
L/(8 … 12) main beams
Optimum→ ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑡
L/(12 … 15) secondary beams
200 mm ribbed slab
Minimum
60 mm nervuri dese
ℎΤ𝑏 = 1,5 … 3,0 rectangular cross-sections
Width ℎΤ𝑏 = 2,0 … 3,0 T-beams (tee beams)
Optimum
𝑀 1
ℎΤ𝑏 ≤ 2,0 for cases in which 𝑀 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≥ 3
𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
Limitation ℎΤ𝑏 ≤ 4,0 according to P100-2013

3.1 Preliminary sizing of the columns
Cross-sectional dimensions of columns are imposed according to the provisions given below.
Height (h) and width (b) of regular columns is recommended to be a multiple of 50 mm.
For the design of the concrete cross-section and reinforcement, the main requirement is that
the columns behave in a ductile manner. Given this desiderate, the dimensions of the cross-
section have to be chosen in such a way that the limitation of the axial force normalised to
𝐴𝑐 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 is met:
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝜈𝑑 = 𝐴 < 𝜈𝑎𝑑𝑚 = 0,45 - structures designed with high ductility DCH
𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝜈𝑑 = 𝐴 < 𝜈𝑎𝑑𝑚 = 0,50 - structures designed with medium ductility DCM
𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
Where 𝑁𝐸𝑑 is the axial force resulted from gravitational loads, with values corresponding to
combinations that contain also the seismic action, and 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑏 ∙ ℎ
The minimum dimensions of the cross-section will not be smaller than 300 mm.
The width of the column shall be grater with at least 5 cm than the width of the cross-section
of the main beam.
4. LOAD EVALUATION
4.1 Actions on structures
Generally speaking, the actions on structures can be divided into two main categories:
a) direct actions (set of loads applied to the structure)
b) Indirect action (set of imposed deformations or accelerations caused by earthquakes,
explosions, temperature changes, moisture variation, uneven settlement, etc.)
The effect of an action on structural members can be expressed in terms of internal force,
moment or stress, strain while on the whole structure can be expressed it can be expressed
in terms of deflection and/or rotation.
In regard to the value used in various stages of design and for various design combinations,
the actions can be represented through two essential values:
a) characteristic value of an action (𝐹𝑘 ) is the main representative value of that action. The
characteristic value corresponds to a small prescribed probability of not being exceeded on
the unfavourable side during a "reference period“ taking into account the design working life
of the structure and the duration of the design situation.
b) design value of an action (𝐹𝑑 ) is the product of the representative value, 𝐹𝑘 multiplied by
the partial factor, 𝛾𝑓 also accounting for model uncertainties and dimensional variations.
𝑭𝒅 = 𝜸𝒇 ∙ 𝑭𝒌
4. LOAD EVALUATION
Actions on structures can be approached based on CR0-2012 in the following manner:
Action Characteristics Examples

Variation in magnitude with Self weight: structural elements, finishing
time is negligible components, equipment fixed to the
Permanent (𝐺) construction, indirect actions caused by
shrinkage or uneven settlement, etc.
Load arising from occupancy (Live loads)
Wind
Variation in magnitude with
Snow
Variable (𝑄) time is important (neither
negligible nor monotonic) Soil pressure
Liquid pressure
Stored granular material pressure
Short duration but of Impact
Accidental (𝐴) significant magnitude Explosions
Action that arises due to Earthquake (seismic action)
Seismic (𝐴𝐸 ) earthquake ground motions
4. LOAD EVALUATION
Quasi-permanent value of a variable action (𝜓2 𝑄𝑘 ) is the value determined so that the total
period of time for which it will be exceeded is a large fraction of the reference period. It may
be expressed as a determined part of the characteristic value by using a factor 𝜓2 ≤ 1.
Frequent value of a variable action (𝜓1 𝑄𝑘 ) value determined so that either the total time,
within the reference period, during which it is exceeded is only a small given part of the
reference period, or the frequency of it being exceeded is limited to a given value. It may be
expressed as a determined part of the characteristic value by using a factor 𝜓1 ≤ 1.
Design situations shall be classified as follows :

- persistent design situations, which refer to the conditions of normal use;
- transient design situations, which refer to temporary conditions applicable to the structure,
e.g. during execution or repair ;
- accidental design situations, which refer to exceptional conditions applicable to the
structure or its exposure, e.g. fire, explosion, impact or the consequences of localized failure;
- seismic design situations, which refer to conditions applicable to the structure when
subjected to seismic events.
The selected design situations shall be sufficiently severe and varied so as to encompass
all conditions that can reasonably be foreseen to occur during the execution and use of the
structure.
4. CALCULUL ÎNCĂRCĂRILOR
4.1 Acțiuni în construcții (conform CR 0-2012)
The design of the structural components of a floor system is usually performed at the ULS,
i.e. the state previous to structural failure, as this target to protect human lives and structural
safety, protection of historical heritage respectively.
ULS design has to rely on viable models for load evaluation and static calculation, while
considering the design actions, material properties and geometrical data.
The checks have to be performed for relevant design situations and for all critical
effects/combinations of loads.
GENERALLY, THESE LOADS CAN BE CONSIDERED UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED ON THE SLAB

SURFACE AND THERE ARE EXPRESSED IN kN/m2.
The characteristic (k) and design (d) values of loads are determined in this particular order:
𝐹𝑑 = 𝛾𝑓 ∙ 𝐹𝑘
Design value Characteristic
of action Partial safety value of action
coefficient
4. LOAD EVALUATION
4.2 Evaluation of permanent loads
Characteristic permanent loads are denoted
𝑔𝑘 [𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚2 ]
Total permanent loads are generated (in this project by self weight of components
G and are calculated using:
𝑔𝑘 = ∑𝑔𝑘,𝑖
Self weight are evaluated as follows:
- Reinforced concrete slab 𝑔𝑘,𝑠 = ℎ𝑠 ∙ 𝜌𝑟𝑐
- Plaster 𝑔𝑘,𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠 = ℎ𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠 ∙ 𝜌𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠
- Floor finishing 𝑔𝑘,𝑓𝑓 = ∑ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟,𝑖 ∙ 𝜌𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟,𝑖
Note: Permanent loads generated by floor finishing can be evaluated in respect to the
materials that comprise the actual floor finishing.
4. LOAD EVALUATION
4.2 Evaluation of permanent loads Specific weight
Several values for the specific weight of common materials:
Specific weight
Materials
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒕 [𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚3 ]
Concrete
Reinforced concrete 25.0
Finishing - plaster
Cement mortar 21.0
Cement-lime mortar 19.0
Lime mortar 17.0
Note: for extended values please check the corresponding Annex.
4. LOAD EVALUATION
4.2 Evaluation of permanent loads Permanent loads from floor finishing
Several values for the specific weight of floor finishing:
Characteristic permanent loads from floor finishing

Type of floor finishing
𝑔𝑘,𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚2
Asphalt 0.9
Mosaic 1.0
Tiles 1.5
Concrete deck 1.2
4. LOAD EVALUATION
4.3 Evaluation of variable loads
Imposed (variable) loads are denoted with
𝑞𝑘 [𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚2 ]
Total variable loads arise (in this project) from occupancy (being dependent of the
Q category of use) and from self-weight of movable partitions
𝑞𝑘 = ∑𝑞𝑘,𝑖
Variable loads arising from occupancy (live loads): 𝑞𝑘,𝐿 provided in the Annex
Variable loads from self-weight of movable partitions: 𝑞𝑘,𝑃𝑊 provided in the Annex
Note: for extended values please check the corresponding Annex and SR EN 1991-1-1:2004 .
4. LOAD EVALUATION
4.4 Combination of actions
For structural design, actions are combined in such a manned that would produce an
unfavourable situation on the structure (clearly, the combinations have to be plausible and
probabilistically viable).
The combinations are specific to the considered limit state.
For designing reinforced concrete members, the design has to consider mainly Ultimate Limit
State (ULS).
Original formula for the combination, according to CR 0 chapter 6.4 is:
∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝛾𝐺,𝑗 𝐺𝑘,𝑗 + 𝛾𝑄,1 𝑄𝑘,1 + ∑𝑚

𝑖=2 𝛾𝑄,𝑖 𝜓0,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖
Note: for values of factors in the above formula, please check the Annex and/or CR0-2012.
4. LOAD EVALUATION
4.4 Combination of actions
The simplified shape of the formula, applicable for the present project is presented:
1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘
Thus, the total loads that acts on the slab in the situation of uniformly distributed loads can
be evaluated as follows:
𝑝𝑑 = 1.35𝑔𝑘 + 1.5𝑞𝑘
Note: for exact combinations please check provisions in CR0-2012.
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.1 Establishing the static scheme
The real one-way slab may be replaced for the static calculation (for the current purpose
evaluation of bending moment and shear force) with a strip of unit (1,0 m) width, clipped
along the short direction of the slab panel, i.e. the direction on which the slab panel
transfers stresses. From the perspective of static calculation, the strip can be assimilated
with a continuous beam.
The supports of the slab are represented by the secondary beams, and the dimensions of the
slab are:
- inter-axis span: 𝑙𝑝
- design span, used for the static calculation : 𝑙𝑐 = 𝑙0
𝑙0 represents the clear span between two consecutive secondary beams.

