R E F E R E N C E PA G E 1

ALGEBRA GEOMETRY
Arithmetic Operations Geometric Formulas
Cut here and keep for reference

a c ad  bc Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:

a共b  c兲 苷 ab  ac  苷
b d bd
Triangle Circle Sector of Circle
a
A 苷 12 bh A 苷 r 2 A 苷 12 r 2
ac a c b a d ad
苷  苷  苷
苷 ab sin  C 苷 2 r s 苷 r  共 in radians兲
1
b b b c b c bc 2

a
Exponents and Radicals h r s
m ¨ r
x ¨
x m x n 苷 x mn 苷 x mn b
xn r
1
共x 兲 苷 x
m n mn
xn 苷 n
x

共xy兲n 苷 x n y n 冉冊x
y
n
苷
xn
yn
Sphere
V 苷 43  r 3
Cylinder
V 苷  r 2h
Cone
V 苷 13  r 2h
x 1兾n 苷 s
n
x x m兾n 苷 s
n
x m 苷 (s
n
x )m A 苷 4 r 2 A 苷  rsr 2  h 2

n
s xy 苷 s
n n
xs y 冑n x
y
n
s
苷 n
sy
x r

r h
h
Factoring Special Polynomials
r
x 2  y 2 苷 共x  y兲共x  y兲
x 3  y 3 苷 共x  y兲共x 2  xy  y 2兲
x 3  y 3 苷 共x  y兲共x 2  xy  y 2兲
Distance and Midpoint Formulas
Binomial Theorem
Distance between P1共x1, y1兲 and P2共x 2, y2兲:
共x  y兲2 苷 x 2  2xy  y 2 共x  y兲2 苷 x 2  2xy  y 2
共x  y兲3 苷 x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3 d 苷 s共x 2  x1兲2  共 y2  y1兲2

共x  y兲3 苷 x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3

共x  y兲n 苷 x n  nx n1y 
n共n  1兲 n2 2
2
x y
Midpoint of P1 P2 : 冉 x1  x 2 y1  y2
2
,
2
冊
  冉冊 n nk k
k
x y   nxy n1  y n
Lines
where
n
k
冉冊
苷
n共n  1兲 共n  k  1兲
1ⴢ2ⴢ3ⴢ ⴢk
Slope of line through P1共x1, y1兲 and P2共x 2, y2兲:

y2  y1
Quadratic Formula m苷
x 2  x1
b sb 2  4ac
If ax 2  bx  c 苷 0, then x 苷 .
2a Point-slope equation of line through P1共x1, y1兲 with slope m:

Inequalities and Absolute Value y  y1 苷 m共x  x1兲

If a  b and b  c, then a  c.
Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:
If a  b, then a  c  b  c.
If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb. y 苷 mx  b
If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb.
If a  0, then
Circles
ⱍxⱍ 苷 a means x 苷 a or x 苷 a
Equation of the circle with center 共h, k兲 and radius r:
ⱍxⱍ  a means a  x  a
ⱍxⱍ  a means x  a or x  a 共x  h兲2  共 y  k兲2 苷 r 2
 R E F E R E N C E PA G E 2

TRIGONOMETRY

Angle Measurement Fundamental Identities

␲ radians 苷 180⬚ 1 1
s csc ␪ 苷 sec ␪ 苷
r sin ␪ cos ␪
␲ 180⬚
1⬚ 苷 rad 1 rad 苷 ¨
180 ␲ sin ␪ cos ␪
r tan ␪ 苷 cot ␪ 苷
s 苷 r␪ cos ␪ sin ␪

共␪ in radians兲 1
cot ␪ 苷 sin 2␪ ⫹ cos 2␪ 苷 1
tan ␪
Right Angle Trigonometry 1 ⫹ tan 2␪ 苷 sec 2␪ 1 ⫹ cot 2␪ 苷 csc 2␪
opp hyp
sin ␪ 苷 csc ␪ 苷 sin共⫺␪兲 苷 ⫺sin ␪ cos共⫺␪兲 苷 cos ␪
hyp opp hyp

冉 冊
opp

cos ␪ 苷
adj
sec ␪ 苷
hyp ¨ ␲
tan共⫺␪兲 苷 ⫺tan ␪ sin ⫺ ␪ 苷 cos ␪
hyp adj 2
adj

冉 冊 冉 冊
opp adj
tan ␪ 苷 cot ␪ 苷 ␲ ␲
adj opp cos ⫺ ␪ 苷 sin ␪ tan ⫺ ␪ 苷 cot ␪
2 2

Trigonometric Functions
The Law of Sines B
y r y
sin ␪ 苷 csc ␪ 苷 sin A sin B sin C
r y 苷 苷
a
(x, y) a b c
x r r
cos ␪ 苷 sec ␪ 苷 C
r x c
¨
tan ␪ 苷
y
cot ␪ 苷
x The Law of Cosines
x
x y b
a 2 苷 b 2 ⫹ c 2 ⫺ 2bc cos A

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions b 2 苷 a 2 ⫹ c 2 ⫺ 2ac cos B

y y y A
y=tan x c 2 苷 a 2 ⫹ b 2 ⫺ 2ab cos C
y=sin x y=cos x
1 1
π 2π 2π Addition and Subtraction Formulas
x π 2π x π x sin共x ⫹ y兲 苷 sin x cos y ⫹ cos x sin y
_1 _1 sin共x ⫺ y兲 苷 sin x cos y ⫺ cos x sin y
cos共x ⫹ y兲 苷 cos x cos y ⫺ sin x sin y
y y=csc x y y=sec x y y=cot x cos共x ⫺ y兲 苷 cos x cos y ⫹ sin x sin y
tan x ⫹ tan y
1 1 tan共x ⫹ y兲 苷
1 ⫺ tan x tan y
tan x ⫺ tan y
π 2π x π 2π x π 2π x tan共x ⫺ y兲 苷
1 ⫹ tan x tan y
_1 _1

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2x 苷 2 sin x cos x
Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles cos 2x 苷 cos 2x ⫺ sin 2x 苷 2 cos 2x ⫺ 1 苷 1 ⫺ 2 sin 2x
␪ radians sin ␪ cos ␪ tan ␪ 2 tan x
tan 2x 苷
0⬚ 0 0 1 0 1 ⫺ tan2x
30⬚ ␲兾6 1兾2 s3兾2 s3兾3
45⬚ ␲兾4 s2兾2 s2兾2 1 Half-Angle Formulas
60⬚ ␲兾3 s3兾2 1兾2 s3 1 ⫺ cos 2x 1 ⫹ cos 2x
sin 2x 苷 cos 2x 苷
90⬚ ␲兾2 1 0 — 2 2