Professional Documents
Culture Documents
12. GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF WASTWATER IN AGRICULTURE
12. GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE USE OF WASTWATER IN AGRICULTURE
Volume 2
Wastewater use in agriculture
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater / World Health
Organization.
All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health
Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email:
bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or
for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806;
email: permissions@who.int).
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of
any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted
lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’products does not imply that they are endorsed or
recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication.
However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The
responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health
Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
Printed in France.
ii
CONTENTS
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 Objectives and general considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2 Target audience, definitions and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
1.3 Driving forces behind increasing wastewater use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.3.1 Increasing water scarcity and stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.3.2 Increasing population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.3.3 Wastewater as a resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.3.4 The Millennium Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
1.4 Organization of this Guidelines document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
iii
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
iv
Volume 2: Wastewater use in agriculture
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
v
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND
ABBREVIATIONS
vi
PREFACE
vii
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ix
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
x
Volume 2: Wastewater use in agriculture
xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
xiii
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
xiv
Volume 2: Wastewater use in agriculture
xv
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
xvi
Volume 2: Wastewater use in agriculture
Log10 A B C D E F G H
pathogen Root Leaf
reduction 7
Labour intensive
W
Highly mechanized
6
W
5 DO DIL
4 DO DIH
T SSI
3
2 T T T
T T
1 T
0 T
Unrestricted irrigation Restricted irrigation
xvii
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
xviii
Volume 2: Wastewater use in agriculture
xix
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
xx
Volume 2: Wastewater use in agriculture
xxi
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
xxii
Volume 2: Wastewater use in agriculture
xxiii