𝑙𝑐 = 𝑙0
𝑙𝑝
𝑙𝑝
5. SLAB DESIGN
The real plate is replaced with a continuous beam with 𝑙𝑐 loaded with a linear distributed
load of 𝑝𝑑 𝑥 1𝑚 [𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚]
Calculation of the bending moments and shear forces is performed using an envelope,
obtained from numerous load combinations.
LIVE 2 LIVE 4 LIVE 5 COMBINATION 6
LIVE 2 LIVE 4 COMBINATION 2
Permanent Load
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐
5. SLAB DESIGN
In function of the permanent and live loads, the shape of the bending moment envelope
diagram can have shapes like those presented below:
𝑔𝑑 Τ𝑞𝑑 = 0,5
𝑔𝑑 Τ𝑞𝑑 = 1,0
5. SLAB DESIGN
For the given example, the values of the bending moments and shear forces may be taken
with sufficient approximation as depicted in the below diagrams :
𝑙𝑐1 𝑙𝑐2 𝑙𝑐3 𝑙𝑐4 𝑙𝑐5 𝑙𝑐6 𝑙𝑐7

𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐2 𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐2 𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐2
14 16 16
𝑀𝐸𝑑
2 2 2
11 16 16
𝑉𝐸𝑑 0,55𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐2 0,55𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐3
0,45𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐1 0,55𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐2

0,65𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐1
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.2 Design of the slab Design values for the strength of materials
In order to assess the capacity of the slab, the design values of the strength of materials have
to be calculated.
The quality of the concrete is defined by the strength class, that is denoted:
𝑪 𝑓𝑐𝑘 /𝑓𝑐𝑘,𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒
The design value of the concrete compressive strength is determined as follows:
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘 /𝛾𝑐

where
𝑓𝑐𝑘 - characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days
𝑓𝑐𝑘,𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 - characteristic compressive cube strength of concrete at 28 days
𝛾𝑐 = 1,50- partial factor for concrete at ULS
(SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, table 2.1N)
𝑓𝑐𝑑 - design value of concrete compressive strength
The concrete strength class is to be chosen based on exposure class acc. to NE 012/1-2007.
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.2 Design of the slab Design values for the strength of materials
Design yield strength of reinforcement is calculated using the formula:
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝑓𝑦𝑘 /𝛾𝑠

where
𝑓𝑦𝑑 - design yield strength of reinforcement
𝑓𝑦𝑘 - characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
𝛾𝑠 = 1,15- partial factor for reinforcing steel
(SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, table 2.1N)
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.3 Final sizing of the slab thickness Design cross-section
The design cross section for the slab = rectangular singly reinforced section
𝐴𝑠
𝑑 ℎ𝑠
𝑑𝑠
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
𝑏 = 1000 𝑚𝑚
where
𝐴𝑠 - cross sectional area of tensioned reinforcement
𝑏 = 1000 𝑚𝑚 - overall width of the design cross-section
𝑑 - effective depth of the cross-section
ℎ𝑠 - thickness of the slab
𝑑𝑠 - distance between the centroid of the reinforcement to the nearest
concrete surface
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.3 Final sizing of the slab thickness Checking the imposed thickness
Checking of the thickness imposed in the preliminary sizing of the slab (necessary) is
performed in function of the optimum reinforcement percentage for longitudinal
reinforcement (𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒕 )
𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑐 = 𝜇∙𝑏∙𝑓𝑐𝑑
where
𝑀𝐸𝑑 - maxim design value of bending moment statically calculated
𝑏 = 1000𝑚𝑚 - width of the design cross-section (rectangular singly reinforced section)
𝜇 - relative value of the design bending moment, where
𝜇 = 𝜔(1 − 0.5𝜔) or 𝜇 = 𝑓(𝜔) → from tables
but 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑝 𝑓𝑦𝑑
and 𝜔 = 100 𝑓 in function fo 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝑐𝑑
𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒕 (%) for reinforcement with

Type of slab
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400 … 500 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 300 … 400 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
- One-way slab 0,25 … 0,50 0,30 … 0,60
- Two-way slab 0,20 … 0,50 0,25 … 0,50
5. SLAB DESIGN
The calculation of the required slab thickness can be performed with

𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑐
ℎ𝑠,𝑛𝑒𝑐 = 𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑐 + 𝑑𝑠 ℎ𝑠,𝑛𝑒𝑐
where
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑠 = (𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 + ∅/2)
and
𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣
𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 - nominal concrete cover

𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 - minimum concrete cover
∆𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 - allowance in design for deviation
The concrete cover is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement closest to the
nearest concrete surface (including links and stirrups and surface reinforcement where
relevant) and the nearest concrete surface.
Concrete cover shall be provided in order to ensure:

- the safe transmission of bond forces
- the protection of the steel against corrosion (durability)
- an adequate fire resistance (not discussed hereinafter)
5. SLAB DESIGN
The calculation of the required slab thickness can be performed with

𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑐
ℎ𝑠,𝑛𝑒𝑐 = 𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑐 + 𝑑𝑠 ℎ𝑠,𝑛𝑒𝑐
where
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑠 = (𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 + ∅/2)
and
project
execution
∆𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛
Note: the thickness of the slab has to be multiple of 10 mm!
5. SLAB DESIGN
Minimum concrete cover (general formula from EC2)
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 ; 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 + 𝛥𝑐𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝛾 − 𝛥𝑐𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑠𝑡 − 𝛥𝑐𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑎𝑑𝑑 ; 10 𝑚𝑚}
Or simplified
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 ; 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 ; 10 𝑚𝑚}
bond durability
where
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 = ∅𝑚𝑎𝑥
∅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.1ℎ𝑠 𝑚𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑚
𝒄𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒅𝒖𝒓 - depending on the exposure and structural class (EN 1992-1-1:2004, # 4.4 )
∆𝒄𝒅𝒆𝒗 = 𝟓 𝒎𝒎 - for slabs (see National Annex)
5. SLAB DESIGN
For establishing the minimum concrete cover due to environmental conditions 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 the
first step is correctly assess the exposure class (table 4.1 of the EN 1992-1-1:2004) and the
structural class (table 4.3N of the EN 1992-1-1:2004, # 4.4).
For determining the structural class, one should always start with structural class S4 and
reduce it or increase it based on conditions given in table 4.3N of the EN 1992-1-1:2004, #
4.4.
Based on the correct exposure class and structural class, the minimum concrete cover due to
environmental conditions 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 is extracted from the corresponding column inside table
4.4N from EN 1992-1-1:2004, # 4.4.
5. SLAB DESIGN
If
ℎ𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 ≥ ℎ𝑠,𝑛𝑒𝑐 → OK
It means that the thickness of the slab assumed in the preliminary sizing phase is within
optimal boundaries!
If
ℎ𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 < ℎ𝑠,𝑛𝑒𝑐
It means that the thickness of the slab assumed in the preliminary sizing phase is
insufficient, thus its value will be increased up to ℎ𝑠,𝑛𝑒𝑐 , afterwards the previously design
steps are resumed, which means
→ RE-EVALUATING THE LOADS
→ RE-CALCULATION OF THE BENDING MOMENTS
→ RE-CHECKING THE NEWLY IMPOSED THICKNESS
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.4 Calculation of required steel reinforcing
After finalizing the sizing of the slab thickness, the effective depth of the cross-section will be
calculated
𝑑 = ℎ 𝑠 − 𝑑𝑠
Afterwards, the relative value of the design bending moment is calculated for every distinct
value of the bending moment (both in sagging and hogging regions)
𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝜇=
𝑏 ∙ 𝑑 2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
checking as 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚
→ 𝜔 = 1 − 1 − 2𝜇
𝑓
→ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜔𝑏𝑑 𝑓 𝑐𝑑
𝑦𝑑
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.5 Particular rules for reinforcing
Particular rules for reinforcing with tide bars SR EN 1992-1-1/ Chapter 9
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 but 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 0.04𝑏𝑑
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.5ℎ𝑠 but 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑁. 𝐴.
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 80𝑚𝑚
∅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.1ℎ𝑠 𝑚𝑚 + 2𝑚𝑚
∅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 6𝑚𝑚 for straight bars
∅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5𝑚𝑚 welded wire meshes
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.5 Particular rules for reinforcing Reinforcing with tied bars
Particular rules for reinforcing with tide bars SR EN 1992-1-1/ Chapter 9
At the edge of the slab

0 < 𝐸𝐼 < ∞
𝐸𝐼 = ∞
𝐸𝐼 = 0
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 25%𝐴𝑠,𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑠
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑏
Perpendicular to the main beams
𝑙0 /4 𝑙0 /4 𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑝 = ∅6/ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓
𝑩 𝑩
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.5 Particular rules for reinforcing Secondary reinforcement
Particular rules for secondary reinforcement according to SR EN 1992-1-1/ Chapter 9
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = min 20% 𝑑𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.5ℎ𝑠 but 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 (𝑁. 𝐴. )
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.5 Particular rules for reinforcing Reinforcement from welded wire meshes
Particular rules for welded wire meshes according to SR EN 1992-1-1/ Chapter 9
At the edge of the slab
Perpendicular to the main beams
𝑙0 /4 𝑙0 /4 𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑝 = ∅5/150
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.6 Example for reinforcing a slab using bent-up bars Example 1
Example for reinforcing a slab using bent-up bars
4.52cm2 3.50cm2
5.58cm2 3.50cm2
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.6 Example for reinforcing a slab using bent-up bars Example 1
Example for reinforcing a slab using bent-up bars
4.52cm2 3.50cm2
5.58cm2 3.50cm2
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.7 Example for reinforcing a slab with straight bars Example 2
Example for reinforcing a slab with straight bars
4.52cm2 3.50cm2
𝑙0 /4 𝑙0 /4 𝑙0 /4 𝑙0 /4 𝑙0 /4
5.58cm2 3.50cm2
𝑏𝑠𝑏 𝑙0 = 𝑙𝑐 𝑏𝑠𝑏 𝑙0 = 𝑙𝑐 𝑏𝑠𝑏
𝑙𝑝 𝑙𝑝
∅6/14 ∅10/14 ∅8/14
∅10/14
∅8/14
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.8 Example for reinforcing a slab with welded wire meshes Example 3
Example for reinforcing a slab with welded wire meshes
5. SLAB DESIGN
5.9 Shear verification of the slab
Generally, for usual thin slabs, reinforcement is required only for bending, no specific shear
reinforcement being necessary.
In order to check this fact, the following condition has to be satisfied:
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝐸𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥
where
1
1/2
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘 100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 but 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ≥ 0.035 ∙ 𝑘 3/2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∙ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
and
𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.18/𝛾𝑐 - from N.A.
200
𝑘 = 1+ ≤2
𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌𝑙 = ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑙 – tensile reinforcement in the area crossed by the crack
6. SECONDARY BEAM DESIGN
6.1 Evaluation of loads
As the slabs transfers the load on the short direction of the slab panels, the loads that act on
the secondary beams result from those acting on adjacent slab panels.
gs
𝑠𝑏
gs
𝑠𝑏
𝑏𝐺 𝑙0,𝑠𝑏 𝑏𝐺
gs
GP
GP
𝑠𝑏
𝐺
𝑏𝑠𝑏
6.1 Evaluation of loads
As the slabs transfers the load on the short direction of the slab panels, the loads that act on
the secondary beams result from those acting on adjacent slab panels.
G 𝑔𝑘,𝑠𝑏 = 𝑔𝑘,𝑠 ∙ 𝑙𝑝 + (ℎ𝑠𝑏 − ℎ𝑠 ) ∙ 𝑏𝑠𝑏 ∙ 𝛾𝑟𝑐
where 𝑔𝑘,𝑠𝑏 = permanent load acting on the slab

(self weight of finishing + self weight of slab)
𝑞𝑘,𝑠𝑏 = 𝑞𝑘,𝑠 ∙ 𝑙𝑝
Q
𝑏𝑠𝑏
Total design load: 𝒑𝒅,𝒔𝒃 = 𝛾𝑔 𝑔𝑘,𝑠𝑏 + 𝛾𝑞 𝑞𝑘,𝑠𝑏
The secondary beam will be analysed as a continuous beam, with the design spans of
𝑙𝑐 = 𝑙0,𝑠𝑏 = 𝐵 − 𝑏𝐺 , supports being represented by the main beams.
C
span
G
𝑳𝟏
sb
𝑳𝟐
span
𝒍𝒑
cantilever
𝑪
𝑩 𝑩 𝑩 𝑩
The secondary beam will be analysed as a continuous beam, with the design spans of
𝑙𝑐 = 𝑙0,𝑠𝑝 = 𝐵 − 𝑏𝐺 , supports being represented by the main beams.
𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐 𝑙𝑐
𝟏𝟏 16 16
𝑀𝐸𝑑
11 16 16
𝑉𝐸𝑑 0,55𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐 0,55𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐
0,45𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐 0,55𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐
0,65𝑝𝑑 𝑙𝑐
6.3 Final sizing of the cross section height
Calculation of the required (necessary) cross section height
𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑐 =
𝜇 ∙ 𝑏𝑠𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
where
𝑀𝐸𝑑 - maximum design value of bending moment statically calculated
𝑏𝑠𝑏 - established in the preliminary sizing
𝜇 = 𝜔(1 − 0.5𝜔) or 𝜇 = 𝑓(𝜔) → from table,
but with 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚
where 𝑝 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜔=
100 𝑓𝑐𝑑
and 𝑝 is to be chosen taking into account the recommended optimum reinforcement

percentage
𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑡 ≈ 1.2 … 1.8
for 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥
Calculation of the required cross section height
ℎ𝑠𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑐 = 𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑐 + 𝑑𝑠
where
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 + ∅𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 /2 𝑑
ℎ𝑠𝑏
and
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 ; 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 ; 10 𝑚𝑚} 𝑑𝑠

and
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 ; 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟 + ∅𝑒𝑡𝑟 )
allowance in design for deviation

∆𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 10𝑚𝑚
Recommendations: long
∅𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 20𝑚𝑚 … 25𝑚𝑚
ds stir
∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8𝑚𝑚 … 10𝑚𝑚 Cnom,long Cnom,stir
Calculation of the required cross section height
ℎ𝑠𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑐 = 𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑐 + 𝑑𝑠
where
𝑑
ℎ𝑠𝑏
ℎ𝑠𝑏 = 𝑀 𝑥 50 (multiple of 50 mm)
Check:
𝑑𝑠
ℎ𝑠𝑏
= 1,5 … 3,0
𝑏𝑠𝑏
If the condition is not satisfier → re-assess the dimensions of the cross-section
If
ℎ𝑔𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 ≥ ℎ𝑠𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑐 → OK
𝑑
ℎ𝑠𝑏
If
𝑑𝑠
ℎ𝑠𝑏,𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 < ℎ𝑠𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑐 → RE-CALCULATION :
- NEW LOADS from self-weight of the beam
- NEW BENDING MOMENTS
→ UPDATING THE CROSS-SECTION and

RE-CHECKING THE NEWLY IMPOSED DIMENSIONS
6.4 Calculation of required steel reinforcing in sagging area
The steps for calculating the required steel reinforcement:
Step 1: Evaluation of reinforcement area in sagging regions, the cross-section being

considered as a singly reinforced T-section
Step 2: Evaluation of reinforcement area in hogging regions, the cross-section being

considered as a doubly reinforced rectangular section
The steps for calculation the area of reinforcement are:
𝐴𝑠2 = minimum of the
bottom reinforcement
areas obtained in adjacent As1 - Step 2 As1 - Step 2
spans in Step 1(here
resulting from M1 and M2) 𝑴−
𝑩 𝑴−
𝑪
𝑴1+ 𝑴+
2
𝐴𝑠1 - Step 1 𝐴𝑠1 - Step 1

Step 1: Evaluation of reinforcement area in sagging regions → singly reinforced T-section
The effective with of compressed slab area - flange (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) depends of the dimensions of the
web and those of the slab, on the type of considered loading, spans, support conditions, and
transversal reinforcing.
Active width of compressed slab area (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) is evaluated by taking into account the distance
between points of zero bending moment (𝑙0 ).
Edge span Middle span Cantilever
𝑙0 = 0,85𝑙1 0,15(𝑙1 + 𝑙2 ) 𝑙0 = 0,7𝑙2 𝑙0 = 0,15𝑙2 + 𝑙3

𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑙3
(B) (B) (B)
For a simplified approach, in this project, the following assumption will be made: 𝒍𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝟕𝑩
The effective with of compressed slab area is determined according to the below figure:
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 𝑏𝑤 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,2
𝑏1 𝑏1 𝑏𝑤 𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ෍ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0,2𝑏𝑖 + 0,1𝑙0 ≤ 0,2𝑙0
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 ≤ 𝑏𝑖
𝑙0 = 0,7𝐵
A) Table method
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 /𝑏𝑤 =
𝑓
ℎ𝑓 /𝑑 = → 𝜔 → 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜔𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝑐𝑑
𝑦𝑑
𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝜇= =
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑑 2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
If 𝜇 ≥ 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚 → reassessing the dimensions of the cross-section
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓
B) Direct calculation
ℎ𝑓 0,8𝑥
To be determined: 𝑀𝑓 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑓𝑐𝑑 (𝑑 − 0.5ℎ𝑓 )

ℎ 𝑑
If 𝑀𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑀𝑓 → neutral axis is in the slab 𝑨𝒔

𝑑𝑠
𝑏
𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝜇=
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑
If 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚 → re-assessing the dimensions of the cross-section
𝑓
If 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚 → 𝜔𝑠 = 1 − 1 − 2𝜇 → 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜔𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝑐𝑑
𝑦𝑑
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓
B) Direct calculation
ℎ𝑓
To be determined 𝑀𝑓 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑓𝑐𝑑 (𝑑 − 0.5ℎ𝑓 )
ℎ 𝑑
If 𝑀𝐸𝑑 > 𝑀𝑓 → neutral axis is in the web

𝑨𝒔
𝑑𝑠
𝑀𝐸𝑑 − 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − 0.5ℎ𝑓 )𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜇= 𝑏
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑
If 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚 → re-assessing the dimensions of the cross-section
𝑓 𝑓
If 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚 → 𝜔𝑠 = 1 − 1 − 2𝜇 → 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜔𝑠 𝑏𝑑 𝑐𝑑 + (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏)ℎ𝑓 𝑐𝑑
𝑓 𝑦𝑑𝑓 𝑦𝑑
Specific provisions according to SR EN 1992-1-1/ Chapter. 9 and P100-1/2013, Chapter 5
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑 - for non-seismic areas
𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.50 𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑 - for seismic areas (b = bw)
𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 0.04𝑏𝑑
∅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 14𝑚𝑚 - according to P100-1/2013
∅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 25𝑚𝑚 - according to general provisions
Specific provisions according to SR EN 1992-1-1/ Chapter. 9 and P100-1/2013, Chapter 5
- at the edge of the beam
- anchorage of reinforcement in edge supports 𝑙𝑏𝑑
- anchorage of reinforcement in middle supports
𝑙𝑏𝑑 𝑙𝑏𝑑
> 10∅ > 𝑑𝑚 > 10∅

𝑏
Rules for reinforcing the secondary beams
>0.3𝑙0 >0.3𝑙0 >0.3𝑙0 >0.3𝑙0
~10cm
≥10d
𝑙𝑏𝑑
min 2ø min 2ø min 2ø
2ø8 detailing 2ø8 detailing
min 2ø
𝑙𝑏𝑑 min 2ø
6.5 Calculation of required steel reinforcing in hogging area
Step 2: Calculation of required steel reinforcing in hogging area 𝑑𝑠1
→ doubly reinforced rectangular cross-section 𝐴𝑠1
unknown
To be determined
𝑑
𝑀𝐸𝑑 − 𝐴𝑠2 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑2 )
𝜇=
𝑏 ∙ 𝑑 2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
checking as 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑠2
→ 𝜉 = 1.25(1 − 1 − 2𝜇) 𝑏
𝐴𝑠2
(reinforcement in sagging areas)
where
𝐴𝑠2 - minimum effective bottom reinforcement from adjacent spans
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑑𝑠1
unknown
If 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚 → re-assessing the dimensions
𝑑
of the cross-section
If 𝜇<0 →𝐴𝑠2 is too large

→ it will not yield
𝑑𝑠2
𝐴𝑠2
𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝐴𝑠1 =
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑠2 )
unknown
If 0 < 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚  𝜉 ≤ 𝜉𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ 𝑑
𝜀𝑐𝑢
It is checked whether 𝑥 = 𝜉𝑑 ≤ 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑
𝜀𝑐𝑢 −𝑓𝑦𝑑 Τ𝐸𝑠 𝑠2
i.e. 𝑥 ≤ (1.7 … 2.6) 𝑑𝑠2

𝑑𝑠2 𝒙 ≈ 𝑑𝑠2
 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.7𝑑𝑠2 for reinforcement PC52
𝑏
𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2.6𝑑𝑠2 for reinforcement S500
𝐴𝑠2
→ compressed reinforcement does not yield → 𝐹𝑐 acts at the location of 𝐹𝑠2 resultant
→ bending moment equation is calculated in respect to 𝐹𝑠2 → 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑠2 )
𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝐴𝑠1 =
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑠2 )
unknown
If 0 < 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚  𝜉 ≤ 𝜉𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ 𝑑
𝜀𝑐𝑢
It is checked whether 𝑥 = 𝜉𝑑 ≥ 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑
𝜀𝑐𝑢 −𝑓𝑦𝑑 Τ𝐸𝑠 𝑠2
i.e. 𝑥 ≥ (1.7 … 2.6) 𝑑𝑠2 𝒙

 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.7𝑑𝑠2 for reinforcement PC52
𝑏
𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2.6𝑑𝑠2 for reinforcement S500
𝐴𝑠2
→ compressed reinforcement does not yield
𝑓𝑐𝑑
→ 𝐴𝑠1 = 0,8𝑏𝑥 + 𝐴𝑠2
𝑓𝑦𝑑
6.6 Shear design
Calculating the design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement
1/2
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )1/3 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≥ 0.035 ∙ 𝑘 3/2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∙ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
where
𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.18/𝛾𝑐
200
𝑘 = 1+ ≤ 2.00
𝑑
reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌𝑙 = ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑙 – tensile reinforcement in the area crossed by the crack
6.6 Shear design
If
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝐸𝑑
→ Minimum reinforcement according to provisions

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝜌𝑠𝑤 = ≥ 𝜌𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08
𝑠 ∙ 𝑏𝑤 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑓𝑦𝑘
The maximum longitudinal spacing between shear assemblies should not exceed
𝑠𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼) ≤ 300𝑚𝑚
The transverse spacing of the legs in a series of shear links should not exceed
𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 ≤ 600𝑚𝑚
For 𝑏𝑤 ≥ 400𝑚𝑚 → double stirrups should be used
6.6 Shear design
If
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 < 𝑉𝐸𝑑
→ The following values are imposed for simplification

𝜃 = 45° - angle between the concrete compression
strut and the beam axis struts compression chord
𝑭𝒄𝒅
𝛼 = 90° - for stirrups
𝑑 𝜃 𝑽 𝑧 = 0.9𝑑
The formula is checked 𝛼
𝑠 𝑭𝒕𝒅
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑 tensile chord
= shear reinforcement
𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑐
𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 ∙ 𝑧
where 𝑧 ≈ 0,9𝑑
→ imposing ∅𝑠𝑤 → 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝐴∅,𝑠𝑤 → 𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝐴𝑠𝑤
After choosing the spacing of the stirrups, the condition is checked ≥
𝑠 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑐
6.6 Shear design
Provisions
In order to induce a ductile failure → 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = ∙ 𝑧 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 ∙ 𝑐𝑡𝑔𝜃
𝑠
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝑤 ∙ 𝑧 ∙ 𝜈1 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 /(𝑐𝑡𝑔𝜃 + 𝑡𝑔𝜃)
→
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑐𝑑
≤ 0,5𝑏𝑤 𝜈1
𝑠 𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑
where
𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝜈1 = 0,6 1 −
250
USEFUL TABLES
REINFORCING STEEL
A1. Diameters, cross-section area and weight of laminated bars 99
A2. Area of tensioned reinforcement for slabs with reinforcement of tied bars 100
A3. Cross-section area of reinforcement for welded wire meshes - STNB 101
A4. Minimum mandrel diameter to avoid damage to reinforcement 102
A5. Factors for evaluating the anchorage length 103
A6. Anchorage lengths depending on the concrete and steel strength 105
A7. Overlapping of reinforcement 107
A8. General data for common steel 108
A9. Minimum reinforcement percentages and consumption indicators 109
USEFUL TABLES
A1. Diameters, cross-section area and weight of laminated bars
∅ Area of cross-section [cm2] Weight ∅𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅

[mm] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [kg/m] [mm]
6 0.28 0.57 0.85 1.13 1.41 1.70 1.98 2.26 2.54 2.83 0.222 24
8 0.50 1.01 1.51 2.01 2.51 3.02 3.52 4.02 4.52 5.03 0.395 32
10 0.79 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.50 6.28 7.07 7.85 0.617 40
12 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.18 11.31 0.888 48
14 1.54 3.08 4.62 6.16 7.70 9.24 10.78 12.32 13.85 15.39 1.21 56
16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06 14.07 16.08 18.10 20.11 1.58 64
18 2.54 5.09 7.63 10.18 12.72 15.27 17.81 20.36 22.90 25.45 2.00 126
20 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.57 15.71 18.85 21.99 25.13 28.27 31.42 2.47 140
22 3.80 7.60 11.40 15.21 19.01 22.81 26.61 30.41 34.21 38.01 2.98 154
25 4.91 9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45 34.36 39.27 44.18 49.09 3.85 175
28 6.16 12.32 18.47 24.63 30.79 36.95 43.10 49.26 55.42 61.58 4.83 196
32 8.04 16.08 24.13 32.17 40.21 48.25 56.30 64.34 72.38 80.42 6.31 224
36 10.18 20.36 30.54 40.72 50.89 61.07 71.25 81.43 91.61 101.79 7.99 252
40 12.57 25.13 37.70 50.27 62.83 75.40 87.96 100.53 113.10 125.66 9.86 280
USEFUL TABLES
A2. Area of tensioned reinforcement for slabs with reinforcement of tied bars
Spacing
Bar diameter[mm]
between bars
[cm] 6 8 10 12 14 16
8,0 3,53 6,28 9,82 13,14 19,24 25,14
9,0 3,14 5,59 8,73 12,57 17,10 22,34
10,0 2,83 5,03 7,85 11,31 15,39 20,11
11,0 2,57 4,57 7,14 10,28 13,99 18,28
12,0 2,36 4,19 6,54 9,42 12,83 16,76
13,0 2,17 3,87 6,04 8,70 11,84 15,47
14,0 2,02 3,59 5,61 8,08 11,00 13,36
15,0 1,89 3,35 5,24 7,54 10,26 13,41
16,0 1,77 3,14 4,91 7,07 9,62 12,57
17,0 1,66 2,98 4,62 6,65 9,05 11,83
18,0 1,57 2,79 4,36 6,28 8,55 11,17
19,0 1,49 2,65 4,13 5,95 8,10 10,58
20,0 1,41 2,51 3,93 5,65 7,69 10,05
USEFUL TABLES
A3. Cross-section area of reinforcement for welded wire meshes - STNB
Diameter Area of one bar Total area [mm2/m] for spacing of:
[mm] [mm2] 100 mm 150 mm 200 mm
3,0 7,1 71 47 35
4,0 12,6 126 84 63
4,5 15,9 159 106 79
5,0 19,6 196 131 98
5,6 24,6 246 164 123
6,0 28,3 283 188 141
6,5 33,2 332 221 166
7,1 39,6 396 264 198
8,0 50,3 503 335 251
10,0 78,5 785 524 393
USEFUL TABLES
A4. Minimum mandrel diameter to avoid damage to reinforcement
Bar diameter Minimum mandrel diameter for bends, hooks and loops
 ≤ 16 mm 4
 ˃ 16 mm 7
2,5
For stirrups (acc. P100)
USEFUL TABLES
A5. Factors for evaluating the anchorage length
Design anchorage length 𝑙𝑏𝑑 = 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 𝛼4 𝛼5 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ≥ 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜙∙𝑓𝑦𝑑
Basic required anchorage length 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 =
4∙𝑓𝑏𝑑
Design value of the ultimate bond stress 𝑓𝑏𝑑 = 2.25 ∙ 𝜂1 ∙ 𝜂2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑
𝜂1 - is a coefficient related to the quality of the bond condition and the position of the bar
during concreting
= 1.0 → ”good ” bond conditions are obtained
= 0.7 → all other cases
𝜂2 - is related to the bar diameter
= 1.0 for φ ≤ 32 mm
Concreting
= (132-φ)/100 for φ > 32 mm
Concreting
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 0,05 /𝛾𝑐
Concreting
h > 60 cm
h > 25 cm 30 cm “poor” bond conditions
h ≤ 25 cm “poor” bond conditions
25cm
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A5. Factors for evaluating the anchorage length
Simplification acc. Chapter 8.4 from SR EN 1992-1-1:2004 𝑙𝑏𝑑 = 𝑙𝑏,𝑒𝑞 = 𝛼1 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑

Reinforcement bar
Influencing factor Type of anchorage
In tension In compression
Straight 𝛼1 = 1.0 𝛼1 = 1.0
Shape of bars 𝛼1 = 0.7 if 𝑐𝑑 > 3∅
Other than straight 𝛼1 = 1.0
otherwise 𝛼1 = 1.0
𝑐1 𝑐1
𝑎 𝑎
𝑐 𝑐
Straight bars Bent or hooked bars Looped bars
𝑐𝑑 = min(𝑎/2, 𝑐1 , 𝑐) 𝑐𝑑 = min(𝑎/2, 𝑐1 ) 𝑐𝑑 = 𝑐
USEFUL TABLES
A6. Anchorage lengths depending on the concrete and steel strength - informative values
Anchorage length lbd depending on the concrete strength class and bond conditions
Type of reinf.
C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
fyk [N/mm2] good poor good poor good poor good poor good poor good poor good poor good poor
300 33  48  29  41  24  35  22  31  20  28  17  25  16  23  15  21 
350 39  56  34  48  28  40  25  36  23  33  20  29  19  27  17  25 
400 45  64  39  55  32  46  29  41  26  38  23  33  21  31  20  29 
450 50  72  43  62  36  52  33  47  30  42  26  37  24  35  22  32 
500 56  80  48  69  40  58  36  52  33  47  29  41  27  38  25  36 
Good bond conditions
Poor bond conditions
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.3𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 10∅; 100𝑚𝑚 for anchorages in tension

𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.6𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 10∅; 100𝑚𝑚 for anchorages in compression
Note:
The values in the above table were calculated using the simplified approach as in Chapter 8.4 from SR EN
1992-1-1:2004, considering 𝑙𝑏𝑑 = 𝑙𝑏,𝑒𝑞 = 𝛼1 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 , using 𝛼1 = 1.0 !!!
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A6. Anchorage lengths depending on the concrete and steel strength - informative values
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.3𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 10∅; 100𝑚𝑚 for anchorages in tension

𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.6𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 10∅; 100𝑚𝑚 for anchorages in compression
Observations:
The given values were computed with a simplified approach as in Ch. 8.4 from SR EN 1992-1-1:2004,
considering 𝑙𝑏𝑑 = 𝑙𝑏,𝑒𝑞 = 𝛼1 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 , with 𝛼1 = 1.0 !!!
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A7. Overlapping of reinforcement
Percentage of lapped bars relative to

< 25 % < 33 % < 50 % > 50 %
the total cross-section area 𝜌1
𝛼6 1.0 1.15 1.4 1.5
The design lap length 𝑙0 = 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 𝛼4 𝛼5 𝛼6 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ≥ 𝑙0,𝑚𝑖𝑛
Minimum value 𝑙0,𝑚𝑖𝑛 > max(0,3𝛼6 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 15∅; 200𝑚𝑚)
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A8. General data for common steel
Diameter 𝒇𝒚𝒌 𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝑬𝒔

Steel type 𝝃𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝝁𝒍𝒊𝒎
[mm] [Mpa] [Mpa] [Mpa]
OB37 6…12 255 222 210000 0.768 0.426
OB37 14…40 235 204 210000 0.782 0.430
PC52 6…14 355 309 210000 0.704 0.405
PC52 14…28 345 300 210000 0.710 0.407
PC52 32…40 335 291 210000 0.716 0.409
STNB 3…4 490 426 210000 0.633 0.378
STNB 4.5…7.1 440 383 210000 0.658 0.388
STNB 8…10 390 339 210000 0.684 0.398
S420 6…28 420 365 200000 0.657 0.388
S500 6…28 500 435 200000 0.617 0.372
S550 6…28 550 478 200000 0.594 0.362
3.5
𝜉𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
3.5 + 1000 𝑓𝑦𝑑 Τ𝐸𝑠
𝜇𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.8𝜉𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1 − 0.4𝜉𝑙𝑖𝑚 )
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A9. Minimum reinforcement percentages and consumption indicators
Minimum reinforcement
Consumption indicator [kg/m3]
Element Reinforcement percentage
DCH DCM S500 S355 (PC52)
Top
Slab / stair 𝜌 ≥ 0,26 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 Τ𝑓𝑦𝑘 75…110 95…120
Bottom
Longitudinal 𝜌 ≥ 0,5 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 Τ𝑓𝑦𝑘
Beam 115…150 125…165
Transversal 𝜌𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ൗ𝑓𝑦𝑘
Longitudinal 1% 0,80%
Column 180…260 200…280
Transversal 𝜌𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ൗ𝑓𝑦𝑘
Spread footing Top

𝜌 ≥ max(0,26 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 Τ𝑓𝑦𝑘 ; 0.10%) 80…110 90…120
(block+pedestal) Bottom
Foundation beams Top

𝜌 ≥ 0,5 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 Τ𝑓𝑦𝑘 90…130 95…140
(strip foundation) Bottom
Top
Raft foundations 𝜌 ≥ max(0,26 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 Τ𝑓𝑦𝑘 ; 0.20%) 80…120 90…135
Bottom
Average consumption [kg/m3]
Type of structure
S500 S355 (PC52)
Framed structures 105…140 110…150
Structure with shear walls 95…130 100…140
Dual structure (shear walls + frames) 100…140 100…155
Note: data according to http://www.encipedia.org/
USEFUL TABLES
CONCRETE
B1. Strength and deformation characteristics for concrete 111
B2. Exposure classes related to environmental conditions 112
B3. Limit values for composition and properties of concrete for exposure classes 115
B4. Values of minimum cover requirements with regard to durability of reinforcement 117
B5. Recommended structural classification 118
B6. Choosing the cement strength class 119
B7. Cement use recommendations for concreting in cold and hot weather 120
B8. Properties of common types of cement 121
B9. Fields of application for cements according to NE 012-1:2007 122
B10. Concrete minimum treatment duration for all the exposure classes 123
B11. Recommended values for limiting crack width 124
B12. Concrete consistency 125
B13. Example of a full concrete specification for a given situation 126
USEFUL TABLES
B1. Strength and deformation characteristics for concrete
Strength
classes C8/10 C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 C55/67 C60/75 C70/85 C80/95 C90/105
Concrete
class Bc10 Bc 15 Bc 20 Bc 25 Bc 30 Bc 35 Bc 45 Bc 50 - Bc 60 - - - - -
(cf. C140-86)
Concrete
mark B150 B200 B250 B350 B400 B450 B500 B600 - B700 - - - - -
(cf. C140-79)
𝑓𝑐𝑘
(MPa) - 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90
𝑓𝑐𝑘,𝑐𝑢𝑏
(MPa) - 15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 67 75 85 95 105
𝑓𝑐𝑚
(MPa) - 20 24 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 78 88 98
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
(MPa) - 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘,0.05
(MPa) - 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.8 2 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘,0.95
(MPa) - 2 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.3 5.5 5.7 6 6.3 6.6
𝐸𝑐𝑚
(GPa) - 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 43 44
𝜀𝑐1 (‰) - 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.4 2.45 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8
𝜀𝑐𝑢1 (‰) - 3.5 3.2 3 2.8 2.8 2.8
𝜀𝑐2 (‰) - 2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
𝜀𝑐𝑢2 (‰) - 3.5 3.11 2.91 2.71 2.6 2.61
n - 2 1.75 1.6 1.45 1.4 1.4
𝜀𝑐2 (‰) - 1.75 1.8 1.9 2 2.2 2.3
𝜀𝑐𝑢2 (‰) - 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6
Note: for more detailed information please check SR EN 1992-1-1:2004

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B2. Exposure classes related to environmental conditions in accordance to NE 012-1:2007 - page 1
Class Description of the environment Informative examples where exposure classes may occur
designa
tion
1. No risk of corrosion or attack
For concrete without reinforcement or
embedded metal: all exposures except where
X0 there is freeze/thaw, abrasion or chemical
Secondary concrete (used for levelling, filling, etc.)
attack
2. Corrosion induced by carbonation
Concrete inside buildings with low air humidity (including kitchens, bathrooms and laundry
XC1 Dry or permanently wet
rooms in residential buildings). Concrete permanently submerged in water.
Concrete surfaces subject to long-term water contact (e.g. components of water tanks)
XC2 Wet, rarely dry
Many foundations
Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air humidity (kitchens, bathrooms,
XC3 Moderate humidity professional laundry rooms aside from those in residential buildings).
External concrete sheltered from rain (e.g. open buildings).
Concrete surfaces subject to water contact, not within exposure class XC2 (exterior elements
XC4 Cyclic wet and dry
subjected to climate factors).
3. Corrosion induced by chlorides, other than those from sea water (e.g. de-icing salts)
Concrete surfaces exposed to airborne chlorides (e.g. surfaces exposed to de-icing salts along
XD1 Moderate humidity
the roads, pulverised and airborne, at parkins, garages, etc.)
Swimming pools, tanks. Concrete components exposed to industrial waters containing
XD2 Wet, rarely dry
chlorides
Parts of bridges or retaining walls exposed to spray containing chlorides
XD3 Cyclic wet and dry Pavements
Car park slabs
USEFUL TABLES
designa
tion
4. Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water
Exposed to airborne salt but not in direct Structures near to or on the coast(atmospheric marine aggression acts on concrete and
XS1 contact with sea water reinforced concrete constructions on a distance of about 5 km from the sea-shore).
XS2 Permanently submerged Parts of marine structures
XS3 Tidal, splash and spray zones Parts of marine structures
5. Freeze/Thaw Attack
Moderate water saturation, without de-icing
XF1 agent
Vertical concrete surfaces exposed to rain and freezing
Moderate water saturation, with de-icing Vertical concrete surfaces of road structures exposed to freezing and airborne de-icing
XF2 agent agents.
High water saturation, without de-icing

XF3 agents
Horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to rain and freezing
Road and bridge decks exposed to de-icing agents

High water saturation with de-icing agents or
XF4 sea water
Concrete surfaces exposed to direct spray containing de-icing agents and freezing
Splash zone of marine structures exposed to freezing
USEFUL TABLES
designa
tion
6. Chemical attack (from natural soil, surface and underground water)
XA1 Slightly aggressive chemical environment Natural soils and ground water
XA2 Moderately aggressive chemical environment Natural soils and ground water
XA3 Highly aggressive chemical environment Natural soils and ground water
7. Mechanical attack (abrasion)

XM1
XM2
XM3
Obs: pentru mai multe detalii vezi SR EN 1992-1-1:2004, NE 012-1:2007
USEFUL TABLES
B3. Limit values for composition and properties of concrete for exposure classes
No risk of Chloride-induced corrosion

Carbonation-induced
corrosion or
attack
corrosion Chloride other than
Sea water
from sea water
X0 XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4 XD1 XD2 XD3 XS1 XS2 XS3
Maximum
w/c
- 0.65 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.55 0.50 0.45
Minimum
strength class
C8/10 C16/20 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C35/45 C30/37 C35/45 C35/45
Minimum
cement content - 260 260 280 300 300 320 320 300 320 320
(kg/m3)
Minimum air
- - - - - - - - - - -
content (%)
Other cement with low heat of cement with low heat of
- - - - - - -
requirements hydration recommended hydration recommended
USEFUL TABLES
B3. Limit values for composition and properties of concrete for exposure classes
Aggressive chemical
Freeze/thaw attack Mechanical attack
environments
XF1 XF2 XF3 XF4 XA1 XA2 XA3 XM1 XM2
Maximum
w/c
0.50 0.55 0.50 0.55 0.50 0,50 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.55 0.55
Minimum
strength class
C25/30 C25/30 C35/45 C25/30 C35/45 C30/37 C25/30 C35/45 C35/45 C30/37 C30/37
Minimum
cement content 300 300 320 300 320 340 300 320 360 300 300
(kg/m3)
with with with
Minimum air
- entrained - entrained - entrained - - - - -
content (%) air air air
sea water
Concrete
Other Aggregate with sufficient resisting Sulfate-resisting
surface
requirements freeze/thaw resistance cements in cement
treatment
sea zones
USEFUL TABLES
B4. Values of minimum cover requirements with regard to durability of reinforcement
Exposure classes related to environmental conditions

Structural class
X0 XC1 XC2/XC3 XC4 XD1/XS1 XD2/XS2 XD3/XS3
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30
S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35
S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40
S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45
S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50
S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55
USEFUL TABLES
B5. Recommended structural classification
Exposure classes related to environmental conditions

Criterion XD3/XS2/
X0 XC1 XC2/XC3 XC4 XD1 XD2/XS1
XS3
Design Working Life of increase increase increase increase increase increase increase
100 years class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 class by 2 class by 2
> C30/37 > C30/37 > C35/45 > C40/50 > C40/50 > C40/50 > C45/55
Strength Class
reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce
class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1
Member with slab geometry
(position of reinforcement reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce
not affected by construction class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1
process)
Special Quality Control of
reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce reduce
the concrete production
class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1 class by 1
ensured
USEFUL TABLES
B6. Choosing the cement strength class depending on the designed strength of concrete
(recommendation)
CONCRETE CEMENT CLASS
CEMENT TYPES
STRENGTH CLASS 32,5 42,5 52,5 CEM I Portland cement (ordinary)
C8/10 X CEM II Portland composite cement
C12/15 X CEM III Blast furnace slag cement
CEM IV Pozzolanic cement
C16/20 X X CEM V Composite cement
C20/25 X X H hydrotechnical cement
C25/30 X X X SR sulfate resistant cement
C 30/37 X X II A white cement with additives
PR/PG/PV cement with red/yellow/green color
C35/45 X X
C40/50 X MINERAL ADMIXTURES
C45/55 X S Granulated blast furnace slag
C50/60 X P Natural pozzolana
C 55/67 X Q Natural calcined pozzolana
V Siliceous fly ash
C70/85 X
W Calcareous fly ash
C 80/95 X T Burnt shale
C90/105 X L, LL Limestone
C100/115 X D Silica fume
USEFUL TABLES
B7. Cement use recommendations for concreting in cold and hot weather
(recommendation)
Cement use recommendations for concreting in cold weather (<5°C)
Cement strength class CEM I CEM II A CEM II B CEM III A
32,5 N sau R Recommended Slightly recommended Slightly recommended

42,5 N sau R Very recommended Recommended Recommended
52,5 N sau R Very recommended
Cement use recommendations for concreting in hot weather (>25°C)
Cement strength class CEM I CEM II A CEM II B CEM III A
32,5 N sau R Recommended Very recommended Very recommended

42,5 N sau R Slightly recommended Recommended Recommended
52,5 N sau R Slightly recommended
Note: When choosing types of cements, besides the concreting temperature the types of recommended applications and
exposure conditions will also be checked
USEFUL TABLES
B8. Properties of common types of cement (informative, acc. to NE 012-1:2007 )
Sensibility to Heat
Cement type Preferential use Contraindications Specific comments
cold development
Cast-in-place and precast Intended especially precast
Massive concrete,
CEM I 52,5R Insensitive High elements. Cold weather
mortars, screeds
elements; in hot weather special
concreting measures are needed
Cast-in-place and precast Intended especially precast
Massive concrete,
CEM I 42,5 R Insensitive High elements. Cold weather
mortars, screeds
elements; in hot weather special
concreting measures are needed
Intended especially precast
I A 52,5c Insensitive High Precast elements Massive concrete
elements.
Sulfate-resisting
SR I Insensitive Reduced
concrete
CD 40 Insensitive Reduced Concrete for roads
CEM II A-S 32,5 Concrete, reinforced

Less sensitive Reduced
N sau R concrete
CEM II A-S 42,5 Concrete, reinforced
Less sensitive Medium
N sau R concrete
Hll AS Less sensitive Reduced Massive concrete

CEM II B 32,5 Concrete, reinforced
Sensitive Reduced Requires extended treatment
N sau R concrete
CEM II B 42,5 Concrete, reinforced
Sensitive Reduced Requires extended treatment
N sau R concrete
Concrete, reinf. concrete; Cold weather
CEM III A 32,5R Very sensitive Reduced
hot weather concreting concreting
Requires extended treatment
USEFUL TABLES
B9. Fields of application for cements according to NE 012-1:2007
Corrosion induced by chlorides
No Corrosion induced by chlorides, other Mechanical
Chlorides from Freeze/Thaw Attack Chemical attack
risk carbonation than those from stress (wear)
Cement type sea water
sea water
X0 XC1 XC2 XC 3 XC4 XD1 XD2 XD3 XS1 XS2 XS3 XF1 XF2 XF3 XF4 XA1 XA2 XA3 XM1 XM2 XM3
A/B S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
H II A S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
A V X X X X X X X X X X X X O X O X X X X X X
B V X X X X X X X X X X X X O O O X X X X X X
A X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
CEM II LL
B X X X O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
A X X X X X X X X X X X O O O O X X X X X X
L
B X X X O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
A M vezi CEM II M A
B M vezi CEM II M B
CEM III A - X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
S-D; S-T S-LL; D-T
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
D-LL; T-LL
A S-P: S-V; D-P; D-V;
P-V; P-T; P-LL; V- X X X X X X X X X X X X O X O X X X X X X
T; V-LL
CEM II M
S-D; S-T; D-T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
S-P; D-P; P-T X X X X X X X X X X X X O X O X X X X X X
B S-V; D-V; P-V; V-T X X X X X X X X X X X X O O O X X X X X X
S-LL; D-LL; P-LL;
X X X O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
V-LL; T-LL
CEM I X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
SR I X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
CD 40 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
I A 52,5c X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
USEFUL TABLES
B10. Concrete minimum treatment duration for all the exposure classes, other than X0 and XC1
(informative, acc. to NE 012-1:2007)
Strength development of concrete Rapid Medium Slow Very slow
r = fcm2 / fcm28 r ≥ 0,50 0,30 ≤ r < 0,50 0,15 ≤ r < 0,30 r < 0,15
Concrete surface temperature t în °C Minimum duration of treatment in days
t > 25 1 2 2 3
25 > t ≥ 15 1 2 4 5
15 > t ≥ 10 2 4 7 10
10 > t ≥ 5 3 6 10 15
USEFUL TABLES
B11. Recommended values for limiting crack width wmax (mm)
Reinforced members and prestressed Prestressed members with

Exposure Class
members with unbonded tendons bonded tendons
Quasi-permanent load combination Frequent load combination
XD, XC1 0,4 0,2

XC2, XC3, XC4
XD1, XD2, XS1, XS2, XS3
0,3
Decompression
USEFUL TABLES
B12. Concrete consistency
Vebe Slump Compactability Flow Property Use

Massive concrete, unreinforced or lightly
V0 - - - Very stiff reinforced. Low cement content, reduced
shrinkage. Vibration is very hard.
Unreinforced or lightly reinforced concrete.

V1 S1 C0 F1 Stiff For compaction is vibrated.
Pumpable, for elements with not very dense

V2 S2 C1 F2 Stiff plastic reinforcement. For compaction is vibrated.
Pumpable, for elements with dense

reinforcement. Compaction with slight
V3 S3 C2 F3 Plastic vibration. High cement content, high
shrinkage.
For elements with dense reinforcement,
slender, with reduced accessibility or
V4 S4 C3 F4 Flowing underwater. No need of compaction.
Easily pumpable. Significant shrinkage.
Structures with large surfaces. Very high
- S5 - - Very flowing shrinkage (self-compacting concrete).
USEFUL TABLES
B13. Example of a full concrete specification for a given situation
C20/25 – S3 – CEM II/A-S 32.5R – 0…16
EXPOSURE CLASS XC2
cnom = 30 mm
USEFUL TABLES
LOADS
L1. Categories of use 128
L2. Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings 129
L3. Specific weight of building materials – Concrete, reinforced concrete and mortars 130
L4. Specific weight of building materials – Masonry 131
L5. Specific weight of building materials – Timber 132
L6. Specific weight of building materials – Metals 134
L7. Other building materials 135
L8. Factors defining representative values for combination of variable actions 136
USEFUL TABLES
L1. Categories of use according to SR EN 1991-1-1:2004/NA:2006
Category Specific use Example
Rooms in residential buildings and houses; bedrooms and wards in hospitals; bedrooms in hotels and hostels
A Areas for domestic and residential activities kitchens and toilets
B Office areas Office buildings, locker rooms, showers, public baths and laundry rooms.
C1:
C1.1: Areas with tables: e.g. areas in schools, reading rooms where no heavy equipment or materials are
stored.
C1.2: Laboratories and medical offices, design centres, food processing areas (in public places) , service
floors and attics where storage of heavy equipment or materials is possible.
Areas where people may congregate (with C1.3: Other areas with tables, e.g. cafés, restaurants, dining halls, receptions.
C the exception of areas defined under C2: Areas with fixed seats, e.g. areas in churches, theatres or cinemas, conference rooms, lecture halls, assembly
category A, B, and D) halls, waiting rooms, railway waiting rooms.
C3: Areas without obstacles for moving people, e.g. areas in museums, exhibition rooms, etc. and access areas in
public and administration buildings, hotels, hospitals, railway station forecourts.
C4: Areas with possible physical activities, e.g. dance halls, gymnastic rooms, stages.
C5: Areas susceptible to large crowds, e.g. in buildings for public events like concert halls, sports halls including
stands, terraces and access areas and railway platforms..
D1: Areas in general retail shops
D Shopping areas D2: Areas in department stores
E1: Areas susceptible to accumulation of goods, including access areas, de e.g. Areas for storage use including
E Storage and industrial use storage of books and other documentszone.
E2: Industrial use.
Traffic and parking areas for light vehicles
F (≤ 30 kN gross vehicle weight and ≤ 8 seats garages; parking areas, parking halls
not including driver)
Traffic and parking areas for medium
G vehicles (>30 kN, ≤160 kN gross vehicle access routes; delivery zones; zones accessible to fire engines (≤ 160 kN gross vehicle weight)
weight, on 2 axles)
H Roofs not accessible except for normal maintenance and repair
I Roofs accessible with occupancy according to categories A to D
K Roofs accessible for special services, such as helicopter landing areas
The self-weight of movable partitions may be taken into account by a uniformly distributed load qk which should be added to the imposed loads of floors
obtained from the above table. This defined uniformly distributed load is dependent on the self-weight of the partitions as follows:
- movable partitions with a self-weight ≤ 1,0 kN/m wall length: qk=0,5 kN/m2;
- movable partitions with a self-weight ≤ 2,0 kN/m wall length: qk=0,8 kN/m2;
- movable partitions with a self-weight ≤ 3,0 kN/m wall length: qk=1,2 kN/m2.
USEFUL TABLES
L2. Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings
Category of use qk [kN/m2] QK [kN]
Category A
Floors 1,5 2,0
Stairs 3,0 to 5,0 2,0
Balconies 2,5 to 4,0 2,0
Category B 2.5 4,5
Category C
C1
C1.1 2,0 4,0
C1.2 2,0 4,0
C1.3 3,0 4,0
C2 3,0 to 4,0 4,0
C3 4,0 4,0
C4 5,0 7,0
C5 4,0 to 5,0 4,5
Category D
D1 4,0 4,0
D2 5,0 7,0
Category E
E1 7,5 7,0
Category F
gross vehicle weight ≤ 30 kN 2,5 20,0
Category G
gross vehicle weight >30 kN, ≤160 kN 5,0 90,0
Category H
roofs not accessible except for normal maintenance and repair 0,5 or 0,75 0,5 or 1,0
USEFUL TABLES
L3. Specific weight of building materials – Concrete, reinforced concrete and mortars
Concrete Specific weight γ [kN/m3]
Light
Density class LC 1,0 9,0 to 10,0
Density class LC 1,8 16,0 to18,0
Density class LC 2,0 18,0 to 20.0
Normal weight 24,0
Heavyweight >25,0
Obs: values must increase with 1 kN/m3 for usual reinforcement percentage, for usual and prestressing
reinforcement and for fresh concrete
Specific weight γ [kN/m3]

Mortars
(hardened … fresh)
Cement mortar 19,0 to 23,0
Gypsum mortar 12,0 to 18,0
Cement-gypsum mortar 18,0 to 20,0
Lime mortar 12,0 to 18,0
USEFUL TABLES
L4. Specific weight of building materials – Masonry
Masonry Specific weight γ [kN/m3]
Bricks and blocks for masonry
Full bricks 13,0...18,0
Bricks with vertical holes 13,0...15,0
Firebricks 29,0
Small concrete hollow blocks with lightweight aggregate 13,0...18,0
Efficient bricks 6,5…9,0
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) 4,0…7,0
Terracotta 21,0
Natural stone
granite, syenite, porphyry 27,0...30,0
basalt, diorite, gabbro 27,0...31,0
marble 28
basaltic lava 24,0
sandstone 21,0...27,0
limestone 20,0...29,0
travertine 26
tuff 20,0
slate 28,0
Full brick masonry 14,0...19,0
Brick masonry with vertical holes 15,0...16,0
Masonry with AAC 8,0…10,0
USEFUL TABLES
L5. Specific weight of building materials – Timber
Timber Specific weight γ [kN/m3]

Timber generally (indicative values)
Hardwood (beech, acacia, oak)
Air-dried (15% moisture) 8,0
Fresh cut or wet 10,0
Softwoods (pine, larch, fir, pine)
Air-dried (15% moisture) 6,0
Fresh cut or wet 8,0
Timber fir placed in stacks 5,0
Timber (conf. SR EN 1991-1-1:2004)

Strength class C14 - C18 3,5 - 3,8
Strength class D30 - D40 6,4 - 7,0
Strength class D50 - D70 7,8 - 10,8
Glued laminated timber(conf. SR EN 1991-1-1:2004)

Glued laminated timber uniform GL24h - GL36h 3,7 - 4,4
Glued laminated timber combined GL24c - GL36c 3,5 - 4,2
USEFUL TABLES
L5. Specific weight of building materials – Timber
Timber Specific weight γ [kN/m3]

Plywood (conf. SR EN 1991-1-1:2004)
softwood plywood 5,0
birch plywood 7,0
wood panel and hardwood 4,5
Agglomerated strand board (conf. SR EN 1991-1-1:2004)

chips board 7,0 to 8,0
strand board bound with cement 12,0
oriented strand board (OSB) 7,0
Lumber (conf. SR EN 1991-1-1:2004)

wood fiber boards 10,0
medium density fibreboard 8,0
soft boards 4,0
USEFUL TABLES
L6. Specific weight of building materials – Metals
Metals Specific weight γ [kN/m3]

aluminum 27,0
brass 83,0 to 85,0
bronze 83,0 to 85,0
copper 87,0 to 89,0
cast iron 71,0 to 72,5
wrought iron 76,0
lead 112,0 to 114,0
steel 77,0 to 78,5
zinc 71,0 to 72,0
USEFUL TABLES
L7. Other building materials (informative values)
Other building materials Specific weight γ [kN/m3]
Broken glass 22,0
Laminated glass 25,0
Plastic materials
Acrylic sheets 12,0
Expanded polystyrene beads 0,3
Foamglass 1,4
Rock shale (slate) 28,0
Clay, loam, yellow earth 18,0
Bitumen 12,0
Poured asphalt and asphaltic concrete 24,0 to 25,0
Cement
poured 12,5
stuff (in silo) 16,0
bags 14,0
Sand
dry 16,0
natural wet 19,0
Dry soil for filling 16,0
Rough stone and boulders in bunch 16,0
Gravel
dry 16,0
wet 17,0
Ballast (in free) 18,5 to 19,51
Filling of crushed stone 18,5 to 19,51
Mineral wool 0,13 to 1,2
USEFUL TABLES
L8. Factors defining representative values for combination of variable actions
Combination factors
Action
𝝍𝟎 𝝍𝟏 𝝍𝟐
Imposed loads in buildings, category of use
Residential 0,7 0,5 0,3
Office areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
Congregation areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
Shopping areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
Storage areas 1,0 0,9 0,8
Roofs 0,7 0 0
Snow loads 0,7 0,5 0,4
Wind loads 0,7 0,2 0
Temperature (non-fire) in buildings 0,6 0,5 0
REFERENCES
Design codes and norms
1. AICI 318M-08, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.
2. CR 0-2012, Cod de proiectare. Bazele proiectării structurilor în construcții.
3. CR 1-1-3/2012, Cod de proiectare. Evaluarea acțiunii zăpezii asupra construcțiilor.
4. EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
5. EUROCODE 2 Commentary, European Concrete Platform ASBL, June 2008.
6. Model Code 2010 - Final draft, Volume 1, 2012, ISBN: 978-2-88394-105-2.
7. Model Code 2010 - Final draft, Volume 2, 2012, ISBN: 978-2-88394-106-9.
8. NE 012/1-2007, Normativ pentru producerea betonului şi executarea lucrărilor din beton, beton armat şi beton precomprimat. Partea 1:
Producerea Betonului
9. NE 012/2:2010, Normativ pentru producerea betonului şi executarea lucrărilor de construcţii din beton, beton armat şi beton
precomprimat. Partea 2: Executarea lucrărilor din beton.
10. P 100-1/2013, Cod de proiectare seismic - Partea I - Prevederi de proiectare pentru clădiri.
11. SR EN 1990:2004, Eurocod : Bazele proiectării structurilor.
12. SR EN 1990:2004/NA:2006 Eurocod : Bazele proiectării structurilor. Anexă naţională.
13. SR EN 1991-1-1:2004 Eurocod 1: Acţiuni asupra structurilor. Partea 1-1: Acţiuni generale - Greutăţi specifice, greutăţi proprii, încărcări
utile pentru clădiri.
14. SR EN 1991-1-1/NA:2006 Eurocod 1: Acţiuni asupra structurilor. Partea 1-1: Acţiuni generale - Greutăţi specifice, greutăţi proprii,
încărcări din exploatare pentru construcții. Anexă naţională.
15. SR EN 1991-1-3:2005 Eurocod 1: Acţiuni asupra structurilor. Partea 1-3: Acţiuni generale . Încărcări date de zăpadă
16. SR EN 1992-1-1:2004 Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor de beton. Partea 1- Reguli generale și regului pentru clădiri.
17. SR EN 1992-1-1/NB:2008 Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor de beton. Partea 1- Reguli generale și regului pentru clădiri. Anexa
națională.
18. SR EN 1992-1-1/AC:2008 Eurocod 2: Proiectarea structurilor de beton. Partea 1- Reguli generale și regului pentru clădiri. Erată.
19. SR EN 1998-1 :2004 Eurocod 8: Proiectarea structurilor pentru rezistenţa la cutremur. Partea 1: Reguli generale, acţiuni seismice şi reguli
pentru clădiri.
20. ST 009-05, Specificaţie tehnică privind produse din oţel utilizate ca armături: cerinţe şi criterii de performanţă
Concrete 2 - Guideline for designing a Reinforced Concrete slab Nagy-György T., Floruț S. C.© 137
REFERENCES
Books
21. Biasioli F., Mancini G., Just M., Curbach M., Walraven J., Gmainer S., Arrieta J., Frank R., Morin C., Robert F., Eurocode 2: Background &
Applications Design of Concrete Buildings - Worked examples, 2014, ISBN 978-92-79-36548-5
22. Cadar I., Clipii T., Tudor A., Beton Armat (ed. II), Ed. Orizonturi Universitare, 2004, ISBN 973-638-176-5
23. Fardis M, Seismic design, assessment and retrofitting of concrete buildings Based on EN-Eurocode8, Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4020-
9841-3
24. Georgescu Dan Paul, Îndrumător de proiectare a durabilității betonului în conformitate cu anexa națională de aplicare a SR EN 206-1.
Clase de durabilitate, ISBN 978-973-0-04914-5
25. Kiss Z., Oneț T., Proiectarea structurilor de beton armat după SR EN 1992-1, Ed. Abel, 2008, ISBN 973114070-0
26. Postelnicu T., Zamfirescu D., Damian I., Morariu E, Proiectarea seismică a structurilor de beton armat, EDITStructural, vol. I, II, III, 2013
27. Mosley W.H., Burgey J.H., Hulse R., Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocode 2, Sixth Edition, 2007, ISBN: 9780230500716
28. Nilson A., Darwin D., Dolan Ch., Design of Concrete Structures (13th Ed.), McGraw-Hill Co, 2004, ISBN 0-07-248305-9
29. Newman J., Choo B. S., Advanced Concrete Technology SET, Ed. Elsevier Science, 2003, ISBN-13: 9780750656863
REFERENCES
Websites (accessed and active in June 2016)
30. http://www.encipedia.org/
31. http://www.mdrap.ro/constructii
32. http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
33. http://www.asro.ro/
34. http://www.fib-international.org/
35. http://aicps.ro/
36. http://www.concrete.org/general/home.asp
IMPORTANT TABLES - SUMMARY
Concrete class C8/10 C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 C55/67 C60/75 C70/85 C80/95 C90/105
Concrete class (cf. C140 -86) Bc10 Bc 15 Bc 20 Bc 25 Bc 30 Bc 35 Bc 40 Bc 50 - Bc 60 - - - - -
Concrete mark (cf. C140 -79) B150 B200 B250 B350 B400 B450 B500 B600 - B700 - - - - -
𝑓𝑐𝑘 (MPa) - 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90
𝑓𝑐𝑘,𝑐𝑢𝑏 (MPa) - 15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 67 75 85 95 105
𝑓𝑐𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 8 (MPa) - 20 24 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 78 88 98
2/3
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘 (MPa) - 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘,0.05 = 0.7𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 (MPa) - 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.8 2 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘,0.95 = 1.3𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 (MPa) - 2 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.3 5.5 5.7 6 6.3 6.6
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 22(𝑓𝑐𝑚 Τ10)0.3 (GPa) - 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 43 44
Corrosion by carbonation Freeze/Thaw Attack Area of Struct. Exposure classes
Diam. Total area [mm2/m]
XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4 XF1 XF2 XF3 XF4 one bar class X0 XC1 XC2/XC3 XC4
2
[mm] [mm ] 100 mm 150 mm 200 mm S1 10 10 10 15
Maximum w/c 0.65 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.55 0.50 0.55 0.50 0,50 5,0 19,6 196 131 98 S2 10 10 15 20
5,6 24,6 246 164 123 S3 10 10 20 25
Minimum strength class C16/20 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C25/30 C25/30 C35/45 C25/30 C35/45 C30/37
6,0 28,3 283 188 141 S4 10 15 25 30
Min. cement cont. (kg/m3) 260 260 280 300 300 300 320 300 320 340 6,5 33,2 332 221 166 S5 15 20 30 35
7,1 39,6 396 264 198 S6 20 25 35 40
S 235  OL 37
gr. ____.____
X Y
S 275  OL 44
8,0
10,0
50,3
78,5
503
785
335
524
251
393
Bar diam. Min. mandrel diam.
 ≤ 16 mm 4
fu=100*X fy = X * Y
ultim. strength yield strength S 355  OL 52  ˃ 16 mm 7
OL37S235 Mandrel Dist. Anchorage length lbd
∅ Cross section area [cm2] Mass ∅ fyk
[kN] 𝒎𝒊𝒏 ↔ Bars diametre [mm] C16/20 C20/25
→  mm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 kg/m cm (N/mm2)
bars good medium good medium
4.0 5.7 6 0.28 0.57 0.85 1.13 1.41 1.70 1.98 2.26 2.54 2.83 0.222 3 cm 6 8 10 12 14 16 PC52 39  56  34  48 
7.0 10.1 8 0.50 1.01 1.51 2.01 2.51 3.02 3.52 4.02 4.52 5.03 0.395 3 8 3,53 6,28 9,82 13,14 19,24 25,14 S500 56  80  48  69 
11.0 15.7 10 0.79 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.50 6.28 7.07 7.85 0.617 4 9 3,14 5,59 8,73 12,57 17,10 22,34 C25/30 C30/37
15.8 22.6 12 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.18 11.31 0.888 5 10 2,83 5,03 7,85 11,31 15,39 20,11 good medium good medium
21.6 30.8 14 1.54 3.08 4.62 6.16 7.70 9.24 10.78 12.32 13.85 15.39 1.21 6 11 2,57 4,57 7,14 10,28 13,99 18,28 PC52 28  40  25  36 
28.1 40.2 16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06 14.07 16.08 18.10 20.11 1.58 7 12 2,36 4,19 6,54 9,42 12,83 16,76 S500 40  58  36  52 
35.6 50.9 18 2.54 5.09 7.63 10.18 12.72 15.27 17.81 20.36 22.90 25.45 2.00 13 13 2,17 3,87 6,04 8,70 11,84 15,47 C35/40 C40/50
53.2 76.0 22 3.80 7.60 11.40 15.21 19.01 22.81 26.61 30.41 34.21 38.01 2.98 16 15 1,89 3,35 5,24 7,54 10,26 13,41 PC52 23  33  20  29 
68.7 98.2 25 4.91 9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45 34.36 39.27 44.18 49.09 3.85 18 16 1,77 3,14 4,91 7,07 9,62 12,57 S500 33  47  29  41 
86.2 123.2 28 6.16 12.32 18.47 24.63 30.79 36.95 43.10 49.26 55.42 61.58 4.83 20 17 1,66 2,98 4,62 6,65 9,05 11,83 C45/55 C50/60
142.5 203.6 36 10.18 20.36 30.54 40.72 50.89 61.07 71.25 81.43 91.61 101.79 7.99 25 19 1,49 2,65 4,13 5,95 8,10 10,58 PC52 19  27  17  25 
175.9 251.3 40 12.57 25.13 37.70 50.27 62.83 75.40 87.96 100.53 113.10 125.66 9.86 28 20 1,41 2,51 3,93 5,65 7,69 10,05 S500 27  38  25  36 

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Concrete 2

GUIDELINE FOR DESIGNING A

Assoc. Prof. NAGY-GYÖRGY Tamás, Civ. Eng., PhD

1. INTRODUCTION 4 5. SLAB DESIGN 49

3. PRELIMINARY SIZING OF ELEMENTS 35 ANNEXES

Design and detailing of a Reinforced Concrete floor system

The structure to be designed has the following characteristics:

Dimensions of the building:

a) Preliminary sizing of all structural elements:

c) Secondary beam design

𝐸𝑐𝑚 secant modulus of elasticity of concrete

𝐹1 … 𝐹6 consistence classes expressed by flow diameter

𝐺𝑘 characteristic value of a permanent action

𝐿1 , 𝐿2 spans of the main beam

𝑀𝐸𝑑 design value of bending moment

𝑁𝐸𝑑 design value of axial force

𝑄𝑘 characteristic value of a single variable action

𝑆1… 𝑆5 consistence classes expressed by slump

𝑉0 … 𝑉4 consistence classes expressed by Vebe time

𝑋0 exposure class corresponding to no risk of corrosion or attack

𝑏 overall width of a cross-section, or actual flange width in a T or L beam

𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 nominal concrete cover

𝑑 effective depth of a cross-section

𝑓𝑏𝑑 design value of the ultimate bond stress

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete

𝑔𝑘 characteristic value of the permanent loads

ℎ overall depth of a cross-section

𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 length of the slab panel

𝑝𝑑 total design load

𝑞𝑘 characteristic value of the imposed (variable) loads

𝑠𝑝𝑙 spacing of bars for longitudinal reinforcement of the slab

𝛽 angle ; ratio; coefficient

𝜀𝑐 compressive strain in the concrete

𝜇 relative value of the design bending moment

𝜃 concrete compression strut

𝜈𝑑 axial force normalised to 𝐴𝑐 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑑

∅𝑚𝑎𝑥 maximum diameter of reinforcing steel

𝜓 factors defining representative values of variable actions

𝜔 mechanical ratio of reinforcement, depending on the properties of the material

Defining terms specific to the present project:

𝑁𝐸𝑑 ≤ 0,10 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

where 𝜈𝑑 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 /𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑

Defining terms specific to the present project:

Beam → Structural element subjected mainly to flexure and shear

Crack pattern for a beam subjected to the given loads

Reinforcement required theoretically

Defining terms specific to the present project:

Beam → linear structural member

Defining terms specific to the present project:

Beam → aside flexure and shear it can be subjected also to torsion

Beams with torsion

Effect of torsion Situations of beams subjected to torsion

Defining terms specific to the present project:

Slab: → surface element subjected mainly to flexure

𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝒍𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≥ 𝟓𝒉𝒔

Defining terms specific to the present project:

Column: → structural element, supporting gravity loads by axial compression (usually

or which is subjected to a normalized design axial force grater than 0,1

Defining terms specific to the present project:

Members subjected mainly to flexure: beams and slabs

- Structural members, such as the slab, beams and columns

When discussing a slab with main and secondary beams, then:

Slab → secondary beam → FRAMES (= Main Beam + COLUMNS) → Foundation → Soil

Simplified drafting procedure for a slab